Who was the ruler before Lenin. The rulers of Russia in chronological order from Rurik to the decline of the Grand Duchy of Kyiv
The first accession in Russia took place in 1547, Ivan the Terrible became the sovereign. Previously, the throne was occupied by the Grand Duke. Some Russian tsars could not hold on to power, they were replaced by other rulers. Russia experienced different periods: the Time of Troubles, palace coups, assassinations of tsars and emperors, revolutions, years of terror.
The pedigree of the Rurikovichs was cut short on Fedor Ioannovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. For several decades, power passed to different monarchs. In 1613, the Romanovs ascended the throne, after the revolution of 1917 this dynasty was overthrown, and the first socialist state in the world was established in Russia. The emperors were replaced by leaders and general secretaries. At the end of the twentieth century, a course was taken to create a democratic society. The president of the country began to be elected by citizens by secret ballot.
John the Fourth (1533 - 1584)
Grand Duke, who became the first king of all Russia. Formally, he ascended the throne at the age of 3, when his father, Prince Vasily the Third, died. Officially took the royal title in 1547. The sovereign was known for his stern disposition, for which he received the nickname Terrible. Ivan the Fourth was a reformer, during his reign the Sudebnik of 1550 was compiled, zemstvo meetings began to be convened, changes were made in education, the army, and self-government.
The increase in the territory of Russia amounted to 100%. The Astrakhan and Kazan khanates were conquered, the development of Siberia, Bashkiria, and the Don region began. The last years of the kingdom were marked by failures during the Livonian War and the bloody years of the oprichnina, when most of the Russian aristocracy was destroyed.
Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)
Middle son of Ivan the Terrible. According to one version, he became heir to the throne in 1581, when his older brother Ivan died at the hands of his father. He went down in history under the name of Theodore the Blessed. He became the last representative of the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, since he left no heirs. Fyodor Ioannovich, unlike his father, was meek in character and kind.
During his reign, the Moscow Patriarchate was established. Several strategic cities were founded: Voronezh, Saratov, Stary Oskol. From 1590 to 1595, the Russo-Swedish war continued. Russia returned part of the coast of the Baltic Sea.
Irina Godunova (1598 - 1598)
Wife of Tsar Fedor and sister of Boris Godunov. In marriage with her husband, they had only one daughter, who died in infancy. Therefore, after the death of her husband, Irina became the heir to the throne. She was listed as queen for a little over a month. Irina Fedorovna led an active social life during the life of her husband, even received European ambassadors. But a week after his death, she decided to take the veil as a nun and go to the Novodevichy Convent. After she was tonsured, she took the name Alexander. Irina Fedorovna was considered the queen until her brother Boris Fedorovich was approved as sovereign.
Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)
Boris Godunov was the brother-in-law of Fyodor Ioannovich. Thanks to a happy accident, shown ingenuity and cunning, he became the king of Russia. His promotion began in 1570, when he went to the guardsmen. And in 1580 he was granted the title of boyar. It is generally accepted that Godunov led the state back in the time of Fyodor Ioannovich (he was not capable of this because of the gentleness of his character).
Godunov's board was aimed at the development of the Russian state. He began to actively approach Western countries. Doctors, cultural and statesmen came to Russia. Boris Godunov was known for his suspiciousness and repressions against the boyars. During his reign, there was a terrible famine. The sovereign even opened the royal barns to feed the hungry peasants. In 1605 he died unexpectedly.
Fyodor Godunov (1605 - 1605)
He was an educated young man. He is considered one of the first cartographers of Russia. The son of Boris Godunov, was elevated to the reign at the age of 16, became the last of the Godunovs on the throne. He reigned for just under two months, from April 13 to June 1, 1605. Fedor became king during the offensive of the troops of False Dmitry the First. But the governors, who led the suppression of the uprising, betrayed the Russian tsar and swore allegiance to False Dmitry. Fedor and his mother were killed in the royal chambers, and their bodies were put on display in Red Square. In the short period of the reign of the king, the Stone Order was approved - this is an analogue of the Ministry of Construction.
False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)
This king came to power after a rebellion. He introduced himself as Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. He said that he miraculously escaped the son of Ivan the Terrible. There are different versions about the origin of False Dmitry. Some historians say that this is a runaway monk, Grigory Otrepyev. Others claim that he really could be Tsarevich Dmitry, who was secretly taken to Poland.
During the year of his reign, he returned many repressed boyars from exile, changed the composition of the Duma, and banned bribery. On the part of foreign policy, he was going to start a war with the Turks for access to the Sea of Azov. He opened the borders of Russia for the free movement of foreigners and compatriots. He was killed in May 1606 as a result of a conspiracy by Vasily Shuisky.
Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)
Representative of the Shuisky princes from the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich. The tsar was little popular among the people and depended on the boyars who elected him to rule. He tried to strengthen the army. A new military code was established. During the time of Shuisky, there were numerous uprisings. The rebel Bolotnikov was replaced by False Dmitry II (allegedly, False Dmitry I who escaped in 1606). Part of the regions of Russia swore allegiance to the self-proclaimed king. The country was also besieged by Polish troops. In 1610 the ruler was overthrown by the Polish-Lithuanian king. Until the end of his days he lived in captivity in Poland.
Vladislav the Fourth (1610 - 1613)
Son of the Polish-Lithuanian king Sigismund III. He was considered the sovereign of Russia in the Time of Troubles. In 1610 he took the oath of the Moscow boyars. According to the Smolensk Treaty, he was to take the throne after the adoption of Orthodoxy. But Vladislav did not change his religion and refused to change to Catholicism. He never came to Russia. In 1612, the government of the boyars was overthrown in Moscow, who invited Vladislav the Fourth to the throne. And then it was decided to make Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov tsar.
Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645)
The first sovereign of the Romanov dynasty. This clan belonged to the seven largest and oldest families of the Moscow boyars. Mikhail Fedorovich was only 16 years old when he was put on the throne. Informally, his father, Patriarch Filaret, led the country. Officially, he could not be crowned king, since he had already been tonsured a monk.
During the time of Mikhail Fedorovich, normal trade and economy, which had been undermined by the Time of Troubles, was restored. An "eternal peace" was concluded with Sweden and the Commonwealth. The tsar ordered an exact inventory of the manorial lands in order to establish a real tax. The regiments of the "new system" were created.
Alexei Mikhailovich (1645 - 1676)
In the history of Russia he was nicknamed the Quietest. The second representative of the Romanov tree. During his reign, the Cathedral Code was established, a census of draft houses was carried out and the male population was censused. Alexei Mikhailovich finally attached the peasants to their place of residence. New institutions were founded: the orders of Secret Affairs, Accounting, Reitar and Grain Affairs. During the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, a church schism began, after the innovations, the Old Believers appeared, who did not accept the new rules.
In 1654, Russia was united with Ukraine, and the colonization of Siberia continued. By order of the king, copper money was issued. An unsuccessful attempt at a high duty on salt was also introduced, which caused salt riots.
Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)
Son of Alexei Mikhailovich and first wife Maria Miloslavskaya. He was very painful, like all the children of Tsar Alexei from his first wife. He suffered from scurvy and other diseases. Fedor was declared heir after the death of his older brother Alexei. He ascended the throne at the age of fifteen. Fedor was very educated. During his short reign, a complete census of the population was carried out. A direct tax was introduced. Localism was destroyed and digit books were burned. This ruled out the possibility of the boyars to occupy commanding positions on the basis of the merits of their ancestors.
There was a war with the Turks and the Crimean Khanate in 1676-1681. Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv were recognized by Russia. Repressions against the Old Believers continued. Fedor left no heirs, died at the age of twenty, presumably from scurvy.
John the Fifth (1682 - 1696)
After the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, a twofold situation arose. He left two brothers, but John was in poor health and mind, and Peter (the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife) was small in age. The boyars decided to put both brothers in power, and their sister Sofya Alekseevna became their regent. He has never been involved in public affairs. All power was concentrated in the hands of the sister and the Naryshkin family. The princess continued her struggle with the Old Believers. Russia concluded a profitable "eternal peace" with Poland and an unfavorable treaty with China. She was overthrown in 1696 by Peter the Great and tonsured a nun.
Peter the Great (1682 - 1725)
The first emperor of Russia, known as Peter the Great. He ascended the Russian throne together with his brother Ivan at the age of ten. Before 1696 rules together with him under the regency of Sister Sophia. Peter traveled to Europe, learned new crafts and shipbuilding. Turned Russia towards Western European countries. This is one of the most significant reformers in the country.
