V.Yu. Resurrection

INTERNATIONAL

Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Center "Professional Textbook" as a textbook for university students studying in the specialties 230500 "Socio-cultural service and tourism", 2500 "Geography", 061100 "Management of the organization", "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry) »

Reviewers:

candidate of geographical sciences I.M. Kuzina (leading researcher of the Department of Socio-Economic Geography

foreign countries of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov); Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Yu B. Bashin (Head of the Department of Social Management and Tourism, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering). Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House Ph.D. in Law, Doctor of Economic Sciences N.D. Eriashvili

Voskresensky, Vladimir Yurievich. В76 International tourism: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialties 230500 "Social and cultural service and tourism", 012500 "Geography", 061100 "Management of the organization", 060800 "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)" / V.Yu. Resurrection. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2006. - 255 p.

ISBN 5-238-00975-5 Agency CIP RSL UDC 338.48(100)(075.8) LBC 75.81(0)я73-1 В76

The manual contains information on the theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism, the geography of international tourist demand and the recreational potential of countries. Tourism is also considered as a factor in the socio-economic growth of individual regions and the country as a whole. The geography of the world's tourism resources is given, the characteristics of the countries most frequently visited by tourists, as well as countries still poorly mastered by travelers, are given.

For university students studying the academic discipline "International Tourism", as well as managers of travel companies and a wide range of readers.

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism

1.1. Introduction to International Tourism

1.1.1. International tourism (definition and research methods)

1.1.2. Connection of the course "International Tourism" with other scientific disciplines

1.1.3. Classification of types of tourism activities

1.1.4. Prospects for the development of international tourism

1.1.5. Modern factors in the development of international tourism

1.2. The specifics and composition of the tourism industry

1.2.1. The concept of the tourism industry, its role and place in the global economy

1.2.2. Structure of the tourism industry

1.3. History of tourism

1.4. Socio-psychological factors in tourism

1.4.1. Socio-psychological aspects of tourism development

1.4.2. The concept of tourist motivation; typology of tourists

1.5. Economics and organization of international tourism

1.5.1. Basic economic laws and categories in tourism

1.5.2. Analysis of the macroeconomic factor of tourism activities

1.5.3. Disclosure of the main financial and economic indicators of the activities of the travel agency and features of the organization of the tour

1.5.4. Tourism and regional economy

1.6. Insurance in international tourism

1.7. Legal support of tourism activities.

1.7.1. Legal regulation of tourism activities

1.7.2. Basic rules and formalities of international travel

1.8. Organization of accommodation facilities

1.9. Transport support for international tourism

1.10. Theoretical foundations of tourism regional studies

1.10.1. The place of tourism regional studies in the system of sciences

1.10.2. Plan of regional characteristics of the recreational

potential of the territorial complex

Chapter 2. Geography of world tourism resources

2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe

2.1.1. Scandinavian countries

2.1.2. Mediterranean European resort hearth

2.1.3. Western European countries

2.1.4. Alpine countries of Europe

2.1.5. Countries of Central and Eastern Europe

2.2. America's Tourism Resources

2.2.1. North and Central America

2.2.2. Island states and territories of the Caribbean

2.2.3. South America

2.3. Tourism resources of Africa

2.3.1. North Africa

2.3.2. South East and South Africa

2.3.3. West Africa

2.4. Tourism resources of Asia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR)

2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism

2.4.2. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania

2.5. Tourist resources of Russia and neighboring countries

2.5.1. Characteristics of the main tourist and resort areas in Russia

2.5.2. Modern features of tourism development in Russia

2.5.3. Features of tourism development in neighboring countries and the Kaliningrad region

Chapter 3. International tourism as a branch of sustainable development

3.1. International tourism as a factor of regional development

3.1.1. Tourism as a factor in the development of backward and depressed

3.1.2. Tourism as a driver of rural development

3.1.3. Tourism as a factor in the development of border areas

3.1.4. Tourism as a factor in the development of areas of new development

3.1.5. Tourism as a factor in the development of sea and river basins

3.1.6. Tourism as a factor of economic integration and globalization

3.2. International tourism as a factor in improving the sectoral structure of the economy

3.3. International tourism and problems of rational nature management

Conclusion

Tests Answers to tests

Brief terminological dictionary Bibliographic list Appendixes Table of contents

Introduction

AT In recent years, the importance of tourism in the life of modern society has been increasingly increasing. This is facilitated by the growth in incomes of the population, the increase in the amount of free time, the increasing openness of regions and other factors.

Tourism as a leisure activity has existed for many centuries. Since time immemorial, simple human curiosity has attracted people to travel without any specific goal. Today, tourism is actively developing, people began to travel meaningfully.

For educational, religious, recreational purposes Cultural tourism has become an effective means of mass demand and wide availability of cultural and recreational values. The rise in the standard of living of the population and the expansion of opportunities for free movement around the world contributed to the emergence of millions of new travelers. Tourism has begun to play such a role in the life of society that it has become a unique large-scale global industry, and tourism resources are becoming an important part of the national wealth of many countries.

AT Currently, tourism can also be considered as one of the factors that provide a solution to the most important socio-economic problem of improving the quality of life of the population. As you know, the quality of life is the satisfaction of the vital needs of people in health care, education, work, recreation, cultural development, family well-being, favorable social well-being , healthy environment. The problem of improving the quality of life of the population is now receiving special attention. It is not by chance that in an open letter to Russian voters, V.V. Putin noted: “The main feature of the new century will not be a battle of ideologies, but intense competition for the quality of life, national wealth and progress.” An important component in ensuring decent living conditions is rest1, which contributes to the restoration of a person's life potential. And here tourism acts as one of the ways of organizing recreation. Travel and tourism has become today one of the most significant industries in the world. “All countries are aware of the profitability of international tourism. Annually for the next few years will travel about 600-700 million people, the annual cost of tourists will be about one trillion dollars. Big money means tourism has become big business. In fact, it is so important for the economies of many countries that fierce competition has unfolded between them. The UK also wants to attract tourists from Australia, like the US and Canada. “If a potential tourist can visit only one country next year, as usual

happens, then where will this tourist go and how will he solve the problem of choosing a route? Given the fact that travel and tourism are becoming

recently one of the most significant industries in the world, every country, including

Russia needs well-trained specialists in this field who would successfully ensure the development of such an industry.

Increasing the importance of tourism contributes to the growth of entrepreneurial activity in this area, in connection with which this factor has necessitated the training of entrepreneurial specialists. Training courses in tourism disciplines are taught in many higher educational institutions. The need to prepare this textbook is due, in the opinion of the author, to the fact that many issues in the field of international tourism (MT) are insufficiently disclosed in the literature or not disclosed at all.

The peculiarity of the proposed textbook and its novelty lies in the fact that here an attempt is made to comprehensively approach the analysis of activities in the field of MT, as well as to focus on issues of economics, organization of MT and tourism regional studies. According to the author, the country-specific direction in the field of tourism is still a weak link in the education system. At the same time, deep knowledge of the specifics of individual regions, countries, tourist centers will help to correctly orient the tourist, offer him the right route in accordance with his requests. Tourism geography should present knowledge about the country in the right plane in the systems "manager of a travel company - tourist" and "guide - tourist". In order to introduce regional knowledge into the system of tourism education, certain methodological techniques are needed. Therefore, another feature of the textbook is the presence of tests in it that allow you to consolidate your knowledge in the field of tourism.

The novelty of the textbook also lies in the fact that international tourism is considered in the context of the sectoral structure of the economy. The author made an attempt to analyze the positive impact that international tourism can have on socio-economic and regional development. This is especially important for the Russian economy, which largely depends on the extraction and export of mineral resources, and the diversification of the sectoral structure of the economy is a priority. Numerous examples in the tutorial show how the same natural resources can be rationally used without damaging the environment with the help of such a popular industry in the world today as international tourism. Much attention is paid to practical

issues related to the organization of accommodation facilities for tourists, insurance, transport support.

