Literary process in the first quarter of the 19th century (the fate of classicism, enlightenment realism, sentimentalism, pre-romanticism, romanticism). Romanticism as a literary movement

Classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism in the RL of the 18th-19th centuries (repetition). Grade 9

Lesson Objectives: A) Deepen knowledge about classicism and sentimentalism, give concepts of romanticism and realism as artistic directions, learn to compare different directions, revealing the originality of each, while referring to works of literature; improve knowledge of works of literature of the 19th century.

B) Cultivate a love of literature, develop aesthetic feelings.

C) Develop imaginative thinking, memory, logic, the ability to conduct a dialogue, conversation, improve speech skills.

During the classes

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. At the beginning of the century, art finally separated from court poetry and "album" poems, in the history of Russian literature for the first time the features of a professional poet appear, the lyrics become more natural, simpler, more humane. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language.

It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Therefore, we turn again to classicism.

Message about classicism.

The 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in Russian poetry.

Let's get back to sentimentality. Where the Dominant of "human nature" is the feeling, not the mind, and this distinguishes sentimentalism from classicism.

Message about sentimentalism

The sentimentalism of Karamzin had a great influence on the development of Russian literature: it was repelled, among other things, by the romanticism of Zhukovsky, the work of Pushkin.

Romanticism (the end of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century) affirms the inherent value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, depicts strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature.

message about romanticism

Romanticism was of great importance for the development of literature. Romantic poets with their work contributed to the popularization of folklore, took care of its recognition. The works of these poets are still interesting to us. They fascinate us with their originality, folk-song perfection.

Early poetry also developed within the framework of Romanticism. His southern exile coincided with a number of historical events and in Pushkin there was a hope that the ideals of freedom and freedom could be achieved, but after several years of cold reception of his works, he soon realized that the world was ruled not by opinions, but by authorities. In the work of Pushkin of the romantic period, the conviction matured that objective laws operate in the world, which a person cannot shake, no matter how brave and beautiful his thoughts are. This determined the tragic tone of Pushkin's muse.

Gradually, in the 30s, the first "signs" of realism appeared in Pushkin.

Message about realism

Russian literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices. In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. Full of satirical images and works. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.

Card work. All students are given cards, the teacher explains the task (read the description of one of the directions, enter the answer).

Checking each of the 8 tasks is carried out collectively with discussion.

b) Questions: What works of classicism do you know? What romantic poem did you study in 8th grade? What epic work by Pushkin was written in the traditions of realism?

c) Journey into the unknown.(Consolidation of literary concepts and expansion of the reader's horizons).

Teacher reads excerpts from works, students determine which thin. direction they belong. (See Attachment).

1. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky "Nikitin the Sailor".

2. Karamzin "Poor Lisa".

3. Gogol's "Overcoat".

Generalization.

Teacher: Today we are transported almost 2 centuries ago.

Do you think these works can excite, interest, touch the modern reader and viewer?

What is dear to us in the art of bygone eras? (Humanity, humanism, the inner world of man).

Literature teaches us to see the "souls of changeable signs." Ahead we have an acquaintance with new writers, poets and their works.

Exercise

CLASSICISM, REALISM, SENTIMENTALISM, ROMANTISM.

Exercise: Enter the name of the art direction.

1. ________________________ brought to the fore the human feeling, the ability of a person to emotionally perceive and experience.

2. _________________________ is characterized by a high civic theme, strict observance of certain creative norms and rules.

3. __________________________ is distinguished by an emphasized interest in the individual, human individuality, the pathos of freedom, independence, the heroism of protest, the desire for excellence and renewal. The writers did not set themselves the task of reproducing reality, but sought to express their attitude towards it.

4. Literature __________________________ depicted not so much reality itself as its reflection in the feelings of the narrator and characters. The main actors could be "ordinary people". The writers saw the dignity of a person in the ability to feel, to experience.

5. At the heart of _______________________ is the desire for the truth of life in artistic images.

6. __________________________, as a certain artistic direction, tends to reflect life in ideal images, gravitating towards the universal “norm”, a model. Hence the cult of antiquity: antiquity appears in it as an example of a perfect and harmonious art.

7. __________________________ hero - an exceptional person, with strong, indomitable passions, who does not recognize the laws that others obey. The exclusivity of the characters is combined with the exclusivity of events and conflicts, their special drama and tension.

