What is the name of the high point in the development of the plot. Composition of a literary work

Composition is the construction of a work of art. It is the composition that determines the effect that the text has on the reader, since the doctrine of composition says: it is important not only to be able to tell amusing stories, but also to correctly present them.

It gives different definitions of composition, in our opinion, the simplest definition is as follows: composition is the construction of a work of art, the arrangement of its parts in a certain sequence.
Composition is the internal organization of a text. Composition is about how the elements of the text are arranged, reflecting the different stages of the development of the action. The composition depends on the content of the work and the goals of the author.

Stages of action development (composition elements):

Composition elements- reflect the stages of development of the conflict in the work:

Prologue - introductory text that opens the work, anticipating the main story. As a rule, thematically related to the subsequent action. Often it is the "gate" of the work, that is, it helps to penetrate the meaning of the further narrative.

exposition- the prehistory of the events underlying the work of art. As a rule, the exposition provides a description of the main characters, their arrangement before the start of the action, before the plot. The exposition explains to the reader why the hero behaves in this way. Exposure can be direct or delayed. direct exposure is located at the very beginning of the work: an example is the novel The Three Musketeers by Dumas, which begins with the history of the D'Artagnan family and the characteristics of the young Gascon. delayed exposure is placed in the middle (in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the story of Ilya Ilyich is told in "Oblomov's Dream", that is, almost in the middle of the work) or even at the end of the text (the textbook example of Gogol's "Dead Souls": information about Chichikov's life before arrivals in the provincial town are given in the last chapter of the first volume). Delayed exposure gives the work a mystery.

The plot of the action is an event that becomes the beginning of an action. The plot either reveals an already existing contradiction, or creates, “sets up” conflicts. The plot in "Eugene Onegin" is the death of the protagonist's uncle, which forces him to go to the village and enter into an inheritance. In the story of Harry Potter, the plot is a letter of invitation from Hogwart, which the hero receives and thanks to which he learns that he is a wizard.

The main action, the development of actions - the events that the characters take after the beginning and before the climax.

climax(from the Latin culmen - peak) - the highest point of tension in the development of action. This is the highest point of the conflict, when the contradiction reaches its greatest limit and is expressed in a particularly acute form. The climax in "The Three Musketeers" is the scene of the death of Constance Bonacieux, in "Eugene Onegin" - the scene of the explanation of Onegin and Tatyana, in the first story about "Harry Potter" - the scene of the fight over Voldemort. The more conflicts in a work, the more difficult it is to reduce all actions to only one climax, so there can be several climaxes. The climax is the most acute manifestation of the conflict and at the same time it prepares the denouement of the action, therefore it can sometimes precede it. In such works, it can be difficult to separate the climax from the denouement.

denouement- the outcome of the conflict. This is the final moment in the creation of artistic conflict. The denouement is always directly connected with the action and, as it were, puts the final semantic point in the narrative. The denouement can resolve the conflict: for example, in The Three Musketeers, this is the execution of Milady. The final denouement in Harry Potter is the final victory over Voldemort. However, the denouement may not eliminate the contradiction, for example, in "Eugene Onegin" and "Woe from Wit" the characters remain in difficult situations.

Epilogue (from the Greekepilogos - afterword)- always concludes, closes the work. The epilogue tells about the further fate of the heroes. For example, Dostoevsky in the epilogue of Crime and Punishment talks about how Raskolnikov changed in hard labor. And in the epilogue of War and Peace, Tolstoy talks about the life of all the main characters of the novel, as well as how their characters and behavior have changed.

Lyrical digression- deviation of the author from the plot, author's lyrical inserts, little or not at all related to the theme of the work. Lyrical digression, on the one hand, slows down the development of the action, on the other hand, allows the writer to openly express his subjective opinion on various issues that are directly or indirectly related to the central theme. Such, for example, are the famous lyrical digressions in Pushkin's Eugene Onegin or Gogol's Dead Souls.

