What musical instruments do you know. String instruments: types, names

Parents who are going to send their child to a music school, as well as all art lovers, need to know that the instruments they play are divided into several types. Electric devices, such as a synthesizer, stand apart. Wind instruments sound by vibrating air in a hollow tube. When playing the keyboard, it is necessary to activate the hammer that strikes the string. This is usually done with finger pressure.

Violin and its variants

String instruments are of two types:

• bowed;
• plucked.

They are very popular with music lovers. Bowed instruments often play the main melodies in orchestral pieces and symphonies. They acquired their modern look quite late. The violin replaced the old viola only in the 17th century. The rest of the strings were formed even later. In addition to the classical violin, there are other varieties of this instrument. For example, baroque. It often performs works by Bach. There is also a national Indian violin. It plays folk music. In the folklore of many ethnic groups there is a sounding object similar to a violin.

Main group of the symphony orchestra

Stringed instruments are very popular all over the world. Their names are:

• violin;
• alto;
• cello;
• double bass

These instruments make up the string group of a symphony orchestra. The most popular of them is the violin. It is she who attracts many children who want to learn music. This is logical, because there are more violins in the orchestra than other instruments. Therefore, art needs specialists of the appropriate profile.

The string instruments whose names are listed here were formed in parallel. They developed in two directions.

1. Appearance and physico-acoustic properties.
2. Musical abilities: playing a melody or bass, technical mobility.

Antonio Stradivari

In both cases, the violin was ahead of its "colleagues". The heyday of this instrument was the 17th and 18th centuries. It was at this time that the great master Antonio Stradivari worked. He was a student of Nicolò Amati. When Stradivari began to learn the profession, the form and components of the violin were already formed. The size of the instrument, convenient for the musician, was also established. Stradivari contributed to the development of art. He focused on the material from which the body is made, and the composition covering it. The craftsman made musical instruments by hand. The violin at that time was an exclusive thing. It was played only by court musicians. Often they made individual orders. Stradivari knew the requirements and preferences of all leading violinists. The master paid much attention to the material from which the instrument was made. Often he used wood that was in use. There is a legend that Stradivarius tapped fences with a cane while walking. If he liked the sound, then the students, on the command of Signor Antonio, broke out suitable boards.

Master Secrets

Stringed instruments are covered with a special varnish. Stradivari developed a special composition, which he kept secret. He was afraid of competitors. The researchers found that the master covered the body with oil for priming wooden boards, which was used by painters of that time. Stradivari also added various natural dyes to the composition. They gave the instrument not only the original color, but also a beautiful sound. Today, violins are varnished with alcohol.

String instruments developed very intensively. In the 17th and 18th centuries, virtuoso violinists worked at aristocratic courts. They composed music for their instrument. Antonio Vivaldi was such a virtuoso. The violin developed as a solo instrument. She acquired unprecedented technical capabilities. The violin could play beautiful melodies, brilliant passages, and even polyphonic chords.

Sound features

String instruments were often used in orchestral works as well. Composers used such a property of violins as the continuity of sound. A smooth transition between notes is possible due to the conduct of the bow along the strings. The violin sound, unlike the piano, does not fade. It can be strengthened or weakened by adjusting the bow pressure. Therefore, the strings were instructed to play long-sounding melodies at various volume levels.

Musical instruments of this group have approximately the same properties. Viola, cello and double bass are very similar to the violin. They differ in size, timbre and register.

The viola is larger than the violin. It is played with a bow, pressing the instrument with the chin to the shoulder. Because the viola has thicker strings than the violin, it has a different range. The instrument is subject to low sounds. He often plays accompanying melodies, echoes. The large size interferes with the mobility of the viola. He is not subject to swift virtuoso passages.

Giants of the bow

Music under power

Harrison was an electric guitar virtuoso. This instrument does not have a hollow resonator body. Vibrations of metal strings are converted into electric current, which is then transformed into sound waves perceived by the ear. The performer can change the timbre of his instrument using special devices.

