What was the national composition of the first Council of People's Commissars. Creation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

In the book of V. I. Lenin. unknown documents. 1891-1922 - M.: "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 2000. The following document was published on pages 301-302:

EXPLANATION TO THE STATEMENT OF INCOME IN 1918(1)

My income in 1918 consisted of two items:

(§4) salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Since the salary varied in size during the year, I instructed the Administration of the Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars to compile an extract from the books on the exact amount of the salary received for 1918. Herewith (2) is attached.

(§ 5) Literary earnings: I received it periodically in different amounts from Vl[adimir] D[mitrievich] Bonch-Bruevich, head of the party publishing house and settlement with authors. At the same time, a certificate from the documents on the total amount received for 1918, certified by the appropriate signatures, is attached.

Appendix to § 4. An apartment was received in kind at the beginning of the year in Smolny (Petrograd), then, since the government moved to Moscow, in the Kremlin (Moscow), 4 rooms in size, kitchen, room for servants (family - 3 people [sheep], plus 1 servant). The cost of the apartment at local prices is unknown to me.

V.Ulyanov (Lenin) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Moscow. Kremlin. Sep[Nov] 1919

Fund 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 2 - autograph.

1. On September 13, 1919, V.I. Lenin received an application form from the Moscow Precinct for Income Tax Presence to provide information on income in 1918. On the accompanying note to the letterhead, Lenin noted: “Received on September 13, 1919 by V. Ulyanov (Lenin)” (Leninsky collection XXIV, p. 309). On the same day, Lenin sent the form of the head of the Council of People's Commissars V.D. On the back of Lenin's note, N.K. Krupskaya asked Bonch-Bruevich to send a certificate about her fees (ibid., pp. 309-310). Extracts not found.

Lenin's income in 1918 amounted to 24,683 rubles 33 kopecks and consisted of two items of income: the salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - 9683 rubles. 33 kop. and Lenin's fees as a journalist - 15,000 rubles; about other income (from monetary capital, real estate, trade and crafts, and from rights to all kinds of periodic receipts and benefits), the answers in the application to 1 Moscow district for income tax presence are negative (“no”). The statement was signed by Lenin on September 20, 1919 (RTSKHIDNI, f. 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 1-2).

2 There are no applications in RCHIDNI.

As we can see, in comment 1 the compilers of the collection indicate that V.D. Bonch-Bruyevich's extracts from the payroll and literary fees in 1918 of V.I. Lenin were not found. I managed to find these extracts in the article by V. D. BONC-BRUEVICH, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. S. 34-37

Vladimir Ilyich - taxpayer

V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. S. 34-37

Lenin was not only a brilliant leader of the proletariat, who accurately and soberly took into account all the conditions before each new tactical move in foreign and domestic policy, but also a man who accurately and accurately fulfills his duties as an ordinary Soviet citizen. The former manager of the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars, V. Bonch-Bruevich, lifts the veil over this corner of Vladimir Ilyich's life.

When the law on income tax was promulgated, Vladimir Ilyich told many comrades more than once that we should show an example of accurate, timely and correct accounting of our earnings and report them to the financial inspector with appropriate declarations.

Finally, in September 1919, a "declaration" was sent to Vladimir Ilyich, which was called "Statement on income received in 1918." This paper was received from the 1st Moscow precinct for income tax presence (form No. 8) "Payer's case No. ...". This "statement" was sent against the receipt of a printed "reminder of the Chairman of the 1st Moscow District Department for Income Tax Presence." It is addressed to: "Ulyanov-Lenin V. I." At the bottom of the tear-off coupon of this "reminder" in Vladimir Ilyich's own hand is written in the column "received": "September 13, 1919", and in the line "payer's signature" there is a handwritten signature: "V. Ulyanov (Lenin)"

Having received this "reminder", Vladimir Ilyich immediately wrote me the following letter:

"13/IX - 1919

Dear Vlad. Dm!

From the papers sent you will see what my request to you is. Kindly order to make selections from the books and attach a statement of the results.

§ 4 salary

§ 5 Literary fee with proper signatures:

§ 4- Management[of] the Affairs[s] of the SNK

§ 5 - Publishing house "Kom[mun]st" and party later

M[may] b[be], can we also take into account the cost of the apartment?

Thank you in advance and hello

Your Lenin"

(See overleaf)

On the other side of the note, written on the eighth sheet of a writing sheet, it was written:

"Vl. Dm., perhaps you would be so kind as to write down how much the fee I received from you (1) in 1918.

N. Ulyanova"

Having received this letter, I immediately set about collecting information about the income of Vladimir Ilyich. On September 16, 1919, I could already give Vladimir Ilyich the following certificate for No. 5744:

"A salary was issued from the cash desk of the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars to the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Comrade Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).

