The face and neck, like the rest of the body, are formed by muscles. The outlines and appearance of the face directly depend on the tone of the facial muscles. What are causes of facial aging in terms of physiology? With age face and neck muscles shorten, decrease in volume and deform, and their tone weakens. As a result, facial features begin to gradually sink down. For example, sagging of the eye muscles leads to the appearance of bags under the eyes, and when the muscles and tissues around the nose weaken, the nose appears to “spread out” and increase. And the appearance of a second chin is a weakness of the cervical muscles, and not just excess weight.

Gymnastics for the face trains the facial muscles with the help of special exercises. Regular training of the facial muscles tightens, tones the facial muscles, and allows you to achieve significant changes in appearance without surgical intervention.

Cosmetic surgery already deals with the results of aging, while facial gymnastics is aimed at causes of facial aging and give a long-term, stable result, comparable to a surgical facelift.

Anatomy of the muscles of the human face

Since almost all types of facial gymnastics (facebuilding, faceforming, aerobics for the face, bodyflex for the face and others) work with the muscles of the face and neck, let's deal with the factual material that is the basis for developing exercises, that is, with the anatomical structure of the facial muscles .

Muscles in the head and neck more than 100 and subdivide them into several groups:

• • facial muscles
  • oculomotor muscles
  • chewing muscles and muscles of the oral cavity, tongue
  • muscles of the neck and adjacent areas

The division of muscles into groups is rather arbitrary, and sometimes some of them can be assigned to one or another group.

Age-related changes on the face largely depend on the specific daily behavior of facial and masticatory muscles during a conversation, work or sleep, in moments of stress.
Mimic muscles, unlike chewing muscles, are attached at one end to the bones, and at the other end to the skin of the face or neighboring muscles. Chewing muscles, like the muscles of the body, are attached to the bones with two ends.

1 - supracranial muscles and tendon helmet;

2 - temporal muscles;

3 - circular muscle of the eye;

4 - muscle that raises the corner of the mouth;

5 - buccal muscle;

6 - muscle lowering the lower lip;

7 - subcutaneous muscle of the neck;

8 - chin muscle;

9 - muscle that lowers the corner of the mouth;

10 - circular muscle of the mouth;

11 - chewing muscle;

12 - a large zygomatic muscle;

13 - nasal muscle;

14 - muscle of the auricle.

We will not rewrite the anatomical atlas of the human body and describe the purpose of all facial muscles. Such information is sufficient on specialized resources.

You can see in more detail each muscle separately, how they move, how they are connected with facial expressions, using the interactive anatomical atlas of human muscles. Visual, the best on the Internet, INTERACTIVE ATLAS OF FACE MUSCLES given

Muscles of the face and neck - Video

On this page you can watch online interesting video about the work mimic muscles of the face with ordinary facial movements: frowning, anger, smile, sadness, etc. A virtual 3D model acts as a demonstrator.

Get to know in detail facial anatomy, physiology of aging, understand the causes of aging and its external manifestations on the face, learn recommendations for eliminating the visible manifestations of aging of the face and neck, as well as appreciate the magnificent procedures and blemish removal exercises, you can by reading book by Natalia Osminina « Facial aging anatomy or myths in cosmetology ". Everything is very detailed and clearly stated, this information will be useful to take into service in the fight against premature aging.

Miracles, of course, do not happen ... But even the most incredulous skeptics cannot deny that with regular performance: gymnastics for the face gives visible results. The number of its supporters all over the world is steadily increasing. And if you add to it the right skin care (cleansing, moisturizing and nourishing the skin), facial massage, rational nutrition, an active lifestyle and sports, then your youth will delight others and delight you for many years.

Realistic 3D video of human face and neck muscles

Warning: Impressionable people and people under 18 are not recommended to watch!

Anatomical atlases and books on the physiology of aging

For those who prefer traditional books:

"Atlas of human anatomy"in a deluxe edition with high-quality detailed illustrations and accurate textual explanations can be found

Beautiful, well organized Russian-Latin human anatomy guide for a wide range of readers.

The book "The Resurrection of the Face or an Ordinary Miracle. Theory and Practice of Restoring Youth" is the most popular book by Natalia Osminina, the author of the Revitonik rejuvenation system, about the physiology of aging of the skin, facial muscles, and restoring the youthfulness of the face.

It often happens that people with dissimilar facial features still have a lot in common in appearance. For example, they may have the same smile, or they may both wrinkle their foreheads when they are upset. This similarity is given to us by the same facial expressions, which are determined by the facial muscles of the face and the facial nerves with which these muscles are innervated. The site has prepared an article about the anatomy of the face, its muscles, nerves, blood vessels and the anatomical structure in general. It will help you learn more about your own physiology, the structure and location of muscles, their contraction, and will also be useful to cosmetologists when studying muscles to perform a rejuvenating facial massage.

