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Serfdom and personality (according to I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu")

One of the most difficult works to understand, which is included in the 5th grade program, is the story of I.S. Turgenev "Mumu". It can be very difficult for fifth-graders to appreciate the depth and seriousness of a work. First of all, the guys feel sorry for the unfortunate dog Mumu, they feel sorry and at the same time admire the heroic strength of the deaf-mute Gerasim, someone condemns him for drowning Mumu without trying to resist the mistress. That is, first of all, it is emotions. And the whole difficulty of this work lies in the fact that, throwing aside emotions, to see in the deaf-mute Gerasim a symbol of serf Russia - just as strong, powerful and unable to speak, to resist.

This lesson is the last in the study of this work. The results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, the facts of the writer's biography are recalled.

1) Educational:
- - repeat knowledge about childhood and the beginning of the literary path of I.S. Turgenev, plunging into the era in which the writer lived and worked, develop interest in the personality of the writer and his work;
- - recall the history of the creation of the story "Mumu";
- - Consider the characters and their actions.
2) Developing:
- - to form the ability to analyze the text of a work of art;
- - to develop the ability to express one's thoughts, to evaluate the hero's act - to generalize, draw conclusions;
- - to form an idea about the heroes of the work on the basis of a comparison of verbal and graphic images;
- - learn to succinctly state the narrative text;
- - develop communication skills, enrich vocabulary;
- - to continue work on the development of the culture of speech of schoolchildren.
3) Educational:
- - education of universal values;
- - the ability to work in a group: respect the opinion of a friend, the development of a sense of mutual assistance, support.

During the classes

Good afternoon guys. We have read the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Mumu". In our lesson, we finish talking about this surprisingly interesting, but at the same time very complex work of the great Russian writer of the second half of the 19th century, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, "Mumu". Today we have to solve a difficult problem, which lies in such concepts: serfdom and personality. Write the topic of the lesson in your notebook.

First, we need to define the meaning of these concepts. At home, according to the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, our classmates looked at the meaning of these words and wrote them down in their notebooks. Let's read them. (Pre-prepared students read the definitions).

Serfdom is a historical system in Russia, a form of dependence of the peasants: attaching them to the land and subordinating the administrative and judicial power of the feudal lord. In Western Europe (where in the Middle Ages English villans, Catalan Remens, French and Italian serfs were in the position of serfs), elements of serfdom disappeared in the 16th-18th centuries. Severe forms of serfdom spread in Central and Eastern Europe during the same centuries; here serfdom was abolished during the reforms of the late 18th-19th centuries. In Russia, on a national scale, serfdom was formalized by the Sudebnik of 1497, decrees on reserved years and lesson years, and finally - by the Cathedral Code of 1649. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the entire non-free population merged into the serfs. Abolished by the peasant reform of 1861).

Serf man - Serf - 1. Relating to the social system, in which the landowner had the right to forced labor, property and personality of peasants attached to the land and belonging to him. 2. Serf peasant.

Personality - a person as a carrier of some properties.

The story "Mumu" was written in 1851, nine years before 1861, when serfdom was abolished. Let's write in a notebook:

1852 - the story "Mumu", 1861 - the abolition of serfdom.
- What is serfdom?
(Message pre-trained student)

The entire population of Russia was divided into several groups, called estates: the nobility, the clergy, the merchants, the bourgeoisie (small merchants, artisans, petty employees), the peasantry. A person could move from one class to another in very rare cases. The nobility and clergy were considered privileged estates.

The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. More than half of the peasant population of Central Russia was a serf.

- What do you know about serfs? (Children's answers)
- The nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, could sell the peasants, including separating families; for example, to sell a mother to one landowner and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law the full property of the master. In fact, it was a legalized form of slavery. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field (corvée) or give him part of the money they earned (tire).

Often the nobles lived in villages that belonged to them, but it happened that the nobles traveled, lived in the city or abroad, and the manager was in charge of the village. If a noble family lived in their own house in the city, it was served by numerous households, that is, serfs who lived with their owners in the city.