January............ Rub. 500.-

February............283.- 33

March......................500.-

April..............500.-

May.......................500.-

June......................800.-

July......................800.-

August............800. -

September............1200.-

October............1200.-

December...................1200.-

Lifting................1400. -

TOTAL ............. Rub. 9.683.- 33

Managing Director of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich,

Ch. accountant Markelov"

It is interesting that in February Vladimir Ilyich received as for an incomplete month (283 rubles 33k.). This decrease in salary in February 1918 is explained by the fact that it was at that time that the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the introduction of the Western European calendar" was issued.

By virtue of this law, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was accordingly reduced, and Vladimir Ilyich received in February 1918, instead of 500 rubles, only 283 rubles. 33 kop. For November, the salary was not issued at all. What was the reason for this non-delivery - I can’t remember now, and this detail is subject to research.

Thus, in just a year, Vladimir Ilyich received a salary, as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, 9683 rubles. 33 k. in falling currency. In addition to this income, Vladimir Ilyich at that time received a certain fee for those of his books that were published at that time in the Kommunist publishing house, which belonged to the Central Committee of the Party.

On September 17, 1919, I received a notice from the office of the Kommunist publishing house, in which it was written:

"Comrade Lenin

Here.

"We hereby inform you that the following sums were paid to you in the course of 1918 on account of the royalties for your published books:

1918

January 11th order. 558 - R. 1000 -

May 13th 1357 - R. 2000 -

July 30th 3214 - R. 2000 -

Sept. 17th 11/9 - R. 5000 -

Nov. 1st 11/9 - R. 5000 -

Total R. 15000 -

(Fifteen thousand rubles).

With comradely greetings:

For the head of the Book Publishing House (the signature is not legible).

For Accountant Lyubimov.

Secretary N. Zhdanovich".

I usually brought him the fee, and took from him for the accounting department of "Communist", as earlier for the office of the Publishing House "Life and Knowledge", such receipts:

"Through Vlad. Dmitr. Bonch-Bruevich, I received ten thousand rubles (2) as a fee for [books 1) Agrarian Program 1 of the Russian Revolution, 2) From the History of the Social-Democratic Agrarian Program].

V. Ulyanov (Lenin).

The text of this receipt is written by Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich, and the signature "V. Ulyanov (Lenin)" was made by Vladimir Ilyich himself.

In order to make it clear to today's readers what salary at a fixed rate the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars received, I turned to the USSR Monetary Administration, asking them to help me transfer these daily falling banknotes to a fixed rate according to the index of that time.

With the kind assistance of Comrade G. Goldberg, I received on 6/XI AD. d. an official notice "on the transfer of V. I. Lenin's earnings, expressed in Soviet signs, to commodity rubles." Since now few people remember the dizzying puzzle that such transfers were, and the very fall of the currency seems fabulous, then in order to explain all these complex manipulations, we find it necessary to give here the full explanations of the Monetary Board. “Regarding 1918 and 1919,” they inform me, “there are all-Union and Moscow indices of the Central Bureau of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, published in the bulletin of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Statistical Service and the TNKT No 1 dated 1 / XII - 1922. These indices were not calculated in 1918 and 19, and later based on materials on prices for these years. The state of the commodity market in 1918 and 1919 was such that materials on prices cannot, of course, be regarded as adequately expressing the average prices of commodities. In the absence of official exchange rates for the gold ruble in Soviet signs for these years, we have to use the Stat index. Labor of the Central Council of Trade Unions for all transfers of paper banknotes into hard rubles for this period.

“When recalculating the earnings of V. I. Lenin into commodity rubles, the Moscow Index of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was taken as a basis.

“It is not possible to transfer paper money into hard rubles for each date separately; since the indices are calculated only on the 1st day of the month and the averages for the month. Therefore, when recalculating, one or another index was used, depending on the closer proximity to the corresponding date, or the average monthly.

“Data on the income received by V. I. Lenin for 1918 in commodity rubles was calculated not by transferring the total annual amount according to the average annual index, but as the sum of the salary received and literary earnings in hard rubles by months.

“The enumeration produced by these methods gives the following results:

According to the transfer of the Currency Board, this total income of Vladimir Ilyich (24,683 rubles 33 kopecks) was equal in hard rubles to only 266 rubles. 4 k.! Thus, at that time, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars averaged eight rubles 75 kopecks per month. A figure that is very interesting and characteristic of a time shaken by the revolution. The entire average monthly income (salary and literary earnings) at that time for Vladimir Ilyich amounted to twenty-two rubles 16 kopecks per month in hard rubles.

This "Statement" was sent by the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars with the following paper:

R.S.F.S.R.