Anatomical structure of the face

The face is considered to be the part of the head, the upper boundary of which runs along the upper orbital margin, the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch to the auditory opening, and the lower boundary is the jaw branch and its base. Simplifying this medical definition, it can be noted that the face is the region of the head, the upper part of which is the eyebrows, and the lower part is the jaw.

The following areas are concentrated on the face: orbital (including the infraorbital region), nasal, oral, chin and lateral regions. The latter consists of: buccal, parotid-chewing and zygomatic regions. It also contains receptors for visual, gustatory and olfactory analyzers.

human face skeleton

Regardless of how well developed the muscles of the face are, it is the skeleton that determines its appearance. Representatives of the stronger sex are characterized by a powerful bone skeleton, small eye sockets and strongly pronounced superciliary arches, while women are distinguished by less pronounced facial bones, rounded eye sockets and wide short noses.

The skull can be divided into two sections: the bones of the skull and the bones of the face. Directly in the skull are the brain, eyes, organs of hearing and smell. Facial part of the skull or bones of the face - form the frame of the face.

The human face consists of paired and unpaired bones. These include:

• upper jaw;
• palatine bone;
• cheekbone.

Unpaired:

• lower jaw;
• hyoid bone.

All bones are fixedly connected to each other by sutures and cartilaginous joints. The only movable part is the lower jaw, which is connected to the skull by the temporomandibular joint. At birth, a person has a rounded face shape, since the bone skeleton is very poorly developed. Over time, it transforms, some cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. The formation of the face ends at the age of 16-18 for women and at 20-23 for men.

It happens that people are born with defects in the facial bones and cartilage - their deformation due to various factors: a birth injury, or, for example, a genetic disease. The quality of life of such people is greatly deteriorating not only in aesthetic terms, but also in physiological terms. With improper fusion of bones and nasal cartilage, breathing problems occur. Sometimes a person, having difficulty in inhaling / exhaling, begins to breathe through his mouth, which leads to negative consequences. This kind of problem is solved by plastic surgery, namely rhinoplasty.

Nerve branches on the human face

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves in total. Each of them is indicated by the order of the Roman numerals. There are many nerve branches on the face, the functioning of which is closely related to the facial muscles. Inflammation of these nerves can lead to various changes in appearance and violation of the symmetry of the face. Nerve fibers go from the nuclei to the muscles:

1. olfactory nerve - to the organs of smell;
2. visual - to the retina;
3. oculomotor - to the eyeball;
4. block - to the upper oblique muscle;
5. trigeminal - to chewing muscles;
6. abducent - to the lateral rectus muscle;
7. facial nerve - to facial muscles;
8. vestibulocochlear - to the vestibular department;
9. glossopharyngeal - to the stylopharyngeal muscle, parotid gland, pharynx and posterior third of the tongue;
10. wandering - to the muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate;
11. additional - to the muscles of the head, shoulder and shoulder blades;
12. the hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue.

1. Olfactory nerve.

Responsible for olfactory sensitivity. On the surface of the nasal mucosa there are neurons of special sensitivity - olfactory. Neurosensory cells transmit information through the neural circuit to the anterior parahippocampal gyrus, which is the associative zone of the olfactory system. So, pleasant smells inevitably simultaneously cause a salivation reflex, and unpleasant smells - vomiting, nausea. Perception is also closely related to the formation of the taste of food.

2. Optic nerve.

The fibers of the optic nerve begin in the neurons of the retina, pass through the vascular, white membranes of the eye and the orbit, forming in the fat body the beginning of the optic nerve and the ophthalmic part of the nerve, entering the optic canal. The fibers end in the occipital lobe. The optic nerve transmits impulses (a photochemical reaction of rods and cones in the retina) to the visual center of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, where this information is processed.

3. Oculomotor nerve.

This is a mixed nerve, consisting of two types of nuclei. Starting from the tire of the legs of the brain, which lie flush with the upper mounds of the roof of the midbrain, the nerve fibers are divided into two branches, the upper of which approaches the muscle that lifts the upper eyelid, and the lower, in turn, is divided into three more branches innervating the medial rectus the muscle of the eye, the lower rectus muscle and the oculomotor root, heading to the ciliary node. The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve provide adduction, elevation, lowering and rotation of the eyeball, innervating 4 of the 6 oculomotor muscles.

4. Block nerve.

Its nuclei originate from the tegmental pedunculus at the level of the inferior colliculus of the midbrain roof. It goes around the brain stem from the lateral side, exits the fissure near the temporal lobe, following the wall of the cavernous sinus, enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure. Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. Provides a turn of the eye to the nose, abduction outwards and downwards.