- Guys, what class did I.S. Turgenev belong to?
(Children's answers)
- Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in the Oryol province. The village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo is located a few versts from Mtsensk. District town of the Oryol province. A huge manor estate, in a birch grove, with a horseshoe-shaped estate, with a church, with a house of forty rooms, endless services, greenhouses, wine cellars, pantries, stables, with a park and an orchard.

Spasskoye belonged to the Lutovinovs. The last of the Lutovinovs was owned by the maiden Varvara Petrovna, the mother of the future writer. What information do you know about her?

Student: Turgenev's mother, Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova, is a domineering, intelligent and sufficiently educated woman, she did not shine with beauty. She was small, squat, with a broad face, spoiled by smallpox. And only the eyes were good: large, dark and shiny. Having lost her father early, she was brought up in her stepfather's family, where she felt like a stranger and powerless. She was forced to run away from home and found shelter with her uncle, who kept her in strictness and threatened to kick her out of the house for the slightest disobedience. But unexpectedly, the uncle died, leaving his niece huge estates and almost five thousand serfs.

She was already in her thirties when a young officer, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, came to Spasskoye to buy horses from her factory. What information about the father of Ivan Sergeevich do we know?

Student: It was a young officer who came from an old noble family, which by that time had become impoverished. He was handsome, graceful, smart.

Varvara Petrovna immediately fell in love with the young officer. Their wedding took place in 1816. A year later, their son Nikolai was born, and then the son Ivan. And what does Turgenev remember about his childhood?

Student: The upbringing of children was mainly carried out by Varvara Petrovna. The suffering she endured in her time in the house of her stepfather and uncle was reflected in her character. Wayward, capricious, she treated her children unevenly. “I have nothing to remember my childhood,” Turgenev said many years later. - Not a single bright memory. I was afraid of my mother like fire. I was punished for every trifle - in a word, they drilled me like a recruit. A rare day passed without a rod, when I dared to ask why I was being punished, my mother categorically stated: “You better know about it, guess.”

- Even as a child, having known the horror of serfdom, young Turgenev took an oath to Annibalov: “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated ... In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was a serf right. Under this name, I collected and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to try on ... This was my Annibal oath. "Notes of a hunter", the story "Mumu" - these are the first works in which the vow given by the young writer is fulfilled.
So, let's get back to the story. To begin with, we need to recall the atmosphere of the manor house and its mistress - the lady.
- What does the lady's house look like? (In one of the remote streets of Moscow, in a gray house with white columns, a mezzanine and a crooked balcony).
- Draw a verbal portrait of the lady. (An old woman, in a white cap, possibly with pince-nez). Serf right personality mumu
- What did we learn about the lady at the very beginning of the story? (A widow surrounded by numerous servants. Her sons served in St. Petersburg, her daughters got married; she rarely went out and lived out the last years of her miserly and bored old age in solitude. Her day, joyless and rainy, had long passed; but her evening was blacker than night).
- If we summarize our observations, what conclusion can be drawn? Who is this lady and what is the atmosphere of that house in which all events unfold? (The manor house is neglected, not well maintained. The old lady, forgotten by everyone, is living out her life. The sons served in St. Petersburg, the daughters got married and, probably, rarely visited their mother).
- Turgenev shows us a domineering and capricious old woman. But she is not the main character of the story. And who is the main character? (Gerasim).
- We have to work in groups and answer some questions.
(Group work)
Group 1: “How does the author describe Gerasim? How did Gerasim work? Support your answers with quotes.

An approximate answer of the children of the 1st group: Turgenev calls Gerasim "the most wonderful person" from among the entire servant. Gerasim was a tall man of heroic build, deaf-mute from birth. The author writes: “Gifted with extraordinary strength, he worked for four - the matter was arguing in his hands, and it was fun to look at him when he either plowed and, leaning his huge palms on the plow, it seemed, alone, without the help of a horse, cut the elastic chest of the earth , either on Peter's day the scythe acted so crushingly that even a young birch forest would be brushed off the roots, or it thrashed agilely and non-stop with a three-foot flail, and the oblong and hard muscles of his shoulders lowered and rose like a lever. The constant silence gave solemn importance to his indefatigable work. He was a nice peasant, and, if it were not for his misfortune, every girl would willingly marry him ... "

According to this description, one can judge the author's attitude towards his hero: Turgenev admires Gerasim, his strength and greed for work. Turgenev speaks of his indefatigability and diligence.