Types of composition:

Traditional classification:

Direct (linear, serial)– events in the work are depicted in chronological order. "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy.
Ring - the beginning and end of the work echo each other, often completely coincide. In "Eugene Onegin": Onegin rejects Tatyana, and in the finale of the novel, Tatyana rejects Onegin.
Mirror - combining the techniques of repetition and opposition, as a result of which the initial and final images are repeated exactly the opposite. In one of the first scenes of "Anna Karenina" by L. Tolstoy, the death of a man under the wheels of a train is depicted. This is how the main character of the novel takes her own life.
A story within a story - The main story is told by one of the characters in the story. According to this scheme, M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" is built.

A.Besin's classification (according to the monograph "Principles and methods of analysis of a literary work"):

Linear - events in the work are depicted in chronological order.
Mirror - initial and final images and actions are repeated exactly the opposite, opposing each other.
Ring - the beginning and end of the work echo each other, have a number of similar images, motives, events.
Retrospection - in the process of narration, the author makes "digressions into the past." V. Nabokov's story "Mashenka" is built on this technique: the hero, having learned that his former lover is coming to the city where he now lives, looks forward to meeting her and recalls their epistolary novel, reading their correspondence.
Default - about the event that happened before the rest, the reader learns at the end of the work. Thus, in A.S. Pushkin's The Snowstorm, the reader learns about what happened to the heroine during her flight from home, only during the denouement.
Free - mixed activities. In such a work, one can find elements of a mirror composition, and techniques of default, and retrospection, and many other compositional techniques aimed at holding the reader's attention and enhancing artistic expression.

Option 1

1. What literary direction dominated the literature of the second half of the 19th century?

A) romanticism B) sentimentalism

B) classicism D) realism

2. Specify the founders of the "natural school".

A) V.G. Belinsky, I.S. Turgenev B) M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev

B) A. S. Pushkin, N. V. Gogol D) V. G. Belinsky, N. V. Gogol

3. Which of the Russian writers was called "Columbus of Zamoskvorechye"?

A) I.S. Turgenev B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.N. Ostrovsky D) F.M. Dostoevsky

4. The heroine of Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", Kabanikha, was called:

A) Anna Petrovna B) Katerina Lvovna

B) Marfa Ignatievna D) Anastasia Semenovna

5. Indicate what artistic technique A.A. Fet uses in the selected phrases:

“Again the birds fly from afar / / To the shores that break the ice / / The warm sun walks high / / And fragrant lily of the valley waiting."

A) personification B) epithet

B) inversion D) allegory

6. The hero of what work was promised to God at birth, “he died many times and did not die”?

A) L.N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace", Prince Andrei B) I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov

B) A.N. Ostrovsky, "Thunderstorm", Katerina Kabanova D) N.S. Leskov, "The Enchanted Wanderer". Flyagin

7. In what work of Russian literature does the nihilist hero appear?

A) A.N. Ostrovsky "Forest" B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

B) I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" D) I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

8. Katerina Izmailova is a heroine:

A) essay by N.S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district”

B) plays by A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry"

C) the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

D) the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

A) A.N. Ostrovsky B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) F.M. Dostoevsky D) L.N. Tolstoy

10. Which of the heroes of the novel "War and Peace" proposed to M. Kutuzov a plan for a guerrilla war?

A) Dolokhov B) Bolkonsky

B) Denisov D) Drubetskoy

11. What hero of "War and Peace" belongs to the statement "Chess is placed. The game starts tomorrow"?

A) Prince Andrew B) Napoleon

B) Emperor Alexander 1 D) M.I. Kutuzov

12. Which hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Razumikhin characterizes with the following words: "Gloomy, gloomy, arrogant and proud"?

A) Porfiry Petrovich B) Raskolnikov

B) Zosimova D) Svidrigailova

13. Indicate which of the heroes of Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is on the path of searching.

A) Platon Karataev B) Pierre Bezukhov

B) Fedor Dolokhov D) Anatole Kuragin

14. Which of the Russian poets owns the words “You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen”?

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) M.Yu. Lermontov

15. What kind of literature should include the genres of the novel, story, short story?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyro-epic

16. What is the main character trait of Sonya Marmeladova (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment")

A) sacrifice B) hypocrisy

B) frivolity D) love of freedom

17. Indicate which of the Russian writers is the author of the cycle "Frigate Pallada"?

A) L.N. Tolstoy B) I.A. Goncharov

18. Indicate which of the Russian critics called the heroine of A.N. Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm" "a ray of light in a dark kingdom."

