Folk dpi. Russian folk arts and crafts

Methodical development on fine arts

Topic:

"Types of decorative and applied arts according to materials and methods of their artistic processing (specific examples)"

Prepared by:

Rodionova Galina Leonidovna

Job title:

Primary school teacher

Place of work:

MBOU "Okhvatskaya OOSh"

Settlement Coverage, Tver region

Russian Federation

INTRODUCTION 3

1. Artistic wood processing 5

   Weaving 8

   Ceramics, pottery 10

   Embroidery 12

   Patchwork technique 16

   Folk textile toy 17

   Folk costume 19

   Weaving, tapestry 20

   1. Beading 22

      Lacework 25

      Painting (on glass, faience, wood) 26

CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 30

INTRODUCTION

Folk arts and crafts is the result of the creativity of many generations of craftsmen. It is unified in its artistic structure and extremely diverse in its national characteristics, which are manifested in everything from the choice (use) of material to the interpretation of pictorial forms.

A deep understanding of the material by the folk craftsman allows him to create perfect works of arts and crafts. Wood and clay, stone and bone, leather and fur, straw and wicker - all these materials are organically used in various household items. They are not faked with expensive materials, but are processed and decorated in accordance with their own natural properties. Therefore, a pottery made of plain clay cannot be confused with porcelain dishes, and a tinned copper vessel with an object made of silver.

This ability to use the natural qualities of the material was embodied in artistic and technical techniques that allow the most rational design and decoration of products with ornaments or plot images, combining real prototypes with the bold imagination of the creator. Thus, traditional for many peoples of our country types of artistic crafts developed: basket weaving, pottery, lace weaving, carpet weaving, weaving, embroidery, artistic processing of wood, bone, stone, metal and other materials.

This work presents various types and techniques of arts and crafts.

When classifying products of masters of folk crafts and crafts, it is advisable to use such an important feature as material. For products of folk arts and crafts, the material dictates the methods of processing, finishing, and decoration.

According to the material used for the manufacture of art products, they are divided into art products made of wood, papier-mâché, metal, bone and horn, stone, ceramics, glass, leather, yarn and threads, fabrics, fur, plastics.

According to the manufacturing method, art products are: cast, chased, filigree, pressed, forged, electroformed, carpentry, turning, carved, wicker, knitted, woven, embroidered, blown. And so, consider the main types of arts and crafts.

1Types and techniques of arts and crafts

1.1 Artistic processing of wood

Wood carving, which has long been used to decorate dwellings, ships, furniture, utensils, tools and items for entertainment and recreation, is divided into the following main groups: flat-notched or in-depth, flat-relief, relief, slotted or openwork, sculptural or three-dimensional, house (ship) . In turn, each of these groups is divided into several varieties, depending on the pattern and technique.

Flat rimmed carving is akin to ancient petroglyphs or even a primitive drawing on dense coastal sand, characterized by the fact that compositions of varying complexity are cut (removed) by special techniques and methods from the plane of a wooden blank, the untouched areas of which are thus the background for carving. Depending on the shape of the recesses and the nature of the pattern, flat-notched threads can be geometric or contour.

Geometric carving in essence, these are wedge-shaped recesses repeating in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. Differences can also be in the number of faces of each recess. The most common are two- and three-sided recesses. Less often, tetrahedral recesses, square and rectangular, are used. their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

contour thread is a linear ornamental or plot drawing on the plane of a wooden blank (household item), made in the form of thin dihedral (wedge-shaped) slots, applied to the surface along the contour of the pattern using cutters and various chisels. Unlike geometric carving, contour carving mainly uses pictorial motifs: leaves, flowers, figures of animals, birds, humans, architectural motifs, objects, furnishings and household items. An image made with contour carving looks like an engraved drawing: its cutting lines are rigid, there is almost no play of chiaroscuro. Contour carving is most often used in combination with other types of carving - geometric flat-relief, as well as with painting. Often this technique is used to make decorative panels.

Volumetric thread(high-relief or sculptural) both in the nature of the plastic solution of the form and in the technique of execution is on a par with sculpture. High relief carving is not widely used in Russia. An example of three-dimensional carving can be the so-called "okhlupen" - a figured carved image of the head and upper body of a horse, deer, large bird, which was cut from a whole rhizome with an ax and placed on the crest of the roof above the pediment.

relief carving. In flat-relief carving, the pattern deepens into the thickness of the board; it is characterized by the fact that the carved image is in the same plane as the background of the board. An ornament made in the technique of flat-relief carving can also be used in sawing technique. Flat-relief carving has several varieties: carving with oval contours (oval or “heaped”), carving with a pillow background, carving with a selected (selected) background, openwork invoice and with a removed background. A common feature for all types of this carving is a low conditional relief located in one plane at the level of the decorated surface.

Staple thread. Its main feature is that trimming (recesses) are performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each pruning is performed in two stages: first, pruning at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern.

Saw thread- a type of decorative wood processing, in which the patterns outlined on a flat surface are cut with a jigsaw or a twist saw. In sawn carving, decorativeness is achieved by an openwork mesh. Saw carving is a continuation of flat-relief carving. Also saw thread is a kind of slotted thread. The basics of sawn carving are a planar through ornament. The most common motif is the S-curl with twisted ends.

Slotted thread. In slotted carving, a flat ornament is most often used. A feature of the ornament for slotted carving: elements of the thread, devoid of a background, must be in contact with each other and the frame. If the elements of the pattern have different heights, it is called openwork. In slotted carving, the areas of the background that are removed are insignificant in size, but very beautiful in shape and create their own pattern associated with the carving ornament. In the technique of this carving, large cuts of wood are used. The protruding relief of the carved ornament stands out against the wooden background. The difference between a slotted thread and a saw thread is in the method of obtaining drop-out parts. In a slotted thread, the mesh is formed using a cutter, in a saw thread - with a twist saw, i.e. sampling with a cutter is replaced by sawing.

forest sculpture. Forest sculpture refers to processed finds made from obsolete or doomed to perish forest material using its natural plasticity, texture and texture. The idea of ​​the image is suggested by the find itself. The main feature of forest sculpture is its uniqueness.

Nature cannot repeat the same bend in the branches and roots of trees, and therefore a person cannot make two identical forest sculptures from natural finds. You can only repeat the theme, the idea, but in no case can you repeat the work. This is her advantage. The author, on the other hand, invades the material very carefully - first, he frees the workpiece from the bark, wipes it and gives it stability. It slightly “helps” nature to reveal the image it has created.

1.2. weaving

Vine weaving- traditional Russian craft. From twigs, branches, vines, cattail and even corn, craftsmen easily make a great many useful and beautiful things: from mushroom baskets to openwork hedges made of brushwood, which in the old days each self-respecting Cossack fenced the house.