Group 2: What is a comparison? Find comparisons in the description of Gerasim's work.

Approximate answer of children of the 2nd group: Comparison - the image of one phenomenon by comparing it with another. Examples of comparisons: “... like a lever, the oblong and hard muscles of his shoulders went down and up”; Turgenev compares Gerasim with a young, healthy bull, “who had just been taken from the field, where juicy grass grew up to his belly”; Gerasim in the city feels "like a captured beast"; Gerasim "looked like a sedate gander"; when Gerasim worked, “the ax rang like glass, and fragments and logs flew in all directions ...”

Group 3: What is hyperbole? Find examples of hyperbole in the text. What features of Gerasim impress you the most?

Approximate answer of children of the 3rd group: Hyperbole is a strong exaggeration. Describing the power of Gerasim, Turgenev uses hyperbole. The writer says about the bed: "one hundred pounds could be put on it - it would not bend." When Gerasim mowed, he could "brush a young birch forest down with its roots." He hit two cows with their foreheads against each other in such a way that “at least don’t take them to the police later.” Gerasim is strong, he loves to work, he is neat, he always does everything thoroughly.

Group 4: “Find in the text a description of Gerasim's closet. Why do you think the author describes the hero’s dwelling in such detail?

An approximate answer of the children of the 4th group: Gerasim's closet was small and was located above the kitchen. “... He arranged it for himself, according to his own taste: he built in it a bed of oak planks on four logs, a truly heroic bed; one hundred pounds could be put on it - it would not bend; under the bed was a hefty chest; in the corner stood a table of the same strong quality, and near the table - a chair with three legs, but so strong and squat that Gerasim himself used to pick it up, drop it and grin. The closet was locked with a lock, reminiscent of its appearance kalach, only black; Gerasim always carried the key to this lock with him on his belt. He didn't like to be visited." Turgenev describes Gerasim's closet in such detail in order to use this description to show in more detail the character of the hero: unsociable, strong.

- Let's turn to the illustrations that you have prepared. (Working with illustrations of students. Many students depicted Gerasim. They argue their answers).
- What is your impression of Gerasim? What kind of person was he? Gerasim is like a Russian epic hero. Nature endowed him with beauty, health, intelligence, a kind heart, but forgot to give him speech and hearing. Gerasim loves peasant work, knows how to work on the ground. But work in the garden - with a broom and a barrel - seems ridiculous to him, but he stubbornly carries out the assigned work. In everything, Gerasim loves order, accuracy. He is one of those who knew his place well, the place of a serf, ready to "exactly" fulfill the orders of the mistress.
- After reading the story to the end, we will see that not all orders of the mistress will be executed by Gerasim. One day he will leave her. Could Gerasim return to the lady's house after he had fulfilled her cruel order? (No. Gerasim could not forgive the mistress and return to her house. He fulfills her cruel order, but does not forgive her).
- The lady, knowing how Gerasim is attached to Mumu, gives a cruel order, without thinking about how Gerasim will feel. But she didn't care. After all, he was an ordinary serf for her, which means that she could do anything with him and his fate.
- Let's return to the topic of our lesson and try to answer the question: are the concepts of "personality" and "serfdom" compatible? (No. Serfdom is dependence, and personality is freedom. Gerasim chooses freedom).
- Turgenev does not just depict Gerasim as mute from birth. In the person of Gerasim, he personifies the Russian people, the disenfranchised silent people in the conditions of serfdom. But Gerasim, by his departure, proves that even a silent people can protest and have their own opinion.
- Imagine that we have to make a "ladder" and place the heroes on it. To what level shall we put the mistress, and to which Gerasim? (We will put Gerasim on a higher level than the lady).
- Tell me, what conclusions did you draw for yourself? (In any situation, one must remain human. Strive to improve oneself, love others, help them).