A) V.G. Belinsky B) N.G. Chernyshevsky

B) N.A. Dobrolyubov D) D.I. Pisarev

19. What is the name of the poet who was a supporter of "pure art".

A) A.S. Pushkin B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) A.A. Fet D) M.Yu. Lermontov

20. Indicate the correct name of the Kirsanovs' estate (I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons")

A) Berry B) Maryino

B) Zamanilovka D) Otradnoe

21. How was Dolokhov (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace") punished for a joke with a quarterly?

A) expelled from St. Petersburg B) was not punished because he gave a bribe

B) demoted to the ranks D) was not punished, as he had support among those in power

22. Raskolnikov's theory (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") is

A) a rigorous scientific justification for dividing people into categories

B) the division of people into categories depending on their social affiliation, education

C) the division of people into categories: material and people themselves

23. Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer") in his life was not

A) a babysitter B) a soldier

B) a gardener D) an artist

24. Name the works in which the motive of wandering plays an important role in organizing the plot:

A) "Thunderstorm", "The Enchanted Wanderer"

C) “Who should live well in Russia”, “The Man in the Case”

D) "Thunderstorm", "Man in a case"

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 2

1. Indicate the writers of the second half of the 19th century, in the title of whose works there is a contrast.

A) A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy

C) I.A. Goncharov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov

D) L.N. Tolstoy, N.S. Leskov, I.S. Turgenev

2. In the work of which poet was the impressionistic manner of depiction first used?

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) A.A. Fet

B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy

A) A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" B) L.N. Tolstoy "The Living Corpse"

B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" D) N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth ..."

4. What artistic technique did the author use in this passage: “Blessed is the gentle poet, / / ​​In whom there is little bile, a lot of feeling // He is so sincere greetings / / Friends of calm art ..”

A) allegory B) antithesis

B) metaphor D) hyperbole

5. What are the main criteria for evaluating a personality in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

A) pride and pride B) naturalness and morality

B) nobility and kindness D) generosity and courage

6. Which of the Russian writers was sentenced to hard labor?

A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) A.I. Herzen D) N.A. Nekrasov

7. What literary type is depicted in the image of the Wild (A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")?

A) the type of "little man" B) tyrant

B) type of "extra person" D) romantic hero

A) I.A. Goncharov B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.P. Chekhov

9. Indicate what position the author takes in the epic novel "War and Peace".

A) a participant in ongoing events

B) a person who deeply experiences and comments on the events described

B) an impassive observer

D) a narrator who interrupts the story to tell the reader about himself

10. Indicate the name of the regiment in which Nikolai Rostov served (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

A) Preobrazhensky B) Izmailovsky

B) Pavlogradsky D) Semenovsky

11. What kind of literature became dominant in the second half of the 19th century?

A) lyrics B) epic

B) drama D) lyro-epic

12. Indicate which of the Russian writers spoke of the need to "squeeze a slave out of yourself drop by drop."

A) I.A. Goncharov B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) A.P. Chekhov D) F.M. Dostoevsky

13. In the work of which writer is the type of “little man” shown for the first time?

A) Samson Vyrin in "The Stationmaster" by A.S. Pushkin

B) Akaki Akakievich in N.V. Gogol's "Overcoat"

C) Maxim Maksimych in "A Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov

D) Captain Tushin in "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy

14. Agafya Pshenitsyna is a heroine:

A) the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

B) the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" D

C) the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

D) the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Fet

16. Which of the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky asked the question “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right”?

A) Sonya Marmeladova B) R. Raskolnikov

B) Pyotr Luzhin D) Lebezyatnikov

17. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the poem "I met you - and all the past ..."

A) N.A. Nekrasov B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) A.S. Pushkin D) A.A. Fet

18. Name the “happy” person in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who should live well in Russia”.

A) Savely B) Matryona Korchagin

B) Grigory Dobrosklonov D) Ermil Girin

19. Indicate that the teacher Belikov taught, the character of the story "The Man in the Case" by A.P. Chekhov.

A) geography B) literature

B) the Greek language D) the law of God

20. In the novel "War and Peace" there are positive characters who have reached the pinnacle of moral and spiritual development. One of them is Kutuzov, the other is

A) Pierre Bezukhov B) Andrei Bolkonsky

B) Platon Karataev D) Vasily Denisov

21. What miscalculations did Raskolnikov (F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment") make during the murder of the old woman?