Among the main methods of weaving can be distinguished direct weaving,

rope, edges, openwork and border decoration.

straight weave. This is one of the most famous types of weaving, which is used in the manufacture of the bottom, walls and top of most products. Quite often it is called "braid". With the help of direct weaving, you can easily and quickly complete any part of the product, especially if you, at least a little, managed to get to know him. This is the basis of any product and the connecting component of its constituent parts, this is what gives and holds the shape of any wicker thing, something that no weaver could do without, this is the beginning of the path to mastery.

simple weaving. Plain weaving is used to make wicker

furniture. The braided rod is passed through one gap according to the scheme “before

riser, behind the riser. Simple weaving can be done with one or several rods at once.

Openwork spider. Openwork is woven with simple weaving from thin twigs.

Thin twigs 15-20 cm long are inserted in the intended place into the previous

weaving and braiding with 3-4 rows of 2-6 racks. Get weaving a square

mi. A "spider" is formed from them.

1.3. Ceramics, pottery

The term "ceramics" includes all kinds of household or artistic products made from clay or mixtures containing clay, fired in a kiln or dried in the sun. Ceramics include pottery, terracotta, majolica, faience, stone mass, porcelain. Crockery - jugs, bowls, plates, flasks, pots, as well as toys are the most typical products of folk ceramic production.

Ceramic tableware- ware made of burnt clay. According to the manufacturing method, the dishes are divided into handmade and made on a potter's wheel.

Potter's wheel- a machine for molding ceramic products. Initially, the master performed the rotation of the circle on the vertical axis with his left hand. Subsequently, the potter's wheel began to be set in motion with the help of legs, which made it possible to free the hands of the master and improve the quality of products. One of the oldest methods of decorating dishes is burnishing. When “burnishing”, the surface of the product is rubbed to a mirror shine with a naked stone, a stone, a steel spoon, a glass vial. At the same time, polishing densifies the surface of the crock, making it less water-permeable and more durable. At the same time, the upper layer of clay is compacted, becomes more durable and passes water less. This easy method in the old days even replaced the more labor-intensive glazing.

There are red and black polished ceramics. The first is the natural color of red pottery clay. The second is smoky, burned in a smoky flame without oxygen. At the very end of the firing, resinous pine wood, unnecessary rags, damp manure and grass were placed in the potter's furnace - in a word, everything from which thick black smoke arose. After languishing, the vessels received a deep black color. On a velvety black background, the patterns shone bluish

with a steel sheen, for which such dishes were popularly called "blues".

fireclay- refractory clay (kaolin), fired to loss of plasticity and

brought to some degree of sintering. In the practice of artistic ceramics, chamotte is often called finished fired products from this mass -

fireclay vases.

Porcelain- is a special type of ceramic, impervious to water

and gas. It is translucent in a thin layer. With a light blow with a wooden stick

produces a high clear sound. Depending on the shape and thickness of the product, tone

may be different.

Porcelain is usually obtained by high-temperature firing of finely dispersed

mixtures of kaolin, quartz, feldspar and plastic clay (such porcelain is called feldspar).

Faience- These are dense, finely porous products, usually white. By

the composition of faience differs from porcelain in the greater presence of clay and less

the number of different components: kaolin, quartz, etc. It reduces

its transparency (glassiness).

Small plastic or sculpture of small forms - a type of easel sculpture,

characterized by small size. It uses a wide variety of materials: stone, clay, metal, porcelain, glass, semi-precious and precious stones, etc. Small plastic items include such products as a clay toy - one of the brightest manifestations of Russian culture. From generation to generation, the traditions of crafts and the art of toys are passed on, ideas about life, work, and beauty are transmitted among the people. The toy is close to folklore, creates a sense of the peculiarities of Russian national folk art.

1.4. Embroidery

Embroidery- one of the most common types of folk art. The ornamentation of folk embroidery has its roots in ancient times. It preserved traces of the time when people spiritualized the surrounding nature. By embroidering images of the sun, the tree of life, birds, a female figure on clothes and household items, they believed that by doing so they would bring prosperity to the house.

Cross-stitch- one of the oldest and at the same time the simplest types of embroidery, and the counted cross is one of the oldest and simplest embroidery techniques. The counting cross is made on a special type of fabric. In modern cross-stitching, the basis of embroidery is canvas. This is a canvas specially worked out at the factory, marked in a cage in such a way that each cell of the canvas is a place for drawing a cross with threads.

expanse- This is a type of embroidery in which the shape of the pattern is covered with dense stitches. In folk embroidery, there are a lot of varieties of satin stitch, but all of them can be divided into two large groups: double-sided satin stitch, in which the background of the pattern in the picture is covered with stitches from the front and back sides, and one-sided, in which the front side of the embroidery is very different from

purl.

There is and nodular surface, in which the entire pattern is sewn up with simple knots with an infusion of tones. Most often, the knotted surface is used as a decorative addition to a wide variety of embroideries. So, doing work with simple seams or satin stitch, individual elements (for example, flower cores, stamens, leaves, stems or tree trunks) are embroidered with different knotted seams.

Chordal embroidery- to draw or otherwise draw an image with a thread, thread graphics is the creation of an image with a thread on a solid base, paper, cardboard, CDs.

Richelieu- one of the most difficult to perform, but at the same time - amazing

beautiful types of embroidery, which is an openwork fabric in which the threads are matched to the tone of the fabric. The technique got its name thanks to a fan of lace scarves - the French cardinal Richelieu. Openwork embroidery is used mainly to decorate table and bed linen, collars, frills and handkerchiefs made of thin fabrics. Embroidery has several varieties in the design of jumpers, in the design of the pattern itself and in the presence of additional cuts. The contour of the pattern in all types of embroidery is done with a "loop" or, as it used to be called, a "scalloped" seam.

gold embroidery called embroidery with metallic threads of gold and silver color. Until the 11th century, drawn gold was used in this type of sewing.

and silver. Embroideries were carried out with a metal thread in an attachment, that is, a metal thread was superimposed on the fabric, while a linen or silk thread sewed on a metal thread. Closely spaced parallel stitches created a smooth, shiny surface. The effect of gold embroidery consisted in the light and shade play of metal threads. If you want to create a convex pattern, put paper or cotton wool. The richness of gold embroidery made it the main method of finishing church items.

Beadwork. Since ancient times, Russian craftswomen have admired their magnificent embroidery skills, first with pearls, then, from the middle of the 17th century, with colored glass beads. Clothes were decorated with bugles, pictures depicting various landscapes, churches, icons, etc. were embroidered. In our time, beadwork has become popular again. Beaded elements are used in the decoration of clothes, which gives it an original and elegant look. Many styles in fashion are not complete without beaded jewelry. The embroidery of pictures with beads, which depict flowers, birds and animals, is very popular.