The manual uses the materials of well-known experts on tourism issues, in particular, N Mironenko, V. Kvartalnov, E. Ilyina and others. The author also reflected in it his personal perception of the described countries and directions of international tourism, which was formed in the process of professional activity and foreign trips.

The textbook consists of three chapters, which reveal the basic theoretical concepts, without knowledge of which it is difficult to get an idea of ​​​​modern tourism, and also discusses a number of issues of practical importance; the tourist resources of the countries most popular in terms of international tourist demand are described; the impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of individual regions and countries is analyzed.

“V.Yu. Resurrection INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

-- [ Page 1 ] --

V.Yu. Resurrection

INTERNATIONAL

TOURISM

Professional textbook" as

textbook for university students,

students in specialties 230500

"Socio-cultural service and tourism", 2500

"Geography", 061100 "Management

organizations”, “Economics and management on

enterprise (by industry)"

Reviewers:

candidate of geographical sciences I.M. Kuzina (leading researcher at the Department of Socio-Economic Geography of Foreign Countries, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov);

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Yu B. Bashin (Head of the Department of Social Management and Tourism, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering). Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House Ph.D. in Law, Doctor of Economic Sciences N.D. Eriashvili Voskresensky, Vladimir Yurievich. В76 International tourism: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialties 230500 "Social and cultural service and tourism", 012500 "Geography", 061100 "Management of the organization", 060800 "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)"

/ V.Yu. Resurrection. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2006. - 255 p.

ISBN 5-238-00975-5 Agency CIP RSL UDC 338.48(100)(075.8) LBC 75.81(0)я73-1 The manual contains information on the theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism, the geography of international tourist demand and the recreational potential of countries. Tourism is also considered as a factor in the socio-economic growth of individual regions and the country as a whole. The geography of the world's tourism resources is given, the characteristics of the countries most frequently visited by tourists, as well as countries still poorly mastered by travelers, are given.

For university students studying the academic discipline "International Tourism", as well as managers of travel companies and a wide range of readers.

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

Introduction Chapter 1. Theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism

1.1. Introduction to international tourism 1.1.1. International tourism (definition and research methods) 1.1.2. Communication of the course "International tourism" with other scientific disciplines 1.1.3. Classification of types of tourism activities 1.1.4. Prospects for the development of international tourism 1.1.5. Modern factors in the development of international tourism

1.2. Specificity and composition of the tourism industry 1.2.1. The concept of the tourism industry, its role and place in the global economy 1.2.2. Structure of the tourism industry

1.3. History of tourism

1.4. Socio-psychological factors in tourism 1.4.1. Socio-psychological aspects of tourism development 1.4.2. The concept of tourist motivation; typology of tourists

1.5. Economics and organization of international tourism 1.5.1. Basic economic laws and categories in tourism 1.5.2. Analysis of the macroeconomic factor of tourism activities 1.5.3. Disclosure of the main financial and economic indicators of the travel agency and features of the organization of the tour 1.5.4. Tourism and regional economy

1.6. Insurance in international tourism

1.7. Legal support of tourism activities.

1.7.1. Legal regulation of tourism activities 1.7.2. Basic rules and formalities of international travel

1.8. Organization of accommodation facilities

1.9. Transport support for international tourism

1.10. Theoretical foundations of tourism geography 1.10.1. The place of tourist country studies in the system of sciences 1.10.2. The plan of country-specific characteristics of the recreational potential of the territorial complex Chapter 2. Geography of the world's tourism resources

2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe 2.1.1. Scandinavian countries 2.1.2. Mediterranean European resort center 2.1.3. Western European countries 2.1.4. Alpine countries of Europe 2.1.5. Countries of Central and Eastern Europe

2.2. Tourist resources of America 2.2.1. North and Central America 2.2.2. Island states and territories of the Caribbean 2.2.3. South America

2.3. Tourism resources of Africa 2.3.1. North Africa 2.3.2. South East and Southern Africa 2.3.3. West Africa

2.4. Tourist resources of Asia and countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) 2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Asia 2.4.2. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania

2.5. Tourist resources of Russia and neighboring countries 2.5.1. Characteristics of the main tourist and resort areas in Russia 2.5.2. Modern features of tourism development in Russia 2.5.3. Features of tourism development in neighboring countries and the Kaliningrad region Chapter 3. International tourism as a sector of sustainable development

3.1. International tourism as a factor of regional development 3.1.1. Tourism as a factor in the development of backward and depressed areas 3.1.2. Tourism as a factor in the development of rural areas 3.1.3. Tourism as a factor in the development of border areas 3.1.4. Tourism as a factor in the development of areas of new development 3.1.5. Tourism as a factor in the development of sea and river basins 3.1.6. Tourism as a factor of economic integration and globalization

3.2. International tourism as a factor in improving the sectoral structure of the economy

3.3. International tourism and problems of rational nature management Conclusion Tests Answers to tests Brief terminological dictionary Bibliographic list Appendixes Table of contents Introduction In recent years, the importance of tourism in the life of modern society has been increasing.

Tourism as a leisure activity has existed for many centuries. Since time immemorial, simple human curiosity has attracted people to travel without any specific purpose. Today, tourism is actively developing, people have begun to travel meaningfully - for educational, religious, and recreational purposes. Cultural tourism has become an effective means of mass demand and wide availability of cultural and recreational values. The rise in the standard of living of the population and the expansion of opportunities for free movement around the world contributed to the emergence of millions of new travelers. Tourism has begun to play such a role in the life of society that it has become a unique large-scale global industry, and tourism resources are becoming an important part of the national wealth of many countries.

At present, tourism can also be considered as one of the factors that provide a solution to the most important socio-economic problem of improving the quality of life of the population. well-being, healthy environment. The problem of improving the quality of life of the population is now receiving special attention. It is not by chance that in an open letter to Russian voters, V.V. Putin noted: “The main feature of the new century will not be a battle of ideologies, but intense competition for the quality of life, national wealth and progress.”

An important component in ensuring decent living conditions is rest1, which contributes to the restoration of a person's life potential. And here tourism acts as one of the ways of organizing recreation. Travel and tourism has become today one of the most significant industries in the world. “All countries are aware of the profitability of international tourism. About 600-700 million people will travel annually over the next few years, the annual cost of tourists will amount to about one trillion dollars. Big money means tourism has become big business. In fact, it is so important for the economies of many countries that fierce competition has unfolded between them. The UK also wants to attract tourists from Australia, like the US and Canada. “If a potential tourist can visit only one country next year, as usually happens, then where will this tourist go and how will he solve the problem of choosing a route?” Given the fact that travel and tourism have recently become one of the most significant industries in the world, every country, including Russia, requires well-trained specialists in this field who would successfully ensure the development of such an industry.

Increasing the importance of tourism contributes to the growth of entrepreneurial activity in this area, in connection with which this factor has necessitated the training of entrepreneurial specialists. Training courses in tourism disciplines are taught in many higher educational institutions.

The need to prepare this textbook is due, in the opinion of the author, to the fact that many issues in the field of international tourism (MT) are insufficiently disclosed in the literature or not disclosed at all.

The peculiarity of the proposed textbook and its novelty lies in the fact that here an attempt is made to comprehensively approach the analysis of activities in the field of MT, as well as to focus on issues of economics, organization of MT and tourism regional studies. According to the author, the country-specific direction in the field of tourism is still a weak link in the education system.

At the same time, deep knowledge of the specifics of individual regions, countries, tourist centers will help to correctly orient the tourist, offer him the right route in accordance with his requests. Tourism geography should present knowledge about the country in the right plane in the systems "manager of a travel company - tourist" and "guide - tourist". In order to introduce regional knowledge into the system of tourism education, certain methodological techniques are needed. Therefore, another feature of the textbook is the presence of tests in it that allow you to consolidate your knowledge in the field of tourism.