8.____________________________ turned not only to the artistically accurate depiction of reality in all its diversity of manifestations: events, characters, nature, things, phenomena, but also to the search and artistic analysis of patterns that operate in life.

Karamzin "Poor Liza".

Liza slept very poorly. The new guest of her soul seemed to her so vividly that she woke up almost every minute, woke up and sighed. Even before the sun rose, Liza got up, went down to the banks of the Moskva River, sat down on the grass ... Meanwhile, the young shepherd drove the flock along the river bank, playing the flute. Lisa fixed her eyes on him and thought: “If the one who now occupies my thoughts was born a simple peasant, a shepherd - and if he now drove his flock past me: ah! I would bow to him with a smile and say affably:

“Hello, dear shepherd boy. Where are you driving your flock? And here green grass grows for your sheep, and flowers bloom here, from which you can weave a wreath for your hat. He would look at me with an affectionate air - he would, perhaps, take my hand ... A dream! The shepherd, playing the flute, passed by and with his motley flock hid behind a nearby hill.

The story "Overcoat"

Even at those hours when the Petersburg gray sky is completely extinguished and all the bureaucratic people have eaten and dined as best they could, in accordance with the salary received and their own whim - when everything has already rested after the departmental creaking of feathers, running around, when officials are in a hurry to give pleasure to the remaining time : who is more active, rushes to the theater; someone on the street, defining him to look at some hats; who, and this happens most often, just goes to his brother on the fourth or third floor, in two small rooms with a hall or kitchen - in a word, even at a time when all the officials are scattered around the small apartments of their friends to play whist, sipping tea with penny crackers, - Akaky Akakievich did not indulge in any entertainment.

Pushkin “The daylight went out”, the excitement of the ocean awakens in the poet memories of his past “desires and hopes”, about the past “crazy love”, which he cannot forget, and an infinitely strong desire for new impressions. The lines of this poem are written not only about the sea, but also about the excitement of the poet's soul:

Noise, noise, obedient sail,

Wave under me, sullen ocean

I see a distant shore

Lands of noon magical land;

With excitement and longing I aspire there;

Drunk with memories...

And I feel: tears were born in my eyes again;

The soul boils and freezes;

A familiar dream flies around me;

I remembered the crazy love of the past,

And everything that I suffered, and everything that is dear to my heart,

Desires and hopes tedious deception ...

These lines perfectly combine the surging sea and the soul in turmoil.

Bestuzhev-Marlinsky "The Sailor Nikitin"

Your will is to read or not to read me; mine is to write as you like ... My pen is an unauthorized bow, a witch's pomelo, a rider's horse. Yes, I am a free Cossack riding a feather, I can scour paper without a commandment where my eyes look. I do just that: I drop the reins and do not look back, I do not calculate what lies ahead. I don't want to know whether the wind sweeps my trail, whether my trail is straight or patterned. Jumped over the fence, swam across the river - good; failed - also good. I am already satisfied with the fact that I galloped across the expanse, completely, to the point of fatigue. I'm sick and tired of your broken literary theories... Steppe me, storms! I am light in dreams - I fly in the sky; Is it heavy with thoughts - I dive into the depths of the sea ..

Russian classicism

In Russia, the formation of classicism takes place almost three-quarters of a century later than it took shape in France.

Russian classicism originated and developed on original soil, taking into account the experience that Western European classicism had accumulated.

The peculiar features of Russian classicism are as follows: firstly, from the very beginning, Russian classicism has a strong connection with modern reality, which is illuminated in the best works from the point of view of advanced ideas.

The second feature of Russian classicism is the diatribe-satirical stream in their work, conditioned by the progressive social ideas of the writers. The presence of satire in the works of Russian classicist writers gives their work a vitally truthful character. Living modernity, Russian reality, Russian people and Russian nature are to a certain extent reflected in their works.

The third feature of Russian classicism, due to the ardent patriotism of Russian writers, is their interest in the history of their homeland. All of them study Russian history, write works on national, historical themes.

Four major literary figures contributed to the approval of classicism:, and.

The pinnacle of Russian classicism is the work of (Brigadier, Nedorosl), the creator of a truly original national comedy, who laid the foundations of critical realism within this system.

Sentimentalism in Russia.

Sentimentalism believed that the ideal of human activity was not the "reasonable" reorganization of the world, but the release and improvement of "natural" feelings. His hero is more individualized, his inner world is enriched by the ability to empathize, sensitively respond to what is happening around. By origin and conviction, the sentimentalist hero is a democrat; the rich spiritual world of the common man is one of the main discoveries and conquests of sentimentalism.