5. Trigeminal nerve.

It is a mixed nerve, combining sensory and motor intermediate nerves. The former transmit information about the sensitivity of the skin of the face (tactile, pain and temperature), nasal and oral mucous membranes along with impulses from the teeth and temporomandibular joints. The motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve innervate the chewing, temporal, maxillofacial, pterygoid muscles, as well as the muscle responsible for the eardrum.

6. Abducens nerve.

Its nucleus is located in the back of the brain, projecting into the facial tubercle. The fibers exit in the groove between the bridge and the pyramid, through the hard shell of the brain, entering the cavernous sinus, enters the orbit, lying under the oculomotor nerve and innervating only one oculomotor muscle - the lateral rectus muscle, which ensures the abduction of the eyeball outward.

7. Facial nerve.

It belongs to the group of cranial nerves and is responsible for the innervation of the mimic muscles of the face, the lacrimal gland, as well as the taste sensitivity of the anterior part of the tongue. It is motor, but on the basis of the brain, the intermediate nerves responsible for taste and sensory perception join it. The defeat of this nerve causes peripheral paralysis of the innervated muscles, which leads to a violation of the symmetry of the face.

8. Vestibulocochlear nerve.

It consists of two different roots of special sensitivity: the first carry impulses from the semicircular ducts of the vestibular labyrinth, the second - conduct auditory impulses from the spiral organ of the cochlear labyrinth. This nerve is responsible for the transmission of auditory impulses and our balance.

9. Glossopharyngeal nerve.

This nerve plays a very important role in the anatomy of the face. It is responsible for the motor innervation of: the parapharyngeal gland (thus providing its secretory function), the muscles of the pharynx, the sensitivity of the soft palate, tympanic cavity, pharynx, tonsils, soft palate, Eustachian tube, and also for the taste perception of the back of the tongue. In addition to the motor fibers of the sensory fibers inherent in the nerves described above, the glossopharyngeal nerve also has parasympathetic ones. With fractures of the base of the skull, aneurysm of the vertebral and basilar arteries, meningitis and a number of other disorders, damage to the lingual nerve can occur, which leads to such consequences as the loss of taste perception of the posterior third of the tongue and the sensation of its position in the oral cavity, the absence of pharyngeal and palatine reflexes, such as and other deviations.

10. Vagus nerve.

Contains the same set of nerve fibers as the glossopharyngeal: motor, sensory and parasympathetic. It innervates the laryngeal and striated muscles of the esophagus, as well as the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx. Carries out parasympathetic innervation of the smooth muscles of the esophagus, intestines, lungs and stomach, cardiac muscle, along with sensitive innervation of the part of the external auditory canal, the tympanic membrane and the area of ​​the skin behind the ear, as well as the mucous membrane of the lower pharynx and larynx. Affects the secretion of the stomach and pancreas. Unilateral damage to this nerve causes sagging of the soft palate on the side of the lesion, deviation of the uvula to the healthy side and paralysis of the vocal cord. With bilateral complete paralysis of the vagus nerve, death occurs.

11. Accessory nerve.

Consists of two types of nuclei. The first is a double nucleus, located in the posterior sections of the medulla oblongata, and it is also the motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The second - the nucleus of the accessory nerve, is located in the posterolateral section of the anterior horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord. It innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which provides an inclination of the cervical region in its direction, raises the head, shoulder, shoulder blade, rotates the face in the opposite direction, leads the shoulder blades to the spine.

12. Hypoglossal nerve.

The main function of this nerve is the motor innervation of the tongue, namely: the styloglossus, genioglossus and hyoidoglossal muscles along with the transverse and rectus muscles of the tongue. With a unilateral lesion of this nerve, the tongue shifts to the healthy side, and when protruded from the mouth, it deviates towards the lesion. In this case, atrophy of the muscles of the paralyzed part of the tongue occurs, which practically does not affect speech and chewing functions.

The listed nerves of the face in the process of innervation of the facial muscles set the facial expressions of the individual.

Mimic muscles of the face

The muscles of the face, contracting, shift certain areas of the skin, giving the face all kinds of expressions, which is why they are called "mimic". The mobility of certain areas of the skin of the face is due to the fact that the facial muscles begin on the bones of the cranium, connecting with the skin, they are also devoid of fascia. Most of them are concentrated near the eye, mouth and nasal openings. There are such mimic muscles:

