Kamenev L.B. historical portrait

He graduated from the gymnasium in Tiflis and in 1901 entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He joined the student social-democratic circle. He was arrested for participating in a student demonstration on March 13, 1902, and in April he was exiled to Tiflis.

Lev Rosenfeld (Kamenev) was born in Moscow into the family of a Jewish machinist. He graduated from the gymnasium in Tiflis and in 1901 entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He joined the student social-democratic circle. He was arrested for participating in a student demonstration on March 13, 1902, and in April he was exiled to Tiflis. In the autumn of the same year, he left for Paris, where he met Lenin. At the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP in 1907, Kamenev joined the Central Committee (CC) of this party.

Kamenev conducted revolutionary work in the Caucasus, in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1914, he headed the Pravda newspaper. During the First World War, Kamenev spoke out against Lenin's popular slogan among the Bolsheviks about the defeat of his government in the imperialist war.

In 1917, he repeatedly disagreed with Lenin in his views on the revolution and on Russia's participation in the First World War. In particular, pointing out that “the German army did not follow the example of the Russian army and still obeys its emperor,” Kamenev concluded “that under such conditions, Russian soldiers cannot lay down their arms and go home,” therefore the demand “down with the war” is now meaningless and should be replaced by the slogan: "Pressure on the Provisional Government in order to force it openly ... to immediately come out with an attempt to persuade all the belligerent countries to immediately open negotiations on ways to end the world war."

Lenin criticized Kamenev's line, but considered a discussion with him useful.

At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b) on October 10 (23), 1917, Kamenev and Zinoviev voted against the decision to launch an armed uprising. They stated their position in a letter "To the Current Moment" sent by them to party organizations. Recognizing that the party was leading "the majority of the workers and, therefore, a part of the soldiers" (but by no means the majority of the bulk of the population), they expressed the hope that "with the right tactics, we can get a third or even more seats in the Constituent Assembly." The aggravation of poverty, hunger, and the peasant movement will put more and more pressure on the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties "and force them to seek an alliance with the proletarian party against the landowners and capitalists, represented by the Cadets." As a result, "our opponents will be forced to yield to us at every step, or together with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, non-Party peasants and others, we will form a ruling bloc, which in the main will have to carry out our program."

But the Bolsheviks can undermine their successes if "they now take the initiative in action and thereby expose the proletariat to the blow of a united counter-revolution supported by the petty-bourgeois democrats." "Against this destroying policy, we raise the voice of warning" ["Protocols of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b)" p. 87-92].

On October 18, in the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, Kamenev published an article "Yu. Kamenev on the 'performance'." On the one hand, Kamenev declared that he "is not aware of any decisions of our Party that include the appointment of any speech for one or another period," and that "there are no such decisions of the Party." On the other hand, he made it clear what was inside the Bolshevik. there is no unity in the leadership on this question: “Not only I and Comrade Zinoviev, but also a number of practical comrades find that to take the initiative of an armed uprising at the present moment, with the given balance of social forces, independently and a few days before the Congress of Soviets it was would be an unacceptable, disastrous step for the cause of the revolution and the proletariat" (ibid., pp. 115-16). Lenin regarded this speech as a disclosure of a virtually secret decision of the Central Committee and demanded that Kamenev and Zinoviev be expelled from the party. On October 20, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b), it was decided to confine ourselves to accepting Kamenev's resignation and to charge him and Zinoviev with the obligation not to make any statements against the planned line of the party.

During the October Revolution, on October 25 (November 7), 1917, Kamenev was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He left this post on November 4 (17), 1917, demanding the creation of a homogeneous socialist government (a coalition government of the Bolsheviks with the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries).

In November 1917, Kamenev joined the delegation sent to Brest to conclude a separate treaty with Germany. In January 1918, Kamenev, at the head of the Soviet delegation, went abroad as the new Russian ambassador to France, but the French government refused to recognize his authority. On his return to Russia, he was arrested on March 24, 1918 in the Aland Islands by the Finnish authorities. Kamenev was released on August 3, 1918 in exchange for the Finns arrested in Petrograd.

From September 1918 Kamenev was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and from October 1918 he was the chairman of the Moscow Council (he held this post until May 1926).

Since March 1919, Kamenev became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). On April 3, 1922, it was Kamenev who suggested that Stalin be appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). Since 1922, due to Lenin's illness, Kamenev presided over meetings of the Politburo.