Sentimentalism penetrated into Russia in the 1780s-early 1790s thanks to the translations of novels by Goethe, Rousseau, and others. The era of Russian sentimentalism was opened by Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin with the Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791-1792).

His novel Poor Lisa (1792) is a masterpiece of Russian sentimental prose; from Goethe's Werther, he inherited the general atmosphere of sensitivity and melancholy and the theme of suicide.

Karamzin brought to life a huge number of imitations; at the beginning of the 19th century appeared Poor Izmailova (1801), Journey to Midday Russia (1802), etc.

Sentimentalism marked the early work of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. Russian sentimentalism had exhausted itself by 1820.

It was one of the stages of the all-European literary development, which completed the Enlightenment and opened the way to romanticism.

Romanticism

In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment. Romanticism affirms the cult of nature, feelings and the natural in man. The image of the “noble savage”, armed with “folk wisdom” and not spoiled by civilization, is in demand.

The main features of romanticism are the advantage of the internal over the external, the unique over the typical, the sensitive over the rational. New genres are being created.

The characters of romantic works are courageous and stubborn patriotic heroes, people who have achieved inner harmony and unity with nature. Psychological parallelism is very common in the works of romantics: a person is depicted next to nature, with which he is in close connection. The most famous representatives of romanticism were Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov.

The founder of Russian romanticism is Zhukovsky: Russian poet, translator, critic. In 1808, along with the ballad "Lyudmila" that came out from under his pen, a new, completely special content entered Russian literature - romanticism.

This direction acquired the greatest intensity in the 30s - early. 40s The pinnacle of Russian romanticism can be considered the poetry of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

In his poetry, the main conflict of romanticism - the contradiction between the ideal and reality - reaches extreme tension, which significantly distinguishes him from the romantic poets of the early 19th century.

The main object of Lermontov's lyrics is the inner world of a person - deep and contradictory. The key theme in Lermontov's work is the theme of the tragic loneliness of the individual in a hostile and unjust world.

Realism

Realism in literature- a true depiction of reality.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is being created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. Socio-political and philosophical problems prevail. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.

Outstanding examples of literature in this direction were the works of the late Pushkin (rightfully considered the founder of realism in Russian literature) - the historical drama "Boris Godunov", the stories "The Captain's Daughter", "Dubrovsky", "Belkin's Tale", as well as the novel by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "Hero our time"

and outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, the model of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel, and the so-called type of “little man”, which is shown in his story “The Overcoat”, as well as in the story “The Stationmaster”.

Video lesson 2: Literary directions

Lecture: Historical and literary process

Classicism

Classicism- the main artistic direction of European art of the 17th-early 19th centuries.

This literary trend was formed in France (the end of the 17th century)

Main topic: civil, patriotic motives

signs	Target	Character traits	Representatives of the direction in Russia
1. Cultivates the theme of moral duty, patriotism, "high" citizenship 2. Proclaims the predominance of public interests over private problems.	Creation of works on the model of ancient art	1. The purity of the genre (high genres exclude the use of everyday situations, heroes, sublime, tragic motives are unacceptable for low genres); 2. Purity of language (high genre uses high, elevated vocabulary, low - colloquial language) 3. A clear division of heroes into negative and positive; 4. Strict observance of the rule of "unity of 3" - place, time, action.	Poetic creations M. Lomonosov, V. Trediakovsky, A. Kantemira, V. Knyazhnina, A. Sumarokova.

Sentimentalism

To replace classicism in the second half of the XVIII century. sentimentalism came (English “sensitive”, French “feeling”). Human feelings, emotions, experiences became the dominant theme of art.

Sentimentalism- the supremacy of feelings over the mind.

Sentimentalists proclaimed the harmonious combination of nature and man as the main value criterion.

Sentimentalism is represented in Russia by the works of:

N.M. Karamzin,

I. I. Dmitrieva,

V.A. Zhukovsky (early work).

Romanticism

At the end of the XVIII century. In Germany, a new literary trend was formed - romanticism. Several circumstances contributed to the emergence of a new trend:

Crisis of the Enlightenment

Revolutionary events in France

Classical German philosophy

Artistic search for sentimentalism

The hero of romantic works is the embodiment of rebellion against the realities of the surrounding reality.

Representatives of the romantic art movement in Russia:

Zhukovsky V.A.

Batyushkov K.N.

Yazykov N.M.