• Supracranial (occipital-frontal) - pulls the scalp back, raises eyebrows, forms transverse folds on the forehead;
• Proud muscle - responsible for the formation of transverse folds above the bridge of the nose, with muscle contraction on both sides;
• The muscle wrinkling the eyebrow - contracting, forms vertical folds on the bridge of the nose, reduces the eyebrows to the midline;
• The muscle that lowers the eyebrow - lowers the eyebrow downward and slightly inward;
• The circular muscle of the eye - provides squinting and closing of the eyes, narrowing the palpebral fissure, smoothes the transverse folds on the forehead, closes the palpebral fissure, expands the lacrimal sac;
• The circular muscle of the mouth - is responsible for narrowing the mouth and pulling the lips forward;
• Muscle lifting the corner of the mouth - pulls the corner of the mouth up and outward;
• Laughter muscle - pulls the corner of the mouth to the lateral side;
• Muscle lowering the corner of the mouth - closes the lips, pulls the corner of the mouth down and out;
• Cheek muscle - determines the shape of the cheeks, presses the inner surface of the cheeks to the teeth, pulls the corner of the mouth to the side;
• The muscle that lifts the upper lip - forms the nasolabial fold during contraction, raises the upper lip, expands the nostrils;
• Large and small zygomatic muscles - forms a grin, raising the corners of the mouth up and to the sides, can also be the cause of dimples on the cheeks;
• The muscle that lowers the lower lip - pulls the lower lip down;
• Chin muscle - wrinkles the skin of the chin, pulls it up, forming pits on it, stretches the lower lip;
• Nasal muscle - slightly raises the wings of the nose;
• Anterior ear muscle - shifts the auricle forward and upward;
• Upper ear muscle - pulls the ear up;
• Back ear muscle - pulls the ear back;
• Temporoparietal muscle - with its help we can chew food.

All of them can be divided into two large groups according to the performing function: constrictors - allow you to close your eyes, mouth, lips and dilators - responsible for their opening.

The main role in the blood supply to the face is played by the carotid artery - all facial arteries originate from it. Two arteries are responsible for blood flow to the face, tongue and other organs of the oral cavity: the lingual and the facial.

lingual artery takes its base from the anterior wall of the external carotid artery, a few centimeters above the superior thyroid artery. Its trunk is located in the submandibular region and serves as a guideline for determining it during surgical interventions. After the lingual artery passes into the root of the tongue and provides blood supply to its muscles, mucous membrane and tonsils. Also, separate branches of this artery supply the diaphragms of the mouth, sublingual and mandibular glands.

Facial artery begins a centimeter above the lingual, originating at the anterior surface of the external carotid artery. It rises up the face, touching the posterior surface of the submandibular gland, after which it goes around the lower edge of the lower jaw. Its route runs to the corner of the mouth, then goes to the side of the nose to the medial corner of the eye between the superficial and deep mimic muscles. This section of the facial artery is called the angular artery. The palatine, mental, lower labial and upper labial arteries also branch off from it.

A large role in the blood supply to the face is taken by the mass of capillaries and the lower ophthalmic vein. The latter does not have valves; blood enters it from the eye muscles and the ciliary body. Sometimes blood passes through it into the pterygoid plexus if it leaves the orbit through the infraorbital fissure.

We hope our article was useful for you and you learned the most important thing about the location of the facial muscles, blood vessels and nerves. And the site site opened for you the curtain of that part of the body that is hidden from our eyes under the skin.

Facial anatomy is the basic knowledge for cosmetologists. The skin is as important an organ as the stomach or liver - it protects the body from all kinds of environmental influences. And it is with the right cosmetic effect on the skin of the face that you can not only remain attractive and young for many years, but also healthy - the better the condition of the skin, the stronger the immune system.

The face is a complex connection of muscles, vessels, nerves and veins. The internal structure, which is a rather complex and intricate mechanism.

In order to properly carry out aesthetic and medical procedures, one should take into account a complex of interrelated features of the skull, the placement of facial muscles, as well as their relationship with the lymphatic system, vascular network and the structure of the facial nerves.

The structure of the skull

The human skull is the main protection for the facial muscles and nerves that are responsible for the facial movement of the face. In total, the skull contains 23 bones - that is, 8 paired and 7 unpaired. All of them are divided into 2 groups: facial and brain bones.

The facial bones are smaller paired bones:

1. Nasal.
2. Palatal.
3. Zygomatic.
4. Tearful.
5. Upper jaw.
6. Inferior turbinate.

Unpaired facial bones:

1. Trellised.
2. Hyoid.
3. Coulter.
4. Lower jaw.

This group affects the normal functioning of the respiratory and digestive organs. Marrow bones in total consist of paired and unpaired bones.

They are located above the facial section, form some parts of the face, namely:

1. Frontal bumps.
2. Eye sockets.
3. Frontal zone.
4. Whiskey.
5. Nasal cavities.

Paired bones are the parietal and temporal small bones, and unpaired bones are the frontal, occipital and sphenoid. All parts of the skull are interconnected by special "seams".

Facial muscles

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists pays special attention to the muscular structure - soft tissues that contract when a person is nervously excited.

