The peoples of Russia. Title people - Encyclopedia on Putin Where do the titular peoples live

Since the mid-1990s, since the formation of the sovereign states of the former USSR, questions related to national self-determination have increasingly arisen. In this regard, media reports are overflowing with the concepts of "nation", "titular nation", "nationality", "nationality", "indigenous population", "ethnic group", "ethnos". How can an ordinary layman without special sociological and ethnic knowledge understand all this? And the main question, is the titular nation or citizenship?

"Nation" and "titular nation" - what is it?

Sociology interprets as any ethnic group that has developed historically, develops and reproduces itself in a particular territory. A nation is a social and economic totality, including a common language, cultural traditions, economic relationships, psychological characteristics and ethnic characteristics of the population.

Do not confuse with the concept of "nationality", which includes representatives of an ethnic group throughout the planet.

The concept of "titular nation" appeared in sociology relatively recently - at the end of the 19th century. The French politician Morris Barrens introduced the term "titular nation" in relation to the dominant ethnic group in the state, where it is the language of this nation that determines the education system and cultural traditions become the basis of statehood.

Indigenous nation - titular?

The concept of "indigenous nation" refers to the united indigenous peoples living in a particular territory. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that an ethnos or an ethnic group is an association of people closely related by a long common residence and phylogenetic origin. Nation is a natural and social concept.

Only that nation, that ethnos, which, as an ethnonym, is included in the name of a state formation, becomes the basis for civil statehood. It is worth noting that the titular nation is not a norm fixed by law, but often a social and public concept.

In the modern generalized understanding, the titular nation is an unfinished result of scientific and theoretical construction.

Ethnosociology

Sociologists and ethnographers often come to contradictions when discussing these concepts. A branch of sociology called "ethnic sociology" has been formed, the task of which is to study complex and often contradictory national-ethnic relationships. Understanding the content of such relations, the historical paths of development, the formation of ethnic self-consciousness, the emergence of the national question and ways to solve it - this is a modest list of tasks for young science.

Is the titular nation an indigenous people?

Various schools of enosociology, Western and post-Soviet, often use and apply these concepts not always in the same way. Most often, the terms "indigenous nation" and "indigenous peoples" are used interchangeably.

A nation that has lived historically for a long time in a given territory is considered to be indigenous, for example, Armenians in Armenia, Ukrainians in Ukraine, Tatars in Tatarstan.

But the titular indigenous nation will become with the primacy of its language in the general educational structure of state education. Whether it's an autonomous republic, state or district.

World examples

There are mono-ethnic and multi-ethnic states. Although this division is conditional and neither the UN nor UNESCO has published any official regulatory documents. There are few mono-ethnic states in the world - those where 95% is the share of one ethnic group and the political borders are the same as the ethnic ones. Examples of such countries are Japan, Norway, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Egypt, South Korea, Somalia, Armenia, Albania, Greece, Italy, Denmark, North Korea, Malta, Poland and Portugal. The list does not claim to be completely reliable, since different sources take different indicators for the percentage of monoethnicity.

Problems of definition

In the current situation, with the multi-ethnic composition of the predominant majority of countries, the division of the country's citizens into titular and not, with the provision of preferences and privileges to one in comparison with others, the problems of titular nations have become an edge in many states. Namely, in the countries of the post-Soviet space, as well as Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Spain, Czechoslovakia. An example of conflict situations in the resolution of national differences are armed conflicts generated by chauvinism and nationalism.

Title nation of Russia

Russia is a multinational state. Today, its territory is home to 180 ethnic groups speaking 170 different languages. has 81% of the total population. The definition of the titular nation, it would seem, does not raise questions - these are Russians. But the category of the titular nation is not enshrined in law in any document, political scientists and legislators have not finished disputes and negotiations yet.

In one of his speeches, President of Russia V. Putin named a list of titular nations: Russians, Tatars, Chechens, Bashkirs, Dagestanis, Jews, and so on.

In Russia, only in autonomous Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria and Tuva, the percentage of representatives of the titular nation is more than half of the total population. But in Chechnya, Russians are only 2%, and 98% are the indigenous population.

Ignoring national and religious characteristics, disrespect for the traditions of indigenous peoples as the titular nation of certain territories, the chauvinistic conclusions of the “most Russians” in recent years in Russia have led to a certain tension in the question that the titular nation is Russians. Human rights activists and legislators propose various regulations to secure the titular nation of the Russian Federation.

The multi-ethnic composition of most modern states represents a multifaceted national-ethnic system. The Stockholm International Institute has published a study of global problems, which indicates that 78% of gun conflicts since the mid-1990s are based on ethnic differences. Questions of national self-determination and self-awareness today come to the fore. Tolerance and respect for people who are different from us in any way - this is the guarantee of peace and prosperity of mankind on our planet.