Pushkin A.S. (early works)

Lermontov M.Yu.

Tyutchev F.I. (philosophical lyrics)

Realism

Realism is a true reflection of reality.

Realism principles:

• objective reflection of the aspects of life in combination with the author's ideal
• reproduction of typical characters in typical circumstances
• life authenticity of the image using conditional forms of artistic fantasy (myth, symbol) of the grotesque.

Realism took over the criticism of the bourgeois world order from romanticism, creatively developed it, significantly deepened it, therefore, in the future, the term was supplemented with a significant “clarification”: Maxim Gorky defined the new direction as “critical realism”.

Modernism

The global crisis of bourgeois culture, which took shape during the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century, gave rise to a new artistic direction, called "modernism". The new trend proclaimed a complete break with realistic traditions in creativity.

If about a dozen newly created trends have manifested themselves in European modernism, then the Russian version of the new literary movement consists of only “three whales”:

symbolism

acmeism

futurism

Each of these trends is looking for a way in art that will help break away from ordinary, boring reality, and open up a new, ideal world in front of a person.

Direction name	Characteristic features, signs	Representatives in Russian literature
Symbolism(Greek "conventional sign") (1870-1910s)	The main place in creativity belongs to the symbol 1. Reflection of the world in real and mystical plans. 2. The search for "imperishable Beauty", the desire to know the "ideal essence of the world" 3. The world is known through intuition 4. Understatement, hints, secret signs, special musicality of the verse 5. Own creation of myths 6. Preference for lyrical genres	The "senior" symbolists, who stood at the origins of the new direction - D. Merezhkovsky (founder), Z. Gippius, V. Bryusov, K. Balmont. Later, "younger" successors joined the direction: Vyacheslav Ivanov, A. Blok, A. Bely
Acmeism(Greek "akme" - the highest point) (1910s)	1. Complete apathy, complete indifference to the pressing problems of the surrounding reality. 2. Liberation from symbolic ideals and images, from the sublime, polysemantic far-fetchedness of texts, excessive metaphor - distinctness, certainty of poetic images, clarity, accuracy of verse. 3. The return of poetry to the real, material world and subject	In the early periods of creativity A. Akhmatov, also O. Mandelstam, N. Gumilyov, M. Kuzmin, S. Gorodetsky.
Futurism(lat. "future") (1910 -1912 - in Russia)	1. The denial of traditional culture, the dream of the emergence of super-art to transform the world with its help. 2. Word creation, renewal of poetic language, search for new forms of expression, new rhymes. Tendency to colloquial speech. 3. A special way of reading poetry recitation. 4. Using the latest achievements of science and technology 5. “Urbanization” of the language, the word is a certain construction, material for word creation 6. Outrageous, artificial creation of the atmosphere of a literary scandal	V. Khlebnikov (early poems), D. Burliuk, I. Severyanin, V. Mayakovsky
Postmodernism(late 20th – early 21st century)	1. The loss of ideals led to the destruction of a holistic perception of reality, a fragmentary consciousness, a mosaic perception of the world was formed. 2. The author prefers the most simplified reflection of the surrounding world. 3. Literature is not looking for ways to understand the world - everything is perceived in the form in which it exists here and now. 4. The leading principle is an oxymoron (a special stylistic device in which incongruous things and concepts are combined). 5. Authorities are not recognized, there is a clear attraction to the parodic style of presentation. 6. The text is a bizarre mixture of different genres and eras.	V. Erofeev S. Dovlatov V. Pietsukh T. Tolstaya V. Pelevin V.Aksenov V. Pelevin and others.

Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary) - an artistic trend in European art at the turn of the 17th-18th - early 19th century, formed in France at the end of the 17th century. Classicism asserted the primacy of state interests over personal ones, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, the cult of moral duty. The aesthetics of classicism is characterized by the severity of artistic forms: compositional unity, normative style and plots. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Knyaznin, Ozerov and others.

One of the most important features of classicism is the perception of ancient art as a model, an aesthetic standard (hence the name of the direction). The goal is to create works of art in the image and likeness of antique ones. In addition, the ideas of the Enlightenment and the cult of reason (the belief in the omnipotence of reason and that the world can be reorganized on a reasonable basis) had a huge impact on the formation of classicism.