Grading. Summing up the lesson.

In Russian literature, problems related to serfdom have been touched upon more than once. A number of writers directed their efforts, some to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent, to ensure that the long-awaited event happened: the fetters of serfdom fell. Sometimes these were only indirect indications of the terrible position of the peasantry in the power of the landowners. In other cases, it was serfdom that served as the main theme of a literary work.

The first work of this kind in Russian literature is the book by A.N. Radishchev “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”. This work is devoted by the author exclusively to the question of the position of the peasants and is directed entirely against serfdom. The picture drawn by Radishchev is indeed terrible. But his book turned out to be written out of time, and the author personally paid for it. The ground had not yet been prepared for this kind of work, the time had not yet come for the realization of Radishchev's ideal - the fall of serfdom. Radishchev was, on the orders of Empress Catherine II, captured and interrogated, but even here he did not renounce his convictions. To give legal form to his conviction, he was accused of treason and exiled to Siberia.

The fate of Radishchev must have served as a formidable warning to more than one writer, and after him for a long time there were no literary works directed directly against serfdom. Nevertheless, all prominent writers of the subsequent era spoke out against this phenomenon of Russian life, in a more hidden form. This issue was touched upon by Pushkin and Griboedov, Lermontov and Gogol.

In Griboedov, in Woe from Wit, in several places, through the mouths of the characters, his attitude to serfdom is manifested. Separate expressions affecting the position of the courtyards slip through Liza, but in the foreground here it is necessary to put Chatsky's story about the exchange of the landowner, the peasants who saved his life, for greyhounds and about the "sale one by one" of "marshmallows" and "cupids".

Pushkin also touched on this issue and spoke much more clearly than Griboedov, becoming, of course, in the ranks of opponents of serfdom. Everyone knows the final words of his poem "The Village":
“I will see, my friends, the people liberated
And slavery, which fell at the behest of the king ... "

At that time, society, due to events in the West, as well as thanks to advanced minds and literary influence, already had a different attitude towards serfdom and was more and more imbued with a humane attitude towards the peasants and the idea of the need to free them. This was reflected in the later works of Pushkin: Onegin, as a person belonging to the enlightened strata of Russian society, "replaced the corvée with a light dues."

Lermontov also paid attention to the issue of serfdom. In his "Strange Man" notes sympathetic to the peasantry break through.

Few references to serfdom are also found in Gogol. Only in a few places in Dead Souls does he touch upon the peasantry, but here more than once he shows sympathy for him, as, for example, when describing poverty in the village of Plyushkin, in the story of how Korobochka sold her peasant women, and especially in Chichikov's reflection on the list of the dead. shower. Here Gogol himself speaks through Chichikov, and shows deep sympathy for the peasants, deep lyricism in describing their fate.

Grigorovich, a contemporary of Turgenev, comes directly to the question of the condition of the peasants, who only shortly before the appearance of the Hunter's Notes wrote the famous story The Village and then, the following year, Anton Goremyka. Here, only serfdom serves both as a theme and content, the depiction of the situation of the peasants is not side strokes, and the author's intention is not hidden by him. He openly attacks serfdom and directly declares himself its enemy. But now he has nothing to fear from the fate of Radishchev, half a century has passed since then, and Russian life has gone far ahead. The ground is already shaking under the feet of the serf-owners. And now, in the first ranks of their enemies, perhaps even at the head of the attackers on serfdom, Turgenev becomes.

The social significance of Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter"

Turgenev was deeply imbued with the consciousness of the perniciousness of serfdom, its injustice, cruelty and shame. He could not reconcile himself to its existence, he clearly, definitely realized the need to abolish it and, prompted by this consciousness, dealt him painful blows. A direct consequence of this way of thinking was the famous "Annibal oath", Turgenev's oath to himself to use all his strength to topple the serfdom that was still tottering then, which for him was, in his own words, his personal enemy.