A) forgot to close the door of the apartment B) left the hat at the crime scene

B) forgot to take the crime weapon D) stained with blood

22. The genre definition of "epic novel" means:

A) a novel about the ideological and moral quest of the individual, associated with the fate of the nation

B) a novel in which there is not one, but several central characters, and among other characters there are historical figures

C) a novel dedicated to a historical event that affects the fate of the country

23. The turning point in the life of Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer") comes when

A) he recognizes himself as a great sinner and wants to atone for his guilt by suffering

B) he renounces faith and stops praying

C) because of his fault a person dies

24. The following character is not related to the story "The Man in the Case" by A.P. Chekhov

A) Gurov B) Kovalenko

B) Burkin D) Belikov

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 3

1. Indicate the reasons for the changes in the character of D.I. Startsev (A.P. Chekhov "Ionych").

A) the influence of his bride B) the influence of the environment

B) the influence of parents D) the profession of a doctor

2. Indicate to which literary direction the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" should be attributed.

A) romanticism B) classicism

B) sentimentalism D) realism

3. Indicate the work of A.P. Chekhov, which is a lyrical comedy.

A) "Man in a case" B) "Bear"

B) "Seagull" D) "Lady with a dog"

4. Indicate which of the writers owns the statement "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth."

A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) F.M. Dostoevsky D) A.P. Chekhov

5. Indicate where the main action of I.A. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" takes place.

A) Petersburg B) city NN

B) Moscow D) Oblomov's Tula estate

6. Which of the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is disturbed by dreams?

A) Lebezyatnikov B) Luzhin

B) Sonya D) Svidrigailov

7. Which character in Chekhov's story belongs to the following remark "The Little Russian language resembles ancient Greek with its tenderness and pleasant sonority"

A) Belikov (“Man in a Case”) B) Ochumelov (“Chameleon”)

B) Turkin ("Ionych") D) Ippolit Ippolitich ("Teacher of Literature")

8. What is the name of the writer who was an artillery officer and took part in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854.

A) I.A. Goncharov B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) I.S. Turgenev

9. Indicate the second name of the Gogol trend in literature.

A) pure art B) decadence

B) natural school D) socialist realism

10. Indicate which of the listed compositional parts is optional.

A) prologue B) climax

B) tie D) denouement

11. How was the development of the action characteristic of Chekhov's plays called in the Art Theater?

A) "turbulent flow" B) "undercurrent"

B) "stream of consciousness" D) "invisible life"

12. What theme is predominant in the work of N.A. Nekrasov?

A) the theme of the city B) love

B) loneliness D) citizenship

13. Indicate which of the Russian writers owns the words that "beauty will save the world."

A) F.M. Dostoevsky B) I.A. Bunin

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) A.P. Chekhov

14. What vice does A.P. Chekhov denounce in the story "Ionych"?

A) spiritual emptiness B) servility

B) veneration D) hypocrisy

A) N.A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Russia” B) N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”

B) A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" D) I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

16. In which of the following works does the action take place against the background of the Volga panorama?

A) The Cherry Orchard B) Dead Souls

B) "Thunderstorm" D) "Gooseberry"

17. Indicate to whom the following lines from N.A. Nekrasov’s poem are dedicated: “A naive and passionate soul, / / ​​In whom beautiful thoughts boiled, / / ​​Persevering, worrying and hastening, / / ​​You honestly walked towards one, high goal ... "

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) V.G. Belinsky

B) N.V. Gogol D) M.Yu. Lermontov

18. Indicate to which literary direction the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" can be attributed.

A) classicism B) romanticism

B) realism D) sentimentalism

19. Indicate what is the social status of Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova (A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")

A) bourgeois B) peasant

B) noblewoman D) merchant's wife

20. What literary device was used by the author in this passage: “The Neva swelled and roared / / Boiled and swirled like a cauldron ...”