Classicists (representatives of classicism) perceived artistic creation as strict adherence to reasonable rules, eternal laws, created on the basis of studying the best examples of ancient literature. Based on these reasonable laws, they divided works into "correct" and "incorrect". For example, even Shakespeare's best plays were classified as "wrong". This was due to the fact that Shakespeare's characters combined positive and negative features. And the creative method of classicism was formed on the basis of rationalistic thinking. There was a strict system of characters and genres: all characters and genres were distinguished by "purity" and unambiguity. So, in one hero it was strictly forbidden not only to combine vices and virtues (that is, positive and negative traits), but even several vices. The hero had to embody any one character trait: either a miser, or a braggart, or a hypocrite, or a hypocrite, or good, or evil, etc.

The main conflict of classic works is the struggle of the hero between reason and feeling. At the same time, the positive hero must always make a choice in favor of the mind (for example, choosing between love and the need to completely surrender to the service of the state, he must choose the latter), and the negative one - in favor of feelings.

The same can be said about the genre system. All genres were divided into high (ode, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fable, epigram, satire). At the same time, touching episodes were not supposed to be introduced into comedy, and funny episodes into tragedy. In the high genres, "exemplary" heroes were depicted - monarchs, "commanders, who could serve as an example to follow. In the low genres, characters were depicted covered by some kind of" passion, that is, a strong feeling.

Special rules existed for dramatic works. They had to observe three "unities" - places, times and actions. Unity of place: classicist dramaturgy did not allow a change of scene, that is, during the entire play, the characters had to be in the same place. Unity of time: the artistic time of a work should not have exceeded several hours, or at least one day. Unity of action implies the presence of only one storyline. All these requirements are connected with the fact that the classicists wanted to create a kind of illusion of life on the stage. Sumarokov: "Try to measure my hours in the game for hours, so that I, forgetting, could believe you."

CLASSICISM(from Latin - first-class, exemplary) - a literary and artistic direction that originated in the Renaissance and continued to develop until the first decades of the 19th century. Classicism entered the history of literature as a concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its main signs were determined in accordance with the dramatic theory of the 17th century and with the main ideas of N. Boileau's treatise "Poetic Art" (1674). Classicism was seen as a direction oriented towards ancient art. In the definition of classicism, they singled out, first of all, the desire for clarity and accuracy of expression, alignment with ancient models and strict obedience to the rules. In the era of classicism, the principles of the “three unities” (“unity of time”, “unity of place”, “unity of action”) were obligatory, which became a symbol of the three rules that determine the organization of artistic time, artistic space and events in dramaturgy. Classicism owes its longevity to the fact that the writers of this trend understood their own creativity not as a way of personal self-expression, but as the norm of “true art”, addressed to the universal, unchanging, to “beautiful nature” as a permanent category. Strict selection, harmonious composition, a set of certain themes, motifs, the material of reality, which became the object of artistic reflection in the word, were for classic writers an attempt to aesthetically overcome the contradictions of real life. The poetry of classicism strives for clarity of meaning and simplicity of stylistic expression. Although such prose genres as aphorisms (maxims) and characters are actively developing in classicism, dramatic works and the theater itself are of particular importance in it, capable of brightly and organically performing both moralizing and entertaining functions.

The collective aesthetic norm of classicism is the category of "good taste", developed by the so-called "good society". The taste of classicism prefers brevity, pretentiousness and complexity of expression - clarity and simplicity to extravagant - decent. The main law of classicism is artistic plausibility, which depicts things and people as they should be in accordance with the moral norm, and not as they are in reality. Characters in classicism are built on the allocation of one dominant feature, which should turn them into universal universal types.

The requirements put forward by classicism for simplicity and clarity of style, the semantic fullness of images, a sense of proportion and norms in the construction, plot and plot of works still retain their aesthetic relevance.

SENTIMENTALISM(from English - sensitive; fr. - feeling) - one of the main trends in European literature and art of the 18th century. Sentimentalism got its name after the publication of the novel "A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy" by the English writer L. Stern. It was in England that this trend received its most complete expression. The main focus of sentimentalist writers is on the life of the human heart; the outer world of nature in their works is closely connected with the inner world of the human soul, with intense interest in the emotional sphere and the experiences of an individual. The sublime beginning, fundamental in the works of theorists of classicism, in sentimentalism is replaced by the category of touching, sympathy for one's neighbor, an appeal to the natural behavior of a person, a craving for virtue. In Russia, all the main works of European sentimentalists were translated as early as the 18th century and enjoyed great readership and had a significant influence on Russian writers. Russian sentimentalism reached its peak in the works of N.M. Karamzin (“Poor Liza”, “Natalia, Boyar's Daughter”, “Letters from a Russian Traveler”, etc.), in the works of M.N. Muravieva, N.A. Lvova, V.A. Zhukovsky, I.I. Dmitriev.