Silk ribbon embroidery- a type of artistic needlework, a certain

a method of embroidering a pattern on a canvas of various densities using a needle and colored silk ribbons. Silk ribbon embroidery is widely used in the creation of original art paintings. In addition, it is the main attribute in the design of solemn ceremonies and holidays: the bride's wedding dress is embroidered with ribbons and ruffles,

handbags, handkerchiefs, napkins and tablecloths on the tables.

1.5. Patchwork technique

Patchwork (patchwork) - a type of needlework in which, according to the mosaic principle, a whole product is sewn from multi-colored and colorful pieces of fabric (patches) with a certain pattern. In the process of work, a canvas is created with a new color scheme, pattern, and sometimes texture. Patchwork technique has long been used in Russia, in particular, for the manufacture of quilted patchwork quilts. Modern masters also perform in the technique

patchwork volumetric-spatial compositions.

Crazy Quilt- a mixture of sewing and embroidery techniques, where you can use shreds of various shapes, sizes and colors, ribbons,

lace, buttons, beads, various ways of embroidery with anything: threads, silk ribbons and much more. A complete flight of fantasy. Compatible with incompatible.

Quilting. While there are countless variations of quilting across cultures and cultures, they are all based on the same technique - two or more layers of fabric are quilted with quilted seams, resulting in a decorative piece. At the choice of the needlewoman, quilting can be simple or complex, it can be done manually or with a sewing machine - in any case, it gives room for imagination and experimentation. Patterns in this technique are made with small stitches “forward the needle”. Multi-colored threads allow you to emphasize the central element

decor and create amazing borders.

1.6. Folk textile toy

Since ancient times, a rag doll has been a traditional toy of the Russian people.

Playing with dolls was encouraged by adults, because. playing with them, the child learned to manage the household, acquired the image of a family. The doll was not just a toy, but a symbol of procreation, a guarantee of family happiness. She accompanied a person from birth to death and was an indispensable attribute of any holidays.

Now more than 90 types of dolls are known. Folk rag doll

not just a toy, it carried a certain function: it was believed that

such a doll guards children's sleep and protects the child from evil forces. Often a doll

made faceless. According to ancient beliefs, in a doll without a face (i.e. without a soul)

evil spirits can live. According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three

large groups: dolls - amulets, play and ritual.

Dolls - amulets

Charm - an amulet or a magic spell that saves a person from various

dangers, as well as the subject on which the spell has been spoken and which is

sit on the body as a talisman.

Bereginya is an example of an amulet doll - a symbol of the feminine. Beregin

you can’t prick with a needle (sewing the flaps together), you can’t draw a face. If the amulet is intended for a small child, then the fabric is not cut with scissors, but is torn by hand. The uniqueness of the manufacture of Beregini lies in the fact that

that the flaps of which it consists are interconnected with the help of

knots and threads.

play dolls intended for the enjoyment of children. They were divided into

stitched and folded. Rolled dolls were made without a needle and thread. A thick layer of fabric was wound around a wooden stick, and then tied with a rope. Then a head with handles was tied to this stick and dressed in elegant clothes.

ritual dolls had a ritual purpose and symbolized fertility and prosperity (“Vepskaya” doll - cabbage, rvanka). Ritual multi-armed doll "Ten-armed" was intended to help girls preparing their dowry, and women in various activities, such as weaving, sewing, embroidery, knitting, etc. Doll "Kupavka" is a ritual doll of one day.

"Kupavka" personified the beginning of bathing. The ritual doll "Shrovetide" was made of straw or bast, but wood was always used - thin

birch trunk. Straw, like wood, personified the exuberant power of vegetation.

Clothes on the doll should be with a floral pattern. It was fixed on a wooden cross.

1.7. Folk costume

Folk costume it is an invaluable inalienable heritage of the culture of the people, accumulated over the centuries. Folk costume is not only a bright original

element of culture, but also a synthesis of various types of decorative art. Folk costume is a kind of chronicle of the life of the people. This link firmly connects the artistic past of the people with the present and future. And it is not so important whether it is used in the form of stage costumes of folklore groups or in decorating a collection of folk toys.

1.8. Weaving, tapestry

The art of weaving is the oldest kind of arts and crafts.

patterned weaving. In Russian patterned weaving, such types of weaving as mortgage, broken, elective, sorted, shaft were widespread. . According to the types of weaving and stylistic features of the ornament, it stands out

weaving of the Russian North, which includes the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod regions.

Tapestry- one of the types of arts and crafts, a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. Tapestries are woven from colored silk and/or wool threads in separate parts, which are then sewn together (often separate color spots).

Carpet weaving. According to the technique of execution, carpets are divided into carpet and pile. Carpet weaving is typical for the central Russian regions - Voronezh, Belgorod and especially Kursk regions.

1.9. Batik

Batik is a generalized name for a variety of ways to hand-paint various fabrics. At the heart of all these techniques, with the exception of technology

free graduated painting, is the principle of reservation, that is

coating with a paint-resistant composition of those places of the fabric that should remain unpainted and form a pattern. There are several techniques

batik, each is different in the degree of complexity, the effect of the resulting image, the materials and techniques that are used to paint the fabric.

hot batik- the oldest and most complex of all textile painting techniques. Work here is carried out with fire-molten (and therefore hot in temperature) wax (most often), paraffin, stearin, or a mixture of them. They are quickly applied to the fabric using a special bristle brush or a special tool for applying a contour of melted wax. After the work is ready, the wax is removed from the fabric with a hot iron and a pile of old newspapers.

Cold batik- with the technique of cold batik, the role of wax is performed by special contours and reserves for batik, which can be bought at any art supply store. The fact that there is no need to heat substances, etch the wax and apply it again, greatly facilitates the technology of painting on fabric. Cold reserve can be applied with special glass tubes for batik.

Knotted batik - called an ancient type of fabric design. The meaning of it

simple - knots are tied on the fabric (randomly or in compliance with a certain

drawing) with a thread. You can create drawings using

handmade material - buttons, pebbles, round balls. The main thing that

the object was not afraid of high temperature, because it was tied with

thread tightly, it will boil in water with a dye solution.

Especially beautiful look in the technique of nodular batik T-shirts, dresses,

tablecloths, napkins.

free painting – this batik technique especially shows the talent of the artist; here you cannot create a drawing according to a ready-made template. An individual uniqueness of the work is created. Basically, free painting is practiced using aniline dyes or oil paints with special solvents.

1.10. beading

Beaded needlework has existed for a long time and keeps its secrets, namely: how they are made up of small beads - beads - products that are unique in beauty. At the request of the master, beads, beads and sequins turn into beautiful flowers, elegant jewelry, necklaces or unusual trees of the most bizarre forms.

