How to recognize the perfect or imperfect form of a verb. Perfect and imperfect form of the verb

The verb is the part of speech that we encounter almost more often than all the others. It has a number of constant and changing features, which include the species. Each of us came across this category in school days. Often she baffled and raised questions.

This article will help you remember what it is and learn how to identify it. Examples of tasks that you will encounter will help you practice the acquired knowledge.

View is one of the constant features belonging to the verb. It reflects how the speaker sees the course of action in time: finished, lasting, repetitive, one-time.

View can be regarded both as a category that modifies words and as one that classifies them. In modern Russian, this group includes only two options.

Let's answer the question: "What are the types of verbs?" The answer of modern linguists to this question consists of two positions: perfect and imperfect.

Imperfect species

We found the answer to the question: “What is the form of the verb?” Now let's get to know each of them.

Imperfective verbs convey the meaning of an action without indicating its completion. Three types of words fall under this category:

1. Denoting long-term action. For example: "He looked into her eyes for a long time", "She walked down the street for an infinitely long time."
2. Conveying the meaning of a repetitive action. Example: "Every morning she gets on the bus", "He goes to school every day."
3. Describing permanent action. Consider the example: "The city is on a hill."

Imperfect verbs in many cases are accompanied by adverbs "long", "often", "usually", conveying the frequency with which the action is performed.

Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Now you know what the next paragraph will talk about the words belonging to the second type.

Perfect view

Perfective verbs convey the meaning of the completion of an action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

1. An action that ended with the achievement of some result. For example: "Marina painted a beautiful picture", "Dad hammered a nail into the wall."
2. An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall”, “The girl sang a wonderful romance”.
3. A single action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix "nu": "He accidentally pushed me in the corridor", "In anger, he kicked the briefcase with his foot."

Perfective words appear only in past and future simple tenses. We remembered what a perfective verb is. Let's move on to more complex material.

species pairs

Verbs of both types sometimes form aspectual pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different semantic shades. Consider examples:

1. Justify and justify. In the first case, we see a completed action, in the second - a long one.
2. Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was reached. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from one stem. But there are exceptions, such as "take and take" or "catch and catch."

What other types of verbs are there?

In modern Russian, there are one- and two-part verbs. The first type includes words that have the form of only one of the species. This category includes imperfective verbs according to the following criteria:

1. Action does not seek to achieve any result. Most often it expresses emotions. For example: hate, regret, expect.
2. The verb expresses the state of a person: cry, dream, be silent, chat.
3. The word means movement. Examples: run, jump, dance.
4. The verb conveys an action with the meaning "slightly": to shout, to keep up.
5. The word has the meaning of an action that accompanies another, as in the case of "smack" or "dance".
6. The verb has a meaning associated with professional activity. For example: carpentry, teaching.
7. The action is mutual. Example: whispering, looking at each other.

Perfective verbs belong to the same type:

1. Containing several prefixes in their composition: to forget, to dial.
2. Denoting an action that happened immediately. For example: gushed, gushed.
3. Which show that the action has reached its logical conclusion. For example: call back, make noise.
4. Denoting the beginning of the process: jump, cry.
5. expressing redundancy. Example: see enough, indulge.

Two aspect verbs

Verbs are of a form devoid of a formal expression. Depending on the context, they can be classified as perfect or imperfect.

Such words can be divided into three groups:

1. Words with a long history. Some of them: promise, wound, marry, execute.
2. Part of verbs ending in "ovate". For example, let's take: promote, investigate, investigate.
3. Verbs, mostly of foreign origin, having in their composition the suffixes "ova", "irova". Examples: warehouse, codify, telegraph.

Exercises

To determine which types of verbs are found in tasks, you must follow the following algorithm:

1. See if the word fits the criteria for a single or two aspect verb.
2. If there is a prefix, in most cases it will be a perfect look.
3. In order to accurately determine what kind of verb, you need to ask him a question. "What to do?" - imperfect species. "What to do?" - perfect view.

Let's move on to a little workout. Determine what type the words belong to:

• to say (a two-part verb);
• cook;
• start (non-native view);
• consider (non-common view);
• find (owl view);
• walk (single-species verb of a non-native species);
• to command (single-species verb of a non-native species);
• writes (non-Sov. view).

Specify what type of verb occurs in the sentence:

1. He deeply regretted what had happened (single aspect imperfective verb).
2. I used to sleep until lunch (the first verb is perfective, the second is single-specific imperfective).
3. He asked me a tricky question (perfect look).
4. Every day he looks out the window waiting for something (imperfect view).
5. He liked to teach in the company (single-spectrum imperfective verbs).
6. The first spring thunderstorm has died down (one-species perfective verb).
7. He got a job as a salesman in a clothing store in order to earn some extra money (the first verb is a perfect aspect, the second one is of the same type, but at the same time it is single aspect).

In this article, you learned what a verb aspect is. Familiarize yourself with the words of single and double types. Considered examples of exercises with explanations. And we received recommendations that will help you easily determine the type of the verb.