His main bills include: the reform of local self-government and central government, the creation of the Senate and Collegia, the Synod and the General Regulations were organized. Peter ordered to re-equip the army, introduced a regular set of recruits, created a strong fleet. The mining, textile and processing industries began to develop, monetary and educational reforms were carried out.
Under Peter, wars were fought to seize access to the sea: the Azov campaigns, the victorious Northern War, which gave access to the Baltic Sea. Russia expanded to the East and towards the Caspian Sea.
Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)
The second wife of Peter the Great. Took the throne, because the last will of the emperor remained unclear. In the two years of the reign of the empress, all power was concentrated in the hands of Menshikov and the Privy Council. During the time of Catherine the Great, the Supreme Privy Council was created, the role of the Senate was reduced to a minimum. Long wars during the time of Peter the Great affected the country's finances. Bread became more expensive, famine began in Russia, and the empress lowered the poll tax. There were no major wars in the country. The time of Catherine the Great became famous for the fact that Bering's expedition to the Far North was organized.
Peter II (1727 - 1730)
Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his eldest son Alexei (who was executed at the behest of his father). He took the throne at only 11 years old, the real power was in the hands of the Menshikovs, and then the Dolgorukov family. Due to his age, he did not have time to show any interest in state affairs.
The traditions of the boyars and outdated orders began to revive. The army and navy fell into decay. There was an attempt to restore the patriarchate. As a result, the influence of the Privy Council increased, the members of which invited Anna Ioannovna to reign. During the time of Peter the Second, the capital was moved to Moscow. The emperor died at the age of 14 from smallpox.
Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
The fourth daughter of Tsar John the Fifth. She was sent by Peter the Great to Courland and married to a duke, but was widowed after a couple of months. After the death of Peter II, she was invited to reign, but her powers were limited to the nobles. However, the Empress restored absolutism. The period of her reign went down in history under the name "Bironism", by the name of Biron's favorite.
Under Anna Ioannovna, the Office of Secret Investigation Affairs was established, which carried out reprisals against the nobles. The fleet was reformed and the construction of ships, which had been slowed down in recent decades, was restored. The Empress restored the powers of the Senate. In foreign policy, the tradition of Peter the Great was continued. As a result of the wars, Russia received Azov (but without the right to maintain a fleet in it) and part of the right-bank Ukraine, Kabarda in the North Caucasus.
John the Sixth (1740 - 1741)
Great-grandson of John the Fifth, son of his daughter Anna Leopoldovna. Anna Ioannovna had no children, but she wanted to leave the throne to her father's descendants. Therefore, before her death, she appointed her great-nephew as her successor, and in the event of his death, the subsequent children of Anna Leopoldovna.
The emperor ascended the throne at the age of two months. His first regent was Biron, a couple of months later there was a palace coup, Biron was sent into exile, and John's mother became regent. But she was delusional, incapable of ruling. Her favorites - Minich, and later Osterman, were overthrown during a new coup, and the little prince was arrested. The emperor spent his entire life in captivity, in the Shlisselburg fortress. They tried to free him many times. One of these attempts ended in the assassination of John the Sixth.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1762)
Daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine the First. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup. She continued the policy of Peter the Great, finally restored the role of the Senate and many Colleges, and abolished the Cabinet of Ministers. Conducted a population census and implemented new taxation reforms. On the cultural side, her reign went down in history as the Age of Enlightenment. In the 18th century, the first university, the Academy of Arts, and the Imperial Theater were opened.
In foreign policy, she adhered to the precepts of Peter the Great. During the years of her power, the victorious Russo-Swedish War and the Seven Years' War against Prussia, England and Portugal took place. Immediately after the victory of Russia, the empress died, leaving no heirs behind. And Emperor Peter the Third gave all the territories received back to the Prussian King Frederick.
Peter the Third (1762 - 1762)
Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his daughter Anna Petrovna. He reigned for only six months, then, as a result of a palace coup, he was overthrown by his wife Catherine II, and a little later he lost his life. At first, historians assessed the period of his reign as negative for the history of Russia. But then they appreciated a number of the emperor's merits.
Peter abolished the Secret Chancellery, began the secularization (confiscation) of church lands, and stopped persecuting the Old Believers. Adopted the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Among the negative aspects is the complete annulment of the results of the Seven Years' War and the return to Prussia of all the recaptured territories. He died almost immediately after the coup due to unexplained circumstances.
Catherine II (1762 - 1796)
The wife of Peter the Third, came to power as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband. Her era went down in history as a period of maximum enslavement of the peasants and extensive privileges for the nobles. So Catherine tried to thank the nobles for the power she had received and strengthen her forces.
The period of government went down in history as "the policy of enlightened absolutism." Under Catherine, the Senate was reorganized, the provincial reform passed, and the Legislative Commission was convened. The secularization of land near the church was completed. Catherine II carried out reforms in almost every area. Police, city, judicial, educational, monetary, customs reforms were carried out. Russia continued to expand its borders. As a result of the wars, Crimea, the Black Sea region, Western Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania were annexed. Despite significant successes, the era of Catherine is known as a period of flourishing corruption and favoritism.
Paul the First (1796 - 1801)
Son of Catherine II and Peter III. Relations between the Empress and her son were strained. Catherine saw her grandson Alexander on the Russian throne. But before her death, the will disappeared, so the power passed to Paul. The sovereign issued a law on succession to the throne and stopped the opportunity for women to rule the country. The eldest male representative became the ruler. The positions of the nobles were weakened and the position of the peasants was improved (a law on a three-day corvee was adopted, the poll tax was abolished, and the separate sale of family members was prohibited). Administrative and military reforms were carried out. Drilling and censorship intensified.
Under Paul, Russia joined the anti-French coalition, and troops led by Suvorov liberated northern Italy from the French. Paul also prepared a campaign against India. He was killed in 1801 during a palace coup organized by his son Alexander.
Alexander the First (1801 - 1825)
Eldest son of Paul I. He went down in history as Alexander the Blessed. He carried out moderate-liberal reforms, Speransky and members of the Private Committee became their developer. The reforms consisted in an attempt to weaken serfdom (decree on free cultivators), replacing Peter's collegiums with ministries. A military reform was carried out, according to which military settlements were formed. They contributed to the maintenance of a standing army.
In foreign policy, Alexander maneuvered between England and France, moving closer to one or the other country. Part of Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, part of Poland joined Russia. Alexander won the Patriotic War of 1812 with Napoleon. He died unexpectedly in 1825, which gave rise to rumors that the king had gone into a hermitage.
Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)
Third son of Emperor Paul. He rose to reign, since Alexander the First left no heirs, and the second brother Constantine renounced the throne. The first days of his accession began with the Decembrist uprising, which the emperor suppressed. The emperor tightened the state of the country, his policy was aimed against the reforms and indulgences of Alexander the First. Nicholas was severe, for which he was nicknamed Palkin (punishment with sticks was the most common in his time).
During the time of Nicholas, the Secret Police was created, tracking future revolutionaries, the laws of the Russian Empire were codified, the monetary reform of Kankrin and the reform of state peasants were carried out. Russia participated in wars with Turkey and Persia. At the end of the reign of Nicholas, the difficult Crimean War took place, but the emperor died before he lived to see its end.
Alexander II (1855 - 1881)
The eldest son of Nicholas, went down in history as a great reformer who ruled in the 19th century. In history, Alexander II was called the Liberator. The emperor had to end the bloody Crimean War, as a result, Russia signed an agreement that infringes on its interests. The great reforms of the emperor include: the abolition of serfdom, the modernization of the financial system, the elimination of military settlements, the reform of secondary and higher education, the judicial and zemstvo reforms, the improvement of local government and the military reform, during which the rejection of recruits and the introduction of universal military service.
In foreign policy, he adhered to the course of Catherine II. Victories were won in the Caucasian and Russian-Turkish wars. Despite the great reforms, the growth of public discontent continued. The emperor died as a result of a successful terrorist attack.
Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)
During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war, for which Alexander III was named Emperor the Peacemaker. He adhered to conservative views and carried out a number of counter-reforms, unlike his father. Alexander the Third adopted the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, increased administrative pressure, and destroyed university self-government.
During his reign, the law "On Cook's Children" was adopted. It limited the possibility of education for children from the lower strata. The situation of the liberated peasants improved. The Peasants' Bank was opened, redemption payments were lowered, and the poll tax was abolished. The emperor's foreign policy was characterized by openness and peacefulness.
Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)
The last emperor of Russia and the representative of the Romanov dynasty on the throne. His reign was characterized by rapid economic development and the growth of the revolutionary movement. Nicholas II decided to go to war with Japan (1904-1905), which was lost. This increased public discontent and led to the revolution (1905-1907). As a result, Nicholas II signed a decree on the creation of a Duma. Russia became a constitutional monarchy.
By order of Nicholas, at the beginning of the 20th century, an agrarian reform (Stolypin's project), a monetary reform (Witte's project) were carried out, and the army was modernized. In 1914, Russia was drawn into the First World War. Which led to the strengthening of the revolutionary movement and the discontent of the people. In February 1917, a revolution took place, and Nicholas was forced to abdicate. He was shot along with his family and courtiers in 1918. The Imperial Family is canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
Georgy Lvov (1917 - 1917)
Russian politician, held power from March to July 1917. He was the head of the Provisional Government, bore the title of prince, descended from distant branches of the Rurikovich. He was appointed by Nicholas II after signing the abdication. He was a member of the first State Duma. He worked as the head of the Moscow City Duma. During the First World War, he created an alliance to help the wounded and was engaged in the delivery of food and medicine to hospitals. After the failure in the June offensive at the front and the July uprising of the Bolsheviks, Georgy Evgenievich Lvov voluntarily resigned.
Alexander Kerensky (1917 - 1917)
He was the head of the Provisional Government from July to October 1917, until the October socialist revolution. He was a lawyer by education, was a member of the Fourth State Duma, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Alexander was Minister of Justice and Minister of War of the Provisional Government until July. Then he became chairman of the government, retaining the post of military and naval minister. He was overthrown during the October Revolution and fled from Russia. He lived all his life in exile, died in 1970.
Vladimir Lenin (1917 - 1924)
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov is a major Russian revolutionary. Leader of the Bolshevik Party, theorist of Marxism. During the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party came to power. Vladimir Lenin became the leader of the country and the creator of the first socialist state in the history of the world.
During the reign of Lenin, World War I ended in 1918. Russia signed a humiliating peace and lost part of the territories of the southern regions (later they again became part of the country). Important decrees on peace, land and power were signed. Until 1922, the Civil War continued, in which the Bolshevik army won. A labor reform was passed, a clear working day was established, mandatory days off and holidays. All workers were entitled to a pension. Everyone has the right to free education and health care. The capital was moved to Moscow. The USSR was created.
Along with many social reforms, religion was persecuted. Almost all churches and monasteries were closed, property was liquidated or plundered. Mass terror and executions continued, an unbearable surplus appropriation was introduced (a tax in grain and products paid by the peasants), an exodus of the intelligentsia and the cultural elite. He died in 1924, in recent years he was ill and practically cannot lead the country. This is the only person whose body is still embalmed in Red Square.
Joseph Stalin (1924 - 1953)
In the course of numerous intrigues, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili became the leader of the country. Soviet revolutionary, supporter of Marxism. The timing of his reign is still considered ambiguous. Stalin directed the development of the country towards mass industrialization and collectivization. Formed a super-centralized administrative-command system. His reign became an example of a rigid autocracy.
Heavy industry was actively developing in the country, there was an increase in the construction of factories, reservoirs, canals and other large-scale projects. But often the work was done by prisoners. The time of Stalin was remembered for mass terror, conspiracies against many intellectuals, executions, deportation of peoples, violation of fundamental human rights. The personality cult of Stalin and Lenin flourished.
Stalin was the supreme commander during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Soviet army won a victory in the USSR and reached Berlin, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Stalin died in 1953.
Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 1962)
Khrushchev's rule is called the "thaw". During his leadership, many political "criminals" were released or commuted, and ideological censorship was reduced. The USSR actively explored space, and for the first time under Nikita Sergeevich, our cosmonauts flew into outer space. The construction of residential buildings developed at an active pace to provide young families with apartments.
Khrushchev's policy was aimed at combating personal farming. He forbade collective farmers to keep personal livestock. The corn campaign was actively carried out - an attempt to make corn the main crop. Virgin lands were massively developed. Khrushchev's reign was remembered for the Novocherkassk execution of workers, the Caribbean crisis, the beginning of the Cold War, and the construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev was removed from the post of First Secretary as a result of a conspiracy.
Leonid Brezhnev (1962 - 1982)
The period of Brezhnev's rule in history was called the "era of stagnation". Nevertheless, in 2013 he was recognized as the best leader of the USSR. Heavy industry continued to develop in the country, and the light sector grew at a minimal pace. In 1972, the anti-alcohol campaign passed, and the volume of alcohol production decreased, but the shadow sector of the distribution of the surrogate increased.
Under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, the Afghan war was unleashed in 1979. The international policy of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was aimed at defusing world tension in connection with the Cold War. France signed a joint statement on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. In 1980, the Summer Olympics were held in Moscow.
Yuri Andropov (1982 - 1984)
Andropov was the chairman of the KGB from 1967 to 1982, which could not but be reflected in the short period of his rule. The role of the KGB was strengthened. Special subdivisions were created to supervise enterprises and organizations of the USSR. A large-scale campaign was held to strengthen labor discipline at factories. Yuri Andropov began a general purge of the party apparatus. There were high-profile trials on corruption issues. Planned to begin the modernization of the political apparatus and a number of economic reforms. Andropov died in 1984 as a result of kidney failure due to gout.
Konstantin Chernenko (1984 - 1985)
Chernenko got into the leadership of the state at the age of 72, already having serious health problems. And was considered just an intermediate figure. He was in power for a little less than a year. Historians disagree on the role of Konstantin Chernenko. Some believe that he hindered Andropov's undertakings by hiding corruption cases. Others believe that Chernenko was a successor to the policy of his predecessor. Konstantin Ustinovich died of cardiac arrest in March 1985.
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)
He became the last general secretary of the party and the last leader of the USSR. Gorbachev's role in the life of the country is considered ambiguous. He has received many awards, the most prestigious being the Nobel Peace Prize. Under him, cardinal reforms were carried out and the policy of the state was changed. Gorbachev outlined a course for "perestroika" - the introduction of market relations, the democratic development of the country, publicity and freedom of speech. All this led the unprepared country to a deep crisis. Under Mikhail Sergeyevich, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, and the Cold War ended. The USSR and the Warsaw bloc collapsed.
Table of the reign of Russian tsars
A table representing all the rulers of Russia in chronological order. Next to the name of each king, emperor and head of state is the time of his reign. The scheme gives an idea of the sequence of monarchs.
| Name of the ruler | Time period of government |
| John the Fourth | 1533 – 1584 |
| Fedor Ioannovich | 1584 – 1598 |
| Irina Fedorovna | 1598 – 1598 |
| Boris Godunov | 1598 – 1605 |
| Fedor Godunov | 1605 – 1605 |
| False Dmitry | 1605 – 1606 |
| Vasily Shuisky | 1606 – 1610 |
| Vladislav the Fourth | 1610 – 1613 |
| Mikhail Romanov | 1613 – 1645 |
| Alexey Mikhailovich | 1645 – 1676 |
| Fedor Alekseevich | 1676 – 1682 |
| John the Fifth | 1682 – 1696 |
| Peter the Great | 1682 – 1725 |
| Catherine the First | 1725 – 1727 |
| Peter II | 1727 – 1730 |
| Anna Ioannovna | 1730 – 1740 |
| John the Sixth | 1740 – 1741 |
| Elizaveta Petrovna | 1741 – 1762 |
| Peter the Third | 1762 -1762 |
| Catherine II | 1762 – 1796 |
| Pavel the First | 1796 – 1801 |
| Alexander the First | 1801 – 1825 |
| Nicholas the First | 1825 – 1855 |
| Alexander II | 1855 – 1881 |
| Alexander the Third | 1881 – 1894 |
| Nicholas II | 1894 – 1917 |
| Georgy Lvov | 1917 – 1917 |
| Alexander Kerensky | 1917 – 1917 |
| Vladimir Lenin | 1917 – 1924 |
| Joseph Stalin | 1924 – 1953 |
| Nikita Khrushchev | 1953 – 1962 |
| Leonid Brezhnev | 1962 – 1982 |
| Yuri Andropov | 1982 – 1984 |
| Konstantin Chernenko | 1984 – 1985 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | 1985 — 1991 |
All the supreme rulers in Russia put a lot into its development. Thanks to the power of the ancient Russian princes, the country was built, territorially expanded, and provided with protection to fight the enemy. Many buildings were built, which today have become an international historical and cultural landmark. Russia was replaced by a dozen rulers. Kievan Rus finally disintegrated after the death of Prince Mstislav.