The novelty of the textbook also lies in the fact that international tourism is considered in the context of the sectoral structure of the economy. The author made an attempt to analyze the positive impact that international tourism can have on socio-economic and regional development. This is especially important for the Russian economy, which largely depends on the extraction and export of mineral resources, and the diversification of the sectoral structure of the economy is a priority. Numerous examples in the tutorial show how the same natural resources can be rationally used without damaging the environment with the help of such a popular industry in the world today as international tourism. Much attention is paid to practical issues related to the organization of accommodation facilities for tourists, insurance, and transportation.

The manual uses materials from well-known experts on tourism issues, in particular, N Mironenko, V. Kvartalnova, E.

The textbook consists of three chapters, which reveal the basic theoretical concepts, without knowledge of which it is difficult to get an idea of ​​​​modern tourism, and also discusses a number of issues of practical importance;

the tourist resources of the countries most popular in terms of international tourist demand are described; the impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of individual regions and countries is analyzed.

The author is grateful to V.I. Chainov Chapter 1. Theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism This chapter defines international tourism (MT) and reveals the complex nature of tourism activities.

1.1. Introduction to international tourism International tourism (definition and research methods).

Communication of the course "International Tourism" with other scientific disciplines.

Classification of types of tourism activities.

Prospects for the development of international tourism.

Modern factors in the development of international tourism.

1.1.1. International tourism (definition and research methods) Today, tourism activities are given different definitions.

Thus, the concept of "tourism" can mean the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality located within their country, in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, as well as for recreational, guest, educational or professional purposes, but without engaging in paid work in the place visited. At the same time, tourism is also considered as the most important means of satisfying the human need for diversity.

Thus, the following components of the concept of "tourism" can serve as the subject of study of the course:

1. Relocation or migration.

2. Motivation (goal) of movement.

3. Regional features that attract tourists.

4. Economic factors related to the availability of funds for organizing a trip, as well as the impact of tourism on the development of the economy at the macro and micro levels.

In MT courses, both general scientific and applied research methods can be used. The method of scientific abstraction is expressed in the generalization of facts and the identification of patterns.

The historical method is a description of the history of the country. Statistical methods make it possible to quantify tourist flows. Socio-psychological methods are associated with the identification of travel motivation, social differentiation of tourists. Geographic methods are aimed at assessing the territorial differentiation of places of stay and analyzing the natural and climatic potential of the area. Economic methods show how, in conditions of limited resources, to satisfy needs as much as possible, and also allow you to evaluate the economic effect of this type of activity. The objective of the MT courses is to prepare competent specialists who will be able to most effectively implement the tourism product.

1.1.2. Connection of the course "International Tourism" with other scientific disciplines The methodological apparatus used in the courses on the study of MT implies its connection with other scientific disciplines. Thus, the connection of MT with the history of a particular country is due to the presence of the heritage left by human activity in various historical eras and which is the subject of interest for tourists.

No less important is the connection of MT with geography. The difference in natural and climatic features and the territorial structure of the economy is a powerful incentive for international tourist migration.

Knowledge of physical and geographical patterns will allow you to get an idea of ​​the areas and territories where natural disasters are most likely, which can occur as a result of earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, avalanches, etc. This is important for the safety of international travel. In this regard, it is advisable to get acquainted with the basics of such sciences as geomorphology (the science of terrain), oceanology (the science of the oceans), glaciology (the science of glaciers), meteorology (the science of long-term weather patterns), seismology (the science of earthquakes). The social differentiation of the population according to age, gender, nationality and other characteristics, the formation of motivation to travel predetermined the connection between tourism and sociology and psychology.

6 For tourism, as well as for many other types of activities, categories such as demand, supply, profit, profitability are relevant. This circumstance determined the connection of MT with the economy. The connection with statistics is explained by the need to classify various types of tourism activities, to analyze tourist flows.

The complexity and diversity of tourism activities have led to the emergence of a new term - "tourism". Tourism is understood as a system of applied sciences about tourism and tourist services for citizens. These sciences cover two levels of tourism:

industry and tourism business entity (travel company) .

1.1.3. Classification of types of tourism activities International tourism is an ambiguous concept. Different approaches to the classification of types of tourism activities can be found, for example, in the works of V. Kvartalnov, A. Aleksandrova, E.

Ilyina and others. Thus, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

international and domestic. International tourism covers trips outside the country, which is associated with the observance of certain formalities (customs, currency, medical control). Domestic tourism, unlike international tourism, is not associated with crossing the state border and, therefore, does not require compliance with tourist formalities.

International tourism is inbound and outbound. Inbound tourism is travel within the country of persons who do not reside in the country permanently. Outbound tourism is the travel of persons permanently residing in the country, but traveling for some purpose to another country. Usually, countries are interested in the development of inbound tourism, as this attracts foreign exchange resources to the country and stimulates economic activity. Firms that are engaged in the development of inbound tourism are called receptive (receiving) firms.

Depending on the content and goals, tourism activities can be classified as follows. Travel for the purpose of entertainment and recreation is the basis of international tourism exchange. They account for more than half of all demand. They combine health, educational, amateur, sports trips. Trips to the sea are in high demand among the population. Bathing and beach rest is traditionally considered the best way to relieve nervous and physical fatigue.

Business tourism covers trips for official purposes without receiving income at the place of business trip. Business tourism 7 can be divided into own business trips, congress and exhibition and incentive tourism (incentive, encouraging), which are trips that the company rewards its employees for high performance.

Educational tourism - trips for the purpose of obtaining education abroad. Usually, trips to developed countries are implemented here in order to improve the language, receive business education, and study special disciplines. As part of educational tourism, individual countries, as a rule, have their own specialization.

The United States attracts tourists with a great wealth of educational options that no other country can offer. One of the most tempting targets for those wishing to get a classical higher education close to Russian has always been Germany with its network of ancient universities.

Spanish schools of fine arts do not need recommendations: architecture, design, graphics, decor are taught at a high level at universities. Barcelona is confidently holding the palm in this area. Italian higher education is not initially focused on pragmatic professional training, therefore, when planning to study in Italy, it is better to choose the humanities. A distinctive feature of French higher education is the relatively low tuition fees, the absence of any restrictions and the extremely simple admission rules, which creates an extremely favorable situation for foreigners. In Swiss education, the main thing is quality and solidity. Not everyone can afford an elite Swiss education. Switzerland is a country where you can get a real European education in English, German, French and Italian in the most picturesque and peaceful corner of Europe.

Ecological tourism represents trips to specially protected natural areas, virgin places, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries for research and fishing purposes. Ecological tourism involves the combination of outdoor activities with wild harsh nature. According to V.V. Khrabovchenko, ecotourism should contain three components:

"knowledge of nature", i.e. travel involves the presence of elements of the study of nature, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills by tourists;

"preservation of ecosystems", which implies not only the appropriate behavior of the group on the route, but also the participation of tourists and travel companies in programs and activities to protect the environment;

"respect for the interests of local residents" is not only the observance of local laws and customs, but also the contribution of tourism to the socio-economic development of tourist destinations.

There are four types of ecotourism: scientific tourism; nature history tours; adventure tourism; travel to nature reserves.

In turn, the International Society for Ecotourism, headquartered in Vermont (USA), defines ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and contributes to the stable well-being of the local population” .

One of the varieties of international tourism is religious tourism. These are pilgrimage tourism and religious tourism of an excursion and educational orientation.

A variety of pilgrimage tourism is spiritual pilgrimage tourism. Pilgrimage is understood as “the journey of people to worship holy places.” Spiritual pilgrimage tourism is a kind of “religious practice” in countries with advanced religious traditions. As part of religious tourism of an excursion and educational orientation, it is planned to visit religious centers where tourists can see religious objects.