Weaving "crosses" ( or squares) has been known and popular for quite some time. With it, pendants, necklaces, belts and bracelets, beaded napkins are created. Products look like a thick grid of crosses. This type of weaving requires enough skill and patience.

Weaving technique honeycombs rather complex and rare. It is performed with two needles. The product consists of regular hexagons and looks like a canvas of many flowers.

Multi-thread weaving- has been used since ancient times. Harnesses were woven in this way, connecting long threads with strung beads in a predetermined order. For weaving in this way, you must have a working

a place with a large free plane so that the threads with beads do not get tangled.

Mosaic technique- the most dense weaving method. Beads are arranged in rows, offset like brickwork. This weaving is used to make jewelry and accessories - bracelets, necklaces.

mesh weave- a very common way of braiding vessels, making Easter eggs, as well as beaded collars, covers. Beaded

covers made of mesh with small cells keep their shape perfectly, and lace beaded collars made of coarse mesh fit very nicely on the dress.

You can also make necklaces, belts, and various jewelry using this technique.

Mesh weaving is mainly done in one thread.

Technique parallel weaving performed most often on a wire. Ra-

the bot is held by both ends of the wire (thread) towards each other in each row. This technique is used to make leaves and petals for beaded flowers, as well as various elements of three-dimensional beaded figurines.

Volumetric weaving- appeared relatively recently and is actively developing. FROM

using this technique, various harnesses are made - round and square,

dense and openwork, with the inclusion of cuttings and glass beads, voluminous necklaces, balls,

flowers, snowflakes, various figurines of animals, butterflies, etc.

1.11 Lacework

Lace is produced in various ways: weaving, knitting,

embroidery, weaving, etc.

Hand lace- This is a patterned mesh fabric, which is a work of arts and crafts. At present, the best traditions of folk lace-making are being developed by lace-makers in the Vologda, Lipetsk, Kirov, Ryazan, Leningrad and Arkhangelsk regions. For the manufacture of lace and lace products, white or glossy cotton, bleached and harsh linen, in a small volume, silk, woolen, nylon threads, yarn of different numbers are used. For elegant garments, metal threads are used.

on bobbins lace is woven according to special patterns - the craftswoman sorts through the bobbins with bobbins in a certain order, performing intricate lace patterns. Hand lace and lace products are classified according to purpose, material, nature of patterns and folk crafts.

Tatting- This is a technique of weaving lace by hand using special shuttles. Tatting lace is used for finishing garments, tablecloths, napkins, bedspreads, etc. Tatting products justify the name of this lace technique as they are really light and almost weightless.

1.12. Painting (on glass, faience, wood)

glass painting attractive already because it does not need to be a great artist. And the scope of this technique allows not only to create original paintings and frames in stained glass style, but also to give new life to all those old glass glasses, glasses, decanters, bottles and bottles that are in every home.

wood painting- This is one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art. Since ancient times, the decoration of various wooden products with colored paintings has been highly valued, and in every house there were certainly several painted boards or plates. Today, interest in painting on wood is reviving. Almost everything can be decorated with wood painting. It can be dishes, various home accessories, caskets, vases, combs, bracelets, beads, earrings, toys. You can also paint wooden furniture, wooden sculptures.

The most famous types of painting are Khokhloma, Gorodets, Polkhovmaidan.

Lacquer painting. In each craft, lacquer painting has its own characteristics of execution, its own tradition of decorating things with ornaments.

Fedoskino lacquer painting was guided by samples of Russian classical painting. From her, she adopted the technique of multi-layered writing with oil paints. The Fedoskino miniature is always executed surrounded by a black background of the box.

Palekh lacquer painting, following the ancient technique of icon painting, is done with tempera paints (color pigments diluted with glue and egg yolk). The nature of the painting shows the continuation of icon painting traditions. Runs on a black background.

Painting of ceramics, faience

Semikarakorsk ceramics. A distinctive feature of Semikarakorsk ceramics is that the production uses a unique manual labor method, originality of forms, ingenuity and poetry in decor. The peculiarity of the letter is expressed in individual handwriting, the motive of which is the painting of a bouquet and floral ornament on a snow-white faience background. Landscape painting gives the products special sophistication and sophistication. At the same time, plot compositions of stylized flora and fauna of the Don, coming from Cossack folklore, are included in the ornament.

Gzhel ceramics. The name of the craft is associated with the region of the Moscow region, where pottery, tiles, and tiles have been made for more than 8 centuries. The traditional decor is blue underglaze painting on a white background with gold shading.

Dymkovo toy. Dymkovo toy has characteristic features in painting. Sculpted from red clay, after firing it is painted with chalk diluted with milk. Tempera paints are painted on a white background.

Kargopol toy. In the theme of the figures of bears, horses, deer, dogs. The figures of people are squat, rustic strong.

Filimonov toy- it compensates for the elongated proportion of traditional figures by painting with horizontal stripes of red, yellow, green.

Decorative painting on metal depending on the place of production has its own distinctive features.

Ural painted trays began to be produced at the beginning of the 18th century, during the period of development of metallurgical production, also associated with the production of sheet iron.

Zhostovo trays. At the beginning of the XIX century. trays were made in villages and villages - Zhostov, Troitsky, Novosiltsevo (Moscow region), etc. Zhostovo craft was influenced by the Ural painting, Fedoskino lacquer painting, as well as painting on porcelain.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we have reviewed a far from complete list.

types and techniques of arts and crafts. Modern life dictates its own rules. With the development of new technologies, changes are being made to the process of making decorative and applied art products, making them more interesting and modern. However, each technology is based on traditional manufacturing techniques and materials.

The creations of modern masters of craftsmen surprise with a variety of forms, vivid imagery, originality of execution, expressiveness of color, plastic, compositional solutions, unity of usefulness and beauty.

As a rule, most of their works are made of simple, common materials: wood, clay, wool, linen, etc. But thanks to the unique, original craftsmanship of modern performers, these works are valued much higher in terms of their artistic merit than many products made from expensive materials. It is in these, at first glance, uncomplicated works made from the most common materials that the origins of the spiritual life of the people are most fully traced. They are full of special meaning and rich content - kindness, wisdom and dignity.

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decorative arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art is one of the types of plastic art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.). d.). Works of arts and crafts form part of the subject environment that surrounds a person, and aesthetically enrich it. Arising in ancient times, arts and crafts has become one of the most important areas of folk art, its history is associated with art crafts, the art industry, with the activities of professional artists and craftsmen, since the beginning of the 20th century. also with artistic design. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary 1997

S.V. Pogodina gives a definition of folk arts and crafts: “Folk arts and crafts is defined as an art form aimed at creating artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and artistic processing of utilitarian objects (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, clothes, toys.