The collapse took place in 1132. Separate, independent states were formed. All territories have lost their value.
Princes of Russia in chronological order
The first princes in Russia (the table is presented below) appeared thanks to the Rurik dynasty.
Prince Rurik
Rurik ruled the Novgorodians near the Varangian Sea. Therefore, he had two names: Novgorod, Varangian. After the death of his brothers, Rurik remained the only ruler in Russia. He was married to Efanda. His assistants. They looked after the economy, arranged courts.
The reign of Rurik in Russia fell in the period from 862 to 879. After, he was killed by two brothers Dir and Askold, they took the city of Kyiv into power.
Prince Oleg (Prophetic)
Dir and Askold did not rule for long. Oleg was Efanda's brother, he decided to take matters into his own hands. Oleg was famous throughout Russia for his intelligence, strength, courage, dominance.He captured the city of Smolensk, Lyubech and Constantinople in his possession. He made the city of Kyiv the capital of the Kievan state. Killed Askold and Dir.Igor, became the adopted son of Oleg and his direct heir to the throne.In his state lived the Varangians, Slovaks, Krivichi, Drevlyans, northerners, glades, Tivertsy, Ulichi.
In 909, Oleg met a wise sorcerer who told him:
- You will soon die from a snake bite, because you will abandon your horse. It so happened that the prince abandoned his horse, exchanging it for a new, younger one.
In 912, Oleg learned that his horse had died. He decided to go to the place where the remains of the horse lay.
Oleg asked:
- From this, the horse, I will accept death? And then, a poisonous snake crawled out of the horse's skull. The snake bit him, after which Oleg died. The prince's funeral lasted several days with all honors, because he was considered the most powerful ruler.
Prince Igor
Immediately, after the death of Oleg, the throne was taken by his stepson (Rurik's own son) Igor. The dates of the reign of the prince in Russia vary from 912 to 945. His main task was to preserve the unity of the state. Igor defended his state from the attack of the Pechenegs, who periodically made attempts to take over Russia. All the tribes that were in the state regularly paid tribute.
In 913, Igor married a young Pskovian girl, Olga. He met her by chance in the city of Pskov. During his reign, Igor suffered quite a few attacks and battles. While fighting the Khazars, he lost all his best army. After that, he had to re-create the armed defense of the state.
And again, in 914, the new army of the prince was destroyed in the fight against the Byzantines. The war lasted a long time and as a result, the prince signed an eternal peace treaty with Constantinople. The wife helped her husband in everything. They ruled half of the state. In 942, they had a son, who was named Svyatoslav. In 945, Prince Igor was killed by neighboring Drevlyans who did not want to pay tribute.
Princess Saint Olga
After the death of her husband Igor, his wife Olga took the throne. Despite the fact that she was a woman, she was able to manage the entire Kievan Rus. In this not an easy task, she was helped by intelligence, quick wit and masculinity. All the qualities of a ruler gathered in one woman and helped her to cope well with the rule of the state. She took revenge on the greedy Drevlyans for the death of her husband. Their city Korosten soon became part of her possession. Olga is the first of the Russian rulers who converted to Christianity.
Svyatoslav Igorevich
Olga waited a long time for her son to grow up. And having reached the age of majority, Svyatoslav fully became the ruler in Russia. The years of the reign of the prince in Russia from 964 to 972. Svyatoslav, already at the age of three, became the direct heir to the throne. But since he could not physically manage Kievan Rus, his mother, St. Olga, replaced him. All childhood and adolescence, the child learned military affairs. Studied courage, militancy. In 967, his army defeated the Bulgarians. After the death of his mother, in 970, Svyatoslav staged an invasion of Byzantium. But the forces were not equal. He was forced to sign a peace treaty with Byzantium. Svyatoslav had three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir. After Svyatoslav returned back to Kyiv in March 972, the young prince was killed by the Pechenegs. From his skull, the Pechenegs forged a gilded bowl for pies.
After the death of his father, the throne was taken by one of the sons, the prince of Ancient Russia (table below) Yaropolk.
Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich
Despite the fact that Yaropolk, Oleg, Vladimir were brothers, they were never friends. Moreover, they were constantly at war with each other.
All three wanted to rule Russia. But Yaropolk won the fight. Sent his siblings out of the country. During the reign, he managed to conclude a peaceful, eternal treaty with Byzantium. Yaropolk wanted to make friends with Rome. Many were not happy with the new ruler. There was a lot of permissiveness. The pagans, together with Vladimir (Yaropolk's brother), successfully seized power into their own hands. Yaropolk had no choice but to flee the country. He began to live in the city of Roden. But some time later, in 980, he was killed by the Vikings. Yaropolk decided to make an attempt to seize Kyiv for himself, but it all ended in failure. During his short reign, Yaropolk failed to make global changes in Kievan Rus, because he was famous for his peacefulness.
Vladimir Svyatoslavovich
Prince Vladimir of Novgorod was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. Ruled by Kievan Rus from 980 to 1015. He was warlike, courageous, possessed all the necessary qualities that the ruler of Kievan Rus should have had. He performed all the functions of a prince in ancient Russia.
During his reign,
- built a defense along the rivers Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula.
- There were many beautiful buildings built.
- Made Christianity the state religion.
Thanks to his great contribution to the development and prosperity of Kievan Rus, he received the nickname "Vladimir the Red Sun." He had seven sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris, Gleb. He divided his lands equally among all his sons.
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich
Immediately after the death of his father in 1015, he became the ruler of Russia. He was not enough part of Russia. He wanted to take over the entire Kyiv state and decided to get rid of his own brothers. To begin with, on his orders, it was necessary to kill Gleb, Boris, Svyatoslav. But this did not bring him happiness. Without causing the approval of the people, he was expelled from Kyiv. For help in the war with his brothers, Svyatopolk turned to his father-in-law, who was the king of Poland. He helped his son-in-law, but the reign of Kievan Rus did not last long. In 1019 he had to flee from Kyiv. In the same year, he committed suicide, as his conscience tormented him, because he killed his brothers.
Yaroslav Vladimirovich (Wise)
He ruled Kievan Rus in the period from 1019 to 1054. He was nicknamed the Wise, because he had an amazing mind, wisdom, masculinity, inherited from his father. He built two large cities: Yaroslavl, Yuryev. He treated his people with care and understanding. One of the first princes who introduced a code of laws called “Russian Truth” into the state. Following his father, he divided the land equally between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav. From birth, he brought up in them peace, wisdom, love of the people.
Izyaslav Yaroslavovich the First
Immediately after the death of his father, he took the throne. He ruled Kievan Rus from 1054 to 1078. The only prince in history who could not cope with his duties. His assistant was his son Vladimir, without whom Izyaslav would have simply ruined Kievan Rus.
Svyatopolk
The spineless prince took over the reign of Kievan Rus immediately after the death of his father Izyaslav. Ruled from 1078 to 1113.
It was difficult for him to find a common language with the ancient Russian princes (table below). During his reign, there was a campaign against the Polovtsy, in the organization of which Vladimir Monomakh helped him. They won the battle.
Vladimir Monomakh
After the death of Svyatopolk, Vladimir was elected ruler in 1113. He served the state until 1125. Smart, honest, brave, reliable, courageous. It was these qualities of Vladimir Monomakh that helped him rule Kievan Rus and fall in love with the people. He is the last of the princes of Kievan Rus (table below), who managed to preserve the state in its original form.
Attention
All wars with the Polovtsy ended in victory.
Mstislav and the collapse of Kievan Rus
Mstislav is the son of Vladimir Monomakh. He took the throne of the ruler in 1125. He was similar to his father not only outwardly, but also in character, in the way of ruling Russia. The people treated him with respect. In 1134, he handed over the reign to his brother Yaropolk. That served as the development of unrest in the history of Russia. Monomakhovichi lost the throne. But soon there was a complete disintegration of Kievan Rus into thirteen separate states.
The Kyiv rulers did a lot for the Russian people. During their reign, everyone diligently fought against the enemies. There was a development of Kievan Rus as a whole. Many buildings were completed, beautiful buildings, churches, schools, bridges that were destroyed by enemies, and everything was built anew. All the princes of Kievan Rus, the table below, did a lot to make history unforgettable.