A) grotesque B) allegory

B) personification D) comparison

21. Oblomov's dream (I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov") is

A) the history of the Oblomov family

B) a realistic depiction of a Russian village from the time of serfdom

C) a poetic picture of Russian life, where reality and a fairy tale are mixed

22. A statement containing a factual error (LN Tolstoy "War and Peace").

A) Tolstoy compares the maid of honor A.P. Sherer with the mistress of a spinning workshop

B) the heroic deed of Prince Andrei determined the outcome of the Battle of Austerlitz

C) Danilo Kupor is a dance that is danced on the name day of the Rostovs

23. For Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"), the following of these qualities is characteristic

A) indifference B) innocence

B) indifference D) arrogance

24. Name the works in which there are heroes whose images go back to the images of epic heroes

A) "The Enchanted Wanderer", "About Love"

B) "The Enchanted Wanderer", "Who Lives Well in Russia"

C) “Who should live well in Russia”, “Thunderstorm”

D) "Thunderstorm", "About love"

Final test for the course grade 10 Option - 4

1. Why did A.P. Chekhov call his play "The Cherry Orchard" a comedy?

A) funny story B) farcical situations

B) a comical ending D) the claims of the characters contradict their capabilities

2. Indicate which of the Russian writers owns the words “Russia cannot be understood with the mind, cannot be measured with a common yardstick ...”

A) A.K. Tolstoy B) A.A. Fet

B) A.S. Pushkin D) F.I. Tyutchev

3. Indicate which of the Russian writers took part in the defense of Sevastopol.

A) F.M. Dostoevsky B) F.I. Tyutchev

B) L.N. Tolstoy D) I.A. Goncharov

4. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the words "You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen."

A) A.A. Fet B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy

5. Indicate which of the named works is not included in the cycle "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev.

A) "Raspberry Water" B) "Singers"

B) Mumu D) Biryuk

6. Indicate to whom the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” was dedicated.

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) V.G. Belinsky

B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Grigoriev

7. Which of the Russian writers served hard labor in the Omsk prison?

A) N.G. Chernyshevsky B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin D) N.A. Nekrasov

8. Name the writer who circumnavigated the world aboard the Pallada frigate

A) I.S. Turgenev B) L.N. Tolstoy

B) I.A. Goncharov D) A.P. Chekhov

9. Enter the name of the writer who made the trip to Sakhalin Island.

A) L.N. Tolstoy B) A.P. Chekhov

B) I.A. Goncharov D) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

10. What is the name of a writer who is not a native of Moscow.

A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.M. Dostoevsky

B) M.Yu. Lermontov D) A.P. Chekhov

11.Choose the correct sequence for changing one literary direction to another.

A) sentimentalism, romanticism, classicism, realism, modernism

B) modernism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, classicism

C) classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism

D) realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, modernism

12. The favorite genre of poetry of N.A. Nekrasov is:

A) ode B) elegy

B) ballad D) message

13. Name a poet in whose work the poem "Prophet" is not found

A) A.S. Pushkin B) N.A. Nekrasov

B) M.Yu. Lermontov D) F.I. Tyutchev

14. What does L.N. Tolstoy mean by the concept of “people”?

A) all workers who create wealth

B) serfs working on the land

C) the totality of representatives of all social groups and estates, showing spirituality, patriotism

D) artisans, artisans

15. Which of the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace! Do the words “One must live, one must love, one must believe” belong?

A) Andrei Bolkonsky B) Pierre Bezukhov

B) Nikolai Rostov D) Platon Karataev

16. What is the name of the highest point in the development of the plot of a literary work?

A) hyperbole B) exposure

B) grotesque D) climax

17. Indicate what determines the activity of Lopakhin in A.P. Chekhov's comedy "The Cherry Orchard".

A) the desire to ruin Ranevskaya and appropriate her fortune

B) the desire to take revenge on the owners who fell into poverty

C) an attempt to help Ranevskaya improve her financial situation

D) a dream to destroy the cherry orchard, reminding him of a difficult childhood

18. Indicate the work, in the plot of which there is no episode of the duel.

A) A.S. Pushkin "Shot" B) A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

B) L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" D) M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"

19. Identify the author and the work by the closing words: “No matter how passionate, sinful, rebellious heart hides in the grave, the flowers growing on it look serenely at us with their innocent eyes; not about one eternal peace of "indifferent" nature; they also speak of eternal reconciliation and endless life.

