Moscow princely dynasty. Genealogy of Moscow princes

NEVA BATTLE:

Taking advantage of the fact that after the devastation of North-Eastern Russia by the Mongols, Novgorod and Pskov had nowhere to wait for help, the Swedish and German knights stepped up their expansion in North-Western Russia. Summer 1240 - the Swedish army under the command of Birger appeared on the Neva River on ships. The army consisted of Swedes, Norwegians and representatives of the Finnish tribes. Having received news of the appearance of the enemy, the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavovich decided to suddenly attack him. On July 15, the Novgorodians suddenly attacked the Swedes. Birger's army was taken by surprise. The losses of the Novgorodians were insignificant, amounting to 20 people, while the Swedes loaded three ships with the bodies of only noble people, and left the rest on the shore. The victory over the Swedes was of great political importance. The Swedes failed to cut off Novgorod from the sea, capture the coast of the Neva and the Gulf of Finland.

By the beginning of the 14th century. Moscow and Tver became the strongest principalities of North-Eastern Russia. The princes were: - the son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniil Alexandrovich, who annexed Mozhaisk and Kolomna to the Rostov Principality;  son of Daniil Yuri Danilovich since 1304;  Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy;  son of Mikhail Yaroslavich Dmitry Terrible Eyes;  brother of Dmitry Tverskoy Alexander (1326 - 1328). Together with the Grand Duke Alexander of Tver, Khan Uzbek sent a Horde detachment to Russia, led by his relative Cholkhan (in Russia he was called Shchelkan). In Tver, an uprising of the townspeople against the Horde began (1327), which was supported by Prince Alexander himself. The rebels killed Cholkhan's detachment. These events were skillfully used by the new Moscow prince, the younger brother of Yuri Danilovich, Ivan Kalita. He led a punitive Horde expedition to Tver. The Tver land was devastated, Alexander Mikhailovich fled to Pskov, and the great reign of Vladimir was divided between Ivan Kalita and Alexander of Suzdal.

IVAN KALITA:

Ivan Kalita managed to:  consolidate his influence in Novgorod;  purchase in the Horde labels for specific principalities with centers in Uglich, Galich and Beloozero. In addition, Ivan 1 bought villages in other principalities. John Danilovich inherited the Principality of Moscow, the territory of which expanded significantly during the years of his reign. 1332 - most of the Vladimir principality with the cities of Vladimir, Bogolyubovo, Yaropolch, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to the Moscow principality. He bought villages and even cities from the impoverished princes. That is how Belozersk, Galich and Uglich passed to the Moscow principality. 1326 - the residence of the metropolitan was transferred from Vladimir to Moscow, which testified to the increased political influence of Moscow. John Danilovich was nicknamed "Kalita" because of the large purse with money that he carried with him. Prince John managed to earn the full confidence of the khan, and he was instructed to collect tribute from the Russian princes. When collecting tribute, the prince significantly replenished his own treasury. The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons Semyon the Proud (1340-1353) and Ivan 2 the Red (1353-1359).

CONDITIONING THE FORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN STATE WITH THE CENTER IN MOSCOW:

In North-Eastern Russia in the XIV century. the process of formation of a single Russian state with its center in Moscow begins. This is due to: - The princes of North-Eastern Russia practically did not participate in the devastating strife of the 30s. 12th c. - At the same time, they sought recognition of their supremacy over the Novgorod land. - Until the second half of the 14th century. North-Eastern Russia did not experience the direct onslaught of Lithuania.  As for the Horde, although it generally had a negative impact on the development of the Vladimir-Suzdal land, at the same time, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir were recognized by the khans as the “oldest” in Russia, which reinforced their claims to supreme power over other Russian lands. - Finally, the residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia, the head of the Russian Church, moved to North-Eastern Russia.

IVAN III:

Throughout the reign of Ivan III, the main goal of the country's foreign policy was the unification of northeastern Rusiv into a single state. At the beginning of the reign of Ivan, the Moscow principality was surrounded by the lands of other Russian principalities; dying, he handed over to his son Vasily the country that united most of these principalities. Only Pskov, Ryazan, Volokolamsk, Novgorod-Seversky retained relative (not too wide) independence.