Scientists and writers turned to Kamenev more than once for help; he managed to achieve release from the conclusion of the historian A.A. Kizevetter, writer I.A. Novikov and others. The poet M.A. invited Kamenev to his house in Koktebel. Voloshin. This did not prevent Kamenev, together with I.S. Unshlikht and D.I. Kursky to compile lists of "hostile intellectual groups" for the GPU, according to which the unreliable were sent abroad.

From September 1922, Kamenev was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR. After the formation of the USSR in December 1922, Kamenev became a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1923, Kamenev became the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the STO of the USSR, as well as the director of the Lenin Institute

After the death of Lenin, Kamnev in February 1924 became chairman of the STO of the USSR. In the internal party struggle between Stalin and Trotsky in 1924-25, Kamenev supported Stalin.

However, later, in 1925-27, Kamenev was one of the leaders of the opposition in the party. At the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) in December. 1925 Kamennev declared: "Stalin cannot play the role of a unifier of the Bolshevik headquarters. We are against the theory of one-man command, we are against creating a leader."

In December 1925, Kamenev was transferred from member to candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, and on January 26, 1926, he lost his posts in the Council of People's Commissars and the STO of the USSR and was appointed People's Commissar for Foreign and Domestic Trade of the USSR. On August 14, 1926, he was appointed plenipotentiary in Italy.

In October 1926, Kamenev was removed from the Politburo, in April. 1927 - from the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and in October 1927 - from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In December 1927, at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), Kamenev was expelled from the party.

In June 1928 Kamenev was reinstated in the party. In 1928-29 he was the head of the Scientific and Technical Directorate of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, and from May 1929 - Chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In October 1932, Kamenev was again expelled from the party in connection with the "Marxist-Leninists" case and sent into exile in Minusinsk.

In December 1933, Kamenev was again reinstated in the party and appointed director of the publishing house "Academy". Kamenev was the author of biographies of Herzen and Chernyshevsky.

In December 1934, Kamenev was arrested and in 1935 in the case of the "Moscow Center" he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, and then, in July 1935, in the case of the "Kremlin Library and Commandant's Office of the Kremlin" he was sentenced to 10 years in prison,

In 1936, Kamenev was convicted in an open trial in the case of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev United Center" and shot. On the way to the place of execution, he encouraged Grigory Zinoviev, crying, currying before the executioners: “Stop it, Grigory, we will die with dignity!” When his last moment came, Kamenev did not ask for anything and accepted death in silence.

Born in 1883, Moscow; Jew; unfinished higher;

director of the M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1919-1925. member of the Politburo of the Central Committee.

Lived: Moscow, Karmannitsky per., 3, apt. 5 (other address - Manezhnaya st., 9, apt. 13).

Source: Moscow, execution lists - Donskoy crematorium

*********************

Lev Borisovich Kamenev(real name Rosenfeld, July 6 (18), 1883 - August 25, 1936) - Soviet party and statesman, Bolshevik, revolutionary. In 1936 he was convicted in the case of the "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center" and shot. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1988.

early years

Lev Rosenfeld (Kamenev) was born in Moscow into an educated Russian-Jewish family. His father was a machinist on the Moscow-Kursk railway, later - after graduating from the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology - he became an engineer; mother graduated from Bestuzhev higher courses. He graduated from the gymnasium in Tiflis and in 1901 entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He joined the student social-democratic circle. He was arrested for participating in a student demonstration on March 13, 1902, and exiled to Tiflis in April. In the autumn of the same year he left for Paris, where he met Lenin. Returning to Russia in 1903, he prepared a railroad strike in Tiflis. Conducted propaganda among the workers in Moscow. Arrested and deported to Tiflis under open police supervision. At the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP in 1907, Kamenev joined the Central Committee (CC) of this party.

Kamenev conducted revolutionary work in the Caucasus, in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1914 he headed the Pravda newspaper. During the First World War, Kamenev spoke out against Lenin's slogan, popular among the Bolsheviks, about the defeat of his government in the imperialist war. In November 1914 he was arrested and in 1915 exiled to the Turukhansk region. While in exile in Achinsk, Kamenev, together with several merchants, sent a telegram of greetings addressed to Mikhail Romanov in connection with his voluntary renunciation of the throne as the first citizen of Russia. Released after the February Revolution.