Table. Princes of Russia in chronological order
|
Prince's name |
Years of government |
|
|
10. 11. 12. 13. |
Rurik Oleg Prophetic Igor Olga Svyatoslav Yaropolk Vladimir Svyatopolk Yaroslav the Wise Izyaslav Svyatopolk Vladimir Monomakh Mstislav |
862-879 879-912 912-945 945-964 964-972 972-980 980-1015 1015-1019 1019-1054 1054-1078 1078-1113 1113-1125 1125-1134 |
The description of history in textbooks and multi-million editions of works of art in recent decades has been questioned, to put it mildly. Of great importance in the study of ancient times are the rulers of Russia in chronological order. People who are interested in their native history begin to understand that, in fact, its real, written on paper, does not exist, there are versions from which everyone chooses his own, corresponding to his ideas. History from textbooks is suitable only for the role of a starting point.
Rulers of Russia during the period of the highest rise of the Ancient State
Much of what is known about the history of Russia - Russia, is gleaned from the "lists" of chronicles, the originals of which have not been preserved. In addition, even copies often contradict themselves and the elementary logic of events. Often historians are forced to accept only their own opinion and claim it is the only true one.
The first legendary rulers of Russia, who date back to 2.5 thousand years BC, were brothers Sloven and Rus. They lead their family from the son of Noah Japhet (hence Vandal, Encourage, etc.). The people of Rus are Rusichi, Russ, the people of Slovenia are Slovenes, Slavs. On the lake The Ilmen brothers built the cities of Slovensk and Rusa (nowadays Staraya Rusa). Veliky Novgorod was later built on the site of the burned-out Slovensk.
Known descendants of Slovenia - Burivoi and Gostomysl- the son of Burivogo, either a posadnik, or a foreman of Novgorod, who, having lost all his sons in battles, called his grandson Rurik to Russia from a related tribe of Russia (specifically from the island of Rugen).
Next come the versions written by the German "historiographers" (Bayer, Miller, Schletzer) in the Russian service. In the German historiography of Russia, it is striking that it was written by people who did not know the Russian language, traditions and beliefs. Who collected and rewrote the annals, not preserving, but often deliberately destroying, adjusting the facts to some kind of ready-made version. Interestingly, for several hundred years, Russian historiographers, instead of refuting the German version of history, did their best to fit new facts and research into it.
The rulers of Russia according to historical tradition:
1. Rurik (862 - 879)- called by his grandfather to restore order and stop civil strife between the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes in the territory of modern Leningrad and Novgorod regions. He founded or restored the city of Ladoga (Staraya Ladoga). Ruled in Novgorod. After the Novgorod uprising in 864, under the leadership of the governor Vadim the Brave, he united northwestern Russia under his command.
According to legend, he sent (or they themselves left) the combatants Askold and Dir to fight in Constantinople by water. They captured Kyiv along the way.
How the ancestor of the Rurik dynasty died is not exactly known.
2. Oleg the Prophet (879 - 912)- a relative or successor of Rurik, who remained at the head of the Novgorod state, either as the guardian of Rurik's son - Igor, or as a competent prince.
In 882 he goes to Kyiv. On the way, he peacefully joins the principality with many tribal Slavic lands along the Dnieper, including the lands of the Smolensk Krivichi. In Kyiv he kills Askold and Dir, makes Kyiv the capital.
In 907, he wages a victorious war with Byzantium - a trade agreement beneficial for Russia was signed. Nails his shield to the gates of Constantinople. He makes many successful and not very military campaigns (including defending the interests of the Khazar Khaganate), becoming the creator of the state of Kievan Rus. According to legend, he dies from a snake bite.
3. Igor (912 - 945)- fights for the unity of the state, constantly pacifying and annexing the surrounding Kyiv lands, Slavic tribes. He has been fighting since 920 with the Pechenegs. He makes two trips to Constantinople: in 941 - unsuccessful, in 944 - with the conclusion of an agreement on more favorable terms for Russia than Oleg's. Dies at the hands of the Drevlyans, having gone for a second tribute.
4. Olga (945 - after 959)- Regent for the three-year-old Svyatoslav. The date of birth and origin have not been precisely established - either an obscure Varangian, or Oleg's daughter. She cruelly and subtly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband. Clearly set the size of the tribute. She divided Russia into parts controlled by the Tiuns. Introduced a system of churchyards - places of trade and exchange. She built fortresses and cities. In 955 she was baptized in Constantinople.
The time of her reign is characterized by peace with the surrounding countries and the development of the state in all respects. The first Russian saint. She died in 969.
5. Svyatoslav Igorevich (959 - March 972)- the date of the beginning of the reign is relative - the country was ruled by the mother until her death, while Svyatoslav himself preferred to fight and rarely visited Kyiv and not for long. Even the first raid of the Pechenegs and the siege of Kyiv was met by Olga.
As a result of two campaigns, Svyatoslav defeated the Khazar Khaganate, to which Russia paid tribute for a long time with its soldiers. He conquered and imposed tribute on the Volga Bulgaria. Supporting ancient traditions and in agreement with the squad, he despised Christians, Muslims and Jews. He conquered Tmutarakan and made the Vyatichi tributaries. In the period from 967 to 969 he successfully fought in Bulgaria under an agreement with the Byzantine Empire. In 969, he distributed Russia between his sons into destinies: Yaropolk - Kyiv, Oleg - the Drevlyansk lands, Vladimir (the bastard son from the housekeeper) - Novgorod. He himself went to the new capital of his state - Pereyaslavets on the Danube. In 970 - 971 he fought with the Byzantine Empire with varying success. He was killed by the Pechenegs, bribed by Constantinople, on the way to Kyiv, as he became too strong an opponent for Byzantium.
6. Yaropolk Svyatoslavich (972 - 11.06.978)- tried to establish a relationship with the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. Supported Christians in Kyiv. He minted his own coin.
In 978 he defeated the Pechenegs. Since 977, at the instigation of the boyars, he began an internecine war with his brothers. Oleg died trampled by horses during the siege of the fortress, Vladimir fled "over the sea" and returned with a mercenary army. As a result of the war, Yaropolk, invited to the negotiations, was killed, and Vladimir took the place of grand duke.
7. Vladimir Svyatoslavich (06/11/978 - 07/15/1015)- made attempts to reform the Slavic Vedic cult, using human sacrifices. He conquered Cherven Rus and Przemysl from the Poles. He conquered the Yotvingians, which opened the way for Russia to the Baltic Sea. He overlaid tribute to the Vyatichi and Rodimichi, while uniting the Novgorod and Kyiv lands. He concluded a favorable peace with the Volga Bulgaria.
In 988, he captured Korsun in the Crimea and threatened to go to Constantinople if he did not get the sister of the emperor of Byzantium as his wife. Having received a wife, he was baptized there in Korsun and began to plant Christianity in Russia with “fire and sword”. During the forced Christianization, the country became depopulated - out of 12 million, only 3 remained. Only Rostov-Suzdal land was able to avoid forced Christianization.
He paid much attention to the recognition of Kievan Rus in the West. He built several fortresses to defend the principality from the Polovtsians. With military campaigns he reached the North Caucasus.
8. Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1016, 1018 - 1019)- using the support of the people and the boyars, he took the throne of Kyiv. Soon three brothers die - Boris, Gleb, Svyatoslav. An open struggle for the grand prince's throne begins to be waged by his own brother, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod. After being defeated by Yaroslav, Svyatopolk runs to his father-in-law, King Boleslav I of Poland the Brave. In 1018, with the Polish troops, he defeats Yaroslav. The Poles, who began to plunder Kyiv, cause popular indignation, and Svyatopolk is forced to disperse them, left without troops.
Returning with new troops, Yaroslav easily takes Kyiv. Svyatopolk, with the help of the Pechenegs, is trying to regain power, but to no avail. Dies, deciding to go to the Pechenegs.
For the murders of the brothers attributed to him, he was nicknamed the Accursed.
9. Yaroslav the Wise (1016 - 1018, 1019 - 20.02.1054)- first settled in Kyiv during the war with his brother Svyatopolk. He received support from the Novgorodians, and besides them he had a mercenary army.
The beginning of the second period of reign was marked by princely strife with his brother Mstislav, who defeated Yaroslav's troops and captured the left bank of the Dnieper with Chernigov. Peace was concluded between the brothers, they went on joint campaigns against the Yasses and the Poles, but the Grand Duke Yaroslav, until the death of his brother, stayed in Novgorod, and not in capital Kyiv.
In 1030 he defeated the Chud and founded the city of Yuryev. Immediately after Mstislav's death, fearing competition, he imprisons his last brother Sudislav and moves to Kyiv.
In 1036 he defeated the Pechenegs, freeing Russia from raids. In subsequent years, he made trips to the Yotvingians, Lithuania and Mazovia. In 1043 - 1046 he fought with the Byzantine Empire because of the murder of a noble Russian in Constantinople. He breaks the alliance with Poland and gives his daughter Anna to the French king.