In the reign of Ivan III, the final formalization of the independence of the Russian state takes place. The already fairly nominal dependence on the Horde ceases. The government of Ivan III strongly supports the opponents of the Horde among the Tatars; in particular, an alliance was concluded with the Crimean Khanate. The eastern direction of foreign policy also turned out to be successful: combining diplomacy and military force, Ivan III introduces the Kazan Khanate into the channel of Moscow politics.

The main result of the reign of Ivan III was the unification around Moscow of most of the Russian lands. Russia included: Novgorod land, for a long time the former rival of the Moscow principality, the Tver principality, as well as the Yaroslavl, Rostov, and partially Ryazan principalities. Only the Pskov and Ryazan principalities remained independent, however, they were not completely independent either. After successful wars with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov, Bryansk and a number of other cities (which before the war accounted for about a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) became part of the Muscovite state.

The reign of Ivan III was also marked by success in domestic politics. In the course of the reforms, a code of laws of the country was adopted - the "Sudebnik" of 1497. At the same time, the foundations of the command system of government were laid, and the local system also appeared. The centralization of the country and the elimination of fragmentation were continued; the government waged a fairly tough fight against the separatism of the specific princes. The era of the reign of Ivan III was a time of cultural upsurge. The erection of new buildings (in particular, the Moscow Assumption Cathedral), the flourishing of chronicle writing, the emergence of new ideas - all this testifies to significant success in the field of culture.

Rurikovich. From Ivan Kalita to Ivan the Terrible.

Toroptsev, A.P. Rurikovich. From Ivan Kalita to Ivan the Terrible. - M. 6 Olma Media Group, 2006. - 208 p. : ill.

The second book about the princes of the Rurik family covers the period from 1303 to 1612. During this time, the Russian state has undergone several qualitative changes. In the first third of the XIV century. - disparate, constantly fragmenting principalities, exhausted by civil strife and dependence on the Golden Horde. The wise policy of Ivan I Kalita, from the inside, economically strengthened the Moscow space, which in the near future will become the core of a centralized state. Then a long, stubborn war with the Horde, which lasted almost half a century. And the Battle of Kulikovo as the apotheosis of that war. And the famous "Standing on the Ugra", after which the dependence of Russia on the Horde was eliminated. And the formation by Ivan III Vasilyevich of the skeleton of a centralized Russian state. And the consolidation of his work by his son - Vasily III Ivanovich. And then the era of Ivan IV Vasilievich, during which the country rushed at fast historical speeds to an imperial-type power.
The most difficult three centuries of Russian history in all respects ended with the Time of Troubles, the fall of the Rurik dynasty.
About how they lived, how they led the country in these 300 years, and will be discussed in the book.

In the XIV-XV centuries. specific Russia persistently collected its “crushed parts into something whole. Moscow became the center of the state formed in this way” (V. O. Klyuchevsky). The process of gathering Russian lands led to the formation of a single Russian state. Devastated, bled dry by the Mongol-Tatar yoke, divided into dozens of specific principalities, the country for more than two centuries consistently, difficultly, overcoming obstacles, went to state and national unity.

Association background. The features of the process of unification of the Russian lands consisted in the fact that its economic and social prerequisites matured gradually, as the process itself gained strength, lagging behind it. The growth of the population, the restoration of the destroyed economy, the development of abandoned and new lands, the spread of the three-field system, the gradual revival of cities and trade - all this contributed to the unification, but hardly made it really necessary. The decisive prerequisites have developed in the political sphere. The main impetus was the ever more insistent desire for liberation from the Horde yoke, from patronage and prodding, to gaining complete independence, to abandon humiliating trips to the Horde for a label for the great Vladimir reign, from paying tribute, from exactions. The struggle for unification merged with the struggle against the Horde. It demanded the exertion of all forces, unity, and a rigid guiding principle. This beginning could only be the grand ducal power, ready to act firmly, resolutely, recklessly, even despotically. The princes relied on their servants - the military in the first place - and paid them off with land transferred to conditional possession (the nobility, the estate system, serfdom would later grow out of these servants and this land ownership).