In order to better implement his plan of attack, Turgenev settled abroad: from afar, he could better, having gathered his strength, attack his enemy. And indeed, he made this attack, and it resulted in the form of "Notes of a Hunter" - stories that were first published separately in different magazines, and then published by Turgenev himself as a collection in two parts.

"Notes of a hunter" - this was the fulfillment of Turgenev's "Annibal oath", and in a loud protest against the reigning shameful injustice - their social significance.

Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter" influenced not only those sections of society that were already inclined to condemn serfdom. It is especially important to note that Emperor Alexander II himself, who had previously spoken out against certain laws that eased the situation of the peasants, later said that after he read the “Notes of a Hunter”, the thought of the need to free the peasants did not leave him for a minute.

Topic: The theme of serfdom in the work of Turgenev (based on the story "Mumu")

Goals:

Show the irreconcilable attitude of the writer to despotism in any form;

Help children identify social evil, fight it;

Awaken good feelings, form the personality of a humane and benevolent person.

Equipment: multimedia projector, cards.

Lesson structure:

I organizational moment

II Checking homework

III New theme

Brief biography of I.S. Turgenev.

a) place of birth

B) parents (mother)

C) an episode about the yard girl Lusha, as a prerequisite for writing the story "Mumu"

2. Introduction to Chapter 1

3. Talk about chapter 1

IV Generalization

V Homework

During the classes:

I Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Reading the epigraph on the slide.

… his images are not only alive

and snatched from life

but these are the types that imitated

youth and who

they created life.

P. Yakubovich

II Before embarking on a new topic, I would like to check how you completed the d\z.

You had to learn an excerpt from the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino" and know the meanings of new words. Pay attention to the slide. It reflects the words, the meanings of which you should know. While some of you will write to me the meanings of these words on pieces of paper, I will ask one of you to read a passage by heart.

III Today we are starting to study the work of I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu".

Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Before talking about a work, we need to know what kind of person wrote it.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in 1818 into a wealthy noble family. His childhood was spent in the village estate of his parents, Spassky-Lutovinovo.

The main person in the family was the writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna. She was a very wealthy woman, had several estates and thousands of serfs.

Here, guys, I want to draw your attention to new and incomprehensible words (on the slide).

serfdom - the right or permission of a serf-owner to own serfs and their property.

serf owner - landowner who owns serfs.

FORTRESS - forced peasant or slave.

Write these words down in your notebook.

These words will help you understand the essence of the work.

Varvara Petrovna, who grew up as an orphan in the house of wealthy relatives who offended and humiliated her, becoming a rich heiress, began to take out her anger on her forced peasants, for which she was known throughout the district as a very cruel and masterful lady.

But Ivan Sergeevich, despite the fact that his mother was such a wayward woman, was a gentle, honest and fair person.

When I.S. Turgenev was a student at St. Petersburg University, he came home for the Christmas holidays, and found out that his mother decided to sell her serf Lukerya, who was a childhood friend of the writer, and whom he taught to read and write. Lusha, as a literate person, understood that the landowners used the serfs, oppressed and humiliated them, and set the peasants up against the arbitrariness of the landowners.

Ivan Sergeevich could not allow this. He hid Lusha.

The police intervened in this matter, but Turgenev, with a gun in his hands, stood his ground until his mother agreed to keep Lusha with her.

The fact that the writer himself stood up for the serf girl only proves that he was against the oppression of the poor peasants and fought as best he could for the peasants to gain freedom; fought with his actions, protecting the serfs; fought against the arbitrariness of the masters in his works. Many of his works are autobiographical; the basics of the plots are taken from his real, real life.

Let's return to the epigraph of our lesson.

The images of his heroes are the prototypes of the people who lived next to him, i.e. it was they who prompted the writing of many of his works, including Mumu.