"Multinational people of Russia" - Russia. Chuvash - 67.8% Russians - 26.7% Tatars - 2.7% Mordva - 1.4% Others - 1.4%. The national composition of the Heroes of the Soviet Union (more than 11 thousand people). People - 1) The population of the state, the inhabitants of the country. 2) Nation, nationality or nationality. 3) The main labor mass of the country's population. 4) People, a group of people. A.Nikolaev. Russians 115.9 million 79.8% Tatars 5.6 million 3.8% Ukrainians 2.9 million 2% Bashkirs 1.7 million 1.2% Chuvashs 1.6 million 1.1% Chechens 1 .4 million 0.9% Armenians 1.1 million 0.8%.

"Peoples on the territory of Russia" - Bashkirs. Kabardians. Ossetians. Ukrainians. Yakuts. Belarusians. Russians. 160 peoples live on the territory of Russia. Udmurts. Tatars. Lezgins. Komi-Permyaks. Circassians. Buryats. Kirghiz. Adygea. Kazakhs. Azerbaijanis. Balkars. Chechens. Dargins. Karely. Chukchi. Altaians. Mari. Kumyks. Avars. Chuvash. Mordva. Armenians. Jews. Karachays. Ingush. Russia is a multinational state. Komi. Nenets. Kalmyks.

"The main peoples of Russia" - the Far North. Different peoples live, work, raise children in the Far North. Without deer, there would be no fur clothing. Kabardians and Circassians live in the mountains and valleys of the North Caucasus. Favorite holiday - Sabantuy. What nation are you son of? Buryats. National costumes. Buryat men's and women's clothing differed relatively little. Siberia and the Far East. The ancient form of the Buryat traditional dwelling was the nomadic yurt.

"The diversity of the peoples of Russia" - Ugric group. Chechens. Chechnya. Slavic group. Constitution. Peoples of Russia. Mongolian group. Patriotism. Samoyed group. Caucasian family. Altai family. 130 peoples live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia is a multinational country. Settlement of the Russian people. Members of the Karelian folklore ensemble. Finnish group. Indigenous-dominated entities. Diversity of cultural worlds on the territory of Russia.

"Peoples of Russia" - Cultural diversity. The largest cities of the Russian Federation. Peoples of Russia. Belarusians. A political map of the World. Izhorians. Khanty. Russian Federation. Religion in the culture of the peoples of Russia. Jewish synagogue. Islamic mosque. Russians. Temples. Mordva moksha. Russian language. Buddhist temple. Abaza. Political map of Russia. Komi.

"Multinational Russia" - A huge country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Peoples of Russia. Multiethnic family. Law. People. Nation. Russian language. Multinational culture of Russia. Children of different nations. Nationality. Russian people. Cultural person.

The study of interethnic relations is impossible without taking into account the status of ethnic groups. Ethnic status indicates the place of the people in the system of interethnic relations.

The status of an ethnic group in interethnic communications and the type of its relationship with other ethnic groups are determined by a number of factors, among which the most important are the size of the ethnic group, its migration mobility and the availability of the necessary resources for the reproduction and development of its language and culture. Depending on the combination of these factors, all ethnic communities are usually divided into ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples and titular peoples.

titular nations It is customary to name ethnic groups that have their own state formations bearing their name. Title peoples are still often called indigenous, although this name is inaccurate. In international practice indigenous peoples called aboriginal peoples leading a tribal way of life. Applied to In the ethnic picture of Russia, peoples engaged in traditional types of economic activity are called indigenous peoples.

A special subject of interethnic relations in the modern world is national (ethnic) minority, which is a separate ethnic community living on the territory of a foreign state and retaining its ethnic identity and specific traditional features of culture, aware of its differences and classifying itself as an independent ethnic group. Ethnic minorities therefore include population groups that:

firstly, numerically less than the ethnic majority (titular nation) in the state;

secondly, they are in a non-dominant position;

thirdly, they have ethno-cultural specificity and wish to preserve it.

Ethnic minorities can be:

part of the titular nation living on the territory of another state (ethnic diasporas);

groups that retain their ethnic identity, but are scattered across many countries and do not have their own state (Gypsies, Kurds);

peoples of internal colonization, i.e. indigenous peoples, who turned out to be numerically smaller than the visiting population (Evenki, Chukchi, Yakuts);

ethnic groups that settled permanently as a result of mass immigration (Volga Germans).

The relationship between the titular ethnic groups, indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities can be of a very different nature and be determined by political, socio-economic and historical goals and interests. The main criterion in determining the type and nature of these relations is the degree of realization of the right of an ethnic group to self-determination (the right of the people to determine their own destiny). The right to self-determination is generally recognized by all peoples and governments , however, there is still no clear mechanism and criteria for the implementation of this right. Therefore, in practice, such forms of interethnic relations as genocide, apartheid, segregation, and discrimination become possible.

Russia is a multinational country, more than a hundred peoples live in it, most of them are indigenous peoples and nationalities for whom Russia is the main or even the only habitat. In addition, there are representatives of more than sixty peoples whose main place of residence is outside the Russian Federation. The indigenous peoples of Russia make up 93% of the population, of which over 81% are Russians. Over 6% of the population are the peoples of the countries of the near (5%, for example, Ukrainians, Armenians, etc.) and distant (1%, for example, Germans, Koreans, etc.) abroad.