There is another type of electric guitar that is very popular. It sounds exclusively in the low range. This is a bass guitar. It has four thick strings. The function of an instrument in an ensemble is to maintain a powerful bass foothold.

Find a trade organization where you can buy musical instruments, including for children. not difficult, knowing exactly what you need, and also if you live in Moscow, St. Petersburg or another large city. There are a lot of stores in which they are available for sale, most of them have their own website. After reviewing the assortment lists and prices on the websites of such music salons, as well as their territorial location, you can make a choice and call them in order to clarify what may not have been clear. These can be the conditions of ordering and delivery, the availability of the right tool, the opportunity to get the necessary advice. You will really need it if you do not have enough experience and you find it difficult to independently decide on the purchase of a particular model. In the store, it will be possible, for example, to evaluate how a guitar or piano sounds while listening to a game on it.

In small settlements, the choice is smaller, therefore, it is quite possible that you will need to go or order what you need, at least to the nearest regional center, after first finding out if the necessary goods are available.

Types of musical instruments and their most famous representatives

As a rule, the list of types of musical instruments presented in stores specializing in the sale of these wonderful items that allow gifted people to show their talents, create and realize a variety of creative ideas, things that we uniquely associate with something magical and beautiful, make up the following categories: guitars, folk, bowed, keyboard and wind instruments, percussion and percussion, as well as harmonics.

Let's list the musical instruments belonging to each of the above categories.

What are the guitars?

The main types of guitars include the following varieties:

• Acoustic guitars and their subspecies such as classical, Spanish, Hawaiian, with metal and nylon strings.
• Electro-acoustic guitars with various pickups and piezo pickups that allow you to pick up sound, including from instruments equipped with nylon strings.
• Electric guitars without a hollow body, which require an amplifier and an acoustic cabinet to produce a sound, and their semi-acoustic subspecies with a smaller volume than acoustic, but still present body.
• Ordinary bass guitars with a different number of strings and neck arrangement, as well as their electro-acoustic variants.

Categories of keyboards

In addition to classic grand pianos and pianos, the range of modern music salons includes electric organs, synthesizers, midi keyboards, as well as digital pianos and pianoforte. In addition, useful electronic instruments used by many musicians, such as rhythm machines, samplers and sequencers, are on sale.

Drums, percussion and accessories group

In the first paragraphs of the lists of instruments in this category are drum kits, orchestral drums, various elements of percussion and noise. You can also buy separately pedals, cymbals, drums, various racks and other accessories. Electronic drums range from drum kits and drum machines to compact pad trainers with included practice lessons that can be used for other purposes as well, such as recording drum parts.

Popular wind instruments from trumpet and oboe to flute and clarinet What wood and metal wind instruments do modern musical groups use? There are more than a dozen of them: pipes, clarinets, flute, bassoons, violas, fanfare, tenor, baritones, oboes, sousaphones, yuphoniums, horns, forges. Bowed string instruments double basses, cello, violas, violins, electric violin. Harmonics and digital accordions and button accordions accordion, bayans, accordions, digital accordions and button accordions. Folk musical instruments Folk instruments are not only Russian, but also associated with other countries, including: balalaikas, harp, banjo, domra, ukulele, latin american guitars, mandolins, good, harmonicas.

Conditions for renting musical instruments

Since musical instruments are not the cheapest pleasure, and besides, there are many other objective reasons why it is more profitable to rent them. Rental of equipment and tools in Moscow and other cities is widely practiced.

Not every group has its own rehearsal space and the way out of the situation may be renting one. In addition to directly renting the premises with equipment for temporary use, organizations providing such services also provide other related services. Work, as a rule, is built flexibly, the range of services is quite wide and varied.

On mutually beneficial terms, you will be offered both individual units of sound equipment, in most cases, for known reasons, well-known brands, amplifiers, combos, stands, consoles, microphones, etc., as well as ready-made sets of equipment formed based on experience and customer requests. For regular customers, as a rule, there is a system of discounts.

The equipment is often provided to famous musicians, stars, actors and provides quality sound.