ROMANTICISM- one of the largest, expressive and aesthetically significant trends in European and American art of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century, which gained worldwide distribution and discovered many gifted artists - poets, prose writers and playwrights, painters and sculptors, actors, composers and musicians. A typical sign of romanticism is a sharp dissatisfaction with reality, a constant doubt that the life of society or the life of an individual can be built on the principles of goodness and justice. Another important feature of the romantic worldview should be called the dream of renewing the world and man in defiance of reason and real facts, the desire for a lofty, most often unattainable ideal. A clear awareness of the contradiction between the ideal and reality, the feeling of a gap between them and at the same time the thirst for their reunion is the defining beginning of romantic art.

Romantics have always been attracted by fantastic plots and images, folk tales, parables, fairy tales; they were interested in unknown distant countries, the life of tribes and peoples, the heroic turning points in historical epochs, the fertile and bright world of wildlife, in which they were in love. In their works, the romantics deliberately mixed high and low, tragic and comic, real and fantastic, modifying and updating old genres and creating new ones - a historical novel, a lyrical epic poem, a fairy tale story. They managed to bring literature closer to folklore, change the prevailing ideas about dramatic art, and pave new paths in lyrics. The artistic discoveries of romanticism largely prepared the emergence of realism.

In conditions other than Western European, Russian romanticism arose and developed, which became the main event in literary life in the 1820s. Its most important signs were the less distinctness of the main features and properties and a closer connection with other literary movements, primarily with classicism and sentimentalism. In the history and development of Russian romanticism, researchers usually distinguish three periods. The period of the emergence of the romantic trend in Russia falls on 1801-1815. The founders of Russian romanticism are V.A. Zhukovsky and K.N. Batyushkov, who had a great influence on subsequent literature. The years of 1816-1825 became a time of intensified development of romanticism, a noticeable dissociation from classicism and sentimentalism. A striking phenomenon of this period was the prolific literary activity of the Decembrist writers, as well as the work of P.A. Vyazemsky, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykova, E.A. Baratynsky, A.A. Delvig. A.S. becomes the central figure of Russian romanticism. Pushkin. In the third period, covering the years 1826-1840, romanticism is most widespread in Russian literature. The crowning achievement of this trend was the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, lyrics by F.I. Tyutchev, early works of N.V. Gogol. In the future, the impact of romantic aesthetics affects the development of Russian literature throughout the 19th century and in the 20th century. Romantic traditions persist to this day.

REALISM(from late Latin - material, real) - the leading literary trend of the XIX-XX centuries, one of the main artistic and creative principles of literature and art, focused on adequate reproduction of the surrounding reality, society as a whole and the human person in its various manifestations in relation to reality and society. It is noteworthy that realism and its theory have become a Russian prerogative. The problems of realistic art occupied a significant place in the literary and aesthetic reflections of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov, A.I. Herzen, P.V. Annenkova, F.M. Dostoevsky, D.I. Pisareva, A.V. Druzhinina, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.V. Shelgunova, D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, M.M. Bakhtin, V.M. Zhirmunsky and others. In line with realism and the realistic tradition, despite the distinct manifestation of certain “non-realistic” tendencies, the work of most of the classics of Russian literature of two centuries developed. Striving for a full-fledged, from the point of view of life's truth, comprehension of reality, resorting (though not necessarily) to life-like forms, realism, of course, creates in the reader only the illusion of the depicted reality. Having emerged rather late in the history of culture as one of the leading trends, realism is undergoing constant changes and updates, while revealing a natural “survivability” in a variety of socio-historical conditions.

MODERNISM(from French - the latest) - an aesthetic concept that developed in the 1910s and rapidly developed in the 1920s-1930s. Modernism arose as a result of the revision of the philosophical and aesthetic foundations and creative principles of the artistic culture of the 19th century, which took place during the years 1870-1900. This is evidenced by the history of such schools and trends as impressionism, symbolism, futurism and some others. Despite the noticeable differences in programs and manifestos, all of them are united by the perception of their era as a time of irreversible change, accompanied by the collapse of previous spiritual values. Although there is no program document that would contain the main aesthetic aspirations of modernism, the development of this trend in the culture of the West and Russia reveals the stability of its features, which make it possible to speak of a certain artistic system. Various components of modernism are observed in poetry, and in dramaturgy, and in prose.