October 1917

In 1917, he repeatedly disagreed with Lenin in his views on the revolution and on Russia's participation in the First World War. In particular, pointing out that The German army did not follow the example of the Russian army and still obeys its emperor", Kamenev concluded, " that in such conditions Russian soldiers cannot lay down their arms and go home», therefore, the demand “down with the war” is now meaningless and should be replaced by the slogan: “Pressure on the Provisional Government in order to force it openly ... to immediately come out with an attempt to persuade all the belligerent countries to immediately open negotiations on ways to end the world war”.

Lenin criticized Kamenev's line, but considered a discussion with him useful.

At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on October 10 (23), 1917, Kamenev and Zinoviev voted against the decision on an armed uprising. They stated their position in the letter "To the current moment", sent by them to the party organizations. Recognizing that the party was leading “the majority of the workers and, therefore, a part of the soldiers” (but by no means the majority of the bulk of the population), they expressed the hope that “with the right tactics we can get a third or even more seats in the Constituent Assembly.” The aggravation of poverty, hunger, and the peasant movement will put more and more pressure on the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties "and force them to seek an alliance with the proletarian party against the landowners and capitalists represented by the Cadets." As a result, "our opponents will be forced to yield to us at every step, or together with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, non-Party peasants and others we will form a ruling bloc, which in the main will have to carry out our program."

But the Bolsheviks can undermine their successes if "they now take the initiative in action and thereby put the proletariat under the blow of a united counter-revolution supported by the petty-bourgeois democrats." "Against this destructive policy, we raise the voice of warning" ["Protocols of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b)" p. 87-92].

On October 18, in the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, Kamenev published an article “Yu. Kamenev about the "speech". On the one hand, Kamenev announced that he "is not aware of any decisions of our Party that include the appointment of any speech for this or that period," and that "there are no such decisions of the Party." On the other hand, he made it clear that there was no unity on this issue within the Bolshevik leadership: “Not only me and Comrade Zinoviev, but also a number of practical comrades find that they can take the initiative of an armed uprising at the present moment, given the ratio of public forces, independently and a few days before the Congress of Soviets, it would be an unacceptable, disastrous step for the cause of the revolution and the proletariat” (ibid., pp. 115-116). Lenin regarded this speech as a disclosure of a virtually secret decision of the Central Committee and demanded that Kamenev and Zinoviev be expelled from the party. On October 20, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), it was decided to confine ourselves to accepting Kamenev's resignation and to charge him and Zinoviev with the obligation not to make any statements against the planned line of the party.

Party career

During the October Revolution, on October 25 (November 7), 1917, Kamenev was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He left this post on November 4 (17), 1917, demanding the creation of a homogeneous socialist government (a coalition government of the Bolsheviks with the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries).

In November 1917, Kamenev joined the delegation sent to Brest-Litovsk to conclude a separate treaty with Germany. In January 1918, Kamenev, at the head of the Soviet delegation, went abroad as the new Russian ambassador to France, but the French government refused to recognize his authority. Upon returning to Russia, he was arrested on March 24, 1918 in the Aland Islands by the Finnish authorities. Kamenev was released on August 3, 1918 in exchange for the Finns arrested in Petrograd.

From September 1918, Kamenev was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and from October 1918 - Chairman of the Moscow Council (he held this post until May 1926).

Since March 1919, Kamenev became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). On April 3, 1922, it was Kamenev who suggested that Stalin be appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). Since 1922, due to Lenin's illness, Kamenev presided over meetings of the Politburo.

Scientists and writers turned to Kamenev more than once for help; he managed to secure the release from imprisonment of the historian A. A. Kizevetter, the writer I. A. Novikov and others. The poet M. A. Voloshin invited Kamenev to his house in Koktebel.

On September 14, 1922, Kamenev was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense (STO) of the RSFSR. After the formation of the USSR in December 1922, Kamenev became a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1923, Kamenev became the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the STO of the USSR, as well as the director of the Lenin Institute.

After Lenin's death

After the death of Lenin, Kamenev in February 1924 became chairman of the STO of the USSR (until 1926).

At the end of 1922, together with G.E. Zinoviev and Stalin formed a "triumvirate" directed against L.D. Trotsky, which, in turn, served as an impetus for the formation of the left opposition in the RCP (b).

However, in 1925, together with Zinoviev and N.K. Krupskoy stood in opposition to Stalin and Bukharin, who was gaining strength; became one of the leaders of the so-called "new", or "Leningrad", and since 1926 - the united opposition. At the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) in December 1925, Kamenev declared: “Comrade Stalin cannot play the role of a unifier of the Bolshevik headquarters. We are against the theory of one-man command, we are against creating a leader.”