Approximate prices for the rental of tools can be found on the pages of the website of the organization providing such services. For example, a set of equipment for a concert, corporate or other event, disco, presentation, wedding, etc., which requires sound amplification up to 1000 W, including acoustic systems, signal processing devices, microphones, players will cost about 8 tons .R. (300 ye).

In addition to renting directly, services are provided for the installation of equipment, sound engineering and maintenance of a holiday, disco, exhibition, etc.

View offers, as well as report on the sale or purchase of new, used. or commission musical instruments with their description you can on the bulletin board of the site.
In the same place, advertising of organizations providing services for setting them up and learning to play them is placed free of charge.

Modern high-quality sound equipment

Music surrounds us from childhood. And then we have the first musical instruments. Do you remember your first drum or tambourine? And the shiny metallophone, on the records of which you had to knock with a wooden stick? And the pipes with holes on the side? With a certain skill, one could even play simple melodies on them.

Toy instruments are the first step into the world of real music. Now you can buy a variety of musical toys: from simple drums and harmonicas to almost real pianos and synthesizers. Do you think these are just toys? Not at all: in the preparatory classes of music schools, such toys are made up of entire noise orchestras, in which kids selflessly blow pipes, beat drums and tambourines, spur the rhythm with maracas and play the first songs on the xylophone ... And this is their first real step into the world music.

Types of musical instruments

The world of music has its own order and classification. Tools are divided into large groups: strings, keyboards, percussion, brass, and also reed. Which of them appeared earlier, which later, it is now difficult to say for sure. But already ancient people who shot from a bow noticed that a stretched bowstring sounds, reed tubes, if blown into them, make whistling sounds, and it is convenient to beat the rhythm on any surface with all available means. These items became the progenitors of stringed, wind and percussion instruments already known in ancient Greece. Reeds appeared just as long ago, but keyboards were invented a little later. Let's take a look at these main groups.

Brass

In wind instruments, sound is produced as a result of vibrations of a column of air enclosed inside a tube. The larger the volume of air, the lower the sound it makes.

Wind instruments are divided into two large groups: wooden and copper. Wooden - flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, alpine horn ... - are a straight tube with side holes. By closing or opening the holes with the fingers, the musician can shorten the column of air and change the pitch. Modern instruments are often made not from wood, but from other materials, however, according to tradition, they are called wooden.

Copper brass sets the tone for any orchestra, from brass to symphony. Trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, helicon, a whole family of saxhorns (baritone, tenor, alto) are typical representatives of this loudest group of instruments. Later came the saxophone, the king of jazz.

The pitch of the brass winds changes due to the force of the blown air and the position of the lips. Without additional valves, such a pipe can produce only a limited number of sounds - a natural scale. To expand the range of sound and the ability to hit all sounds, a system of valves was invented - valves that change the height of the air column (like side holes on wooden ones). Copper pipes that are too long, unlike wooden pipes, can be rolled up, giving them a more compact shape. French horn, tuba, helicon are examples of coiled trumpets.

Strings

The bowstring can be considered the prototype of stringed instruments - one of the most important groups of any orchestra. The sound is produced by a vibrating string. To enhance the sound, the strings began to be pulled over the hollow body - this is how the lute and mandolin, cymbals, harp ... and the familiar guitar appeared.

The string group is divided into two main subgroups: bowed and plucked tools. Bowed violins include violins of all varieties: violins, violas, cellos and huge double basses. The sound from them is extracted with a bow, which is driven along the stretched strings. But for plucked strings, a bow is not needed: the musician pinches the string with his fingers, causing it to vibrate. Guitar, balalaika, lute - plucked instruments. As well as the beautiful harp that makes such gentle cooing sounds. But the double bass - a bowed or plucked instrument? Formally, it belongs to the bowed, but often, especially in jazz, it is played with plucks.