According to the sources of financing, tourism is divided into commercial and social. Initially, all tourism activities were carried out for the purpose of making a profit (commercial tourism). In the case of providing citizens with guarantees for a minimum of rest from the state and enterprises, we can talk about social tourism. There are also mass and elite tourism, designed for a wealthy clientele.

According to the number of participants, tourism is classified into individual (from one to five people) and group (six or more people). According to the age criterion, tourism is divided into tourism for the elderly, tourism for middle-aged people and youth tourism. Depending on the method of organizing a trip, tourism can be presented as organized (acquisition of tours through a company with a subsequent set of services) and unorganized, based on the principles of amateur performance. There are also specific types of tourism, for example, extreme tourism, hitchhiking, cycling, etc.

Tourism can be classified according to the type of transport that tourists prefer to use:

road, rail, aviation, water (cruise liners). According to WTO forecasts in the XXI century. The most promising, fastest growing type of tourism will be travel on cruise ships. At the same time, other types of transportation of tourists also have growth prospects. Thus, experts note that by 2010.

the length of high-speed railway lines in Europe will increase by more than 10 times. It is likely that by this time most tourists will prefer to use not an airplane, but a train rushing at a speed of 300 km / h.

Popular among tourists are railway tourist routes, such as Paris-Istanbul, Trans-Canada, Trans-America. These routes allow you to cross the whole continent on comfortable trains. The development of railway tourism is promising for Russia - the largest country in the world in terms of area.

1.1.4. Prospects for the development of international tourism Since 1950. the number of international tourist arrivals increased by almost 28 times and reached 698 million people in 2000.

This figure is projected to double by 2020 to reach 1.6 billion people. Currently, about 80% of the world's tourists are in Europe and North and South America, while only 15% in East Asia and the Pacific and 5% in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia combined. By 2020

East Asia and the Pacific is expected to be the second most popular international tourism destination after Europe. The development forecast made by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) identifies the most promising areas and types of tourism in the 21st century (see Table 1.1).

The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will become:

adventure, ecological, cultural and educational, thematic and cruises.

However, there are also factors hindering the development of tourism. These include a location too remote from the main geographical routes, in particular the islands in the South Pacific Ocean; seismic activity and natural disasters, such as the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu; civil war and economic recession in developing countries (Sierra Leone);

international terrorism.

1.1.5. Modern factors in the development of international tourism Modern factors in the development of international tourism include the political (peaceful) coexistence of the population in most of the planet, support from government agencies in most countries developing international tourism, the growth of social wealth, reduced working hours, the development of transport, improving the level of public consciousness. Demographic factors are represented by an increase in average life expectancy, an increase in the level of urbanization, i.e. urban population growth. Currently, international tourism in a post-industrial society is actually becoming the basis of a global lifestyle.

1.2. The specifics and composition of the tourism industry The concept of the tourism industry, its role and place in the global economy. The structure of the tourism industry.

1.2.1. The concept of the tourism industry, its role and place in the global economy There are several points of view regarding the composition of the tourism industry. European tourism specialists divide the whole system of entrepreneurship in tourism into two parts:

tourism industry and hospitality industry.

The tourism industry, according to this point of view, includes the entertainment industry, tour operating, travel agencies, transport, excursion and educational organizations. The hospitality industry includes the service industry, the accommodation industry and the food industry. According to Lynn van der Wagen, an Australian hospitality specialist, the hospitality industry includes industries that focus on providing lodging, selling alcoholic beverages, providing food and entertainment.

A number of domestic authors, in particular V.A. Quarterly, the main segments of the tourism industry include the transport industry, tour operator and travel agency activities, the hotel industry, the food and entertainment industry.

In our opinion, the system of entrepreneurship in the field of tourism should include:

1. The main entrepreneurial core of tourism is tour operators and travel agents as a lever that drives other factors of production in tourism.

2. Transportation sector, accommodation and catering sector, entertainment sector.

Approximately the same approach is followed by L. Mastney: "... at its core, tourism remains a private sector activity, driven mainly by international hotel complexes, travel companies and other types of business" .

The tourism business is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. By some estimates, international tourism is among the top three export industries, behind the oil industry and the automotive industry. The World Travel and Tourism Council, a London-headquartered industry group, estimates travel and tourism economic activity in 2000. at 3.6 trillion dollars, that is, approximately 11% of the gross world product, which makes it the largest industry in the world economy.

Modern income from tourism is estimated at trillions of US dollars, which is comparable to the GNP of the "great" powers.

The contribution of the tourism industry to the GNP structure of the countries most popular for visiting is still very modest (see Table 1.2).

Alexandrova "International Tourism" (M., 2001), as well as in the publication "Countries of the World: Encyclopedic Reference" (Minsk, 1999) The largest income from tourism in GNP are Austria (8%), Spain (5.8%), Switzerland (5.2%). In terms of tourism development, China, Mexico, and the United States stand out. At the same time, in some countries, tourism income is the defining item of GNP: Bermuda - 34.7%, Seychelles - 27.4%, Antigua - 58.5%, Bahamas - 52.1%. In 49 of the world's least developed countries, tourism is ranked second only to oil as a source of foreign exchange earnings (58).

However, we should not, in our opinion, overestimate the importance of the tourism and hospitality industry in the global economic system. This industry is not a manufacturer of modern means of production that determine scientific and technological progress.

In addition, if the economy becomes too dependent on tourism, it can enter a crisis phase due to changes in tourism preferences.

Countries, as a rule, contribute to the development of inbound tourism, since it is associated with a significant inflow of foreign currency into the country and a multiplier effect for the development of the economy and, thanks to tourism, the service and transport infrastructure. In addition, tourism can become a factor in the development of backward and depressed areas, small and medium-sized historically significant cities, which is especially important for Russia.

From the point of view of geographical orientation, it is possible to single out countries that receive and send tourists. Among the countries that send tourists, the strongest positions are in developed countries that provide their population with high living standards:

Germany, USA, Japan, UK, France. The top five tourist exporting countries account for over 50% of global tourism receipts by some estimates* This is a very high concentration of capital compared to other markets and economic sectors. Under these conditions, we can say that it is the struggle for tourists of these countries that determines the competition in the tourism market. Therefore, it is in these countries that tourist exhibitions and fairs are held.

The newest industrialized economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, as well as the countries of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, are able to support strong economic growth, which results in the development of a middle class - the bourgeoisie. The paid rest time and the increasing income of this class are spent, in particular, on international travel.

Thus, new tourist destinations are being formed, for example, the countries of Southeast Asia - Australia.

Reforms of public relations, the introduction of a market economy contributed to the development of outbound tourism in Russia and the CIS countries, where after many years of the "Iron Curtain" it became possible to "quench your thirst" in international travel.

Among the countries hosting tourists are the USA, Spain, Italy, France. The flow of tourists to developing and post-socialist countries, such as China, Turkey, Thailand, Malaysia, and others, is increasing more and more. Developed countries are making large-scale investments in the tourism infrastructure of developing countries. At the same time, we should not forget that, according to the World Bank, about half of all tourism income goes from developing countries to developed countries.

Foreign firms dominate the tourism industry in many countries, including Kenya, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. They usually send their profits home, leaving only a small part in the host country. Thus, if earlier developed countries exploited mainly mineral resources and cheap labor resources of developing countries, now they have switched to exploiting their tourism resources as well.

1.2.2. The structure of the tourism industry The structure of the tourism industry can be represented as follows:

1. The entertainment industry, the activities of tour operators and travel agents, transport, the organization of excursion and educational events (the tourism industry itself).

2. Hospitality industry, consisting of the service industry, the accommodation industry, the food industry.

3. Global computer networks (GCN).

Hotel enterprises are, as it were, the basis of any tourism product. Accommodation is always included in the package.

Transport is also an integral part of any journey, as it involves moving through space.

Tour operators are tourism enterprises that develop tours.

Tour operators are usually distinguished into initiative and receptive.