This work is permeated with hatred for serfdom, for injustice, which was personified by the Lady; imbued with a desire to evoke sympathy for the Russian people, admiration for its strength and spiritual beauty. An example of this is the main character, Gerasim.

Fixing keywords on the slide.

Lady - serf

(fortress)

Serfdom

Gerasim - serf

The story "Mumu" was written by Turgenev in 1852, when the question of the abolition of serfdom through the tsar's decree was acute. People expected that the right would be abolished after the war with Napoleon (1812), p.ch. it was believed that the Russian people won the war. But serfdom was officially abolished only in 1861. Those. it took about 50 years before the peasants gained freedom.

With his work Mumu, Turgenev expressed the act of protest of the serfs against the lawlessness of cruel masters.

And now, open the textbook on p.133.

I read chapter 1 of the story, and you listen carefully and follow the text.

Reading 1 chapter.

Reading session:.

Let's give a title to this chapter. (Gerasim's Moving, Gerasim's Nice Man.)

Who is this chapter about? (about the mistress and Gerasim)

Find the description of Gerasim in the text. (p.133)

How did Gerasim work in the city and in the countryside? Where did he find it hardest to work?

How did Gerasim feel? In the city first? How does the author describe the longing and loneliness of the hero, with whom does he compare him?

Where did Gerasim live? Describe. In what words does the author convey his attitude towards the hero? What does "glorious" mean?

Another feature of the writer is that he immediately introduces us to all the characters at the beginning of the story.

Teacher's abstract

Slide No. 2 Serfdom is a set of state laws that attached peasants to a certain land plot and made them directly dependent on the landowner (landlord), which at times led to the deprivation of peasants of personal freedom. Serfdom has existed in Russia since 1649.

Slide №3 Earlier in Russia there was a landed system, which in its content was not serfdom, but was a rigid form of rental relations. The peasant rented an allotment from the landowner, on which he had to work out the “agreement” until the harvest, as a result of which he would return part of it to the landowner in the form of “rent payment”. This payment was made in the period of one week before St. George's Day - November 26, and one more week after it. The peasant did not have the right to leave without making a settlement, and when he paid what was required, he could move on to another landowner.

Slide number 4 During the reign, in 1649, published, which was a new Russian list of laws. This code recognized the rule of the landowner over the peasants who worked on his land. Such workers did not have the right to leave their allotment and move to another owner, and also generally refuse to work on the land, heading, for example, to earn money in the city.

Slide No. 5 As a result, the peasants were attached to the land, which gave rise to the name: serfdom. In the case of the transfer of land between landlords, the transfer of workers took place along with it.

Slide No. 6 The nobles had the right to sell their serf to another owner without land. Peasants were sold at the arbitrariness of the owner, separating wives and husbands, children and parents.

Slide number 7 From the middle of the 18th century, serfdom intensified in Russia, as a result of which the landlords received the right to sell their peasants as recruits, exile them to Siberia or hard labor.

Slides No. 8.9 The dependence of the peasants on the landlords was constantly expanding, and, consequently, their situation worsened: the landowners began to sell and buy serfs, exchange them for things and animals, marry and marry at their own discretion.

Slide number 10 This phenomenon in Russian history was described by Ivan Turgenev in his story "Mumu".

Slide number 11 The story is based on a real story. The prototypes of the main characters of the story are people well known to Turgenev: his mother and the janitor Andrei, who once lived in their house. Everything described happened in house number 37 on Ostozhenka Street, which still exists in Moscow to this day.

Slide No. 12 Many years ago, in the distant master's village of Sychevo, there lived a deaf-mute man from birth, named Andrey. But his mistress (mother Varvara Petrovna) noticed him, admired his guards growth and bearish strength, wished to have that guardsman at her Moscow house as janitors. Let him chop wood for the kitchen and rooms, carry water from the Alexander Fountain in a barrel, court and guard the manor's yard. No one in all of Moscow will have such a giant janitor as the janitor of the widow of a colonel of the Yekaterinoslav regiment. And what is dumb and deaf as a cork - and even better!