Case Management

Council of People's Commissars.

Moscow Kremlin.

№ 5761

I am forwarding with this a statement on the income received by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), who lives in the Kremlin in the building of the former. Judicial Ordinances. Attached to this statement is an official statement from the Department of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars dated September 16, 2009. for No. 5744 on the money he received in payment of the salary appropriated to him from January 1, 1918 to January 1, 1919 in the amount of 9683 rubles. 33 kop. (nine thousand six hundred and eighty three rubles. 33 kopecks) 2) official certificate of the Book Publishing House and the Kommunist Book Store of the Central Committee of the R. K. P. dated September 17, No. 1005 for the amount of the fee received by V. I. Lenin during 1918 for his books in the amount of 15,000 (fifteen thousand rubles)

Managing Director of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich

It took us a week to collect all this information. And this week Vladimir Ilyich repeatedly reminded me and hurried me with this matter, since he considered it necessary and necessary to carry out all the laws in the most exact way. He calmed down only when I informed him that all this correspondence had been handed over to the district income inspector on receipt.

Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich

1. N. K. Krupskaya (Ulyanova) published several books at the Life and Knowledge publishing house, which I was in charge of and which, merging with other party publications, formed, by decision of the Central Committee of the party, a new publishing house. Kommunist ", where Nadezhda Konstantinovna also published her books.

1. In the hard currency of that time, this amounted, according to the calculation of the Currency Board, to only 6 rubles.

http://yroslav1985.livejournal.com/146807.html

For almost the entire duration of its existence, the Soviet state did not have a formal head. The collective head of state was the Supreme Council, and the key positions of the state apparatus were the positions of chairmen of the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Armed Forces.

It should be remembered that the actual power in the USSR belonged not to state, but to party bodies. In fact, the highest and not controlled by any other authority body was the Central Committee of the party and its supreme body, which from 1917 to 1952 and from 1960 to 1991 was called the Politburo, and from 1952 to 1960 - the Presidium. However, with the exception of short periods of interregnum, the actual control of this most important body was in the hands of one person. The rest of the members of the highest party and state bodies were only important functionaries. Although various opinions could be expressed at the meetings of the Central Committee, the final decision depended on the head of the Central Committee. With the rarest exception, the decisions of the Central Committee, the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers were unanimous.

After the revolution, the new communist government had to rebuild the system of government. This is objective, because the very essence of power and its social sources have changed. How Lenin and his associates succeeded, we will consider in this article.

Formation of the power system

It should be noted that at the first stages of the development of the new state, in the conditions of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks had certain problems in the process of forming government bodies. The reasons for this phenomenon are both objective and subjective. Firstly, many settlements in the course of hostilities often fell under the control of the White Guards. Secondly, the trust of the people in the new government was weak at first. And most importantly, none of the new government officials had experience of working in

What is SNK?

The system of supreme power had more or less stabilized by the time the USSR was founded. The state at that time was officially ruled by the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars is the supreme body of executive and administrative power in the USSR. In fact, we are talking about the government. Under this name, the organ officially existed from 07/06/1923 to 03/15/1946. Due to the impossibility of holding elections and convening a parliament, at first the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR also had the functions of legislative power. Even this fact tells us that there was no democracy in the Soviet period. The combination of the executive and in the hands of one body speaks of the dictatorship of the party.

This body had a clear structure and hierarchy of positions. Council of People's Commissars - which made decisions unanimously or by majority vote during its meetings. As already noted, in terms of its type, the executive body of the USSR of the interwar period is very similar to modern governments.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was headed by the Chairman. In 1923, V.I. Lenin. The structure of the body provided for the positions of Vice-Chairmen. There were 5 of them. Unlike the current structure of the government, where there is a First Deputy Prime Minister and three or four ordinary Deputy Prime Ministers, there was no such division. Each of the deputies oversaw a separate area of ​​work of the Council of People's Commissars. This had a beneficial effect on the work of the body and the situation in the country, because it was in those years (from 1923 to 1926) that the NEP policy was carried out most effectively.

In its activities, the Council of People's Commissars tried to cover all spheres of the economy, economy, as well as the humanitarian direction. Such conclusions can be drawn by analyzing the list of people's commissariats of the USSR in the 1920s:

Internal affairs;

On agricultural issues;

The People's Commissariat of Defense was called "for military and naval affairs";

Commercial and industrial direction;

public education;

Finance;

Foreign Affairs;

People's Commissariat of Justice;

The People's Commissariat, which oversaw the food sector (especially important, provided the population with food);

People's Commissariat of Railway Communication;

On national issues;

In the field of printing.