Initiative tour operators are operators that send tourists abroad. The receptive tour operator develops a program for receiving tourists within the country. A list of professional tour operators in popular destinations of the Russian outbound tourism market is given in Appendix 1. Travel agents are enterprises that sell tours developed by tour operators to a retail network.

Tour operators are distinguished from travel agents by tour operating.

tours. Global computer networks are booking and reservation systems that may in the future become an alternative (in relation to tour operators and travel agents) channel for the sale of a tourist product. The use of the Internet in recent years is an effective way to advertise a tourist product. The first and one of the most important steps here is to create a travel agency website.

The most popular is the “on-line” booking system, when a registered agent can instantly see information about the availability of places for certain dates directly on the site and quickly book a tour. One of the main types of advertising on the Internet is banner advertising. Information technology in tourism has long been used abroad. The world's largest airlines have developed and implemented booking systems: Amadeus, Galileo, Saber. Booking airline tickets by Aeroflot

is carried out through the inventory reservation system Gabriel ("Gabriel"), owned by the American corporation SITA.

The ongoing economic reforms in Russia have opened up opportunities for private entrepreneurship. The state monopoly on many activities, including international tourism, has been removed. In order to create a tourist enterprise in Russia, along with others, it is necessary to go through the licensing procedure. The license is issued for a period of five years after payment of the license fee and review of the package of documents.

So, in order to obtain a tourist license for tour operator activity, it is necessary to submit the following package of documents:

Charter of the enterprise;

Memorandum of Association (if there are more than two founders);

Certificate of state registration;

Certificate of entry into the Unified State Register of Legal Entities;

Certificate of registration with the tax office;

Lease agreement or certificate of ownership;

The presence in the state of the tour operator of at least seven employees;

The tour operator has at least 30% of employees (according to the staffing table) with higher, secondary specialized or additional education in the field of tourism or work experience in tourism for at least 5 years, as well as the presence of a special education in the field of tourism or work experience of at least 5 years at the head of the tour operator less than 5 years in the field;

Organization seal.

The main normative act, which fixes the procedure for licensing in Russia, is the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. No. 128-FZ "On Licensing Certain Types of Activities".

Directly, the licensing of tourism activities is regulated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 11, 2002.

No. 95 "On licensing tour operator and travel agency activities."

In order to create a travel agency, you need to go through a few more organizational stages. It is required to register a legal entity, obtain a hygiene certificate, certify the outbound tourism service, find and equip an office, make an introductory tour of hotels, conclude agency agreements with tour operators, and place advertisements.

What obstacles can an aspiring entrepreneur face when engaging in international tourism activities? It is worth paying attention to seasonal fluctuations in demand. To smooth out the seasonality factor, it is advisable to develop several directions at once. In summer, for example, you can send tourists to Greece and Turkey, and in winter - to Austria and Egypt. A serious problem is the search for qualified personnel. A qualified sales manager is the best advertisement for any travel agency. And his biggest enemy is a dissatisfied customer.

1.3. History of tourism Such a concept as "tourism" has ancient roots and its own history.

Approaches to describing the history of tourism are ambiguous. So, J. Walker in the book "Introduction to Hospitality" identifies "five eras of tourism": the pre-industrial period (until 1840); the age of the railroads; car age; the age of jet airliners; century of cruises on sea liners. Thus, he connects the evolution of relations in the field of tourism primarily with the development of means of transport.

A similar point of view regarding the history of tourism is expressed by the Polish researcher I. Jedrzejczyk, citing a taxonomy, according to which the following phases are distinguished in the tourist movement:

Early historical phase - until 1850;

The initial phase - from 1850 to 1914;

Development phase - from 1914 to 1945;

The phase of mass tourism - after 1945.

The motives for moving in space in early historical times were most often such factors as trade, economic contacts, the thirst for knowledge, discoveries, learning, and religion. During this period, travel was the lot of the aristocracy, pilgrims and wanderers.

The initial phase of modern tourism falls on the 19th century. It is characterized by:

Development of information infrastructure and especially the postal network;

The development of transport infrastructure and the use of new means of transport, such as the railway and the steamboat, increasing the speed of movement and reducing the cost of travel;

Growing prosperity due to industrialization and the first social gains in the field of leisure, especially the opportunity to use vacations.

The growth phase of tourism, according to this classification, falls on the period 1914-1945. This phase is characterized by an increase in the number of participants in the tourist traffic at the expense of the middle class.

A new form of travel was developed by political movements that had a National Socialist connotation. These movements offered cheap or practically free trips to rally groups to develop patriotic feelings through familiarization with their country. Such travel was common in Germany and Italy.

After 1945 tourism entered a new phase, which was characterized, on the one hand, by the mass nature of tourist trips, and, on the other hand, by the scale and progressive diversification of tourist movements. At the same time, tourism differs here in the countries of the former socialist camp, when the trip was mainly within the framework of social tourism, mainly limited to the borders of the countries of the socialist system, as well as tourism in countries with market economies, where it took the form of economic activity, expanding the scope of the tertiary sector.

M.V. adheres to a different approach regarding the retrospective of tourism. Sokolov in the book "History of Tourism". The author considers the history of tourism primarily in the context of the evolution of social relations and the change of socio-economic formations. So, M.V. Sokolova stand out: travel in antiquity; travel in the Middle Ages; development of tourism in modern times; tourism in the 20th century .

There is an approach that links the description of the history of tourism in the context of regional descriptions, the knowledge of which is necessary for the service personnel of travel companies and hotels. This approach, for example, is taken by Lynn van der Wagen when characterizing the hotel business in Australia.

Some authors, in particular P. Rotow, link the economic stages of development of countries and the features of the development of tourism in them. So, for low economic stages (agriculture), domestic tourism mainly develops, while a post-industrial society is characterized by an extensive tourist exchange as part of international travels that take on a global character.

In our opinion, all these approaches to the history of tourism cannot be taken as an absolute truth. Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon and in different historical periods was formed under the influence of a certain group of factors. So, if in the Middle Ages spiritual factors were important components of tourism - religiosity, the desire for education, which stimulated the pilgrimage, the emergence of "knowledge walkers", then other factors are currently operating, in particular, socio-economic (increasing welfare, the availability of free time), demographic (growth in life expectancy, urbanization).

Thus, the history of tourism is a long multifaceted process that was impossible, on the one hand, without the formation of the basic elements of this industry, on the other hand, without the action of a certain group of socio-economic factors at each stage of historical development.

The basic elements of tourism development include:

Great geographical discoveries, expeditions that gave an idea of ​​modern tourism resources;

The evolution of accommodation facilities;

The evolution of means of transport.

The socio-economic factors stimulating the development of tourism were individual at each historical stage. In ancient times, travel was the lot of the aristocracy, which made trips for medical, sports, and educational purposes. In the Middle Ages, religion was a powerful factor in stimulating travel. Pilgrimage and travel for knowledge became an important feature of this era. The great geographical discoveries, the bourgeois democratic revolutions and the industrial revolution paved the way for the development of tourism in modern times. The era of modern tourism is usually counted from 1841, when the legendary Thomas Cook, appreciating the merits of the railway, organized a mass trip along it “for the purpose of walking”, in which 600 people took part.

1.4. Socio-psychological factors in tourism Socio-psychological aspects of tourism development. The concept of tourist motivation; typology of tourists.

1.4.1. Socio-psychological aspects of tourism development Tourism can be considered as a factor in improving the quality of life. In this case, tourism activity is associated not only with a direct economic effect in the form of additional income, the creation of new jobs, infrastructure development, but also with the impact of tourism on the socio-psychological state of a person, improving his health and well-being.

Psychologists noted that homogeneous and "aggressive" fields of the city are a particular nuisance for a person. These are bare walls made of concrete and glass, blind fences, monotonous transitions and asphalt pavements, the predominance of identical elements, for example, monotonous rows of windows on the walls of high-rise buildings.