The prerequisites for unification include the presence of a single church organization, a common faith - Orthodoxy, language, the historical memory of the people, who kept memories of the lost unity and the "bright bright and beautifully decorated" Russian Land.

Why did Moscow become the center of the association? Objectively, two “young” cities, Moscow and Tver, had approximately equal chances to lead the process of unification of Russian lands. They were located in the north-east of Russia, relatively far from the borders with the Horde (and from the borders with Lithuania, Poland, Livonia) and therefore were protected from sudden attacks. Moscow and Tver stood on the lands where, after the Batu invasion, the population of Vladimir, Ryazan, Rostov and other principalities fled, where demographic growth was observed. Important trade routes passed through both principalities, and they knew how to take advantage of their location. The outcome of the struggle between Moscow and Tver was therefore determined by the personal qualities of their rulers. Moscow princes in this sense surpassed Tver competitors. They were not outstanding statesmen, but ~ better than others they knew how to adapt to the nature and conditions of their time. They, "people of medium size, had to" do great things, "the way of their actions" rested not on the legends of antiquity, but on a prudent consideration of the circumstances of the current moment. “Flexible, quick-witted businessmen”, “peaceful masters”, “hoarding, thrifty organizers of their lot” - this is how V. O. Klyuchevsky saw the first Moscow princes.

Association stages. The process of creating a unified Russian state took a long period from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century. until the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century.
Late XIII - first half of the XIV century:

The formation of the Moscow Principality under Prince Daniel Alexandrovich (end of the 13th century) and its territorial growth (Pereslavl, Mozhaisk, Kolomna), the beginning of rivalry with Tver for a label for the great Vladimir reign and the first success of Moscow (1318, the murder of Prince Mikhail of Tver in the Horde and the transfer of the label to the Moscow prince Yuri, who owned it until 1325);