Slide number 13 For a man, city work is easy, boring. But Andrey lived and lived, as if without complaining, with the mistress until her death, he performed the service carefully, respected his mistress, did not contradict her in anything.

Once a quiet courtyard girl took a liking to the mute, and the mistress, knowing this, decided to give her in marriage to another - he endured this. And his little dog, nicknamed Mumu, a favorite, rescued from the Fontanka River somehow in the winter, joy and consolation, meekly drowned himself, if the mistress ordered.

How he said goodbye to her there, with the dog, how he drowned, is unknown. And only from that time on Andrey never smiled, he accepted gifts from the mistress gloomily, like a stone, but did not look at the dogs, turned away. After the death of the lady, just as gloomily, without gratitude, he accepted his freedom and went somewhere to Russia.

Childhood and the beginning of the literary path of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Definition of the concepts "serfdom" and "personality". The history of writing the story "Mumu". Characteristics of the heroes of the work based on a comparison of verbal and graphic images.

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Municipal educational institution

Ramon Secondary School No. 2

Ramon municipal district

Voronezh region

Lesson outline

On the topic: Serfdom and personality (based on the story of I.S. Turgenev "Mumu")

Prepared by:

teacher of Russian language and literature

T.A. Shepelenko

This lesson is the last in the study of this work. The results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, the facts of the writer's biography are recalled.

Target:

1) Educational:

To repeat the knowledge about childhood and the beginning of the literary path of I.S. Turgenev, plunging into the era in which the writer lived and worked, to develop interest in the personality of the writer and his work;

Recall the history of the creation of the story "Mumu";

Consider the characters and their actions.

2) Developing:

To form the ability to analyze the text of a work of art;

Develop the ability to express one's thoughts, evaluate the hero's act - to generalize, draw conclusions;

To form an idea of the heroes of the work on the basis of a comparison of verbal and graphic images;

Learn to succinctly present a narrative text;

Develop communication skills, enrich vocabulary;

To continue work on the development of the culture of speech of schoolchildren.

3) Educational:

Education of universal values;

Ability to work in a group: respect the opinion of a friend, develop a sense of mutual assistance, support.

During the classes

Personality - a person as a carrier of some properties.

The story "Mumu" was written in 1851, nine years before 1861, when serfdom was abolished. Let's write in a notebook:

1852 - the story "Mumu", 1861 - the abolition of serfdom.

What is serfdom?

(Message from a prepared student)

The nobles had the right to own land and people - serfs. More than half of the peasant population of Central Russia was a serf.

What do you know about serfs? (Children's answers)

The nobleman who owned the peasants could impose any punishment on them, could sell the peasants, including separating families; for example, to sell a mother to one landowner and her children to another. Serfs were considered by law the full property of the master. In fact, it was a legalized form of slavery. The peasants had to work for the landowner in his field (corvée) or give him part of the money they earned (tire).

Guys, what class did I.S. Turgenev belong to?

(Children's answers)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in the Oryol province. The village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo is located a few versts from Mtsensk. District town of the Oryol province. A huge manor estate, in a birch grove, with a horseshoe-shaped estate, with a church, with a house of forty rooms, endless services, greenhouses, wine cellars, pantries, stables, with a park and an orchard.

Spasskoye belonged to the Lutovinovs. The last of the Lutovinovs was owned by the maiden Varvara Petrovna, the mother of the future writer. What information do you know about her?

She was already in her thirties when a young officer, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, came to Spasskoye to buy horses from her factory. What information about the father of Ivan Sergeevich do we know?

Student: It was a young officer who came from an old noble family, which by that time had become impoverished. He was handsome, graceful, smart.

Even as a child, having known the horror of serfdom, young Turgenev took Annibalov's oath: “I could not breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated ... In my eyes, this enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was - serfdom . Under this name, I collected and concentrated everything against which I decided to fight to the end - with which I swore never to try on ... This was my Annibal oath. "Notes of a hunter", the story "Mumu" - these are the first works in which the vow given by the young writer is fulfilled.