Such elements of a monotonous urban landscape contribute to the development of stress and depression. In this regard, tourism provides the opportunity to change the place of residence of a person and the possibility of getting him into a more comfortable, diverse environment that positively affects his socio-psychological state.

The elements of such an environment include landscape and geomorphological features of the territory (for example, the “rocky coast” in the northeast of Spain, fjords in Norway), architectural monuments (for example, houses with bizarre undulating walls designed by A. Gaudi in Barcelona), cognitive potential territory (for example, the presence of theme parks in resort areas). Our rapidly rushing age leaves too little time for a person to calmly reflect on life. But sometimes there is a desire to break the circle of habitual worldly worries and - albeit not for a long time - but be transported to the world of other realities ”To visit where the air is filled with peace and tranquility, where wisely and majestically, for millennia, the mountains have been looking at the long and difficult history of mankind, affectionately the surf is sorting through the pebbles, kind and hospitable people call their land the country of milk and honey.

Thus, the possibility of changing the environment, guaranteed by the mosaic diversity of countries and regions, is one of the most important advantages of tourism activities that help strengthen the body and spirit of a person.

But the modern tourist is not satisfied only with a change of scenery. Now, in addition to accommodation and meals, it began to include other elements aimed at meeting the needs for entertainment, fun leisure activities, and emotional relief. Therefore, in the everyday life of tourism activities and hotel service technology, such a concept as animation appeared - a type of activity that improves the psychological state of the tourist, improves his physical condition.

The concept of "animation" is of Latin origin and means "inspiration, inspiration, stimulation of vitality, involvement in activity." As noted by N.I. Garin and I.I.

Bulygin, recreational animation includes leisure animation (with local residents); animated tourist routes; hotel animation (games, quizzes, etc.);

additional animation services during technological breaks.

Animators are, as a rule, young people who, as it were, transfer their energy to the guests. Animators set the mood for vacationers, try to contact tourists, play a key role in entertainment programs. These people are responsible for improving the socio-psychological climate among vacationers.

In addition to animators, some hotels have a public relations service, whose employees solve the problems that vacationers have. The good work of this service is a guarantee of confidence and a stable socio-psychological state of tourists. Considering that in the tourism and hotel business one has to communicate with foreign tourists from many countries, experts note the importance of owning socio-psychological means of communication, in particular, intercultural communications, knowledge of customs, features of various religions.

Much attention is paid to the ability to use verbal and non-verbal means of communication. Verbal culture is characterized by the fact that the main information about the meanings of realities and intentions is conveyed through words and sentences, and the context is of lesser importance. In a contextual (non-verbal) culture, it is the context and what is behind the words that matter much more than the words themselves, i.e.

great importance is attached to gestures, eye contact.

Psychological techniques play an important role in direct customer service. So, in the theory of hospitality, the concept of suggestive service is singled out (suggestion means suggestion), that is, the ability of staff to persuade a client to consume a particular service. Thus, the ability of a restaurant waiter to inspire a visitor with an idea to order this or that dish or drink is a powerful tool to increase gross profit.

Suggestive service is widely used by representatives of foreign travel companies. In order to increase sales, the company uses a feedback method such as maintaining contact with the client after the end of the tour: sending Christmas cards, gifts to tourists, correspondence with tourists, etc.

The psychological methods used in tourism include the psychotechnology of sales of a tourist product, that is, the actions of a travel agent (tour operator) based on knowledge of the socio-psychological patterns of interaction with a client, the ability to manage it in the interests of the company.

1.4.2. The concept of tourist motivation; typology of tourists Tourist motivation can be defined as the urge to travel. But what motivates a person to travel?

The motives that guide the tourist are diverse. Motives are primarily determined by the purpose of travel. Travel purposes can be very different: recreation, leisure, entertainment, knowledge, sports, treatment, pilgrimage, business purposes, etc.

The following travel motives can be distinguished.

Similar works:

"Tuva State University Basic educational program in the direction of training 021000 Geography QMS Quality management system Basic educational program in the direction of training 021000 Geography Version 1.0 Introduction date:01. 09. 2013 Minutes of the meeting of the Faculty Council No. _1 dated September 24, 2013 Kyzyl 20 Tuva State University The main educational program in the direction of preparation 021000 geography QMS CONTENTS 1. General provisions. 2...."

“Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Kuban State University” in Armavir Specialty / direction 080109.65 Accounting, analysis and audit Department of social and humanitarian disciplines Educational and methodological complex In the discipline “Russian language and culture speech» OFF WFD course 1 1 semester 1 lecture 18 4 practical exercises 18 2 Compiled by: Sidorenko T.M. Educational and methodical ... "

“Ministry of Culture of the Komi Republic Youth Library of the Komi Republic Youth. Sport. Health Information and methodological collection Syktyvkar 2013 Compiled by: Т.О. Ponomareva N.G. Simankova Cover design: I.I. Kasilova Responsible for the issue: O.A. Vinnichenko Youth. Sport. Health: inform.-method. collection / comp. T. O. Ponomareva, N. G. Simankova; region design I. I. Kasilova; resp. for issue O. A. Vinnichenko. - Syktyvkar, 2013. Contents Preface..4 Methodological materials to help ... "

“Methodological recommendations for conducting the All-Russian open lesson on environmental protection “Ecology and culture are the future of Russia” The main ideas of the lesson This year is the year of environmental protection (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 10, 2012 No. 1157) Today we need to solve many pressing problems they cannot be postponed until later. We need to think about how to live better, how to help those who feel bad, who cannot help themselves. But at the same time, we must not forget that all this must be done not in ... "

“CONTENTS 1. General Provisions 1.1. The educational program of higher education (EP VO), implemented by Tyumen State University in the direction of preparation 050100 "Pedagogical education" profile "Culturological education" 1.2. Normative documents for the development of EP VO in the direction of preparation 050100 "Pedagogical education" profile "Culturological education" 1.3. Characteristics of OP VO 1.4. Requirements for the applicant 2. Characteristics of the professional activity of a graduate of the EP VO in the direction ... "

"State Autonomous Institution of Culture of the Sverdlovsk Region" Sverdlovsk Regional Universal Scientific Library. V.G. Belinsky "Russian genius Methodological recommendations for preparing for the celebration of the 175th anniversary of the birth of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Compiled by I.V. Sysoeva, I.G. Slodarzh Yekaterinburg CONTENTS ANNIVERSARY P.I. TCHAIKOVSKY IN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION. 4 THEMES AND TYPES OF EVENTS.. 5 BOOK EXHIBITION.. 6 TCHAIKOVSKY – THE PRIDE OF RUSSIAN MUSIC (Exemplary scenario...»

"FOUNDATIONS OF INFORMATION CULTURE EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL COMPLEX Novosibirsk 2015 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University" UDC 024 BBK 78.38 O-75 Fundamentals...»

"FGOS Comprehensive training course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics" Subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture" ORTHODOX ART OF RUSSIA Grade 7 Textbook for general educational organizations distribution by the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church on the basis of the conclusion of the Synodal Department of Religious Education and Catechism (IS R15-533-3539) ... "

"PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "RUSSIAN CHRISTIAN ACADEMY OF THE HUMANITIES" VALUE-CULTUROLOGICAL MODEL OF HUMANITARIAN EDUCATION Experience of practical implementation Scientific and methodological collection (published with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, agreement No. 14.U02.0028) Council of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy (Minutes No. 1 dated August 30, 2013) Responsible. editor prof. D.K.Burlaka Reviewers: Doctor...»