Keyboards

If the fingers striking the strings are replaced by hammers, and the hammers are set in motion with the help of keys, we get keyboards tools. First keyboards - clavichords and harpsichords appeared in the Middle Ages. They sounded rather quiet, but very gentle and romantic. And at the beginning of the 18th century, they invented piano- an instrument that could be played both loudly (forte) and softly (piano). The long name is usually shortened to the more familiar "piano". The older brother of the piano - what's the brother - the king! - that's what it's called: piano. This is no longer a tool for small apartments, but for concert halls.

Keyboards include the largest - and one of the most ancient! - musical instruments: organ. This is no longer a percussion keyboard, like a piano and a grand piano, but keyboard wind instrument: not the lungs of the musician, but the blower machine creates a flow of air into the tube system. This huge system is controlled by a complex control panel, which has everything from a manual (that is, manual) keyboard to pedals and register switches. And how could it be otherwise: organs consist of tens of thousands of individual tubes of various sizes! But their range is huge: each tube can sound only on one note, but when there are thousands of them ...

Drums

Percussion instruments were the oldest musical instruments. It was the tapping of rhythm that was the first prehistoric music. The sound can be produced by a stretched membrane (drum, tambourine, oriental darbuka...) or the body of the instrument itself: triangles, cymbals, gongs, castanets and other knockers and rattles. A special group is made up of drums that produce a sound of a certain height: timpani, bells, xylophones. You can already play a melody on them. Percussion ensembles, consisting only of percussion instruments, arrange entire concerts!

reed

Is there any other way to extract sound? Can. If one end of a plate made of wood or metal is fixed, and the other is left free and forced to oscillate, then we get the simplest tongue - the basis of reed instruments. If there is only one tongue, we get jew's harp. Linguistics include accordions, bayans, accordions and their miniature model - harmonica.

harmonica

On the button accordion and accordion you can see the keys, so they are considered both keyboards and reeds. Some wind instruments are also reeded: for example, in the clarinet and bassoon already familiar to us, the reed is hidden inside the pipe. Therefore, the division of tools into these types is conditional: there are many tools mixed type.

In the 20th century, the friendly musical family was replenished with another large family: electronic instruments. The sound in them is created artificially with the help of electronic circuits, and the first example was the legendary theremin, created back in 1919. Electronic synthesizers can imitate the sound of any instrument and even... play themselves. Unless, of course, someone will make a program. :)

The division of instruments into these groups is just one way of classifying them. There are many others: for example, the Chinese combined tools depending on the material from which they were made: wood, metal, silk and even stone... The methods of classification are not so important. It is much more important to be able to recognize instruments both in appearance and in sound. This is what we will learn.

Orchestra - a large group of musical instruments performing works specially designed for this composition.

Depending on the composition, orchestras have different, expressive, timbre and dynamic capabilities and have different names:

• symphony orchestra (large and small),
• chamber, orchestra of folk instruments,
• wind,
• pop,
• jazz.

In a modern symphony orchestra, instruments are divided into the following groups:

I. String-bowed: violins, violas, cellos, double basses.
II. Woodwinds: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons.
III. Brass: horns, trumpets, trombones, tubas.
IV. Drums:

a) noise: castanets, rattles, maracas, scourge, tom-toms, drums (large and small). Their parts are recorded on one musical line – "thread".
b) with a certain pitch: timpani, cymbals, triangle, bell, xylophone, vibraphone, celesta.

V. Keyboards: piano, organ, harpsichord, clavichord.
VI. Extension group: harp.

The full sound of the orchestra is called “ tutti " - ("all").

Conductor - (from French - “manage, manage”) manages a team of musicians - performers, he owns the artistic interpretation of the work.

On the console in front of the conductor lies - score (complete musical notation of all parts of orchestral instruments).

The instrument parts of each group are recorded one below the other, starting with the highest sounding instruments and ending with the lowest.

An arrangement of orchestral music for a piano performer is called clavier .