A) M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" B) F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment

B) L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” D) I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”

20. What artistic technique does A.A. Fet use in the following passage: “This is morning, this joy,//This power of both day and light,//This blue vault,//This cry and strings,//These flocks, these birds, / / ​​This dialect of waters ... "

A) personification B) anaphora

B) antithesis D) epithet

21. Bazarov (I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”) tells Arkady about his father: “The same eccentric as yours, only in a different way.” Fathers are similar in that they

A) close in age and social status

B) love nature, music and poetry

C) love their sons and strive to keep up with the century

22. In N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” there are the following characters:

A) Ermil Girin, Kuligin, Yakim Nagoi B) Ermil Girin, Utyatin, Yakim Nagoi

B) Yakim Nagoi, Kudryash, Utyatin D) Feklusha, Utyatin, Kuligin

23. In the concept of Leskov, the next of the parties to the concept of “righteous” is not considered.

A) the ability to be content with little, but never act against conscience

B) religious detachment from earthly passions, serving God

C) the ability of an ordinary person to self-sacrifice.

24. The following problem does not rise in the story "Gooseberry" by A.P. Chekhov

A) the relationship between man and nature

B) personality degradation

C) personal responsibility for what is happening in the world

D) Russian intelligentsia

The plot of a literary work is a chain of events
revealing the characters and relationships of the characters. By using
plot reveals the essence of characters, circumstances,
their inherent contradictions. The plot is connections, sympathies,
dislikes, the history of the growth of a particular character, type.
When researching the plot, it is necessary to remember such elements as
exposition, plot of action, development of action, climax,
denouement, epilogue.
PLOT - (French sujet, lit. - subject), in epic, drama, poem,
scripts, film - a way to deploy the plot,
the sequence and motivation for the submission of the depicted
events. In traditional usage, the course of events in
literary work, space-time
the dynamics of the image.

The plot is the system of events in a work of art,
presented in a certain connection, revealing the characters
actors and the attitude of the writer to the depicted
life events; subsequence. Course of events,
constituting the content of a work of art;
dynamic aspect of a work of art.
The plot is not retellable, it is closely connected
with the theme, problem and idea of ​​the artistic
works.

(about what?) - the main subject of the story, then, for the sake of
where this story began.
Narrative not only tells about something, but
does it for some purpose: to explain something, to prove,
to teach something. Such a goal, the main task
storytelling is called
.
(for what?) - the main task of the story:
explain, prove, teach.
In a work, the author may refer to several
problems and address multiple topics.
The set of topics is the theme of the work.
The set of problems is the problematic of the work.

How to solve the main problem?
Resolution of the main problem
works. solution to all
the problems of the work
ideological sound of the work.
How does the author feel about what he portrays?
events, actions of heroes, etc., which
gives a moral assessment to all this?
The position of the author is shown through
evaluative (expressively colored)
vocabulary.
The position of the author is hidden, it needs to be unraveled, sometimes - in
lyrical digressions - the author clearly articulates his
relation to what is depicted.

The plot is a series of events that serve as the basis of literary
works are retellable.
The plot is the actual side of the story, those events
cases, actions, states in their causal-chronological
sequences that are arranged and arranged
by the author in the plot on the basis of patterns seen
the author in the development of the depicted phenomena.
It should be distinguished:
1. the "actual" basis of the work, the events about which it
describes how the product of pre-selection
artist of the phenomena of reality or fiction, which
can be called a plot, that is, a narrative theme,
subject to further processing in the plot;
2. and the very development of the narrative theme, which is associated with
resolution of any problem on the data material
events (i.e. plot).

Depending on the nature
understanding of reality and
the nature of the object itself
stories can be
mythological, fabulous,
romantic, utopian,
realistic, etc.
Thematic diversity
the plot is inexhaustible. Each
historical period, each
stage in development
artistic creation,
every literary
direction create their own
characteristic plots, which primarily determine
specific historical features of the plots.

Conflict - (lat. Conflictus - "collision") - acute
contradiction that finds its way out and resolution
in action, in combat.
Conflict is the "spring" of literary narration.
Artistic conflict arises as a result
clashes of any characters or confrontation
some kind of force.
It's the driving force of the story. It is conflict that develops
action of the story, determines its rhythm and
sequence of events.

appears
through
In its development, the artistic conflict passes
several stages, each of which is very important for
the artistic world of the work as a whole, which determines
construction of the work, or
composition.