At the plenum of the Central Committee, which took place immediately after the congress, for the first time since 1919, Kamenev was elected only as a candidate member, and not a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and on January 16, 1926, he lost his posts in the Council of People's Commissars and the STO of the USSR and was appointed People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal Trade USSR. November 26, 1926 he was appointed plenipotentiary in Italy. He was listed as ambassador from November 26, 1926 - January 7, 1928. A number of historians believe that his appointment to Italy, which was ruled by the fascist Mussolini, was not an accident: Stalin wanted in this way to once again discredit the revolutionary merits of Kamenev.

In October 1926, Kamenev was removed from the Politburo, in April 1927 - from the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and in October 1927 - from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In December 1927, at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), Kamenev was expelled from the party. Exiled to Kaluga. Soon he issued a statement admitting mistakes.

In June 1928, Kamenev was reinstated in the party. In 1928-1929. he was the head of the Scientific and Technical Department of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, and since May 1929 - the chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In October 1932, Kamenev was again expelled from the party for non-information in connection with the case of the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" and sent into exile in Minusinsk.

In December 1933, Kamenev was again reinstated in the party and appointed director of the scientific publishing house Academia. Kamenev was the author of the biographies of Herzen and Chernyshevsky, published in the ZhZL series.

At the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) he delivered a speech of repentance, which did not save him from further repressions. He was not elected to the Congress of Writers of the USSR.

After the murder of S.M. Kirov, in December 1934, Kamenev was again arrested and on January 16, 1935, in the case of the so-called "Moscow Center", he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, and then, on June 27, 1935, in the case of the "Kremlin Library and Commandant's Office of the Kremlin", sentenced to 10 years in prison.

In August 1936, Kamenev was brought as a defendant to the First Moscow Trial - in the case of the so-called "Trotskyist-Zinoviev United Center", on August 24 he was sentenced to capital punishment and on August 25 he was shot. It is alleged that on the way to the place of execution, he held on steadfastly, tried to cheer up Grigory Zinoviev, who had fallen in spirit: “Stop it, Grigory, we will die with dignity!” He refused the last word.

In 1988, he was rehabilitated due to the lack of corpus delicti.

Kamenev's personality

Boris Bazhanov wrote in his memoirs:

By himself, he is not a power-hungry, good-natured and rather “bourgeois” person. True, he is an old Bolshevik, but not a coward, he takes the risks of the revolutionary underground, he is arrested more than once; during the war in exile; liberated only by revolution. He is a smart, educated person, with the talents of a good state worker (now they would say "technocrat"). If not for communism, he would be a good socialist minister in a "capitalist" country. ... In the field of intrigue, cunning and tenacity, Kamenev is completely weak. Officially, he "sits in Moscow" - the capital is considered to be the same patrimony of his as Zinoviev's Leningrad. But Zinoviev organized his clan in Leningrad, seated him and holds his second capital in his hands. While Kamenev is a stranger to this technique, he has no clan of his own and sits on Moscow by inertia.

A family

The first wife of L. B. Kamenev is the sister of L. D. Trotsky, Olga Davidovna Bronstein (1883-1941), whom he met in Paris in 1902. The marriage broke up in 1927 due to Kamenev's frequent love affairs. Both sons of Kamenev from marriage with O. D. Bronstein - pilot Alexander Kamenev (1906-1937) and Yuri Kamenev (1921-1938) - were shot. Daughter - actress Galina Kravchenko (1905-1996), grandson - Vitaly Alexandrovich (1931-1966).

The second wife (since 1928) - Glebova Tatyana Ivanovna, after the execution of her husband was exiled to Biysk and died in the camps. The son of L. B. Kamenev from his marriage to her is Glebov Vladimir Lvovich (1929-1994), scientist-historian, professor of the philosophy department of the Novosibirsk State Technical University (NSTU, former NETI). The grandchildren of L. B. Kamenev - Glebov Evgeny Vladimirovich (born 1961), Glebova Uliana Vladimirovna (born 1968), Glebova Ustinya Vladimirovna (born 1975) - live in Novosibirsk.