Characteristics of the groups of the symphony orchestra

I. String-bowed

These are instruments similar in appearance and coloring of sound (timbre). In addition, their sound is extracted with a bow. Hence the name. The most virtuoso and expressive instrument of this group is violin . It sounds like a singer's voice. It has a gentle, singing timbre. The violin is usually entrusted with the main melody of the work. The orchestra has I and II violins. They play different parts.
Alto it looks like a violin, but it is not much larger in size and has a more muffled, matte sound /
Cello can be called a "big violin". This instrument is not on the shoulder, like a violin or viola, but rests on a stand that touches the floor. The cello sound is low, but at the same time soft, velvety, noble.
The largest instrument in this group is double bass . They play it while sitting, because it is taller than a person. This instrument is rarely used as a soloist. His sound is the lowest, humming in this group.
The string-bow group in the orchestra is the leader in the orchestra. It has enormous timbre and technical capabilities.

II. Woodwinds

Wood is used to make wooden tools. They are called wind instruments because they produce sound by blowing air into the instrument.
Flute (from Italian means “wind, breath”). The sound of the flute is transparent, sonorous, cold.
It has a melodious, rich, warm, but somewhat nasal sound oboe.
Has a varied tone clarinet. This quality allows him to perform dramatic, lyrical, scherzo paintings.
Performs the bass part bassoon - an instrument with a thick, slightly hoarse timbre.
The lowest bassoon has a name contrabassoon .
The group of woodwind instruments is widely used for sketching pictures of nature, lyrical episodes.

III. Brass

For the manufacture of copper-wind instruments, copper metals (copper, brass, etc.) are used.
Powerfully and solemnly, brilliantly and brightly, the whole group of brass-wind instruments sounds in the orchestra.
Has a clear "voice" pipe . The loud sound of the trumpet is heard even when the whole orchestra is playing. Often the trumpet has a solo part.
French horn (“forest horn”) can be used in pastoral music.
At the moment of the highest tension in a piece of music, especially of a dramatic nature, along with pipes, they play trombones.
The lowest brass instrument in the orchestra - tuba. It is often played in combination with other instruments.

The task of percussion instruments- enhance the sonority of the orchestra, make it more colorful, show the expressiveness and variety of rhythm.

This is a large, colorful and diverse group, which is united by a common way of extracting sound - a blow. That is, by their nature they are not melodic. Their main purpose is to emphasize the rhythm, enhance the overall sonority of the orchestra and complement, decorate it with various effects. Only the timpani are a permanent member of the orchestra. Starting from the 19th century, the shock group began to replenish rapidly. Bass and snare drums, cymbals and triangles, and then tambourine, tom-tom, bells and bells, xylophone and celesta, vibraphone. But these instruments were used only sporadically.

A characteristic feature of a number of instruments is the presence of white and black keys, which are collectively called a keyboard or, for an organ, a manual.
Main keyboard instruments: organ (relatives - portable , positive ), clavichord (related - spinet in Italy and virginal in England), harpsichord, piano (varieties - piano and piano ).
According to the sound source, keyboard instruments are divided into two groups. The first group includes instruments with strings, the second group includes organ-type instruments. Instead of strings, they have pipes of various shapes.
piano This is an instrument in which both loud (forte) and quiet (piano) sounds were extracted with the help of hammers. Hence the name of the instrument.
Timbre harpsichord - silvery, the sound is not loud, of the same strength.
Organ - the largest musical instrument. They play it, like the piano, by pressing the keys. The entire front part of the organ was decorated in the old days with fine artistic carvings. Behind him are thousands of pipes of various shapes, each with its own distinct timbre. Consequently, the organ emits both the highest and lowest sounds that the human ear can only catch.

VI. A frequent member of the symphony orchestra is string-plucked tool - harp , which is a gilded frame with stretched strings. The harp has a gentle, transparent timbre. Its sound creates a magical flavor.