According to myology, the science of muscles, 1200 combinations of muscle work can be traced on the face, which reflect different states of emotions and well-being. Such facial expressions are possible only with the joint contraction of several muscle groups - different combinations of their work form certain emotions of bliss, pain, disgust, interest or complacency on the face.

Usually, most of the facial muscles are structurally attached to the bone at one end and to the deep layer of the skin at the other.

But on the human face there is a group of 4 deep muscles that are attached to the bone on both sides and provide chewing actions:

Aesthetic cosmetology does not work with such deep muscles, but their condition, tone and activity directly affect the condition of the skin of the face and the shape of the oval.

The facial muscles are characterized by a thin form of structure from a flat fleshy part. They are mostly located in the subcutaneous tissue of the face. With this muscle contraction, several folds are formed, and they are perpendicular to the corresponding fibers.

The main reason why changes in human facial expressions occur is the sensory impact of the nervous system on the work of the muscles, which manifests itself in the corresponding sequential reaction of the muscles on the face.

The change in facial expression is due to the internal state and experiences of a person.

Such changes are possible with the help of 16 major muscle groups:

The golden rule of all cosmetic procedures is to follow the massage lines.

It is very important for cosmetologists to know the anatomy of facial massage lines.

This ensures the tone and elasticity of the muscles that support the frame of the face and guarantee youthful skin. Cosmetologists recommend adhering to the scheme of massage lines, since they are areas that are least prone to stretching of skin tissues.

If you regularly maintain the tone of the muscles of the face and gently massage along the corresponding massage lines, you can tighten the shape and create a more expressive contour of the oval features.

All muscles during their contraction change facial features, expresses the internal state of a person. Since each muscle is associated with a certain state of mind, which is displayed on the face in the form of a change in its shape, a corresponding facial expression occurs, as a result of which wrinkles and folds appear over time.

lymphatic system

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists focuses on the important role of the normal functioning of the lymphatic system on the condition of the skin.

This system is a very dense capillary network, which is present in all organs and tissues of the body. Violation of the lymphatic system often affects the condition of the skin of the body - it loses its beautiful color, elasticity and velvety. The loss of these qualities due to problems with lymph flow is doubly noticeable in the condition of the skin of the face.

The lymphatic system refers to the vascular system of the body. Under its influence, lymph moves in the body, a transparent liquid, which, like blood, circulates through the human body.

But the lymphatic system does not have a pump, the function of which in the circulatory system is performed by the heart, and therefore the movement of lymph occurs very slowly - towards the large veins, at a speed of 0.3 mm / s. Therefore, it is always worth activating its work by mechanical action - massages, baths and cosmetic procedures - such manipulations will speed up the work of the glands.

This system cleanses the body.

Important functions of the lymphatic system are:

1. Distribution of fluid in the body.
2. transport of nutrients from tissues.
3. Protection of the body from bacteria, support of immunity.

It consists of:

1. Vessels.
2. Nodes.
3. Duct.
4. Tonsil, thymus.

In the human skull, the lymphatic system has 7 groups of nodes:

1. Occipital.
2. Neck.
3. Behind the ear.
4. Cheek.
5. Submandibular, located in the triangle of the chin.
6. Parotid.
7. Chin.

Therefore, if the lymphatic vessels are clogged and the system is disrupted, many diseases appear on the skin, which can manifest themselves in the form of acne, boils, and other rashes.

If you regularly carry out lymphatic drainage procedures, then these manipulations will have a good effect on metabolic processes in the tissues of the body. So, for example, you can reduce swelling of the face, improve its contours and elasticity, normalize the tone of mimic muscles with regular massage. It is very important for a cosmetologist to know the direction of the lymph flow on the face.

Since this is a complex network of capillaries, the lymph flow has several directions:

BUT) The lymph that flows through the tissues of the face enters here with the help of superficial vessels. The lymph flow corresponds to the blood veins.

Superficial lymphatic vessels are grouped into anterior and posterior:

1. Posterior vessels supply lymph to the back of the head. There they pass into another group of vessels - the occipital.
2. Anterior vessels located simultaneously from the forehead, eyelids, crown and temples. These vessels are connected to the nodes near the ears, through which the lymph continues to move through the vessels down the neck.

B) From the eyelids, from the nose, cheeks and lips, the lymphatic network begins, its movement is partially directed to the submandibular triangle, where the submandibular nodes are located. Another part of these vessels interrupts its circulation in the buccal nodes.

AT) The submental lymph nodes, which are located under the hyoid bone, are supplied with lymph from vessels near the lips and chin.

G) Deep vessels from the hard and soft palate direct their lymph flow to the deep nodes of the parotid gland.