Personal relationship with Stalin

".. This happened in the city of Achinsk, ... where Iosif Dzhugashvili was taken at the end of 1916 in connection with the draft into the army. In Achinsk, Stalin usually silently sat in the living room and listened to the conversations that Kamenev had with the guests, but, as eyewitnesses testify that the host usually treated his guest rather rudely, for the most part silently sitting in the corner of the living room, abruptly interrupted Dzhugashvili, believing that, due to the level of his education, he could contribute little of himself to the highly intellectual discussions that arose in the living room, and Stalin, as usually shut up." Quoted from V. D. Kuznechevsky's book "Stalin. "Mediocrity" that changed the world"

In fiction

Kamenev served as the prototype for the protagonist of V.V. Nabokov's story "The Extermination of Tyrants". The circumstances of the interrogations and reprisals against Kamenev are described in Anatoly Rybakov's novel "Thirty-fifth and Other Years" (a continuation of the novel Children of the Arbat).

Movie incarnations

• ?? ("Oath", 1946)
• ?? ("Hostile Whirlwinds", 1953)
• ?? ("In the days of October", 1958)
• Albert Venoch ("Bürgerkrieg in Rußland", TV series (Germany, 1967)
• Yulian Balmusov ("Strokes to the portrait of V. I. Lenin", 1969)
• Georges Ser ("Stalin-Trotsky" / "Staline-Trotsky: Le pouvoir et la révolution", France, 1979)
• Victor Burchardt (December 20, 1981)
• ?? (Red Bells, 1983)
• Albert Burov (Enemy of the People - Bukharin, 1990)
• Emil Volk (Stalin, 1992)
• ?? (Under the sign of Scorpio, 1995)
• Evgeny Kindinov (Children of the Arbat, 2004)
• Fedor Olkhovsky (Nine Lives of Nestor Makhno, 2006)

Lev Rosenfeld was born on July 6, 1883 in Moscow. He was born into an educated Russian Jewish family. His father was a machinist on the Moscow-Kursk railway, later - after graduating from the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology - he became an engineer; mother graduated from the Bestuzhev Higher Courses. Brother - Rosenfeld Nikolai Borisovich, born in 1886.

He graduated from the 2nd gymnasium in Tiflis and in 1901 entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He joined the student social-democratic circle. He was arrested for participating in a student demonstration on March 13, 1902, and exiled to Tiflis in April.

In the autumn of the same year he left for Paris, where he met Lenin. Returning to Russia in 1903, he prepared a railroad strike in Tiflis. According to V. Taratuta, cited by L. Trotsky, at the Caucasian regional conference in Tiflis in November 1904, “Kamenev was chosen as an agitator and propagandist traveling throughout the country for convening a new party congress, and he was instructed to travel around the committees of the whole country and contact with our foreign centers of that time. According to L. Trotsky, Kamenev from the Caucasus became a member of the Bureau of Majority Committees. Conducted propaganda among the workers in Moscow. Arrested and deported to Tiflis under open police supervision. At the V Congress of the RSDLP in 1907, Kamenev was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP and at the same time became part of the separate "Bolshevik center" created by the Bolshevik faction.

Kamenev conducted revolutionary work in the Caucasus, in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1914, he headed the Pravda newspaper. During the First World War, Kamenev spoke out against Lenin's slogan, popular among the Bolsheviks, about the defeat of his government in the imperialist war. In November 1914 he was arrested and in 1915 exiled to the Turukhansk region. Being in exile in Achinsk, Kamenev, together with several merchants, sent a telegram of greetings addressed to Mikhail Romanov in connection with his voluntary renunciation of the throne as the first citizen of Russia. Released after the February Revolution.

Member of the VII All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b), held April 24-29, 1917. He was nominated to the Central Committee and elected fourth in terms of the number of votes.

In 1917, he repeatedly disagreed with Lenin in his views on the revolution and on Russia's participation in the First World War. In particular, pointing out that “the German army did not follow the example of the Russian army and still obeys its emperor,” Kamenev concluded “that under such conditions, Russian soldiers cannot lay down their arms and go home,” therefore the demand “down with the war” is now meaningless and should be replaced by the slogan: "Pressure on the Provisional Government in order to force it openly ... to immediately come out with an attempt to persuade all the belligerent countries to immediately open negotiations on ways to end the world war."

Lenin criticized Kamenev's line, but considered a discussion with him useful.

At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on October 10, 1917, Kamenev and Zinoviev voted against the decision on an armed uprising. They stated their position in the letter "To the current moment", sent by them to the party organizations. Recognizing that the party was leading "the majority of the workers and, therefore, part of the soldiers," they expressed the hope that "with the right tactics, we can get a third or even more seats in the Constituent Assembly." The aggravation of poverty, hunger, and the peasant movement will put more and more pressure on the Socialist-Revolutionary and Menshevik parties "and force them to seek an alliance with the proletarian party against the landowners and capitalists represented by the Cadets." As a result, "our opponents will be forced to yield to us at every step, or together with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, non-Party peasants and others we will form a ruling bloc, which in the main will have to carry out our program."