The reign of Ivan Danilovich Kalita (Kalita is a big wallet; the origin of the prince's nickname is connected not so much with his stinginess, but with the fact that he was famous for his generosity when giving alms to the poor). Ivan Kalita took part in the punitive campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Tver, whose population rebelled in 1327 and killed the Khan's Baskak Cholkhan. The result was the weakening of Tver and the acquisition by Moscow of a label for a great reign (since 1328). Ivan Kalita convinced Metropolitan Peter to move his residence from Vladimir to Moscow. From that moment on, the Orthodox Church firmly supported the Moscow princes in their efforts to unite the country. Kalita managed to accumulate considerable funds, which were spent on buying up new lands and on strengthening the military power of the principality. Moscow's relations with the Horde were built during this period on the same basis - with the regular payment of tribute, frequent visits to the Khan's capital, with ostentatious humility and readiness to serve. Ivan Kalita managed to save his principality from new invasions. “Forty years of great silence,” according to Klyuchevsky, allowed two generations to be born and grow up, “on whose nerves the impressions of childhood did not instill the unaccountable horror of grandfathers and fathers before the Tatar: they went out to Kulikovo Field.”
Second half of the 14th century In the 60-70s. 14th century Prince Dmitry, the grandson of Ivan Kalita, managed to solve a number of long-standing and very important problems in favor of Moscow. Firstly, the claims of neighboring princes to a great reign were repulsed. The label remained in Moscow. Secondly, it was possible to avert the military threat from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whose ruler, Prince Olgerd, actively participated in domestic Russian politics and organized three campaigns against Moscow. Thirdly - and this is especially important - Moscow has achieved a decisive advantage over its traditional rival, the Tver Principality. Twice (in 1371 and 1375) Prince Mikhail of Tver received a label in the Horde for a great reign, and twice Prince Dmitry refused to recognize him as a Grand Duke. In 1375, Moscow organized a campaign against Tver, in which almost all the princes of North-Eastern Russia took part. Mikhail was forced to recognize the seniority of the Moscow prince and abandon the label for a great reign. Fourthly, for the first time in more than a century, the Moscow prince felt strong enough to go into open conflict with the Horde, to challenge it, relying on the support of the majority of Russian principalities and lands.
In the same years, the Golden Horde was going through processes of crushing and disintegration. Khans changed on the throne with fantastic frequency, the rulers of the isolated "hordes" sought their fortune in predatory raids on Russia. Moscow provided support to neighboring principalities in repelling aggression. The battle on the Vozha River in 1378 gained particular fame. The army of Murza Begi-cha, which invaded the Ryazan land, was defeated by the Moscow detachment, commanded by Prince Dmitry.
An event of great historical importance was the victory of the Russian army (the princely squads of almost all the lands of North-Eastern Russia were represented in it, only the Ryazan and Novgorod detachments did not come) in 1380. on the Kulikovo field over the army of the Tatar temnik Mamai.
The reasons for the victory in the battle, which apparently lasted more than ten hours, are generally understandable: Dmitry showed indisputable military leadership (gathering troops in Kolomna, choosing a battle site, disposition of troops, actions of an ambush regiment, etc.). The Russian soldiers fought bravely. There was no agreement in the Horde ranks. But the following are recognized as the main factors of victory: for the first time, a single Russian army fought on the Kulikovo field, made up of squads from almost all Russian lands, under the unified command of the Moscow prince; Russian soldiers were seized by that spiritual upsurge, which, according to L. N. Tolstoy, makes victory inevitable: "The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it." The Battle of Kulikovo brought the honorary nickname Donskoy to Prince Dmitry of Moscow. The victory was difficult. The bitterness of the battle lives on in the words of a contemporary: “O bitter hour! Oh, the time of blood is filled!
The significance of the victory on the Kulikovo field is enormous: Moscow has strengthened its role as the unifier of the Russian lands, their leader; in relations between Russia and the Horde, a turning point occurred (the yoke will be lifted in 100 years, in 1382 Khan Tokhtamysh will burn Moscow, but the decisive step towards liberation was taken on August 8, 1380); the amount of tribute that Russia now paid to the Horde has significantly decreased; The Horde continued to weaken, from the blow received in the Battle of Kulikovo, she never managed to recover. The Battle of Kulikovo became an important stage in the spiritual and moral revival of Russia, the formation of its national identity.
First half of the 15th century The main event of this stage was the feudal war of 1425-1453. between the Moscow prince Vasily II the Dark and the coalition of specific princes, which was headed by his uncle Yuri, and after the death of Yuri, his second cousins ​​​​Vasily Kosoy and Ivan Shemyaka. The long turmoil ended with the victory of the Moscow prince.
The second half of the XIV - the beginning of the XV century. The final stage of the unification process is associated with the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505) and the first years of the reign of his son Vasily III (1505-1533):

The collection of Russian lands around Moscow was basically completed. Novgorod (1477), Tver (1485), Pskov (1510), Ryazan (1521), Smolensk (1514) were annexed to Moscow;

- "standing on the Ugra" (1480) ended the struggle of Russia for liberation from the two hundred and forty-year-old Mongol yoke. For more than two months, the Russian army of Ivan III and the Tatar army of Khan Akhmat stood on different banks of the Oka tributary of the Ugra River. Akhmat did not dare to join the battle and withdrew the troops, recognizing, in essence, the independence of Russia;

The process of forming a unified Russian state was also completed. Ivan III took the title of "Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia", marriage to the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleolog and the fall of Constantinople under the blows of the Ottoman Turks (1453) gave him reason to accept the Byzantine double-headed eagle as the coat of arms of the Russian state (the addition of the coat of arms of the Moscow Principality to it - George the Victorious - symbolized the role of Moscow as the capital of the state). Gradually, the system of government bodies also took shape: the Boyar Duma (a council of the nobility under the Grand Duke), the Treasury (the central administrative body, from which the central government bodies - orders were later separated; the concept of "order" was first used in 1512), Palaces (government bodies newly annexed territories). The country was divided into counties (ruled by governors), volosts and camps (ruled by volosts). The governors and volostels lived at the expense of feeding - fees from the local population. In 1497, the Sudebnik was adopted - the first legislative act of the unified Russian state. In particular, it contained a new norm on a single period for the transition of peasants from one landowner to another (two weeks before and after November 26 - St. George's Day). From the end of the XV century. the new term "Russia" was used more and more widely.