So, let's get to the story. To begin with, we need to recall the atmosphere of the manor house and its mistress - the lady.

What does the lady's house look like? (In one of the remote streets of Moscow, in a gray house with white columns, a mezzanine and a crooked balcony).

Draw a verbal portrait of the lady. (An old woman, in a white cap, possibly with pince-nez). Serf right personality mumu

What did we learn about the lady at the very beginning of the story? (A widow surrounded by numerous servants. Her sons served in St. Petersburg, her daughters got married; she rarely went out and lived out the last years of her miserly and bored old age in solitude. Her day, joyless and rainy, had long passed; but her evening was blacker than night).

If we summarize our observations, what conclusion can be drawn? Who is this lady and what is the atmosphere of that house in which all events unfold? (The manor house is neglected, not well maintained. The old lady, forgotten by everyone, is living out her life. The sons served in St. Petersburg, the daughters got married and, probably, rarely visited their mother).

Turgenev shows us a domineering and capricious old woman. But she is not the main character of the story. And who is the main character? (Gerasim).

We have to work in groups and answer some questions.

(Group work)

Group 2: What is a comparison? Find comparisons in the description of Gerasim's work.

Group 3: What is hyperbole? Find examples of hyperbole in the text. What features of Gerasim impress you the most?

Approximate answer of children of the 3rd group: Hyperbole is a strong exaggeration.Describing the power of Gerasim, Turgenev uses hyperbole. The writer says about the bed: "one hundred pounds could be put on it - it would not bend." When Gerasim mowed, he could "brush a young birch forest down with its roots." He hit two cows with their foreheads against each other in such a way that “at least don’t take them to the police later.” Gerasim is strong, he loves to work, he is neat, he always does everything thoroughly.

Group 4: “Find in the text a description of Gerasim's closet. Why do you think the author describes the hero’s dwelling in such detail?

Let's turn to the illustrations that you have prepared. (Working with illustrations of students. Many students depicted Gerasim. They argue their answers).

What is your impression of Gerasim? What kind of person was he? Gerasim is like a Russian epic hero. Nature endowed him with beauty, health, intelligence, a kind heart, but forgot to give him speech and hearing. Gerasim loves peasant work, knows how to work on the ground. But work in the garden - with a broom and a barrel - seems ridiculous to him, but he stubbornly carries out the assigned work. In everything, Gerasim loves order, accuracy. He is one of those who knew his place well, the place of a serf, ready to "exactly" fulfill the orders of the mistress.

After reading the story to the end, we will see that not all orders of the mistress will be executed by Gerasim. One day he will leave her. Could Gerasim return to the lady's house after he had fulfilled her cruel order? (No. Gerasim could not forgive the mistress and return to her house. He fulfills her cruel order, but does not forgive her).

The lady, knowing how attached Gerasim is to Mumu, gives a cruel order, without thinking about how Gerasim will feel. But she didn't care. After all, he was an ordinary serf for her, which means that she could do anything with him and his fate.

Let's return to the topic of our lesson and try to answer the question: are the concepts of "personality" and "serfdom" compatible? (No. Serfdom is dependence, and personality is freedom. Gerasim chooses freedom).

Turgenev does not just portray Gerasim as mute from birth. In the person of Gerasim, he personifies the Russian people, the disenfranchised silent people in the conditions of serfdom. But Gerasim, by his departure, proves that even a silent people can protest and have their own opinion.

Imagine that we have to make a "ladder" and place the heroes on it. To what level shall we put the mistress, and to which Gerasim? (We will put Gerasim on a higher level than the lady).

Tell me, what conclusions did you draw for yourself? (In any situation, one must remain human. Strive to improve oneself, love others, help them).

Grading. Summing up the lesson.

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How did serfdom affect the fate of Gerasim. Serfdom and Personality (according to I.S.

Serfdom and personality (according to I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu")

Childhood and the beginning of the literary path of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Definition of the concepts "serfdom" and "personality". The history of writing the story "Mumu". Characteristics of the heroes of the work based on a comparison of verbal and graphic images.

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