Most of the areas of activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, formed almost 100 years ago, remain in the sphere of interests of modern governments, and some (for example, the press) were especially relevant then, because only with the help of leaflets and newspapers it was possible to propagate communist ideas.

Normative acts of SNK

After the revolution, she took the right to publish both ordinary and emergency documents. What is a SNK Decree? In the understanding of lawyers, this is a decision of an official or collegial body, adopted under conditions. In the understanding of the leadership of the USSR, decrees are important documents that laid the foundations for relations in certain sectors of the country's life. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR received the authority to issue decrees under the Constitution of 1924. Having familiarized ourselves with the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, we see that documents with that name are no longer mentioned there. In history, such decrees of the Council of People's Commissars are best known: on land, on peace, on the separation of the state from the church.

The text of the last pre-war Constitution no longer refers to decrees, but to the right of the Council of People's Commissars to issue resolutions. The Council of People's Commissars lost its legislative function. All power in the country passed to the party leaders.

SNK is a body that existed until 1946. It was later renamed the Council of Ministers. The system of organization of power, set out on paper in a document of 1936, was almost ideal at that time. But we are well aware that it was all only official.

Council of People's Commissars, SNK), the highest executive and administrative bodies of state power in Soviet Russia, the USSR, the union and autonomous republics in 1917-46. In March 1946 they were transformed into Councils of Ministers.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Council of People's Commissars - SNK - in 1917-1946. the name of the highest executive and administrative bodies of state power in the USSR, union and autonomous republics. In March 1946 they were transformed into Councils of Ministers. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at a joint meeting of both chambers, consisting of: the chairman, his deputies and other members. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formally responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Council it was responsible to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, to which it was accountable. The Council of People's Commissars could issue resolutions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws and check their implementation.

The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was established on 26 October. (November 8), 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by a resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.

The decree written by V. I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, "until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars," is being established. V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic.

The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the pr-ve until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the Prospect Island was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other centers. departments, and directed and supervised the activities of local authorities.

The Administration of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of branches of public administration and government. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the head. V. I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first Council of People's Commissars was used in state building in all the union Soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the all-union and united (union-republican) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-union significance within the limits of the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations of 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissars of the USSR; representatives of the Union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the USSR. It formed Top. Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and between sessions Top. Soviet of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of all-union and union-republican people's commissariats of the USSR and other economic and cultural institutions subordinate to it, took measures to implement the national economic plan, the state budget, exercised leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, supervised the general construction of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the 1936 USSR Constitution, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics and cancel orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR in the branches of management and economy that were within the competence of the USSR. Art. 71 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request is made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, must give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Top. Council of the USSR 19 Jan. 1938. June 30, 1941 by the decision of the Presidium of the Upper. Council of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR created the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all the fullness of state power in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

The Council of People's Commissars of a Union Republic is the supreme executive and administrative body of state power in a Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council - before the Presidium Top. Council of the Republic and is accountable to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.

An important step towards the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1924 was the Second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was responsible in its work to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the supreme bodies of the USSR enshrine the unity of legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of government, 10 people's commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924): five all-union (for foreign affairs, military and maritime affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph) and five united (Supreme Council of the National Economy , food, labor, finance and workers' and peasants' inspection). All-Union people's commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The united people's commissariats carried out leadership on the territory of the union republics through the homonymous people's commissariats of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health, social security.

People's Commissariats of the USSR were headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The people's commissar had the right to take decisions alone, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. The board or its individual members, in case of disagreement, could appeal against the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V. I. Lenin as its chairman.

Since V. I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orakhelashvili. Since July 1923, the Ukrainian Chubar was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, while Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five of his deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

There were also problems in the formation of allied people's commissariats. People's Commissariats of the RSFSR for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, for Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into union ones. The staff of the people's commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from the pre-revolutionary period. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian people's commissariats to the union ones with a very small number of employees transferred from the national republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic and consists of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Vice Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food industry; light industry; Timber industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock farms; Finance; domestic trade; Internal affairs; Justice; Health; Enlightenment; local industry; Public utilities; Social security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized by the All-Union People's Commissariats.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

· the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

on foreign affairs;

on military affairs;

on maritime affairs;

on internal affairs;

justice;

social security;

education;

post and telegraph;

on the affairs of nationalities;

on financial matters;

· ways of communication;

· agriculture;

trade and industry;

food;

· State control;

· Supreme Council of National Economy;

health care.

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

internal trade;

Finance

· internal affairs

justice

education

healthcare

farming

social security

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (According to the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

· Food Industry

light industry

timber industry

farming

State grain farms

livestock farms

Finance

domestic trade

justice

healthcare

education

local industry

public utilities

social security

The Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the Head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR are also included in the Council of People's Commissars