Timbre characteristics of instruments

Types of orchestras

Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments

The composition of such an orchestra includes the main groups:

• String plucked:
  • domra, balalaika, gusli
• Brass:
  • flute, zhaleyka, Vladimir horns
• Pneumatic reed:
  • bayans, harmonicas
• • tambourines and drums
• Additional tools:
  • flute, oboe and their varieties

Orchestra of Belarusian Folk Instruments

Approximate composition:

• Stringed instruments:
  • harp, violin, basset
• Wind instruments:
  • Svirel, zhaleyka, duda, pipe, horn
• • drums and cymbals
• Accordion - (or multi-timbre, ready-to-select button accordion) is a reed, pneumatic (“air”) keyboard instrument. It got its name from the name of the draene - the Russian legendary singer - storyteller Bayan. This instrument has buttons on both sides, on which the performer plays a melody from the right moan, and accompaniment from the left.
  Bayans are the most widespread in modern concert performance. Having special switches of timbre registers in the left keyboard, which make it possible to change the timbre of the instrument, change the color of the sound.
  There are also electronic button accordions, which have unlimited sound power and a very large number of timbre colors.
• Balalaika - a relative of the lute, mandolin, guitar. Musical symbol of the Russian people. It is a stringed plucked instrument. She has a wooden triangular body and a long neck, on which the strings are pulled. The sound is extracted by striking all the strings with the index finger or by plucking. There are several types of balalaikas: piccolo, prima, second, viola, bass and double bass.
• Harmonic (accordion, harmonica) - a wind musical instrument that has become widespread in many countries.
  It is equipped with furs and a keypad. A characteristic feature of the instrument: the ability to change the pitch due to a change in the tension of the movement of the bellows.
  Another type of harmonica is accordion . On one side of the accordion there are keys, like a piano, they play a melody, on the other - several rows of buttons for accompaniment. When you press several of them, a whole chord sounds. Hence the name accordion.
• Domra - a bit like a balalaika, only its body is oval, pear-shaped, and the strings are tuned in fourths.
• Cymbals - a stringed percussion instrument, is a low box in the shape of a trapezoid or a wooden frame, over which strings are stretched. The instrument is played with sticks or hammers. The gentle sound of cymbals in timbre resembles the sound of a harp.
• Guitar - one of the few musical instruments on which the sound is prepared and extracted with the fingers.
• Gusli - an old Russian stringed plucked instrument.

Brass band

A brass band is a group of musicians who play various wind and percussion instruments.
According to their composition, the instruments of a modern brass band are divided into small brass orchestra, small mixed, medium mixed and large mixed.
The basis of the small copper orchestra is made up of: cornets, altos, tenors, baritones, basses.
With the addition of woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, saxophones, bassoons), as well as trumpets, horns, trombones and percussion instruments to this group, small mixed, medium, large mixed compositions are formed.

Variety Orchestra

The composition of this orchestra includes traditional groups of instruments of a symphony orchestra - woodwinds - horns and strings (violin, viola, cello).

Jazz orchestra (jazz band)

This orchestra includes trumpets, clarinets, trombones and a “rhythm section” (banjo, guitar, double bass, drums and piano).

Materials used in the work:

1. Z.Osovitskaya, A.Kazarinova In the world of music. First year of study. M., “Music”, 1996.
2. M. Shonikova Musical Literature. Rostov-on-Don, 2003.
3. Ya. Ostrovskaya, L. Frolova Musical literature in definitions and musical examples. SPb., 2004.
4. M.F. musical kingdom. Minsk, 2002.

Musical instruments

instruments that have the ability to reproduce, with the assistance of a person, rhythmically organized and fixed in pitch sounds or a clearly regulated rhythm. Each M. and. has a special timbre (coloration) of sound, as well as its own musical and expressive dynamic capabilities, a certain range of sounds. Sound quality M. and. depends on the relationship of the materials used for the manufacture of the instrument and the shape given to them and can be changed with the help of additional devices (for example, mute (See Mute)), various sound extraction techniques (for example, Pizzicato, Flagiolet).