Skin on the face

The skin of the face performs a protective function of the body from the external environment. In order for this protection to take place in the best possible way, cosmetologists in every possible way support the normal condition of the skin of the face, because sagging, wrinkles, rashes or dryness are not only aesthetically ugly, but also signs of deterioration in the motility of cellular metabolism, or malfunction of skin tissues.

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes in detail the structure of the facial skin, which consists of many cells, and their healthy state affects the appearance of a person.

The vital activity of cells is very similar to the life of all creatures - they absorb oxygen, feed, have the ability to multiply. Although cells are the smallest living units, they contain a large number of organelles and elements that ensure the normal life cycle of each cell, and respectively - its owner:

1. Ribosomes provide protein synthesis in the cell.
2. The centrosome takes part in the regeneration of nutrients.
3. Lysosomes are responsible for metabolism and nutrient absorption.
4. Cytoplasm - retains the activity of all useful substances in the cell, except for the nucleus.
5. Microvilli are responsible for transporting substances from the cell through the membrane.
6. The nucleus - stores information about hereditary traits.

The epidermis is the first upper layer of the skin of the face, it serves as the main protective barrier, responsible for getting a tan from the sun. Almost all cosmetic procedures are aimed specifically at maintaining the elasticity and tone of this particular layer of the skin. The epidermis in its structure has several layers of cells - the lower, spiny, granular, flattering and horny.

The last layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is the topmost, and consists of dozens of corneocytes - cells that are the most mature on the face, and therefore any metabolic processes stop in them. These cells are already old, and therefore contain a small amount of water, keratin and do not have nuclei.

Their main function is to create a protective barrier against external factors for the skin of the face. Usually, within 28 days, the old cells are shed, and new ones grow in their place - there is a constant process of the appearance of new cells and the exfoliation of old ones. Most mechanical and chemical peels work at this level. The second layer of facial skin is the dermis.

It consists of two levels:

1. mesh layer- the level at which the networks of lymphatic and blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and all fibers are located - they are responsible for the smoothness of the skin.
2. papillary layer concentrates nerve endings, outgrowths and capillaries.

You can do any procedures on this layer of skin with the help of deeply drooping products with active ingredients. Most cosmetics are surface products, so only a special education will help you choose the composition of products that will penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis.

The dermis is responsible for the production of elastin and collagen in skin cells. Therefore, when deep wrinkles appear, there is an immediate need to act on this layer of the skin, to ensure its elasticity, to strengthen it.

The third, deepest, layer - subcutaneous fat, is responsible for storing nutrients. which directly affect the condition of the skin. This layer of skin is made up of many nerve and blood vessels, as well as fatty deposits. The need to act on this layer of the skin occurs with beriberi, when the face loses its healthy color.

Vascular and nervous tissue of the face

Facial anatomy necessarily teaches the location of the vascular network on the human face - small venous ducts that supply facial tissues with important nutrients. For cosmetologists, the problem of blood vessels, or rosacea, is the most common complaint for which women turn to aesthetic medicine for help.

Couperosis is a genetic predisposition of almost every person to the manifestation of redness and irregularities on the skin of the face. But for everyone, this property of the skin has different forms, and can be more or less noticeable.

The first signs of "asterisks", "veins" can appear even in childhood, and only proper treatment and maintenance of vascular health can save the problem from aggravating. If a girl has such a predisposition, then there is a chance that the rosacea network after 30 years will become very noticeable.

Treatment of facial skin rosacea requires a systematic approach - you need to regularly add aromatic oils to your daily care - this will strengthen the walls of blood vessels and prevent their potential damage, for example, during stressful situations.

If the problem of rosacea already has a more pronounced condition, then the treatment procedure requires the use of hardware cosmetology:

An important knowledge in aesthetic cosmetology is also the structure of the nervous tissue - an ectodermal formation of nerve cells, neurons. Its main task is the excitability and conduction of nerve receptors and impulses from a particular organ to the central nervous system. They form a network of nerve nodes that perceive any irritation upon contact with them.

If the vascular or nervous system is damaged during the procedure, facial symmetry can be broken or a muscle or nerve can be pinched.

Knowledge of the location of the vascular and neural networks on the face is a very important skill for a cosmetologist - when performing any injection technique, it is necessary to clearly understand where the cords of large vessels and nerve tissues pass in order to avoid further dangerous manipulations in these areas.

facial nerves

One of the important points of the anatomy of the face is the structure of the facial nerves - an unsuccessful procedure can cause a certain form of deformation or asymmetry of the face after the procedure. Along with muscles, the facial nerves are responsible for facial expressions, and it is often nerve disease that can cause facial distortion.

Facial anatomy for cosmetologists describes the structure of the facial nerve as one of the most difficult topics to study, since its scheme is very confusing - the facial nerve is 7 of the 12 cranial nerves, which affects the activity of the facial muscles of the face.