POSTMODERNISM(from English, French, German - after the newest) - a term that has been used in recent decades, but still has not received a clear and unambiguous interpretation, the conceptual essence of which boils down to the fact that it is multi-valued and multi-level, influenced by national-historical , social and other circumstances, a complex of aesthetic, philosophical, scientific and theoretical ideas, due to the specifics of the worldview, attitude and assessment of the cognitive capabilities of a person, his place and role in the world around him. The emergence of this trend in literature is usually attributed to approximately the end of the Second World War, however, as a social and aesthetic phenomenon, postmodernism was recognized in Western culture and reflected as a specific phenomenon only in the early 1980s. In its essence, postmodernism is opposed to realism. In any case, he tries to resist. In this regard, the concepts used by theorists of this direction are not accidental: "the world as chaos", "postmodern sensitivity", "the world as a text", "consciousness as a text", "intertextuality", "crisis of authorities", "author's mask", “parodic mode of narration”, fragmentary narration, meta-narrative, etc.

Vanguard(fr. avant-garde- vanguard) avant-garde- a generalizing name for trends in world art, primarily in European art, that arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The prominent representatives of avant-garde art in literature include:

Futurism - Alexei Kruchenykh, Velimir Khlebnikov, Vladimir Mayakovsky;

· Expressionism - Rainer Maria Rilke, early Leonid Andreev.

Dramaturgy

The pioneer of the avant-garde symbolist drama was the Belgian French-speaking playwright Maurice Maeterlinck. Following him, symbolist poetics and attitude are fixed in the dramas of G. Hauptmann, late G. Ibsen, L. N. Andreev, G. von Hoffmannsthal. In the 20th century, avant-garde drama is enriched with the techniques of the literature of the absurd. In the plays of the late A. Strindberg, D. I. Kharms, V. Gombrovich, S. I. Vitkevich, an absurd reality is depicted, the actions of the characters are often illogical. Absurdist motifs received their final expression in the works of French-speaking authors of the so-called. dramas of the absurd - E. Ionesco, S. Beckett, J. Genet, A. Adamov. Following them, absurdist motifs were developed in their dramas by F. Dürrenmatt, T. Stoppard, G. Pinter, E. Albee, M. Volokhov, V. Havel.

Literary method, style, or literary movement are often treated as synonyms. It is based on a similar type of artistic thinking in different writers. Sometimes a modern author does not realize in which direction he is working, and a literary critic or critic evaluates his creative method. And it turns out that the author is a sentimentalist or an acmeist ... We present to your attention the literary trends in the table from classicism to modernity.

There were cases in the history of literature when representatives of the writing fraternity themselves were aware of the theoretical foundations of their activities, promoted them in manifestos, and united in creative groups. For example, the Russian futurists, who appeared in the press with the manifesto "Slap in the face of public taste."

Today we are talking about the established system of literary trends of the past, which determined the features of the development of the world literary process, and are studied by the theory of literature. The main literary trends are:

• classicism
• sentimentalism
• romanticism
• realism
• modernism (divided into currents: symbolism, acmeism, futurism, imagism)
• social realism
• postmodernism

Modernity is most often associated with the concept of postmodernism, and sometimes socially active realism.