Decorative and applied art already existed at an early stage in the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The most ancient works of arts and crafts are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted up to the present day. With the beginning of the class stratification of society, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, becomes increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness are singled out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form.

Decorative and applied art is a multifunctional phenomenon. Practical, ritual, aesthetic, ideological and semantic, educational functions are inseparable unity. However, the main function of products is to be useful and beautiful.

There are two directions in folk arts and crafts:

• - urban artistic crafts;
• - folk art crafts

When we talk about arts and crafts, an important concept is folk art craft - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of handicrafts. Crafts is an unusually flexible, mobile structure, developing although within the framework of the canon, but, nevertheless, sensitively responding to changes in style in professional art, individual creativity, to the demands of the time and the specific social environment. Preschoolers are introduced to some crafts: nesting dolls, Gorodets, Khokhloma paintings, Filimonov and Dymkovo toys, Gzhel ceramics. The power of handicraft art lies in the transmission of original techniques of local craftsmanship.

Decorative and applied art has characteristic features that distinguish it from other types of art:

• - utility, practical affiliation;
• - syncretism or indivisibility of various aspects of the culture of the people (relationships between the world and man, fixing the moral and aesthetic principles of both creativity and behavior), the essence of which was created and transmitted over many millennia;
• - collectivity of creativity, i.e. labor is collective in nature, the centuries-old experience of folk art is passed on from generation to generation;
• - traditionalism is characterized by the observance of traditions, but also arises due to urgent and spiritual needs, revealing the sphere of individuality;
• - a reality that lies in its centuries-old relevance.

The category of integrity makes it possible to draw a dividing line between folk and decorative art proper. A distinctive feature of traditional decorative art from folk art lies precisely in the lack of integrity of the worldview.

Getting acquainted with the variety and richness of products of folk craftsmen, children are imbued with good feelings for those who created extraordinary things. In his book, S.V. Pogodina writes: "Folk art gives food to the artistic perception of children, promotes aesthetic experience and the first aesthetic judgments"

Getting acquainted with the works of folk art enriches not only the cognitive experience of the child, but also his emotional and aesthetic activity. Each region has its own folk crafts, and the perception of their works by children contributes to the formation of aesthetic feelings, an emotionally positive attitude towards folk craftsmen and traditions. Beauty as a philosophical and aesthetic category in folk art has real forms of reflection. What we call beautiful in a work of art is created by expressive means that the master combines in accordance with the traditions of a particular trade or craft. In works of arts and crafts, one of the main components that attract attention is the form. It allows you to combine the functional side and the aesthetic, so that the external beauty and elegance do not deny the practical purpose of the thing. Form is one of the main components that attract attention. The form contains several characteristics. First, it largely determines the meaning of the subject. Secondly, the form expresses the creative intent of the master and reveals a specific idea. Thirdly, it serves as a kind of symbol, the meaning of which was passed down from generation to generation.

In folk art, the ratio of purpose and material, the interaction of form and function is important. The material can contribute to the disclosure of the essence of the subject, or it can violate its integrity and make it unusable. Thanks to the material, the master manages to come up with a material basis for his idea, but the material itself, when perceiving the object, remains in the background, the decor comes to the fore. Decor is the final moment of decorating a thing. Jewelry distinguishes works of folk art from each other, makes them unique and therefore valuable. In the decor, there are no objects of the same type in shape. When performing the same ornament, it is difficult to repeat all the details in detail.

Techniques for performing work depend on the tasks facing the master

Technology. Traditional folk art and technology are not mutually exclusive. It all depends on how technology is used in the process of creating a thing that bears the imprint of the past experience of the people. The most important thing is that in the pursuit of improving or facilitating the process of making an object of folk art, its cultural and historical uniqueness should not be lost.

The aesthetic value of the object is due to the ornament. Ornament - a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration that artistically decorates a thing, which is characterized by a rhythmic arrangement of drawing elements.

The rhythmic construction of the ornament is the artistic basis of many products: dishes, furniture, carpets, clothes. The ornamental language is extremely rich. Depending on the nature of the motifs, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, combined.

A geometric ornament can consist of dots, lines, circles, rhombuses, polyhedrons, stars, crosses, spirals. This type of ornament is one of the oldest. In the beginning, these were easy-to-remember signs-symbols. Gradually, people began to enrich it with real observations and fantastic motifs, observing the rhythmic principle, complicating its content and aesthetic significance.

Vegetable the ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches. The “tree of life” motif is often found - this is a floral ornament. It is depicted both as a flowering bush and more decoratively figuratively.

The zoomorphic ornament depicts stylized figures or parts of figures of real and fantastic animals. Decorative images of birds and fish also belong to this type of ornament.

Anthropomorphic ornamentation uses male and female stylized figures or part of a person's face and body as motifs. This also includes fantastic creatures such as a maiden-bird, a man-horse.

Often there is a combination of various motives. Such an ornament can be called combined . L.V. Kosogorova and L.V. Neretin is also distinguished by calligraphic (from letters and text elements) and heraldic (horn of plenty, lyre, torches, shields) ornaments.

By the nature of compositional schemes, ornaments are:

• - tape
• - mesh
• - closed.

Ornament is the most characteristic feature, a special sign of objects of peasant creativity. The ornament allows us to talk about the aesthetics of the object, its artistry.

The following materials are used in arts and crafts: wood, clay, metal, bone, fluff, wool, fur, textiles, stone, glass, dough.

According to the technique, decorative and applied arts are divided into the following types.

Thread. Decoration of the product by drawing a pattern using various cutters and knives. It is used when working with wood, stone, bone.

Painting. Decoration is applied with dyes on a prepared surface (most often wood or metal). Types of painting: on wood, on metal, on fabric.

Embroidery. A widespread type of arts and crafts, in which the pattern and image are made manually (with a needle, sometimes with a crochet) or by means of an embroidery machine on various fabrics, leather, felt and other materials. They embroider with linen, cotton, wool, silk (usually colored) threads, as well as hair, beads, pearls, precious stones, sequins, coins, etc.

Types of embroidery: mesh, cross-stitch, satin stitch, cut-out (the fabric is cut in the form of a pattern, which is subsequently processed with various seams), type-setting (performed with red, black threads with the addition of golden or blue tones), top-stitch (allows you to create three-dimensional patterns on large planes) .

For sewn applications (a kind of embroidery, often with a relief seam), fabrics, fur, felt, and leather are used. Embroidery is used to decorate clothes, household items, to create independent decorative panels. The main expressive means of embroidery as an art form are: revealing the aesthetic properties of the material (iridescent sheen of silk, even shimmer of linen, shine of gold, sequins, stones, fluffiness and dullness of wool, etc.); using the property of lines and color spots of the embroidery pattern to additionally influence the rhythmically clear or whimsically free play of seams; effects derived from a combination of a pattern and an image with a background (fabric or other base) that is close or contrasting with embroidery in texture and color.