Ilya Muromets
nightingale the robber
Physical strength
Ilya Muromets
Prince Vladimir
Strength moral
Ilya Muromets emerges victorious from this conflict,
having gained moral superiority over Prince Vladimir =>
folk ideal => access to the main idea of ​​the work

Historical and social
1.
2.
3.
Ilya Muromets destroys
obstacle on the way
unification of Russia =>
breaking down barriers that
divided Chernigov and Kyiv.
The faith of the people in their mighty
strength.
Confrontation: Ilya
Muromets - a village man and Prince Vladimir
Moral
The prince, according to his position, must
Be the protector of the earth
Russian, but he is inactive, because.
is the bearer of evil.
The people themselves in the person of Ilya Muromets
stand up for the human
dignity => moral
superiority of Ilya Muromets over
Prince Vladimir
The main idea of ​​the epic:
protection and unification of the Russian land in the hands of the people

Composition - (lat. compositio - compilation,
bonding, joining, joining).
Organization, location and connection of heterogeneous components
artistic form of a literary work.
Composition includes: placement and correlation
characters (Composition as a "system of images"), events and
deeds (composition of the plot), insert stories and
lyrical digressions (Composition outside the plot
elements), ways or angles of narration (actually
narrative Composition), details of the situation,
behavior, experiences (composition of details).
arrangement, alternation, ratio and interrelation of parts
literary work, serving the most complete
realization of the artist's vision.

The climax is the highest
point in action
exposition
I. Introduction
epilogue (afterword)
II. Main part III. Conclusion

Part of a work separated from the main narrative and
preceding it.
Background, initial acquaintance with the main characters
works, the place where the events will unfold, the time
etc.
The emergence and development of conflict.
Consistent strengthening, development of the conflict.
opposing forces take some action
in relation to each other.
Critical point in achieving artistic
conflict, cannot develop further and requires its own
immediate permission.
The very resolution of the conflict
A part separated from the main narrative may contain
a brief account of the life of the characters after the events described.

External composition -
this is a segmentation of the text,
characterized
continuity, on
discrete units.
Internal
(meaningful)
composition
determined by the system
character images,
features
conflict and
the peculiarity of the plot,
Composition, therefore, is a manifestation of meaningful
discontinuity in continuity.

Composition
exposition
plot
action development
The climax is the highest
point in action
decline in development
denouement
epilogue (afterword)
complex plan
I. Introduction (exposition)
II. Main part
1. Tie.
2. Development of action.
2.1. …………………
2.2. …………………
2.3. …………………
3. Climax.
4. Recession in development
actions.
5. Decoupling.
III. Conclusion.

Time
Quality
Plot
Space
Quantity
plot

The composition of the work is important
way to implement the author's idea.
Art
image
consistent
linear,
or
"story
in the story"
flashbacks
mirror
ring
reverse

It assumes such a construction of the narrative, when the plot,
development of action, climax and denouement follow each other
friend.
The work begins with a denouement (typical for
detective genre).
The piece ends exactly where it started.
Allows you to combine two or more narratives that have
independent artistic conflict, so that there is
a story within a story, or multiple stories combined
one common story (frame).

Hero Appearance:
resentment, three times
arrival to Ilmenozero
The denouement - the release of Sadko
exposition
Tie - the beginning of the dialogue
with the sea king
moral victory
over the sea king
Sadko's return to Veliky
Novgorod and retribution to God for
your salvation

Leads to the story
Linnets; occasion
for a story
Relationship history
Little and Hans and
Gyu-Melnik
The denouement - the death of Little Hans
exposition
The plot - the beginning of the story
about Little Hans
"What a pleasure to listen to you"
Conclusion: Water
The rat did not understand morality
Fairy tale by O. Wilde "A devoted friend" - the story of the fall
sublime, tender, sensitive and responsive soul

Had only a harp - the main
spiritual wealth =>
brings people joy
with your talent
Accepts gifts
the sea king
most changes
its purpose
Competition with
Mr. Great
Novgorod -
loses it
Return
to my
appointment
in life
Accepts help
Mikola Mozhaisky
Playing the harp to the sea king => death of people