Literary trends in tables

	Classicism	Sentimentalism	Romanticism	Realism	Modernism
periodization	literary trend of the 17th - early 19th centuries, based on imitation of antique samples.	Literary direction of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. From the French word "Sentiment" - feeling, sensitivity.	literary movement of the late 18th - second half of the 19th centuries. Romanticism arose in the 1790s. first in Germany, and then spread throughout the Western European cultural region. The greatest development was in England, Germany, France (J. Byron, W. Scott, V. Hugo, P. Merimee)	a direction in the literature and art of the 19th century, which aims to faithfully reproduce reality in its typical features.	literary direction, aesthetic concept, which was formed in the 1910s. The founders of modernism: M. Proust "In Search of Lost Time", J. Joyce "Ulysses", F. Kafka "The Process".
Signs, features	Clearly divided into positive and negative. At the end of a classic comedy, vice is always punished and good triumphs. The principle of three unities: time (the action lasts no more than a day), place, action.	Particular attention is paid to the spiritual world of a person. The main thing is the feeling, the experience of a simple person, and not great ideas. Characteristic genres - elegy, epistle, novel in letters, diary, in which confessional motives prevail	Heroes are bright, exceptional personalities in unusual circumstances. Romanticism is characterized by an impulse, an extraordinary complexity, an inner depth of human individuality. The romantic work is characterized by the idea of ​​two worlds: the world in which the hero lives, and another world in which he wants to be.	Reality is a means of man's knowledge of himself and the world around him. Typification of images. This is achieved through the veracity of details in specific conditions. Even in a tragic conflict, art is life-affirming. Realism is inherent in the desire to consider reality in development, the ability to detect the development of new social, psychological and social relations.	The main task of modernism is to penetrate into the depths of consciousness and subconsciousness of a person, to transfer the work of memory, the peculiarities of perception of the environment, in how the past, present and the future are refracted in “instant moments of being”. The main technique in the work of modernists is the "stream of consciousness", which allows you to capture the movement of thoughts, impressions, feelings.
Features of development in Russia	An example is Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth". In this comedy, Fonvizin tries to implement the main idea of ​​classicism - to re-educate the world with a reasonable word.	An example is N.M. Karamzin's story "Poor Liza", which, in contrast to rational classicism with its cult of reason, affirms the cult of feelings, sensuality.	In Russia, romanticism was born against the backdrop of a national upsurge after the war of 1812. It has a pronounced social orientation. He is imbued with the idea of ​​civic service and love of freedom (K. F. Ryleev, V. A. Zhukovsky).	In Russia, the foundations of realism were laid in the 1820s and 1830s. Pushkin's work ("Eugene Onegin", "Boris Godunov" The Captain's Daughter", late lyrics). this stage is associated with the names of I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N. Ostrovsky and others. critical.	In Russian literary criticism, it is customary to call modernist 3 literary movements that declared themselves in the period from 1890 to 1917. These are symbolism, acmeism and futurism, which formed the basis of modernism as a literary movement.

Modernism is represented by the following literary movements:

• Symbolism

  (Symbol - from the Greek. Symbolon - a conventional sign)
  1. The central place is given to the symbol *
  2. The striving for the highest ideal prevails
  3. The poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon.
  4. Characteristic reflection of the world in two plans: real and mystical
  5. Elegance and musicality of the verse
  The founder was D. S. Merezhkovsky, who in 1892 delivered a lecture “On the Causes of the Decline and New Trends in Modern Russian Literature” (article published in 1893). Symbolists are divided into senior ones ((V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub debuted in the 1890s) and younger (A. Blok, A. Bely, Vyach. Ivanov and others debuted in the 1900s)

• Acmeism

  (From the Greek "acme" - a point, the highest point). The literary current of acmeism arose in the early 1910s and was genetically associated with symbolism. (N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.) M. Kuzmin's article "On Fine Clarity", published in 1910, had an influence on the formation. In the programmatic article of 1913, “The Legacy of Acmeism and Symbolism,” N. Gumilyov called symbolism “a worthy father,” but emphasized that the new generation had developed a “courageously firm and clear outlook on life”
  1. Orientation towards classical poetry of the 19th century
  2. Acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, visible concreteness
  3. Objectivity and clarity of images, sharpness of details
  4. In rhythm, acmeists used dolnik (Dolnik is a violation of the traditional
  regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. The lines coincide in the number of stresses, but the stressed and unstressed syllables are freely located in the line.), which brought the poem closer to live colloquial speech

• Futurism

  Futurism - from lat. futurum, the future. Genetically, literary futurism is closely associated with the avant-garde groups of artists of the 1910s - primarily with the groups "Jack of Diamonds", "Donkey's Tail", "Union of Youth". In 1909, in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published the article "Manifesto of Futurism." In 1912, the manifesto "Slap in the face of public taste" was created by Russian futurists: V. Mayakovsky, A. Kruchenykh, V. Khlebnikov: "Pushkin is more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs." Futurism began to disintegrate already in 1915-1916.
  1. Rebelliousness, anarchic worldview
  2. Rejection of cultural traditions
  3. Experiments in the field of rhythm and rhyme, figured arrangement of stanzas and lines
  4. Active word creation

• Imagism

  From lat. imago - image A literary trend in Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the purpose of creativity was to create an image. The main expressive means of the Imagists is a metaphor, often metaphorical chains that compare various elements of two images - direct and figurative. Imagism arose in 1918, when the "Order of Imagists" was founded in Moscow. The creators of the "Order" were Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergei Yesenin, who was previously a member of the group of new peasant poets