Founds monasteries and builds temples, incl. Sophia Cathedral, erects stone walls to Kyiv. By order of Yaroslav, many books are translated and rewritten. Opens the first school for the children of priests and village elders in Novgorod. Under him, the first metropolitan of Russian origin appears - Hilarion.
Publishes the Church Charter and the first known code of laws of Russia "Russian Truth".
10. Izyaslav Yaroslavich (02/20/1054 - 09/14/1068, 05/2/1069 - March 1073, 06/15/1077 - 10/3/1078)- not beloved by the people of Kiev, the prince, who was forced to periodically hide outside the principality. Together with the brothers, he creates a code of laws "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs". The first board is characterized by joint decision-making by all brothers Yaroslaviches - Triumvirate.
In 1055, the brothers defeated the Torks near Pereyaslavl and established borders with the Polovtsian Land. Izyaslav assists Byzantium in Armenia, seizes the lands of the Baltic people - golyad. In 1067, as a result of the war with the Principality of Polotsk, he captured Prince Vseslav Charodey by deceit.
In 1068, Izyaslav refuses to arm the people of Kiev against the Polovtsy, for which he is expelled from Kyiv. Returns with Polish troops.
In 1073, as a result of a conspiracy drawn up by his younger brothers, he leaves Kyiv and wanders around Europe for a long time in search of allies. The throne returns after Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich dies.
He died in a battle with his nephews near Chernigov.
11. Vseslav Bryachislavich (09/14/1068 - April 1069)- Polotsk prince, released from arrest by the people of Kiev, who rebelled against Izyaslav and elevated to the throne of the Grand Duke. He left Kyiv when Izyaslav was approaching with the Poles. He reigned in Polotsk for more than 30 years, without stopping the fight against the Yaroslavichs.
12.Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (22.03.1073 - 27.12.1076)- came to power in Kyiv as a result of a conspiracy against his older brother, with the support of the people of Kiev. He devoted much attention and funds to the maintenance of the clergy and the church. Died as a result of surgery.
13.Vsevolod Yaroslavich (01/01/1077 - July 1077, October 1078 - 04/13/1093)- the first period ended with a voluntary transfer of power to his brother Izyaslav. The second time he took the grand duke's place after the death of the latter in an internecine war.
Almost the entire period of reign was marked by a fierce internecine struggle, especially with the Polotsk principality. Vladimir Monomakh, the son of Vsevolod, distinguished himself in this civil strife, who, with the help of the Polovtsy, carried out several devastating campaigns against the Polotsk lands.
Vsevolod and Monomakh carried out campaigns against the Vyatichi and Polovtsy.
Vsevolod gave his daughter Eupraxia to the Emperor of the Roman Empire. The marriage, consecrated by the church, ended in scandal and the accusation of the emperor of conducting satanic rituals.
14. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (24.04.1093 - 16.04.1113)- first of all, having ascended the throne, he arrested the Polovtsian ambassadors, unleashing a war. As a result, together with V. Monomakh, he was defeated by the Polovtsy at Stugna and Zhelan, Torchesk was burned, and three main Kyiv monasteries were plundered.
Princely civil strife was not stopped by the congress of princes held in 1097 in Lyubech, which secured possessions for offshoots of princely dynasties. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich remained the Grand Duke and ruler of Kyiv and Turov. Immediately after the congress, he slandered V. Monomakh and other princes. They responded with a siege of Kyiv, which ended in a truce.
In 1100, at the congress of princes in Uvetchitsy, Svyatopolk received Volhynia.
In 1104, Svyatopolk organized a campaign against the Minsk prince Gleb.
In 1103 - 1111, a coalition of princes led by Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh successfully waged a war against the Polovtsians.
The death of Svyatopolk was accompanied by an uprising in Kyiv against the boyars and usurers closest to him.
15. Vladimir Monomakh (20.04.1113 - 19.05.1125)- invited to reign during the uprising in Kyiv against the administration of Svyatopolk. He created the “Charter on Cuts”, which was included in the Russkaya Pravda, which facilitated the position of debtors while fully preserving feudal relations.
The beginning of the reign was not without civil strife: Yaroslav Svyatopolchich, who claimed the throne of Kyiv, had to be expelled from Volhynia. The period of Monomakh's reign was the last period of strengthening of the grand duke's power in Kyiv. Together with his sons, the Grand Duke owned 75% of the territory of chronicle Russia.
To strengthen the state, Monomakh often used dynastic marriages and his authority as a military leader - the winner of the Polovtsy. During his reign, the sons defeated the Chud, defeated the Volga Bulgars.
In 1116 - 1119 Vladimir Vsevolodovich successfully fought with Byzantium. As a result of the war, as a ransom, he received from the emperor the title "Tsar of All Russia", a scepter, orb, royal crown (Monomakh's hat). As a result of the negotiations, Monomakh married his granddaughter to the emperor.
16. Mstislav the Great (05/20/1125 - 04/15/1132)- originally owned only the Kyiv land, but was recognized as the eldest among the princes. Gradually began to control the cities of Novgorod, Chernigov, Kursk, Murom, Ryazan, Smolensk and Turov through dynastic marriages and sons.
In 1129 he plundered the Polotsk lands. In 1131, he deprived and expelled the princes of Polotsk, headed by the son of Vseslav Charodey - Davyd.
In the period from 1130 to 1132 he made several campaigns with varying success against the Baltic tribes, including the Chud and Lithuania.
The state of Mstislav is the last informal association of the principalities of Kievan Rus. He controlled all the major cities, all the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks", the accumulated military force gave him the right to be called the Great in the annals.
The rulers of the Old Russian state during the period of fragmentation and decline of Kyiv
The princes on the throne of Kiev during this period are replaced often and do not rule for long, for the most part they do not show themselves anything remarkable:
1. Yaropolk Vladimirovich (04/17/1132 - 02/18/1139)- the prince of Pereyaslavl was called to rule the people of Kiev, but his very first decision to transfer Pereyaslavl to Izyaslav Mstislavich, who had previously ruled in Polotsk, caused outrage among the people of Kiev and the expulsion of Yaropolk. In the same year, the people of Kiev called Yaropolk again, but Polotsk, to which the dynasty of Vseslav the Enchanter returned, was separated from Kievan Rus.
In the internecine struggle that began between the various branches of the Rurikovich, the Grand Duke could not show firmness and by the time of his death had lost control, except for Polotsk, over Novgorod and Chernigov. Nominally, only Rostov - Suzdal land was subordinate to him.
2. Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (22.02 - 04.03.1139, April 1151 - 02.06.1154)- the first, one and a half week period of reign ended with the overthrow from the throne by Vsevolod Olgovich, the Chernigov prince.
In the second period, it was only an official sign, real power belonged to Izyaslav Mstislavich.
3. Vsevolod Olgovich (5.03.1139 - 1.08.1146)- Prince of Chernigov, forcefully removed Vyacheslav Vladimirovich from the throne, interrupting the reign of the Monomashichs in Kyiv. Was not loved by the people of Kiev. The entire period of his reign skillfully maneuvered between the Mstislavovichs and the Monomashichs. Constantly fought with the latter, tried not to allow his own relatives to the grand ducal power.
4. Igor Olgovich (1 - 13.08.1146)- Kyiv received according to the will of his brother, which outraged the inhabitants of the city. The townspeople called Izyaslav Mstislavich to the throne from Pereslavl. After the battle between the applicants, Igor was planted in a cut, where he fell seriously ill. Released from there, he was tonsured a monk, but in 1147, on suspicion of plotting against Izyaslav, he was executed by the vengeful people of Kiev only because Olgovich.
5. Izyaslav Mstislavich (08/13/1146 - 08/23/1149, 1151 - 11/13/1154)- in the first period, directly except for Kyiv, he ruled Pereyaslavl, Turov, Volyn. In the internecine struggle with Yuri Dolgoruky and his allies, he enjoyed the support of the people of Novgorod, Smolensk and Ryazan. He often attracted allied Polovtsians, Hungarians, Czechs, and Poles into his ranks.
For attempting to elect a Russian metropolitan without the approval of the patriarch from Constantinople, he was excommunicated from the church.
He had the support of the people of Kiev in the fight against the Suzdal princes.