Its complex topography is explained not only by the extension of this nerve through the facial canal from the temporal bone, but also by the constant complication of its circuit due to permanent processes in other directions:

1. The nerve itself is made up of fibers that run from several nuclei: motor fibers, sensory fibers, and secretory fibers. Then it penetrates into the opening of the ear canal.
2. From the parotid gland, 4 branches of the nerves begin: the posterior auricular nerve, stylohyoid, digastric and lingual.
3. 5 more branches depart from the parotid salivary gland: temporal, zygomatic, buccal branches, marginal branch of the lower jaw and cervical.

The anatomy of the facial nerve is an intricate system of small channels in the face that send signal responses to specific parts of the head or neck. The facial nerve is mainly responsible for the motor function of the muscles in the face.

Knowledge of the functions of each branch of this nerve is very important for cosmetologists - this is the only way to determine the main problem of impaired sensitivity and facial expressions, and to determine the subsequent treatment tactics.

Article formatting: Mila Friedan

Video about the structure of the face

Anatomy of the muscles of the face:

The muscles of the face are a kind of framework for supporting the skin, which is responsible for its tone and elasticity.

All cosmetic procedures are performed strictly in a certain direction. Massage lines are areas of the least stretching of the skin. If you perform a massage movement along them, you can tighten the oval of the face, create an expressive contour, improve the color of the skin and get rid of acne and fine wrinkles.

Along the massage lines, not only massage is performed, but also the application of a variety of cosmetics. Performing procedures along these lines will preserve the youthfulness of the skin for a long time. Since the skin does not stretch.

The anatomy of the muscles of the face is special knowledge that will help determine the correct vectors of movement. These lines coincide with the direction of the lymph flow. Applying cosmetics over them is a lymphatic drainage massage for the face.

If you take into account where the muscles of the face and neck are located when caring for the skin, then you can get the following results:

1. When pressed with fingers, the skin will not stretch.
2. The pores are cleared, and the rash disappears over time.
3. No new wrinkles appear.
4. Collagen fibers are not damaged.
5. The forehead area is toned, which prevents the appearance of horizontal wrinkles.
6. No sagging of the corners of the mouth
7. The laughter muscle becomes not so deep.
8. Puffiness and dark circles under the eyes are reduced.
9. Passes stiffness in the occipital region.
10. The second chin gradually decreases.
11. The appearance of mimic wrinkles is prevented.

The correct effect on the muscles of the face will delay the onset of old age and preserve the beauty of the skin. Regardless of the chosen cosmetic product, a lymphatic drainage effect will be produced due to massage movements.

Massage guides were discovered by the German scientist Karl Langer in 1861. Beauticians and massage therapists call them Langer lines.

Where are the massage lines located?

The following massage lines are distinguished:

1. In the forehead area - the movement is performed from the middle of the forehead to the temporal region.
2. The area around the eyes: upper eyelid - the line stretches from the inner corner to the outer; lower eyelid - the vector runs from the outer corner to the inner.
3. Lips: the line goes from the middle of the upper lip to the earlobe; the line stretches from the chin to the earlobe.
4. Nose: movement is carried out from the bridge of the nose to the end of the nose; from nasal wings to ear.
5. Neck zone: from the neckline to the chin; from the region of the lymph nodes, the lines pass to the collarbones.

How does knowing about the location of the main lines affect the work of a beautician?

In cosmetology, knowledge of human physiology is of great importance. Every cosmetologist knows how the muscles of the face are arranged.

The type of skin depends on the structure of the skin: oily, normal or dry. The study of deep layers helps specialists to select products that protect the skin from early aging.

There are some aspects of the structure of the facial muscles that the cosmetologist evaluates before work:

1. The work of facial muscles: the location of the chewing muscle and the muscles of the mouth and the number of muscle fibers.
2. The use of needles requires knowledge of the location of the vessels and how to clamp the skin in an emergency.
3. Knowledge of the characteristics of the branches of nerves helps to determine the causes of deformation of a person's face.

Mimic muscles during contraction are able to move the skin depending on the emotional state of the person.

Age-related changes depend on the individual behavior of the masticatory and facial muscles during sleep, stress, conversation or work.

How many major muscles on the face will this table help you find out.

The correct effect on the muscles of the face indicated in the table will help create elastic and clean skin.

How can using knowledge about massage lines help prolong youth?

After 35 years, skin aging occurs in all women, and facial muscles lose their tone. At the same time, the intensity of aging is different for everyone and depends on lifestyle, proper care and hereditary factors.

During aging, the following processes occur:

1. The skin loses moisture.
2. Decreased secretion of sebaceous glands.
3. The blood flow in tissues is disturbed.
4. Decreased muscle tone. In this case, sagging of the cheeks appears and nasolabial folds appear.
5. Metabolism slows down and the production of elastin and collagen fibers decreases, which leads to loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles.