“The program of the discipline “Physical Education” is compiled in accordance with the requirements (Federal component) to the mandatory minimum content and level of training of a graduate in the cycle “General humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines” of the state standards of higher professional education of the second generation. Contents 1. Explanatory note.. 4 1.1. Introduction.. 4 1.2. The purpose and objectives of teaching the academic discipline. 4 1.3. The place of discipline in the educational ... "

“The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education“ St. Petersburg State University of Cinema and Television ”Department of Foreign Languages ​​(Russian Language Section) Art methodological manual collection of exercises on professional and speech training of the Faculty of Mass Communications of St. Petersburg author - compiler - Selivanova S.I., candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor of the department of foreign languages ​​... "

“Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky” SELF-EXAMINATION REPORT Rector of KFU named after V.I. Vernadsky Donich S.G. 2015 Section 1. General information about the organization Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky "(hereinafter referred to as the University) is ... "

“SHEET OF APPROVAL dated 19.06. Reg. number: 3184-1 (19.06.2015) Discipline: Psychology and Pedagogy. Pedagogy 49.03.01 Physical education/4 years ODO; 49.03.01 Physical culture/4 Curriculum: years of OZO; 49.03.01 Physical culture / 5 years of OZO; 49.03.01 Physical culture / 4 years ODO Type of teaching materials: Electronic edition Initiator: Neumoeva-Kolchedantseva Elena Vitalyevna Author: Neumoeva-Kolchedantseva Elena Vitalyevna Department: Department of general and social pedagogy of the teaching materials: Institute of Physical Culture Date ... "

“THE APPROVAL LIST dated 03/06/2015 Contents: TMC on the discipline of a foreign language (German language.) for students of the direction 49.03.01 “Physical Education”. Full-time form of education. Author(s): Loginova E.A. Volume 35 p. to the electronic department of 02/09/2015 02/23/2015 foreign languages ​​edition No. 7 and IPC GN Chairman of the EMC Protocol of the meeting of the Institute Kolunin E.T...."

« implementation conditions.5. Description of possible formats for the use of IISS in the real educational process.6. Examples of programs of educational modules and their technological description.7. Comments and suggestions. Questions of the group of authors. 8. Applications: Appendix 1. Approaches to the formation of a meaningful "matrix" of the IISS "GIS:..."

« Culturology (name of discipline) Direction of training 38.03.02/080200.62 Management Training profile Management of organizations Qualification (degree) of a graduate bachelor Form of study full-time, part-time Stavropol, 2015 Guidelines for independent work of students in the discipline "Culturology" contain ... "

"Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary Vocational Education (Secondary Special Educational Institution) "South Ural Multidisciplinary College" Collection of control tasks, examination materials for students of the correspondence department of the 1st year Option No. 1 Specialty: "Land and property relations" Chelyabinsk 2014 Considered and approved at the meetings of the Central Committee of the block of general education and OGSE disciplines (SK), the block ... "

« A.F. Educational and methodological complex of the discipline COMPARATIVE MANAGEMENT in the direction of training Management for distance learning Vyshny Volochek The educational and methodological complex of the discipline "Comparative Management" was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, ... "

“Exemplary basic educational program of higher professional education Direction of training 073700 The art of folk singing Qualification (degree) “Bachelor” Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Educational and methodological association of higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation for education in the field of musical art Gnessin Russian Academy of Music Agreed: I approve: Ministry of Culture of Russia Rector of the Department of Science and Education of the Russian Academy of Music named after .... "
The materials of this site are posted for review, all rights belong to their authors.
If you do not agree that your material is posted on this site, please write to us, we will remove it within 1-2 business days.

International tourism: studies. manual for university students studying in the specialties "Social and cultural service and tourism”, “Geography”, “Management of the organization”, “Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)” / V.Yu. Resurrection.<...>Tourism began to play such a role in society that it has become a unique large-scale global industry, and tourist resources become an important part of the national wealth of many countries.<...>Currently international tourism can also be considered as one of the factors providing a solution to the most important socio-economic problem of improving the quality of life of the population.<...>The first chapter covers the theoretical and practical basics international tourism, the socio-economic prerequisites for its dynamic development are analyzed, and certain types and manifestations of this type of activity are considered.<...>Yes, under tourism can be understood as the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country, in their free time for pleasure and recreation, as well as for recreational, guest, educational or professional purposes, but theoretical and practical basics international tourism 9 without engaging in paid work in the place visited.<...> Development international tourism it is impossible without a certain state of the natural environment, which, on the one hand, is of interest to the tourists themselves, on the other hand, must be preserved for the implementation of an expanded reproduction of the tourism activity itself.<...>The basis for meeting human needs in a variety of recreation are tourist resources in their species and territorial heterogeneity.<...>The connection of international tourism with statistics is determined by the need to classify various types of tourist activities, analyze tourist flows.<...>important place<...>

International tourism

Page 1

V.Yu. Voskresensky INTERNATIONAL TOURISM The second edition, revised and supplemented Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Center "Professional Textbook" as a textbook for university students studying in the specialties 230500 "Socio-cultural service and tourism", 012500 "Gegrafiya", 060800 "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)" Moscow 

Page 2

UDC 338.48-44(1-87)(075.8) LBC 65.433.8ÿ73 Â76 Reviewers: Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Economist of the Russian Federation A.A. Adamescu (Advisor to the Chairman of the Council for the Study of Productive Forces under the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation and the Russian Academy of Sciences); professor A.B. Varlashov (Rector of the Moscow Institute of International Economic Relations) Chief editor of the publishing house N.D. Eriashvili, PhD in Law, Doctor of Economics, Professor, laureate of the RF Government Prize in the field of science and technology Voskresensky, Vladimir Yurievich. Â76 International tourism: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialties "Social and cultural service and tourism", "Geography", "Management of the organization", "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)" / V.U. Resurrection. - 2nd ed., revised. and dop. - M.: ÞÍÈÒÈ-DÀÍÀ, - 463 ñ. ISBN 978-5-238-01456-2 Agency CIP RSL The problems and factors of international tourism development, economics and organization of tourism activities are considered. A detailed overview of the tourist and recreational resources of the countries of the world is given. Regional trends in the development of international tourism are discussed. The role and place of the tourism industry in the world economy are analyzed. Attention is paid to innovative strategies for the development of international tourism. For university students studying in the specialties "Social and cultural service and tourism", "Geography" and other specialties, as well as managers of travel companies and readers interested in tourism issues. BBC 65.433.8ÿ73 ISBN 978-5-238-01456-2 © V.U. Voskresensky, 2006, 2008 © PUBLISHING HOUSE ÞÍÈÒÈ-ÄÀÍÀ, 2006, 2008 The exclusive right to use and distribute the publication belongs. Reproduction of the entire book or any part of it by any means or in any form, including on the Internet, is prohibited without the written permission of the publisher. © Design by "YuÍÈÒÈ-ÄÀÍÀ", 2008

Page 3

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM 1.1. Introduction to international tourism 1.1.1. International tourism as a phenomenon of modern life 1.1.5. Modern factors in the development of international tourism 1.2. Specificity and composition of the tourism industry 1.2.1. The concept of the tourism industry 1.2.2. The structure of the tourism industry 1.3. Historical aspects of international tourism 1.4. Socio-psychological factors in international tourism 1.4.1. Socio-psychological aspects of the development of international tourism 5 8 8 8 1.1.2. International tourism and other scientific disciplines 10 1.1.3. Classification of types of tourism activities 1.1.4. Prospects for the development of international tourism 11 17 18 18 18 22 25 27 27 1.4.2. Socio-psychological features of professional activity in the tourism industry 29 1.4.3. The concept of tourist motivation. Typology of tourists 32 1.5. International tourism: questions of economic theory and organization of activities 1.5.1. Economic laws and categories and tourism activities 1.5.2. Analysis of the macroeconomic factor of tourism activities 1.5.3. Financial and economic performance of the travel agency and features of the organization of the tour 33 33 35 35 1.5.4. International tourism and regional economy 36 1.6. Insurance in international tourism 1.7. Legal support of tourism activities. Tourist formalities 36 40 1.7.1. Legal regulation of tourism activities 40 1.7.2. Basic rules and formalities of international travel 44