6. Yuri Dolgoruky (08/28/1149 - summer 1150, summer 1150 - early 1151, 03/20/1155 - 05/15/1157)- Prince of Suzdal, son of V. Monomakh. He sat on the throne three times. The first two times he was expelled from Kyiv by Izyaslav and the people of Kiev. In his struggle for the rights of the Monomashichs, he relied on the support of Novgorod - the Seversky prince Svyatoslav (brother of Igor executed in Kyiv), Galicians and Polovtsians. The battle on the Ruta in 1151 became decisive in the fight against Izyaslav. Having lost which, Yuri, one by one, lost all his allies in the south.
The third time he subjugated Kyiv after Izyaslav and his co-ruler Vyacheslav died. In 1157 he made an unsuccessful campaign against Volyn, where the sons of Izyaslav settled.
Presumably poisoned by the people of Kiev.
In the south, only one son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Gleb, was able to gain a foothold in the Pereyaslavl principality, which was isolated from Kyiv.
7. Rostislav Mstislavich (1154 - 1155, 04/12/1159 - 02/08/1161, March 1161 - 03/14/1167)- for 40 years, the Smolensk prince. Founded the Grand Duchy of Smolensk. The first time he took the Kyiv throne at the invitation of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich, who called him to co-rulers, but soon died. Rostislav Mstislavich was forced to meet Yuri Dolgoruky. Having met with his uncle, the Smolensk prince ceded Kyiv to an older relative.
The second and third terms of reign in Kyiv were divided by the attack of Izyaslav Davydovich with the Polovtsy, which forced Rostislav Mstislavovich to hide in Belgorod, waiting for the allies.
The board was distinguished by calmness, insignificance of civil strife and peaceful resolution of conflicts. In every possible way, attempts by the Polovtsy to disturb the peace in Russia were suppressed.
With the help of a dynastic marriage, he annexed Vitebsk to the Smolensk principality.
8. Izyaslav Davydovich (winter 1155, 05/19/1157 - December 1158, 02.12 - 03/06/1161)- the first time he became the Grand Duke, defeating the troops of Rostislav Mstislavich, but was forced to cede the throne to Yuri Dolgoruky.
The second time he took the throne after the death of Dolgoruky, but was defeated near Kyiv by the Volyn and Galich princes for refusing to extradite the pretender to the Galician throne.
The third time he captured Kyiv, but was defeated by the allies of Rostislav Mstislavich.
9. Mstislav Izyaslavich (12/22/1158 - spring 1159, 05/19/1167 - 03/12/1169, February - 04/13/1170)- the first time he became the prince of Kyiv, having expelled Izyaslav Davydovich, but ceded the great reign to Rostislav Mstislavich, as the eldest in the family.
The second time he was called to rule by the people of Kiev after the death of Rostislav Mstislavich. Could not keep the reign against the army of Andrei Bogolyubsky.
The third time he settled in Kyiv without a fight, using the love of the people of Kiev and expelling Gleb Yurievich, who was imprisoned in Kyiv by Andrei Bogolyubsky. However, abandoned by the allies, he was forced to return to Volhynia.
He became famous for his victory over the Polovtsy at the head of the coalition troops in 1168.
It is considered the last great Kyiv prince who had real power over Russia.
With the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Kyiv is increasingly becoming an ordinary appanage, although it retains the name "great". Problems, most likely, should be looked for in what and how the rulers of Russia did, in the chronological order of their succession to power. Decades of civil strife bore fruit - the principality weakened and lost its significance for Russia. Reigning in Kyiv than chief. Often the princes of Kyiv were appointed or changed by the Grand Duke from Vladimir.
- Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given according to the PVL, except for those cases where there is a generally accepted clarification from independent sources. For the Kyiv princes, the exact dates within the year (season or month and day) are indicated if they are named in the sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of the new one took place simultaneously. As a rule, the chronicles recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he did not return to Kyiv). In other cases, the date of the removal from the table was usually not named and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was left by the former prince, but it is not said when the successor prince took it. Dates for Vladimir princes are indicated in a similar way. For the Horde era, when the right to the Vladimir Grand Duchy was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign indicates the date when the prince sat on the table in Vladimir itself, and the end - when he actually lost control of the city. For the Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of the death of the previous prince, and for the period of the Moscow strife, the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of the reign, as a rule, is indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For the presidents of the Russian Federation - from the date of taking office.
- Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: Ways of political development. M., 1996. S.46.74; Glib IvakinІhistorical development Kiev XIII - middle XVI st. K., 1996; BDT. Volume Russia. M., 2004. pp. 275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. History Russian Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., - Kyiv, 2005. S. 411-419. Gorsky A. A. Russia from the Slavic Settlement to the Muscovite Kingdom. M., 2004. - C.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative all-Russian center to Kyiv began in the middle of the 12th century (from the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kyiv, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning XIV century, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Russia". The Vladimir table with the sanction of the Horde was received by one of the specific princes of North-Eastern Russia, from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes, from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principalities became the core of the modern Russian state.
- He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 22). According to the Lavrentievsky list of PVL and the Novgorod I chronicle, he sat in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, in 864 he founded Novgorod and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- S. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. fourteen). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of him in the annals refer to Gorodische.
- He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, the prince, tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor's infancy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, st. 1). In the Novgorod Chronicle I appears as a governor under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
- He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 23), most likely in the summer, since he was supposed to go on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the autumn of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod Chronicle I, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
- The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle in 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 42). Either this is just a feature of the design of the chronicle, or it took him time to sit down in Kyiv. When describing the death and funeral of Oleg, Igor is not mentioned. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the autumn of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of doom may have been november, because according to the data of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it was in November that the polyudye began. ( Litavrin G. G. Ancient Russia, Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 9th-10th centuries. // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore of the Slavic peoples. M., 1983. - S. 68.).
- Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals (in the list of Kyiv princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kyiv princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle), the ruler is not called (PSRL, vol. II, st. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). At the request of Olga, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Russia, but when he arrived in 961, he could not begin his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Russia in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
- The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946), and the first independent event - in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent rule nevertheless began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in the early spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).
- Planted in Kyiv by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After the death of his father, he continued to reign in Kyiv. Expelled from Kyiv and killed, the chronicle dates this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78). According to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11th 6486 (978 ) of the year.
- According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) of the PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kyiv in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to “In memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnikh - June 11th 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Russia. Vol. 1. - P. 326. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Russia. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).
- At the time of his father's death, he was in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).
- He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 142). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar Merseburgsky. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).
- Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143-144, Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).
- Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162), i.e. February 19, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date is added to the indication of Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The March style is used in the annals and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of the fast it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055 the fast began later, the author of the PVL used the March style of reckoning, erroneously increasing the term of Yaroslav's reign by one year. See. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Russia. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday 20 February are shown in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. The most probable date is determined by the ratio of the day and the day of the week - Sunday 20 February 1054.
- He arrived in Kyiv after the death of his father and sat on the throne according to his father's will (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). This probably happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav's body was taken from Vyshgorod to Kyiv, according to the annals, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was organizing the funeral, according to Nestor's Reading about Boris and Gleb - Izyaslav buried his father in Kyiv). The beginning of his reign is marked in the annals in 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed the death of Yaroslav to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).
- Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned Seven months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 172-173).
- Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182).
- Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). Died 27th of December 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).
- Sat on the throne 1st of January March 6584 (1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In the summer of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190).
- Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).
- Sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 204). Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
- Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentiev and Trinity chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 206), according to Ipatievskaya chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
- Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, Ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 295, vol. II, st. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208).
- Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). The exact date is determined by the day of the week.
- Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultramart 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) The Nikon Chronicle is clearly erroneous on November 8, 6646 (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).
- Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).
- Sat on the throne the 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, st. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles - July 30 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
- Sat on the throne the day after the death of his brother. (HIL., 1950. - S. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227) (possibly August 1 due to the discrepancy between the date of Vsevolod's death by 1 day, see the previous note). August 13 1146 was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).
- Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and retreated to Kyiv, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).
- Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kyiv, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).
- He entered Kyiv in August 1150 and sat down at Yaroslav's Court, but after protests from the people of Kiev and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
- Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).
- He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).
- Sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
- As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kyiv table. He sat down in Kyiv with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186. He died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).
- He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).
- He sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 344, vol. II, st. 476). Yielded power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, st. 477).
- Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) on Palm Sunday (that is, 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. - P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).
- Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
- Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the following year he ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348).
- Village in Kyiv April 12th 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kyiv on February 8, ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).
- Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).
- He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the Ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon Chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353, vol. II, st. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
- By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This story is also told by Jan Dlugosz ( Shchaveleva N. I. Ancient Russia in "Polish History" by Jan Dlugosh. M., 2004. - S.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention his reign at all, instead it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich, before his arrival, ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kyiv (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kyiv, but the chronicle does not directly speak about his entry into the city) , and the day before the arrival of Mstislav, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this report, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the princes of Kyiv.