But the Bolsheviks can undermine their successes if "they now take the initiative in action and thereby put the proletariat under the blow of a united counter-revolution supported by the petty-bourgeois democrats."

During the October Revolution on October 25, 1917, Kamenev was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He left this post on November 4, 1917, demanding the creation of a homogeneous socialist government.

In November 1917, Kamenev joined the delegation sent to Brest-Litovsk to conclude a separate treaty with Germany. In January 1918, Kamenev, at the head of a Soviet delegation, went abroad as the new Russian ambassador to France, but the French government refused to recognize his authority. Upon returning to Russia, he was arrested on March 24, 1918 in the Aland Islands by the Finnish authorities. Kamenev was released on August 3, 1918 in exchange for the Finns arrested in Petrograd.

From September 1918 Kamenev was a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and from October 1918 he was the chairman of the Moscow Council.

In March 1919, Kamenev became a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). On April 3, 1922, it was Kamenev who suggested that Stalin be appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). Since 1922, due to Lenin's illness, Kamenev presided over meetings of the Politburo.

Scientists and writers turned to Kamenev more than once for help; he managed to get the historian A.A. Kizevetter, the writer I.A. Novikov and others released from prison. The poet M.A. Voloshin invited Kamenev to his house in Koktebel.

On September 14, 1922, Kamenev was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR. After the formation of the USSR in December 1922, Kamenev became a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Since 1923, Kamenev became the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the STO of the USSR, as well as the director of the Lenin Institute.

After the death of Lenin, Kamenev in February 1924 became chairman of the STO of the USSR.

At the end of 1922, together with G.E. Zinoviev and Stalin, he formed a “triumvirate” directed against L.D. Trotsky, which, in turn, served as an impetus for the formation of the left opposition in the RCP (b).

However, in 1925, together with Zinoviev and N. K. Krupskaya, he stood in opposition to Stalin and Bukharin, who was gaining strength; became one of the leaders of the so-called "new", or "Leningrad", and since 1926 - the united opposition. At the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) in December 1925, Kamenev declared: “Comrade Stalin cannot play the role of a unifier of the Bolshevik headquarters. We are against the theory of one-man command, we are against creating a leader.”

At the plenum of the Central Committee, which took place immediately after the congress, for the first time since 1919, Kamenev was elected only a candidate member, and not a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and on January 16, 1926, he lost his posts in the Council of People's Commissars and the STO of the USSR and was appointed People's Commissar of Foreign and Internal USSR trade. November 26, 1926 he was appointed plenipotentiary in Italy. He was listed as ambassador from November 26, 1926 - January 7, 1928. A number of historians believe that his appointment to Italy, which was ruled by the fascist Mussolini, was not an accident: Stalin wanted in this way to once again discredit Kamenev's revolutionary merits.

In October 1926, Kamenev was removed from the Politburo, in April 1927 - from the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and in October 1927 - from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In December 1927, at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), Kamenev was expelled from the party. Exiled to Kaluga. Soon he issued a statement admitting mistakes.

In June 1928, Kamenev was reinstated in the party. In 1928-1929 he was the head of the Scientific and Technical Department of the USSR Supreme Economic Council, and from May 1929 he was the chairman of the Main Concession Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In October 1932, Kamenev was again expelled from the party for non-information in connection with the case of the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" and sent into exile in Minusinsk.

In December 1933, Kamenev was again reinstated in the party and appointed director of the scientific publishing house Academia. Kamenev was the author of biographies of Herzen and Chernyshevsky published in the ZHZL series.

At the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) he delivered a speech of repentance, which did not save him from further repressions. He was not elected to the Congress of Writers of the USSR.

After the murder of S.M. Kirov, in December 1934, Kamenev was again arrested and on January 16, 1935, in the case of the so-called "Moscow Center", he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, and then, on June 27, 1935, in the case of the "Kremlin libraries and commandant's offices of the Kremlin”, was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

In August 1936, Kamenev was brought as a defendant to the First Moscow Trial - in the case of the so-called "Trotskyist-Zinoviev United Center", on August 24 he was sentenced to capital punishment.

In 1988, he was rehabilitated due to the lack of corpus delicti.