Knitting. Making products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting).

Weaving. Refers to a technique based on the interlacing of strips in the form of a grid with a different configuration and pattern.

Types of weaving: lace and bead weaving, weaving from birch bark, and vines, from threads (macrame), from paper.

Heel (stuffing). Obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern obtained by this method. Forms for heeling are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.

Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines.

Casting. It is used in work with precious metals. Under the influence of high temperatures, the metal is brought to a molten state, and then poured into prepared molds.

Chasing. The metal in the heated state is accelerated into a thin sheet, while its elasticity and elasticity are not lost. The shape of the object is created already in a cooled state by accelerating hammers, as a result of which products of a convex and concave shape are obtained.

Forging. One of the ways to process iron. By hammer blows, the heated billet is given the desired shape.

Gilding. A gold-making operation in which less valuable metals take on the appearance of gold. Types of gilding: cold, on fire, liquid.

Scan (filigree); (from lat. wire). It is an ornament made of thin gold or silver smooth or embossed wires, which are folded into spirals, antennae, lattices and soldered to the object. Filigree is made of pure gold or silver, which, due to the absence of impurities, is soft and can be drawn into very thin wires. Cheap scanned items were also made from red-copper wire and then gilded or silvered.

Enamel. A special type of glass, which is painted in various colors with metal oxides. It is used to decorate metal products, it is a picturesque accompaniment to a gold product. Enameling is the complete or partial coating of a metal surface with a glass mass, followed by firing the product.

Black. A mixture of silver with copper, sulfur and lead, compiled according to certain recipes, is applied to engraved objects made of light metal, and then all this is fired over low heat. Niello is a black mass - a special alloy of silver, similar to coal.

Blowing. Technique used in working with glass. Glass, brought to a liquid state, is blown in hot form using special tubes, thereby creating products of any shape.

Modeling. One of the common techniques in arts and crafts, thanks to which many toys and ceramic products are created. This is the shaping of plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, plastics, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools.

Batik. Hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions. On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Mosaic. Decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, whose works involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on a surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

Origami. The ancient art of paper folding. Classical origami prescribes the use of one sheet of paper without the use of glue and scissors. In this case, often to shape a complex model or to preserve it, impregnation of the original sheet with adhesive compositions containing methylcellulose is used.

Purpose: utensils, furniture, fabrics, tapestries, carpets, tools, weapons, clothing and jewelry, toys, culinary products.

Functional role:

Practical art is associated with the use in the economic, everyday life of a person to obtain practical benefits.

Artistic and aesthetic, due to the realization of the aesthetic needs of man.

Leisure, aimed at meeting the needs of a child) in entertainment and games.

Manufacturing technology:

Automated. Products are made automatically according to a given program, scheme, patterns (Tula gingerbread, printed shawls, etc.).

Mixed. Both automated and manual labor is used.

Manual. The works are made only by hand, and each product is individually.

In arts and crafts, a number of means of artistic expression are used.

1) Proportion

Proportions in a work of art are the ratio of the magnitudes of its elements, as well as individual elements of the composition with the entire work as a whole. Compliance with proportions plays an important role in the composition, as this creates a favorable ratio of the whole and its parts.

2) Scale and scale

The concepts of scale and scale are used if it is necessary to characterize the proportionality of the whole or its individual parts.

Objects of the objective environment created by man must be large-scale in relation to him, i.e. their mass should be related to the mass of the human body.

Scale is a relative characteristic of the size of an object, it is the ratio of the size of an image in a picture, sketch, drawing to its actual size in kind.

Scale is the proportionality of the form and its elements in relation to the person, the surrounding space and other forms. Each object has its own scale, but it is far from always possible to talk about its scale, proportionality in relation to a person. Scale is a qualitative characteristic, especially in three-dimensional and three-dimensional compositions. As a means of composition, it should be used quite freely, guided by considerations of artistic expression.

Rhythm is an important means of bringing various forms and their elements to harmonious unity.

Rhythm (Greek flow) is the alternation of commensurate elements of any whole, taking place with a regular sequence and frequency.

Rhythm is inherent in various phenomena and forms of nature: the change of seasons, day and night, the arrangement of leaves on a tree branch, stripes and spots in the color of animals, etc. It exists in all works of art: music (alternation of sounds), poetry (alternation of rhymes ), architecture, fine and decorative arts (various repetition and alternation of forms on a plane or in space).

Color is one of the important means of artistic expression, it conveys the attitude to the created image. It helps to reveal the main properties of objects, gives everyone the opportunity to show their individuality.

5) Composition

This is the most important structural principle of the work, organizing the mutual arrangement of its parts, their subordination relative to each other and the whole, which gives the work unity, integrity and completeness.

6) Invoice

This is the nature of the surface of an object, determined by the properties of the material of which it consists, and the way it is processed.

7) Symmetry

Symmetry - Proportionate, proportional arrangement of parts of smth. in relation to the center, the middle.

A silhouette is a one-color contour image of a person, an object against a background of a different color, drawn or cut out.

Children's aesthetic perception of visual, plastic features and textural properties of materials that characterize samples of folk applied art has been relatively little studied. Numerous observations, conversations allow us to say that children show a keen interest in the subjects of Russian folk art. Children are impressed by colorful brush paintings on wood in the works of folk masters of Gorodets and Khokhloma painting, patterns of plants, flowers and birds, saturated in color, decorative Zhostovo trays, Semenovskaya painted nesting dolls. Cheerful smiles and sympathy are evoked in children by the products of Bogorodsk carvers: bears that can build houses and ride bicycles, birds and deer, decorated with the famous Bogorodsk carving. Children very emotionally and directly show their attitude to the decorativeness, expressiveness of images, the beauty of the texture of the materials of folk works of applied art, rejecting, as a rule, naturalistic and overloaded with decor samples.

Through communication with folk art, the soul of the child is enriched, love for one's land is instilled. Folk art preserves and transmits to new generations national traditions and forms of aesthetic attitude to the world developed by the people. Because the experience of millennia has been embodied in folk art.

When talking about the use of works of arts and crafts in kindergarten, special attention is paid to objects of traditional folk art. Indeed, the products of folk craftsmen: carving and painting on wood, lacquer miniatures and embossing, glass and ceramics, woven, lace and embroidered products, folk toys - this is a manifestation of talent, skill and inexhaustible optimism of artists from the people. Fine examples of arts and crafts help to educate children in respect and love for the culture of their people, their homeland, their land. The predominance of plant forms is a feature of Russian folk art.

The art of folk craftsmen helps to reveal the world of beauty to children, to develop their artistic taste. Folk art contributes to a deep impact on the child's world, has moral, aesthetic, cognitive value, embodies the historical experience of many generations and is considered as part of material culture.