- According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the annals, the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected for May 15 ( Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kyiv for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week, see below). Pyatnov A. P. Kyiv and Kyiv land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies/ №1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18.). The united army moved to Kyiv, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting correspond exactly to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S.336.) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
- Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).
- Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
- He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
- Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
- His reign in Kyiv is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). After a short time, having no support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he gave way to Roman Rostislavich ( Pyatnov A.V. Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - P. 500).
- Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kyiv in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the "month of July" in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kyiv, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).
- Mikhalko Yuryevich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kyiv table after Roman, sent his brother to Kyiv instead of himself. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian chronicles). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was taken prisoner by Davyd and Rurik Rostislavich to the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570).
- Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
- Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
- In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
- Sat in Kyiv 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. .234)
- He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).
- Sat in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).
- He entered Kyiv in 1176 (ultramart 6685), on Ilyin's day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kyiv due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich with his brothers, but as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kyiv to him. He returned to Kyiv in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616).
- Sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kyiv to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kyiv principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
- Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) . His co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Principality of Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 626). In historiography, their joint reign received the designation "duumvirate", however, Rurik is not included in the lists of Kyiv princes, since he did not sit on the Kyiv table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
- He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman Mstislavich in the Ultra-March 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kyiv at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, and Rurik remained on Gor). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
- Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yurievich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).
- Took Kyiv 2 January 1203(6711 ultramart) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711), Roman opposed Rurik and besieged him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians are of the opinion that after the sack of Kyiv, Rurik left the city without becoming a prince in it ( Grushevsky M. S. Essay on the history of the Kyiv land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century. K., 1891. - S. 265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 419). After a quarrel that took place in Trepol at the end of a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kyiv, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the “fierce winter” in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. From .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. .240; Gorovenko A.V. Sword of Roman Galitsky. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - S. 148). In the list of Kyiv princes compiled by L. Makhnovets, Roman is indicated by the prince for two weeks in 1204 ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky list. - K., 1989. - P. 522), in the list compiled by A. Poppe - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). SPb., 1996. - S. 474), but the annals do not say that he was in Kyiv. There is a message about this only in the so-called Izvestiya Tatishchev. Nevertheless, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his henchmen on the Kyiv table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to the Kiev principality for this). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kyiv princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL. T.II, stb. 2) and named prince "All Russia"- such a definition was applied only to the Kyiv princes (PSRL. T.II, stb.715).
- He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Shortly after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) ceded Kyiv to his father.
- He was cut short after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultramart 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)
- He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428).
- He sat down in Kyiv, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). He left Kyiv the following year when Vsevolod's troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). The reports in the annals under 1206 and 1207 may duplicate each other.
- He sat down in Kyiv in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429), in the autumn of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433).
- He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement with Vsevolod, in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718) he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message, perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kyiv. ( Pyatnov A.P. Fight for Kyiv table in 1210s. Controversial questions chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
- He sat down in Kyiv either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 of the year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sofia First Chronicle clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314). chronicles Vsevolod is listed as a prince of Kyiv under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411). However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
- His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
- His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) Sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the Novgorod First May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733 years) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. Date accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
- According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat in Kyiv in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-rulership. Sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) June 16 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). Having been defeated in the battle under Torche on the feast of the Ascension ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv (at the end of May or at the beginning of June) 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).
- In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv). In historiography it is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion is widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with that name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - S.14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. - S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from the Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kyiv.
- Freed from the Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniil Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777), Kyiv was ceded to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the Novgorod First Chronicle, his second reign is not mentioned.
- Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or soon after the battle na r. City ( 10th of March), in which the elder brother of Yaroslav, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (On the chronology of the reign of Yaroslav in Kyiv, see. Gorsky A. A. Problems studying “Words about death Russian land To 750 - anniversary from time of writing // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature” 1990. T. 43).
- A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustyn Chronicle, but it most likely simply started from the list here (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). Accept this reign M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Domongolian Rus. SPb, 2002. - S. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky List. - K., 1989. - S. 522).
- He occupied Kyiv in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kyiv, and continued to stay in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (c. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
- He occupied Kyiv after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).
- Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to the Lavrentievskaya and most of the later chronicles, Kyiv was taken on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470). According to the chronicles of Pskov origin (Annals of Abraham, Supraslskaya), in Monday 19 November. (PSRL, vol. XVI, st. 51). Cm. Stavisky V. I. On two dates storming Kyiv in 1240 according Russian chronicles // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature. 1990. T. 43
- He returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the Battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, “near Kyiv on an island” (on the island of the Dnieper) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when this happened, the annals do not say.
- Over the years, the Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in the Russian terminology of "kings") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
- In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kyiv is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitr Eykovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 806, indicated in the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with the Polish sources Starting with N. M. Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kyiv under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).
- After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde and sat in it. Died November 14
- Received Vladimir as a parish in 1140s years. He sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not given in early chronicles. According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal - June 4(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). Vladimir left his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, st. 580), according to the Sofia First Chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 238).
- He sat down in Vladimir in the ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks the siege retired (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).
- Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).
- Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
- He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, April 13 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.
- Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
- Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).
- Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465).
- Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)
- He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523), according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Exiled early in 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). This message is not found in other chronicles.
- He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.
- Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Russia during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
- In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
- Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustynsky chronicle, he is also called the Kyiv prince, however, the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
- Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).
- He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
- He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340.) Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - S. 15-16).
- He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
- He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Russia in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) years (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).
- He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Russia in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.
- He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
- He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).
- He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.
- In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 ( Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - P. 62).
- He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).
- Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under the years 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
- He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March, 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
- Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir 22nd of June(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) . When the Moscow troops approached, Vladimir left.
- He received a great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 434). Sat in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (i.e. early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P. 378).
- Having received a new label from the khan, he sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
- Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but this did not have any real consequences had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
- He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
- Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. For the first seven years, from 1264 to 1271, he was raised by his uncle, the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tver Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow (PSRL, vol. 15, st. 474). The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V. A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Aleksandrovich // Patriotic history. No. 1, 1995). Died the 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultra-March 6712) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
- Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
- See above.
- He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received a label for a great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Sofia Second Chronicle, October 5 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the Sophia First and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat "at the Most Pure at the Golden Doors" (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir (V. D. Nazarov defends the version of Vasily's enthronement in Vladimir. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. V.4. - P.629).
- He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
- He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
- Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
- He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
- He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner.
- Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. Vityaz at crossroads: Feudal war in Russia XV c. - M. : Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
- Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
- He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). The first of the Moscow princes used the title Sovereign of All Russia. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).
- At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the Dubrovsky list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).
- For the first time he was named Grand Duke in the agreement between Vasily II and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Suzdal, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that Prince Ivan was declared the Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
- The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
- From June 1471, in acts and annals, he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-ruler of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
- He was planted by Ivan III "to the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Russia" (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a wedding ceremony was held for the kingdom, and for the first time, the “hat Monomakh” was used for the coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his mind, declaring his son Vasily his heir.
- He was crowned by Ivan III for a great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
- Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
- Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was the regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
- On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. He died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
- Kasimov Khan, name before baptism Sain-Bulat. He was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Russia", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. First mentioned in Ivan's petition on October 30, 7084 of September (i.e., in this case, 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T. I. Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V. I. Zemsky Sobor in 1575 and the appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich “Grand Prince of All Russia” // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, there was a separate clause providing for “not wanting” Simeon and his children to reign.
- Crowned the kingdom on May 31, 1584. He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.
- After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Through eight days she went to a monastery, but in official documents she continued to be called the "empress queen and grand duchess."
- Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was married to the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about 3 p.m.
- He inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites, who recognized False Dmitry as tsar, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
- He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.
- Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. He was overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
- In the period - after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars ("seven boyars", in historiography, the seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar (see N. Marchotsky. History of the Moscow War. M., 2000.)
- Headed the Boyar Duma. He negotiated with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, until the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted the incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
- The highest body of executive power in the territory liberated from interventionists. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the whole land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky spoke out against the people's militia. In the spring of 1611, the Second Militia arose in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo headman on September 1, 1611) and D. M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new Zemsky government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king. After the unification of the First and Second Militias at the end of September 1612 D.T. Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemstvo government.
- March 14, 1613 agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 , July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.
- Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign."
- Crowning the kingdom on September 28, 1645. He died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
- Crowning the kingdom June 18, 1676. Died April 27, 1682.
- After the death of Fedor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter the Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle of the court factions, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers, and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed the "senior king." Joint wedding to the kingdom
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