M. i. It is customary to divide into folk and professional. Folk M. and. can be original, belong to only one people, and "interethnic", which are widespread among different peoples, interconnected by an ethnic community or long-term historical and cultural contacts. So, for example, the bandura exists only in Ukraine, panduri and chonguri only in Georgia, and the psaltery, snot, pity, bagpipes are simultaneously among Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians; saz, tar, kemancha, duduk, zurna in Azerbaijan and Armenia; almost all instruments are the same in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Ensembles of folk music and music have long existed in Russia. (gusliars, gudoshnikovs, domrists); in the 2nd half of the 18th century. on the basis of the hunting horn, horn orchestras were created; in the 70s. the horn-shepherd choirs gained great fame; the choir organized by N. V. Kondratiev was especially famous. At the end of the 19th century thanks to the activities of V. V. Andreev and his closest assistants S. I. Nalimov, F. S. Passerbsky, N. P. Fomin, some Russian M. and. (balalaika, harp, etc.) were improved or reconstructed (domra) and on their basis orchestras of folk instruments were created. The republics of the USSR have a centuries-old and diverse folk instrumental culture in their national forms. Orchestras and ensembles of folk instruments were created here in Soviet times, and a lot of work is being done to improve folk instruments.

Professional M. and. the instruments that make up the symphony (opera), brass and pop orchestras are considered. Almost all professional M. and. its origins go to folk prototypes. Narodny M. and. in the distant past there was a violin, a modern one was created from the simplest folk flute, an oboe was created from a primitive shawl, etc.

M.'s development and. is directly related to the development of human society, its culture, music, performing arts and production techniques. At the same time, some musical instruments, due to the peculiarities of their design, have been preserved for centuries and have come down to our time in their original form (for example, the Uzbek stone castanets - kayrak), many others have been improved, and still others, which turned out to be unable to meet the growing musical and performing requirements, died off and were replaced by new ones.

Most distinctly M.'s connection and. with creativity and performance, their selection and improvement can be traced in the field of professional music, rather than in folk music (where these processes proceed much more slowly and where musical instruments have been preserved for centuries in an unchanged or little changed form). So, in the 15-16 centuries. coarse and inactive fidels (viels) were replaced by gentle, matte timbre "aristocratic" viols. In the 17-18 centuries. In connection with the coming to replace the polyphonic style of the homophonic-harmonic and the emergence of music requiring dynamic performance, the viols with their quiet sound and chord playing technique gradually replaced the violin and its family, which have a bright, expressive sound, rich stroke technique and opportunities for virtuoso playing. Simultaneously with the viols, the same gentle-sounding, but "lifeless" longitudinal flute fell into disuse, giving way to a more sonorous and technically mobile transverse flute. At the same time, in ensemble and orchestral practice, the European lute and its varieties, the theorbo and kitarron (arch-lute), were no longer used; By the end of the 18th century the harpsichord and chamber clavichord were replaced by a new keyboard instrument - the pianoforte.

In view of the complexity of their design, professional musical instruments, more than popular ones, also depend in their development on the state of the exact sciences and production technology - the presence of musical factories and factories with their experimental laboratories, design bureaus, and qualified instrument-making specialists. The exception is the instruments of the violin family, which require purely individual production. Improved on the basis of folk samples by the famous Breschan and Cremonese masters of the 16-18 centuries. Gasparo da Salo, J. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, J. Guarneri del Gesu and others - they remain unsurpassed in their merits. The most intensive development of professional M. and. took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The creation of a rational valve system by T. Böhm (the first model appeared in 1832), its use first on the flute, and then, in different versions, on the clarinet, oboe and bassoon, significantly expanded the performing possibilities and increased the intonation purity and stability of the structure of woodwind instruments, made it possible composers to use them more widely and more diversely in their work, contributed to the development of solo-concert performing art. A real revolution was made by the appearance at the beginning of the 19th century. valve mechanics (see Valve) for brass wind instruments, which turned them from the so-called. natural musical instruments, with a limited number of sounds and hence limited performance capabilities, into chromatic ones, capable of reproducing any music, like woodwind instruments. A radical stylistic change in the music of all genres for stringed keyboard instruments occurred with the advent of the hammer-action piano. With the invention of radio, it became possible to design electrophonic M. and.