When you stumble upon a task related to defining a species, you can easily indicate what type a word belongs to, even if the words will initially seem complicated.

Type (differ in the value of limiting / non-limiting action):

Imperfect (what to do?) - the meaning of the incompleteness of the action, it has not reached the result, the limit - in the form of n., pr., bud. complex.

Perfect (what to do?) - the value of the completion of the action, it has reached the result, the limit - in the form of pr., bud. simple.

Ways of forming perfective / imperfective verbs

Perfectification - education ch. owls. in. from the non-derivative stem of the verb by attaching prefixes(fly - at + fly);

And also education. owls. in. with suf. - WELL with a one time value ( prick - prick, butt - butt).

Ness verbs. species with prefixes are borrowed from st / sl .: to foresee, to belong, to sympathize.

imperfectification - education ch. nesov. kind from ch. owls. species using suffixes - yva, -iva, -va, -eva, -a, -ya(give - give, decide - decide, read - read).

1. Determine the form of the verb, the method of formation of the form (from which verb it was formed) and the indicator of the form.

species pair

Ch. if possible, form a species pair are divided into:

Correlative in appearance - single-species - two-species

comparable in appearance verbs can form an aspect pair.

species pair form verbs of opposing types with identical lexical meaning, differing only in the seme "extremity / non-limitation of action"

Usually the meaning does not change when perfecting

When perfecting, the prefix often adds an additional shade

Most scientists distinguish purely species prefixes ( to-write, u-drown, s-do). If the verb is formed with the help of a purely specific prefix, then in the dictionary, when interpreting its meaning, there will be a reference to the verb nes. kind.

Many verbs are incompatible in appearance those. single-species.

Single species. ch. nesov. of the form express the absolute infinity of the action, it cannot be completed:

Verbs indicating a connection, relationship (to be numbered, to resemble)

Modal ch. (want, hope, aspire)

Intellectual state (know, believe)

Possession verbs

Ch., denoting position in space

Ch. movement

two-species verbs are those verbs that, with the help of the same stem, can express the meaning of owls. and nesov. kind ( marry, run away, order, marry, bestow, use ..., ch. on –irovat / isova).

2. Underline the pairs in which the verbs are related by aspect, determine the way the aspect is formed and highlight the indicator of the aspect.

a) remake - remake, tie - tie, quit - throw, smash - smash, get - mine, wash off - wash off, sit - sit, sow - sow, freeze - freeze, decide - decide, take - take, say - say, catch - catch, chop - chop.

b) go blind - go blind, look - view, lose weight - lose weight, write - write, build - build, love - fall in love, sit down - sit down, design - design, write - rewrite, swim - swim.

Perfect and imperfect form of the verb. What is the perfect and imperfect form of a verb?

1. Thanks
2. nooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
3. Perfect view answers the question WHAT TO DO? (perfect process)
   Imperfect appearance - WHAT TO DO? (action in progress)
4. If there is a letter C in the question, then this verb is Perfective
5. Perfect view-wrote
   Not perfect view-wrote
   Clear?
6. View is a verbal category showing the nature of the course of an action in time, expressing the relation of the action to its internal limit, the result. The aspect category is inherent in all verbs of the Russian language in any form.

   Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfective verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end), having achieved a result (learn, draw), an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing), a single action (push, shout, jump verbs with the suffix -nu).
   Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

   to its limit, without limiting its flow in time, the action is long or repetitive (to teach, draw, play, shout).

   Imperfective and perfective verbs form aspect pairs. The aspect pair is made up of an imperfective verb and a perfective verb, which have the same lexical meaning and differ only in the meaning of the aspect: read read, write write, build build.

   Imperfective verbs are formed from perfective verbs with the help of suffixes:

   1) -iva-, -yva-: consider consider, ask question, sign sign;

   2) -va: open to open, give to give, put on shoes;

   3) -a-(-z): save save, grow up grow up.

   Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

   1) with the help of specific prefixes on-, s-, pro-, you-, po-, etc.: treat, cure, bake, bake, do, write, write, read, read, build, build, teach, learn, etc. ( But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the species, but also in the change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read, reread, reprimand, read out, etc.);

   2) using the suffix -nu-: get used to get used to, nod nod, jump jump.

   Some verbs that make up the aspect pair can differ only in the place of stress: scatter, scatter, cut, cut.

   Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: say, say, seek, find, put, put, take, take.

   Some verbs are one-dimensional. They do not form a species pair and are either only a perfect type (find themselves, rush, sleep, shout, etc.), or only an imperfect type (predominate, be present, sit, be).

   There are also two-part verbs that combine the meaning of the perfect and imperfect aspects in one form. Their appearance is established from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (tb), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph, etc. For example: Cannons from the pier they fire, they tell the ship to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

   The type of the verb affects the formation of its forms (primarily tense forms): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood have forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; perfective verbs do not have present tense forms in the indicative mood (the future tense form is simple) and present participles.