Ethnographers unite the indigenous peoples of Russia into several regional groups that are close not only geographically, but also, to a certain extent, cultural and historical.

The peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts and Chuvashs - account for less than 8% of the country's population (almost 4% of them are Tatars - the second largest people in Russia). The traditional religion of the Tatars and Bashkirs is Islam, the Kalmyks are Buddhism, and the rest are Orthodoxy.

The peoples of the North Caucasus: Abazins, Adyghes, Balkars, Ingush, Kabardians, Karachays, Ossetians, Circassians, Chechens, peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans and Tsakhurs) - make up less than 3% population of Russia. In addition to the majority of Ossetians who are Christians, they traditionally profess Islam.

The peoples of Siberia and the North - Altaians, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakasses, Shors, Yakuts and almost three dozen so-called small peoples of the North - this is 0.6% of the total population of the country. The Buryats and Tuvans are Buddhists, the rest are Orthodox, with strong remnants of paganism and simply pagans.

Bibliography:

Avksentiev V.A. Ethnic conflictology: in 2 parts. Stavropol, 1996. - 306 p.

Harutyunyan, Yu. V. Ethnosociology: textbook. allowance / Yu. V. Arutyunyan, L. M. Drobizheva, A. A. Susokolov. – M.: Aspect-press, 1999. – 271 p.

Achkasov V.A., Babaev S.A. "Mobilized ethnicity": the ethnic dimension of the political culture of modern Russia. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - 390 p.

Denisova G.S. Ethnic factor in the political life of Russia in the 90s. Rostov n / a, 1996.

Denisova G.S. Ethnopolitical factor in the political life of Russia in the 90s. Rostov n/a, 1996 . – 130 p.

Dorozhkin Yu.N. , Zorin A.F., Shkel S.N. Russian nationalism as a socio-political phenomenon of the post-Soviet period. - Ufa: Gilem, 2008. - 156 p.

Dyachkov M.V. Minority languages ​​in multiethnic (multinational) states. - M., 1996. - 179 p.

Dyachkov M.V. On assimilation and integration in multi-ethnic societies//Sociological research. -1995.- No. 7.

Dyachkov M.V. Native language and interethnic relations//SotsIs.-1995.- No. 11.

Kuropyatnik A.I. Multiculturalism: the problem of social stability of multi-ethnic societies. -SPb., 2000. - 112 p.

Lurie S. Historical ethnology. -M., 1997.- S.98-101.

Ponomarev, M. V. Political science: Proc. allowance / M. V. Ponomarev, N. P. Brodskaya. - M.: RUDN, 2003. - 234 p.

Sadokhin A.P. Ethnology: Proc. allowance. - Ed. 3rd, revised. and additional – M.: Alfa-M; INFRA-M, 2004. - 352 p.

Sikevich Z.V. Sociology and psychology of interethnic relations. SPb., 1999.- S. 131 p.

Skvortsov N.G. The problem of ethnicity in social anthropology. SPb., 1996. - 230 p.

Social and cultural distance. Experience of multinational Russia. resp. ed. L.M. Drobizheva.- M., 1998. - 126 p.

Socio-cultural image of the Soviet nations. According to the results of ethno-sociological research. resp. ed. Yu. V. Arutyunyan, Yu. V. Bromley.-M., 1986. - 165 p.

Stepanov VV Preservation and development of cultural diversity. Russian experience// Seminar "International legal guarantees for the protection of national minorities and problems of their implementation" [Electronic resource] / VV Stepanov. – Mode // www.coe.int/.../ 4._inter governmental_cooperation_(dhmin)/1PDF_RussSem_Presentation_VStepanov_rus.pdf

Tishkov V. A. Essays on the theory and politics of ethnicity / V. A. Tishkov. - M.: Russian world, 1997. - 532 p.

Turaev V.A. Ethnopolitology: textbook. allowance. – M.: Logos, 2004. – 388 p.

Cheshko S.V. Man and ethnicity // Ethnographic Review. 1994.-№ 6.

Title people

Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms. - M.: Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics. Russian Academy of Linguistic Sciences. Managing editor: Doctor of Philology V.Yu. Mikhalchenko. 2006 .

See what "Titular people" is in other dictionaries:

titular nation- See: titular nation...

Title people- See: Title nation...

titular language- 1) The language of the titular nation. A term that has been in use since the early 1990s. 2) The language, the name of which coincides or correlates with the name of the ethnic group, after which the national state or national territorial entity is named. For example:… … Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

- (Titular people) The nation (nationality), on whose ethnonym the name of the administrative-territorial entity is based. Usually it is socially dominant in this formation (Tatars in Tatarstan, Yakuts in Yakutia). See also Title ... ... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

titular nation Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Title nation- (titular people) A nation or nationality, on whose ethnonyms the name of an administrative-territorial entity is based, in which the titular nation is dominant ... General linguistics. Sociolinguistics: Dictionary-Reference

Population of Ukraine- ... Wikipedia

Autonomous Region (PRC)- This term has other meanings, see Autonomous Okrug. Administrative division of the People's Republic of China Supra-provincial level (6 *) ... Wikipedia