For definition of types M. and. There are various classification systems. The 3-group system is well known, according to which M. and. are divided into wind, string and percussion; in turn, wind instruments are divided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, saryusophone, bassoon and their varieties) and copper (trumpet, cornet, horn, trombone, tuba, brass band instruments), and string instruments - into plucked (harp, lute, guitar) and bowed (families of violins and viols). To shock M. and. include timpani, drum, xylophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, etc. In the scientific study, especially of various folk musical instruments, more complete and accurate classification systems are used. Among them, the system developed at the beginning of the 20th century enjoys recognition. by the Austrian musicologist E. Hornbostel and the German musicologist K. Sachs (which was founded in the second half of the 19th century by the Belgian musicologists Fr. Gevaart and W. S. Mayyon). The Hornbostel-Sachs system is built on two features: the source of the sound of the instrument and the way it is extracted. On the first sign of M. and. are divided into self-sounding (idiophones or autophones), membrane (membranophones), stringed (chordophones) and wind (aerophones). The sound source of the former is the material itself from which the instrument or its sounding part is made; the second - a stretched elastic membrane; third - a stretched string; fourth - a column of air enclosed in the bore (tube). According to the method of extracting sound, self-sounding ones are divided into plucked (harp), friction (kraatspeel, nail and glass harmonicas), percussion (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); membrane - for friction (bulk), percussion (drum, timpani); strings - on plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar), bowed (kemancha, violin), percussion (cymbals); wind - flute (all types of flutes), reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon), mouthpiece (pipes and horns). Further division is made according to the design features of the tool. So, for example, flutes are divided into longitudinal (open and whistling), transverse and multi-barreled; strings to keyboard-plucked (spinet, harpsichord) and keyboard-percussion (piano, clavichord), etc.

Among modern M. and. a special group is made up of electric ones, the sound source of which is generators of sound frequency oscillations. These instruments are divided mainly into two subgroups: electronic (actually electric instruments) and adapted, i.e. instruments of the usual type, equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar, electric balalaika, Turkmen electric dutar).

Lit.: Zaks K., Modern orchestral musical instruments, trans. from German., M., 1932; Belyaev V. M., Musical instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; his own, Folk musical instruments of Azerbaijan, in the collection: Art of the Azerbaijani people, M. - L., 1938; Agazhanov A., Russian folk musical instruments, M. - L., 1949; Yampolsky I. M., Russian violin art. Essays and materials, [ch. 1], M. - L., 1951; V. S. Vinogradov, Kirghiz folk music, Frunze, 1958; Zhinovich I.I., Belarusian State Folk Orchestra. Minsk, 1958; Struve B. A., The process of formation of viols and violins, M., 1959; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, 2nd ed., M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR, L., 1964 (lit.); Berov L. S., Moldavian musical folk instruments, Kish., 1964; Gumenyuk A. I., Ukrainian folk musical instruments, Kiev, 1967 (lit.).

K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Musical Instruments" is in other dictionaries:

Strings Plucked Bowed Wind Wood Brass Reed ... Wikipedia

Instruments designed to extract rhythmically organized and fixed-pitched sounds or clearly regulated rhythm, as well as noise. Objects that emit unorganized sounds and noises (mallet of night watchmen, rattle ... ... Music Encyclopedia

Instruments designed to extract musical sounds (see Musical sound). The oldest functions of musical instruments are magical, signaling, etc. They existed already in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. In modern musical practice ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Musical instruments- Musical instruments. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS already existed in the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. The oldest functions of musical instruments are magic, signal, etc. In modern musical practice, musical instruments are divided into ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Instruments that have the ability to reproduce, with the assistance of a person, rhythmically organized and fixed in pitch sounds or a clearly regulated rhythm. Each musical instrument has: a special timbre of sound; certain ... ... Financial vocabulary

Tools for extracting various sounds. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Tools for extracting various tones. An explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Musical instruments- Musical instruments dream to great pleasure. But, if they are broken, the pleasures will be interrupted by something or someone. If a young woman sees a musical instrument in a dream, then she will have a chance to make her life the way ... Big universal dream book