To prolong the youthfulness of the skin, daily care is required, which consists of such procedures as moisturizing, cleansing and nourishing. Knowledge of physiology will allow you to properly care for your face.

Carrying out cosmetic procedures in compliance with massage lines will help delay the appearance of deep wrinkles.

1. The palms are used to stroke each line with fingers at the end.
2. Stretches the face and neck. In this case, the palms are pressed against the soft tissues, and pressure is applied to the bones.
3. Circular movements are made.
4. Lightly tap on the face with the tips of bent fingers.
5. The procedure is performed with straight fingers.
6. The face needs to be stroked, as at the beginning of the procedure.
7. At the end, several circular rotations of the head are performed in each direction.

A few minutes of massage a day and masks made from natural ingredients will help maintain skin elasticity for many years without the use of expensive procedures and products.

Facial care should be performed in a complex, that is, you need to lead a healthy lifestyle, do gymnastics in the morning and eat right.

Facial Anatomy

The face has a very complex anatomical structure and consists of several layers of heterogeneous tissues. Under the skin of the face lies a thin layer of fat, which is somewhat thicker on the cheeks and under the chin. Under this layer on the neck is the superficial muscle of the neck (platysma) - a wide, flat, fan-shaped, extending from the lower part of the face to the collarbone. With its upper edge, it is attached to the parotid fascia - a membrane of connective tissue that envelops the salivary gland located in the cheek (in front and below the ear). Under the lower jaw between the edge of the chin and the ear, there are other salivary glands - submandibular, one on each side. They are located in depth, under the platysma.

Below are four layers of facial muscles: around the eye is a flat annular muscle - the circular muscle of the eye. On the forehead there are muscles that raise the eyebrows, and muscles that wrinkle and frown the eyebrows (muscles of the proud) located between the eyebrows and attached to the base of the nose. Around the mouth is the annular muscle - the circular muscle of the mouth. In addition, there are many other facial muscles around the mouth, among them the muscles that raise the upper lip and corners of the mouth, the large and small zygomatic muscles that lower the lower lip, etc. The movements of the facial muscles are controlled by the facial nerve. On both sides, it emerges from the skull below the ear and diverges in thin branches to the forehead, eyes and mouth between the third and fourth layers of the mimic muscles of the face. The mimic muscles of the upper three layers, together with the platysma, forehead muscles, fascia, and aponeuroses (thin connective tissue films) that cover them, make up the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), which, one might think of as a whole, controls the facial movement of the skin of the face.

1 - Frontalis muscle, 2 - Muscle surrounding the eye, 3 - Muscle raising the upper lip, 4 - Small zygomatic muscle, 5 - Large zygomatic muscle, 6 - Muscle raising the angle of the mouth, 7 - Muscle rhizorius, 8 - Muscle surrounding the mouth, 9 - Muscle depressing the angle of the mouth, 10 - Muscle depressing the lower lip, 11 - Chin muscle, 12 - Superficial muscle of the neck, 13 - Cheek muscle, 14 - Chewing muscle, 15 - Muscle of the nose, 16 - Temporal muscle, 17 - Aponeurotic helmet

The lower layer of facial muscles and masticatory muscles, covered with fascia, make up the deep musculoaponeurotic system (DMAS), in which facial nerves, salivary gland ducts, large vessels pass, and fatty tissue of the cheek "Bish's fat lump" is located. Below is the periosteum that covers the bones of the skull.

The sensitivity of the face is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve emerging from the skull in the region of the eyes, mouth, chin and branches of the cervical plexus nerves. The arterial blood supply of the face is carried out by branches mainly of the external carotid arteries. Venous outflow is carried out in the external (most) and internal (smaller) jugular veins.

All layers of the face are interconnected by dense connective tissue ligaments that run in the transverse direction from the periosteum to the skin and keep the soft tissues of the face from falling down. With age, they stretch and tissues, under the influence of gravity, "slide" down. In certain areas on the face, these ligaments are more pronounced - they are thicker and denser, so they stretch less with age. The places of attachment of these ligaments to the skin practically do not fall over time, and it turns out that descending tissues hang on top of them, and the skin at the place of attachment of the ligaments looks like a depression (fold or groove) - this is the nature of nasolacrimal, nasolabial and other folds on the face.

1 - Orbital ligament, 2 - Zygomatic ligament, 3 - Fat above the orbital ligament, 4 - Orbital ligament, 5 - Fat under the orbital ligament, 6 - Zygomatic fat, 7 - Zygomatic ligament

1 - Skin, 2 - DMAS, 3 - Mimic muscles, 4 - SMAS, 5 - Ligaments, 6 - Subcutaneous fat, 7 - Ligaments, 8 - Salivary gland fascia