Folk arts and crafts is a complex phenomenon of historical, sociological, ethnographic and national artistic cultures, and at the same time the most democratic and accessible to a person from childhood.

The ability to be creative is genetically inherent in a person. Art arose as a result of the natural human need for beauty, in sensual satisfaction from what was created or seen.
The most ancient form of artistic activity is considered decorative and applied arts (DPI). People have always sought to decorate themselves, their homes and the things they used. From the most common materials - stone, metal, wood, clay - people created genuine works of art that expressed the master's emotional and aesthetic perception of the surrounding world.

All works of DPI can be divided into two groups. The first is represented by household items (clothes, various utensils, dishes, furniture, fabrics), where the beauty of an object is inextricably linked with its usefulness.

The second group is represented by decorative items, here a more free interpretation of means of expression is possible, these are panels, decorative vases, souvenirs, etc.

Decorative statues, tapestries, mosaics, panels occupy a special place. They can be both a means of decorating the architectural environment and independent works.

Decorative and applied art has a direct connection with the everyday needs of people, its own means of expression. Mankind throughout its life is engaged in a variety of activities: domestic life, sports, creativity, a wide range of social, labor, religious functions, etc. There are a huge number of different household items, things that help a person perform various actions. Many of them are related to the field of DPI. Such items are made from different materials and different execution techniques can be used. Taking into account the important role of the constructive-technological beginning in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production, the works of arts and crafts are classified according to the functional features of the use of arts and crafts objects, according to belonging to different types of materials and manufacturing technology.

Classification of DPI according to functional features of use.

Bijouterie.

Jewelry.

Jewelry made from natural materials.

Lighting.

Items for interior decoration, etc.

Types of DPI according to the technology of execution.

Carpet weaving.

Weaving.

Art painting of eggs.

Manufacture of glass products.

Pottery.

Artistic processing of metal.

Vytynanka.

Vine weaving.

Floristics.

Folk painting.

Artistic processing of bone, etc.

Classification by materials.
Artistic fabrics.

Artistic textiles.

Artistic ceramics.

Art glass.

Artistic metal.

Artistic processing of wood (carving, carpentry, cooperage).

Artistic leather processing.

The types of DPI will be discussed in more detail in the following articles.

According to the method of manufacturing objects of modern DPI exist in two forms: industrial and craft.

The social division of labor at the stage of manufacture, the development of industry led to the fact that the usefulness and beauty, the purpose and design of manufactured products became the prerogative of various specialists.

Over time, an art industry arises - the machine production of decorative and applied products, which decorate residential and public buildings, things for home use. In our time, in addition to art crafts, the mass production of fine art works is provided by special enterprises of the art industry.

Products of professional and folk arts and crafts are similar in many respects, but there are also differences. The folk artist mostly does his work by hand. The master can work both alone and in a team. Handicrafts are not mass-produced. Even if folk artists in the workshop produce a series of products, all the same, each item is individual.

DPI works created at the enterprises of the art industry or in workshops are usually produced in mass circulation. Standardization imposes certain restrictions on the creativity of artists, makes things, objects similar. Also, specialists must take into account the demand for the product, the quality of the materials from which the thing will be made, the availability of equipment the necessary power, etc. But professional artists also create original designs that exist in a single copy. If a specialist receives an individual order, then he is free from restrictions and can create such a unique thing as his creative talent and the customer’s requirement allow.

The organic unity of the form of the object, which clearly defines its purpose, and the artistic and visual means that make the object beautiful, reflect the professional skill of the author.

There are also the third direction in the creation of products DPI, it can also be attributed to the craft form. This is a huge army of admirers of creative activity, needlework in everyday life. These are people who do not have a special education, amateurs, for whom this is a certain type of amateur art, a kind of recreation, and at the present time an opportunity to earn extra money. Knitting, embroidery, carpentry, flower making, chasing, carving, etc. activities "at home", which introduce people to artistic creativity, form a taste, high artistic needs.

Creativity at home in our time has received the name "handmade", from the English "handmade" - handmade, and the process of creating unique products has this name.

Fashion for handmade came from the West in the XXI century. Now this word is used practically to refer to everything creative and original, any handicraft, in which a particle of the author's warmth is invested.

"Be happy using me" - engraved on a small silver spoon by a master of the distant Roman era. This motto can still be applied to all types of applied art - let there be happy people for whom benefit and beauty are inseparable.



Arts and Crafts

Section of decorative arts; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. Works of decorative and applied art can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, as well as other products that are not works of art according to their original purpose, but acquire an artistic quality due to the application of the artist's labor to them; clothes, all kinds of jewelry. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in the scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century. the classification of branches of decorative and applied arts was established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood, etc.) or according to the technique of execution (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving together, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, decorative and applied art belongs simultaneously to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of decorative and applied art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely related to the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences. Composing an organic part of the subject environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of arts and crafts with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him. Aesthetically saturating and transforming the environment surrounding a person, works of arts and crafts at the same time, as it were, are absorbed by it, as they are usually perceived in conjunction with its architectural and spatial solution, with other objects included in it or their complexes (service, furniture set , suit, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological significance of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships between the object, the environment and the person.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in the arts and crafts, the beauty of the material, the proportions of the parts, the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glassware or other untinted materials devoid of decor). Here, the special significance for arts and crafts of purely emotional, non-pictorial means of artistic language is clearly manifested, the use of which makes arts and crafts related to architecture. An emotionally meaningful image is often activated by an image-association (comparison of the shape of an item with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other item - a bell, a baluster, etc.). The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of arts and crafts. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple form of the object and the elegant, festive surface painting are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image. In decorative and applied arts, ornament and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine arts (sculpture, painting, less often graphics) are widely used to create decor. The means of fine arts and ornament serve in arts and crafts not only to create decor, but sometimes penetrate into the shape of an object (furniture details in the form of palmettes, volutes, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fruit, bird, beast, figure person). Sometimes an ornament or an image becomes the basis for the formation of products (lattice pattern, lace; weaving pattern of fabric, carpet). The need to harmonize the decor with the form, the image with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of pictorial motifs, to the conventions of interpretation and combination of elements of nature (for example, the use of lion paw motifs, eagle wings and swan head motifs in the design of a table leg) .

In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested. Works of arts and crafts are designed for perception by sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness and variety of methods of its processing acquire the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in the arts and crafts.