The final phase in the unification process is associated with the activities of the outstanding politician of Russia, the great Moscow prince Ivan III. During the reign Ivan III Vasilyevich (l462-1505) Rostov (1474), Veliky Novgorod (1478), Dvina land (1478), Tver (1485) were annexed to the Moscow principality, Kazan recognized vassal dependence, and the final annexation took place in 1552, Vyatka land (1489). Thus, at the end of the XV century. the borders of the territory of the unified Russian state in the north reached the White Sea, in the south - to the Oka, in the west - to the Upper Dnieper, in the east - to the forts of the Northern Urals.

The unifying policy was continued by the son of Ivan III - Basil III (1505-1533). During his reign, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) was subordinated to Moscow, and in 1521 the last specific principality, Ryazan, ceased to exist. The process of centralization of Russia accelerated the need to form the internal structure of the state, which was gradually streamlined. Moscow sovereigns considered the state as their fiefdom, which can be disposed of at their own discretion.

The process of designing a unified management system began in the 80s. 15th century and continued throughout the sixteenth century. The most important legislative document of this period was Sudebnik of 1497 adopted under Ivan III. It enshrined the results of the struggle against the appanage system and the feudal nature of the state. The Code of Laws of 1497 began legislative formalization serfdom, when the peasant transition from one owner to another was limited to a single period - a week before and a week after the autumn St. George's Day (November 14), subject to the payment of all debts and obligations.

The destruction of the old appanage-princely system required the creation of a new order of government. At the end of the XV century. central government bodies began to form in Moscow - " orders”, which were the direct predecessors of the Petrine collegiums and ministries of the 19th century. In the provinces, the main role began to play governors appointed by the Grand Duke himself. The army also underwent a change. Regiments consisting of landowners(landlords received from the state for the duration of their service inhabited lands that brought them income, and were called "estates"). It was during these years (during the reign of Vasily III) that the council under the monarch ( Boyar Duma) takes on the functions characteristic of the 16th-17th centuries:

Legislative,

Judicial;

Coordinating in the field of diplomacy, military and administrative management.

1. The overthrow of the Horde yoke.

The greatest achievement of Ivan III was the final overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke in 1480(famous standing on the river Ugra). By that time, the Golden Horde was in decline. As a result of feudal fragmentation, a number of territories fell away from it, in which independent khanates arose: the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean, Siberian khanates and the Nogai Horde. On the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the Kazakh and Uzbek khanates were formed. As a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, the balance of power developed in favor of the Russian state. But Khan of the Golden Horde Akhmat decided to force Moscow to pay tribute. On the Ugra River in 1480, a meeting of Russian and Tatar troops took place. Realizing the superiority of the Russian army, which was numerous and better armed, Akhmat did not dare to fight and gradually retreated. After the failure of Akhmat's campaign against Russia, the Golden Horde ceased to exist in 1502.

The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke provided Russia with the conditions for intensive economic, political and cultural development, led to the growth of the international prestige of the Moscow principality. It was from that time that the unification of the Russian principalities around Moscow actually led to the creation of the Russian state, Ivan III was the first to take the title of "Sovereign of All Russia", although the term "Russia", "Russian state" formally enters the political lexicon during the reign of Ivan IV. In order to strengthen the autocratic power, Ivan III was married to the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Sophia (Zoya) Paleolog. He used his kinship with the Byzantine emperor to strengthen the authority of the grand duke's power and the Russian state. Under him, the double-headed Byzantine eagle (coat of arms) became the coat of arms of our state.