Page 460

460 1.8. Organization of accommodation facilities in international tourism 1.10. Theoretical approaches to the characterization of the territorial differentiation of tourism resources Chapter 2. TOURIST RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe 2.1.1. Tourist resources of Scandinavian countries 2.1.2. Tourist resources of the countries of the Mediterranean European resort region 2.1.3. Tourist resources of Western European countries (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Benelux countries) 2.1.4. Tourist resources of the Alpine countries of Europe (Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein) 2.1.5. Tourist resources of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe 2.2. Tourist resources of America 2.2.1. Tourist resources of North and Central America 2.2.2. Tourism resources of the island states and territories of the Caribbean 2.2.3. Tourist resources of South America 2.3. Tourism resources of Africa 2.3.1. Tourism resources of North Africa 46 1.9. Transport support for international tourism 63 72 1.10.1. The place of tourist country studies in the system of sciences 72 1.10.2. Plan of country-specific characteristics of the recreational potential of the territorial complex 74 76 76 77 88 126 139 145 165 165 180 183 195 195 2.3.2. Tourism resources of South East and South Africa 200 2.3.3. Tourism resources of West Africa 2.4. Tourist resources of Asia and countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) 2.4.1. Tourism resources of Asia 2.4.2. Tourist resources of Australia, New Zealand and Oceania 2.5. Tourist resources of Russia and neighboring countries 210 215 216 257 265

Page 461

2.5.1. Tourist resources of Russia 2.5.2. Promising directions for the development of tourism resources in Russia (on the example of hunting and medical tourism) 461 265 309 2.5.3. Modern features of tourism development in Russia 317 2.5.4. Tourist resources of the neighboring countries and the Kaliningrad region 320 Chapter 3. REGIONAL TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM 3.1. Features of statistics of the geographical structure of international tourism 3.2. Trends in the development of international tourism in Europe 3.3. Tendencies of development of the international tourism in America 3.4. Trends in the development of international tourism in Asia and Asia-Pacific countries 3.5. Trends in the development of international tourism in Africa 3.6. International tourism development forecast - economic growth statistics 3.7. International tourism and problems of regional security Chapter 4. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND THE WORLD ECONOMY - THE TREND OF SECTOR IDENTIFICATION 4.1.1. Trends in the development of the world economy 335 335 338 340 342 345 347 348 351 4.1. International tourism as an economic category 351 351 4.1.2. Problems of the world community as a factor in the transition to the concept of sustainable development of sectors of the world economy 353 4.2. International tourism as a branch of sustainable development 4.2.1. Sustainable development of society - indicators and directions 355 355

Page 462

462 4.2.2. International tourism as a factor of regional development 4.2.3. International tourism and development of the sectoral structure of the world economy 4.2.4. International tourism as a factor in the fight against poverty 4.2.5. International tourism, problems of rational use of natural resources and preservation of monuments of historical and cultural heritage 4.2.6. Comprehensive development of tourism resources - a factor of sustainable development of the economy 4.3. Socio-economic prerequisites for the development of the international tourism industry Chapter 5. INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM 5.1.1. Improving tourism infrastructure as an element of innovation policy 5.1.2. Diversification of types of international tourism 5.1.3. Formation of new directions of international travel 5.2. International tourism as a factor in the formation of new forms of management 5.2.1. Definition and essence of agricultural tourism 5.2.2. History of emergence and foreign experience in the development of agricultural tourism 5.2.3. Economic prerequisites for the formation of the agritourism market 5.2.4. Problems and prospects of agritourism market formation in Russia CONCLUSION REFERENCES TESTS ANSWERS TO TESTS APPENDICES BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 357 374 384 386 388 4.2.7. International tourism and health problems 389 392 396 5.1. Innovative potential of international tourism 396 396 398 398 399 399 401 406 408 414 419 424 439 447 453

Voskresensky, V. Yu. international tourism[Electronic resource]: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialties "Social and cultural service and tourism", "Geography", "Management of the organization", "Economics and management at the enterprise (by industry)" / V. Yu. Voskresensky. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M. : UNITI-DANA, 2012. - 463 p. - ISBN 978-5-238-01456-2. read

Problems and factors of development of international tourism, economics and organization of tourism activities are considered. A detailed overview of the tourist and recreational resources of the countries of the world is given. Regional trends in the development of international tourism are discussed. The role and place of the tourism industry in the world economy are analyzed. Attention is paid to innovative strategies for the development of international tourism. For university students studying in the specialties "Social and cultural service and tourism", "Geography" and other specialties, as well as managers of travel companies and readers interested in tourism issues.

978-5-238-01456-2

The book is included in the collection:

• UNITY-DANA

978-5-238-01456-2

Problems and factors of development of international tourism, economics and organization of tourism activities are considered. A detailed overview of the tourist and recreational resources of the countries of the world is given. Regional trends in the development of international tourism are discussed. The role and place of the tourism industry in the world economy are analyzed. Attention is paid to innovative strategies for the development of international tourism. For university students studying in the specialties "Socio-cultural service and tourism", "Geography" and other specialties, as well as managers of travel companies and readers interested in tourism issues.

M.: UNITI-DANA, 2006. - 255 p.

The manual contains information on the theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism, the geography of international tourist demand and the recreational potential of countries. Tourism is also considered as a factor in the socio-economic growth of individual regions and the country as a whole. The geography of the world's tourism resources is given, the characteristics of the countries most frequently visited by tourists, as well as countries that are still poorly mastered by travelers, are given.

For university students studying the academic discipline "International Tourism", as well as managers of travel companies and a wide range of readers.

Chapter 1. Theoretical and practical foundations of international tourism
1.1. Introduction to International Tourism
1.1.1. International tourism (definition and research methods)
1.1.2. Connection of the course "International Tourism" with other scientific disciplines
1.1.3. Classification of types of tourism activities
1.1.4. Prospects for the development of international tourism
1.1.5. Modern factors in the development of international tourism
1.2. The specifics and composition of the tourism industry
1.2.1. The concept of the tourism industry, its role and place in the global economy
1.2.2. Structure of the tourism industry
1.3. History of tourism
1.4. Socio-psychological factors in tourism
1.4.1. Socio-psychological aspects of tourism development
1.4.2. The concept of tourist motivation; typology of tourists
1.5. Economics and organization of international tourism
1.5.1. Basic economic laws and categories in tourism
1.5.2. Analysis of the macroeconomic factor of tourism activities
1.5.3. Disclosure of the main financial and economic indicators of the travel agency and features of the organization of the tour
1.5.4. Tourism and regional economy
1.6. Insurance in international tourism
1.7. Legal support of tourism activities
1.7.1. Legal regulation of tourism activities
1.7.2. Basic rules and formalities of international travel
1.8. Organization of accommodation facilities
1.9. Transport support for international tourism
1.10. Theoretical foundations of tourism regional studies
1.10.1. The place of tourism regional studies in the system of sciences
1.10.2. Plan of the country-specific characteristics of the recreational potential of the territorial complex

Chapter 2. Geography of world tourism resources
2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe
2.1.1. Scandinavian countries
2.1.2. Mediterranean European resort hearth
2.1.3. Western European countries
2.1.4. Alpine countries of Europe
2.1.5. Countries of Central and Eastern Europe
2.2. America's Tourism Resources
2.2.1. North and Central America
2.2.2. Island states and territories of the Caribbean
2.2.3. South America
2.3. Tourism resources of Africa
2.3.1. North Africa
2.3.2. South East and South Africa
2.3.3. West Africa
2.4. Tourism resources of Asia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR)
2.4.1. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Asia
2.4.2. Recreational potential and modern development of tourism in Australia and Oceania
2.5. Tourist resources of Russia and neighboring countries
2.5.1. Characteristics of the main tourist and resort areas in Russia
2.5.2. Modern features of tourism development in Russia
2.5.3. Features of tourism development in neighboring countries and the Kaliningrad region

Chapter 3. International tourism as a branch of sustainable development