Having arisen at the earliest time in the development of human society, arts and crafts for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The oldest (belonging to the prehistoric era) works of arts and crafts, covering the widest range of ideas about the world and man, are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material and the aesthetics of materialized labor, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. This trend was maintained in traditional folk art ( cm. also Folk arts and crafts) up to the present day. But with the beginning of the class stratification of society in the stylistic evolution of decorative and applied art, its special branch begins to play a leading role, designed to serve the needs of the ruling social strata and meet their tastes and ideology. Gradually, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, is becoming increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness are singled out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form. However, until the middle of the XIX century. masters of decorative and applied arts preserve the integrity of plastic thinking and the clarity of the idea of ​​aesthetic connections between the object and the environment for which it is intended. Formation, evolution and change of artistic styles in arts and crafts proceeded synchronously with their evolution in other art forms. Trends in eclecticism in the artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century. lead to a gradual impoverishment of the aesthetic quality and emotional and figurative content of arts and crafts. The connection between decor and form is lost, an artistically designed object is replaced by a decorated one. The dominance of bad taste and the depersonalizing effect on arts and crafts of intensively developing mass machine production ( cm. Art industry) artists tried to contrast the unique objects made according to their projects in the conditions of handicraft (workshops of W. Morris in the UK, the "Darmstadt artists' colony" in Germany) or factory (Werkbund) labor, to revive the emotional-figurative integrity and ideological content of the artistically meaningful environment ( cm. Modern). These attempts were developed on new ideological and aesthetic foundations after the October Revolution of 1917, which opened up prospects for creating an artistically content environment for the work and life of the broadest masses. Its ideas and goals inspired artists who saw art as one of the most effective means of revolutionary agitation (for example, the so-called propaganda porcelain of 1918-25). The task of creating a comprehensive furnishing of a worker's apartment, workers' dormitories, clubs, canteens, comfortable overalls, rational equipment of the workplace, designed for mass factory production, opened the way for creative searches for constructivists in the USSR, functionalists in Germany (from m. Bauhaus) and other countries, which largely preceded the appearance of design. The foreground in artistic creativity of the formal-technological side in the early 1920s. led to its absolutization, the identification of artistic creativity with the production of things, the denial of the role of decor in creating an artistic image of a work of arts and crafts. The revival of folk crafts in the USSR and awakened in the 30s. interest in the Russian artistic heritage played a prominent role in the development of a number of technological and artistic traditions of the past by Soviet masters of arts and crafts. However, the approach to works of arts and crafts with the standards of easel art, the pursuit of splendor of products, which made themselves felt especially strongly in the late 40s and early 50s, noticeably hampered the development of arts and crafts. Since the mid 50s. in the USSR, along with the search for functional and artistically expressive forms and decor for everyday household items produced in a factory way, artists are busy creating unique works in which the emotionality of the image is combined with a variety of processing techniques for the simplest materials, with the desire to reveal all the richness of their plastic and decorative possibilities . Such works (as well as elegant works of folk arts and crafts, unique because of their handicraft) are designed to serve as visual accents in an artistically organized environment, formed mainly by factory-made art products that are less individualized in form and objects that are created on the basis of a designer’s work. design.

About separate branches, varieties and types of technology of decorative and applied arts cm. articles Batik , Vase , Fan , Embroidery , Tapestry , Toy , Inlay , Intarsia , Ceramics , Carpet , Forging , Lace , Varnishes , Majolica , Marquetry , Furniture , Printing , Notch , Carving , Decorative painting , Glass , Terracotta , Embossing , Fabrics , Porcelain , Faience , Filigree , Crystal , Embossing , Niello , Tapestry , Enamels , Jewelry art .

Literature: D. Arkin, Art of everyday things, M., 1932; M. S. Kagan, On applied art, L., 1961; A. V. Saltykov, Selected Works, Moscow, 1962; A. K. Chekalov, Fundamentals of understanding arts and crafts, M., 1962; A. Moran, History of arts and crafts from ancient times to the present day, translated from French, M., 1982; Magne L. et H. M., L "art appliqué aux métiers, v. 1-8, P., 1913-28; Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Völker, hrsg. Von H. Th. Bossert, Bd 1-6 , V., 1929-35; Marangoni G., Clementi A., Storia dell "arredamento, v. 1-3, Mil., 1951-52; Fleming J., Honor H., The Penguin dictionary of the decorative arts, L., 1977; Bunte Welt der Antiquitäten, Dresden, 1980; Lucie-Smith E., The story of craft, Ithaca (N. Y.), 1981.

(Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of V.M. Polevoy; M.: Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

arts and crafts

Creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc.), as well as artistic processing of utilitarian items (furniture, clothing, weapons, etc.). Masters of arts and crafts use a wide variety of materials - metal (bronze, silver, gold, platinum, various alloys), wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics), etc. The manufacture of clay products is called ceramics, from precious metals and stones jewelry art.

In the process of creating art works from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or prints (a painted wooden or copper board is applied to the fabric and hit with a special hammer, getting an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. The painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Decorative and applied products should be, first of all, convenient to use and beautiful. They create an objective environment around a person, influencing his state of mind and mood. Works of decorative and applied art are designed for perception both by sight and touch, therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness of processing play the most important role in it. In the form of a vase, a toy, a piece of furniture, in the system of their decorations, the master seeks to reveal the transparency of glass, the plasticity of clay, the warmth of wood and the texture of its surface, the hardness of stone and the natural pattern of its veins. At the same time, the shape of the product can be both abstract and resemble a flower, a tree, a figure of a person or an animal.

In jewelry, various ornaments. Often it is the decor that turns a household item into a work of art (a Khokhloma bowl of a simple shape, painted with bright patterns on gold; a dress of a modest style, decorated with embroidery or lace). At the same time, it is very important that ornaments and figurative images do not contradict the shape of the product, but reveal it. So, in ancient Greek vases, patterned stripes separate the body (central part) from the stem and neck, the painting of the body emphasizes its bulge.

Decorative and applied art has existed since ancient times. Artistic products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with carvings and patterns, made primitive ornaments from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied the ideas of ancient people about beauty, about the structure of the world and about the place of man in it. The traditions of ancient art continue to live in folklore, in products handicrafts. In the future, utensils for the performance of sacred rites and luxury items are allocated, designed to emphasize the wealth and imperious power of their owners. Rare, precious materials and rich decor were used in these products. The development of industrial production in the 19th century. allowed to create works of arts and crafts for the mass consumer. At the same time, the idea, the sketch of the painting, the mold for manufacturing, etc., belonged to the great masters, and the finished products were replicated by the workers of factories and plants ( tapestries according to the sketches of famous masters, products of porcelain factories, etc.). The application of industrial technology marked the beginning of art design.

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: medicine ball) - a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man learned to braid his hair in braids.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen cleaner and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and the corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern on fabric by hand using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here is some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free stroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they do not fold paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of matter (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered "books" (book) that are being compiled convey the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut out of paper, foam, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1421

In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (combination on some basis) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many applied art techniques are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.

All pleasant creativity!
Your Margaret.