1. Formation of the class system of organization of society.

Period XV-XVI centuries. characterized by two interrelated processes of development of a centralized state:

Formation of a single state territory through the unification of Russian lands;

Strengthening the political system.

During the formation of the Russian centralized state and its subsequent development, there were special reasons contributing to the legislative consolidation of the estate system of organizing society. The main one is the need for the speedy mobilization of its economic and human resources in the extreme conditions of economic disunity of the regions, the low level of development of commodity-money relations, the dispersal of the population and the constant struggle against external danger.

In the Russian state was formed local system. The main advantage of this system was that the state could always have a significant military force at its disposal without spending any money on its maintenance. The conditionality of landownership was that it was not hereditary and even for life, but depended solely on the very fact of serving the state. The landowner had to not only go to work himself, but also bring peasants with him with the appropriate equipment: "horse, crowded and armed." Already by the middle of the sixteenth century. the estate became the most common type of land ownership in the central counties.

The reverse side of the process of consolidating the nobility and strengthening its economic power was enslavement of peasants, consistently carried out by the state from the end of the 15th century. and finally completed legally in the Code of 1649. In the seventeenth century. different categories of the peasantry were distinguished. Legally, there were significant differences peasants are privately owned and chernososhnye. Privately owned peasants could belong to secular owners - landowners, a church institution (since the church at that time had large land holdings) and a palace department.

The craft and trade population of cities had a common name townspeople, since they lived in the suburbs - in that part of the city that was outside the fortress and where the lands and courtyards of the townspeople were located. The townspeople were not homogeneous. It included an economically strong merchants. The townspeople constituted a single tax community.

The main estates of Russian society had strictly defined duties in relation to the state. The process of regulating the functions of the estates proceeded gradually and received its legal formalization in the middle of the 17th century. The Council Code of 1649 gave a clear legalization of the provisions of the estates, and special chapters were devoted to the most important issues, for example, “The Court of the Peasants”, “On the Local Lands”, “On the Posad People”, “The Court of Serfs”, etc. According to the Code, the peasants were attached to the land, the townspeople - to the performance of city duties, service people - to the population of the military and other public services.

Expansion of the territorial boundaries of the state by the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. raised the question of a qualitative change in the management system. In order to more closely connect local government with centralized power, governors were sent to cities and volosts, to the countryside. Governors and volostels ruled with the help of their administrative apparatus. The government sent reliable people to the places. It was seen as a service promotion. The governors were sent for limited periods, during which they sought to enrich themselves as much as possible. It was called feeding system. Viceroyal administration turned out to be extremely burdensome for the population and insufficiently effective for administration.

Voivodship Office was military, centralized. It differed from the governorship in that the governors did not feed themselves at the expense of the population. The duties of the governor were determined by a special order, which required an audit of the administration for the previous period, the implementation of the defense of the city, police functions, courts, and fire safety.

Self management zemstvo institutions under the voivodeship administration were preserved. The active development of local government reflected the desire of the authorities to rely on a wider social base in the fight against the boyar aristocracy.

Class-representative institutions, based on traditional ideas about the interaction of centralized princely power and the power functions of the people's representation and its veche systems, did not immediately lose their significance. The most striking phenomenon in the development of class-representative institutions of power in the XVI-XVII centuries. were Zemsky cathedrals. They were convened in conditions of economic difficulties, wars, at the time of making responsible domestic or foreign policy decisions, when the government needed support for its actions from the broader sections of the population. The period of the greatest prosperity of the estate-representative monarchy in Russia falls on the 17th century, when zemstvo councils were convened most often.

Questions for self-control

1. What are the reasons for the rise of Moscow.

3. Expand the historical significance of the Battle of Kulikovo.

4. Who completed the process of unification of Russian lands into a single state? List the main events of this process.

5. When did the overthrow of the Horde yoke take place? What was its historical significance?

6. Describe the process of formation of the estate system of organization of society.