7. 
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

8. perfect, this is when the verb answers the question what did-do-did, and imperfect-what to do, what did, what does
9. perfect, this is when the verb answers the question what did-do-did, and imperfect-what to do, what did, what does
10. Perfect form of the verb.
    The question begins with the prefix C (wrote - What did you do)

    Imperfect form of the verb.
    Question without prefix C (writes - What does it do)

    I go to school in the 7th grade. 2010

11. the form of the verb is the relation of the action to its result. If the action takes place in time and the result is unknown, then this is an imperfect form verb. For example, I wrote, I write. It is not known if there is a result. And if there is a result, I wrote, I will write, but it is not known how long the action took place, this is a perfective verb.
12. Thanks
13. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action or its beginning. In an indefinite form, they answer the question what to do?.
    For example: run, buy, ring, build, sing.

    Past tense: what did you do? what did you do? What did you do? what did?
    ran up, saw, found, ascended.

    Future simple tense: what will they do? what will I do? what will he do? etc.
    come out, buy, sail, count.

    Note that perfective verbs have only two forms of tense: past and future simple. The present tense is missing.

    Imperfective verbs denote long or repetitive actions, without indicating their completeness.
    In an indefinite form, they answer the question what to do?.
    For example: sing, boil, run, dream, reread, jump.

    Past tense: what did you do? what have you been doing? what did you do? what did it do?
    ran, jumped, searched, stopped by.

    Present tense: what are they doing? what do we do? what is he doing? etc.
    sunbathing, building, pulling up, buying.

    The future difficult time: what will they do? what will i do? etc.
    they will jump, I will laugh, we will listen, they will dance.

    Imperfective verbs have all three forms of tense: past, present and future compound.

14. perfect, this is when the verb answers the question what did-do-did, and imperfect-what to do, what did, what does
15. What to do and what to do - do you catch the difference?
    Example: write, write
16. Perfect view - what to do? What did you do? What Will Do? That is, the question begins with "C". The action has already taken place, there is no present time. Imperfect - what to do, what to do, what to do, i.e. without "s" at the beginning. This, of course, is not an explanation, but it is easier to remember.
17. Perfect - what to do.
    Imperfect - what to do.
    It seems that it was taught in Russian, in my opinion, in the 4th grade. Well, who's like.

In modern Russian, it is a paired (binary) opposition of the perfect and.

Perfective verbs denote an action limited by an internal limit.

Perfective verbs can have the following particular meanings:

1. Specific actual value.

Indicates a single action in its entirety: entered, wrote, shouted.

• - I has entered, the old man was reading a newspaper in an armchair ...
• (A. N. Tolstoy)

2. Total value.

Indicates the integrity of an action united by a common result or goal; lexical indicators of type are used twice, thrice, several times and etc.

• Bulat-Tuganovskiy knocked three times short and decisive.
• (A. I. Kuprin)
• Mother baked a lot pancakes.

3. Cash-effective value.

The main thing is the end result of the action: the student came, the father returned.

• - You probably cold in my dancing shoes.
• (V. A. Soloukhin)

Grammatical features of perfective verbs

1. The perfective verbs will have two forms - and. They don't have forms. This is explained by the incompatibility of the grammatical meanings of the perfect form and the present tense.

2. Perfective verbs form synthetic forms of the future tense: look - look, sew - sew.

• write - write vsh oh, write nn th
• tell - story vsh uy, story nn th

4. Verbs of the perfect form form: say - tale in, look - look in, plant - plant in, write - write in .

The aspect of a verb is a lexical and grammatical category of a verb that expresses the relation of an action to its internal limit. An internal limit is a point in the course of an action when the action becomes inactive.

History of the verb aspect category

Until the 20th century in linguistics, 3 types were distinguished:

1. Indefinite view, coinciding with the modern imperfect view.

2. Multiple view. Examples are: sat, walked.

3. Single view, coinciding with the modern perfect view.

How to determine the type of the verb?

In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish between grammatical types of a verb on the basis of semantics, i.e. values.

In Russian grammar, perfect and imperfect types are distinguished.

It can be determined based on the following criteria:

1) Based on semantics.

Perfective verbs denote an action that has reached an internal limit (for example:, did). Imperfective verbs denote an action that has not reached the internal limit (for example: looked, did).

2) For questions.

Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?”, and imperfective verbs answer the question “?”. For example: (what did you do?) looked, (what did you do?) looked.

3) On the basis of word-formation.

The perfect form is formed with the help of prefixes, the imperfect form - with the help of suffixes. So, the perfective verbs "looked, did" have prefixes, and the imperfective verbs "looked, did" do not.

4) By compatibility.

Imperfective verbs are combined with adverbs "long", "slowly", with the words "every day" and others, and perfective verbs do not have such an opportunity. So, you can say “looked for a long time”, but you cannot use the expression “looked for a long time”.

5) By the difference in the set of word forms.

Perfective verbs cannot be in the present form, and imperfective verbs do not have 3 tense forms.