"Pearl of Folk Art"

Where did you come from to us? All simple, no fancy tricks. With a long neck and painted, For the play and fun of children. I fell in love with you in early childhood - Grandma was a craftswoman. You came to me by inheritance From beautiful people from the village. You are not afraid of distance. You are from the ancestors of distant times. These clay statues - Bell-shaped Russia chime N.Denisov

FILIMONOVSKAYA TOY - the oldest Russian folk art craft, formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. It got its name from the village of Filimonovo. It was first mentioned in ancient chronicles of the 16th century.

The emergence of the industry.

The toy industry arose in the middle of the 19th century. Among local potters. Thanks to the excellent quality of white clays in the Odoev region, from the 16th century. They produced pottery and sold it at local bazaars. As in most pottery crafts, the craftsmen worked as a family, handing over products to dealers or selling them on their own in the bazaar.

Men in the village of Filimonovo made dishes on a potter's wheel, women sculpted toys from clay. All Filimonovo toys - whistles, are molded from local plastic clay "siniki", which gives a white shard after firing. Clay, unique in its properties, allows the master to sculpt the entire sculpture from one piece, achieving beautiful, expressive forms in terms of plasticity. After drying, the products are fired in muffle furnaces. Painted with aniline dyes on varnish. An ornament of green and crimson stripes, suns, Christmas trees, lattices is applied to a white or yellow background. Conventionally, all toys can be divided into several groups: 1) people - soldiers, ladies 2) animals - deer, cows, roosters and hens 3) multi-figure compositions - “Lyubota”, “tea party”, “troika”. The plots of toys are very diverse, but the stylistic features developed by many generations of folk craftsmen remain unchanged. These are elongated proportions of figures, long necks in people and animals, this is a three-color geometric ornament. The elongated graceful silhouettes of the figures are in harmony with the cheerful, bright, laconic painting.

Production features.

The external appearance of the toy reflected the natural properties of local clay - "blue". When drying, plastic, excessively oily clay quickly deforms, becomes covered with small cracks that have to be smoothed out with a wet hand. Thanks to this, the figurine becomes thinner and stretched, acquiring a disproportionate, but surprisingly elegant shape. After firing, products made from such clay acquire an even white color, which does not require subsequent priming.

Features of the Filimonovo toy.

The bulk of the products of Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. Images of people - monolithic, stingy with details - are close to ancient primitive figures. The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonovo ladies smoothly passes into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, which is integral with the neck. In rounded hands, the lady usually holds a baby or a whistling bird. Cavaliers look like ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots. The heads of the figurines are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brim. Interesting compositions, molded from several figures, for example, "Lyubota" - a scene of a date for lovers.

All characters of the animal world have a thin waist and a long neck with a graceful bend, smoothly turning into a small head. Only the shape of the head and the presence or absence of horns and ears make it possible to distinguish one animal from another. The ram's horns are round curls-donuts, the cow's horns stick up like a crescent moon, the deer's horns are like bizarre branched trees, and the horse's head is crowned with small conical ears. The mysterious figure of a bear with a mirror. The fairy-tale beast sits with its hind legs wide apart and holds an oval object in its front paws. With its elongated, curved neck, it looks more like a giraffe, only a small head vaguely resembles a bear's.

Painting toys.

Filimonovo craftswomen paint their toys with bright aniline paints mixed on an egg, applying them with a chicken feather. Despite the relative sparseness of their palette - crimson, green, yellow and blue - the toys are bright and cheerful. Animals are traditionally painted with multi-colored stripes along the body and neck. One-color, usually green or crimson, paint is used to paint the head and chest, which are often covered with a simple, lurid ornament.

Filimonovo ladies and gentlemen are always dressed smartly and brightly, their hats are decorated with multi-colored stripes, and the same simple ornament is applied on the collar of the jacket, on the skirt and trousers. The clothing of the Filimonov figurines was influenced, on the one hand, by the urban costume, and, on the other, by peasant homespun sundresses, embroidered shirts and belts. The ornament (multi-colored strokes, spots, twigs, rosettes), applied without a specific scheme, creates a catchy colorful decor.

The production of Filimonovo toys was greatly reduced at the beginning of the 20th century, but there were several craftswomen (E. I. Karpova, A. O. Derbeneva, A. F. Maslennikova, etc.) who did not abandon their craft. In the 1960s Through the efforts of art historians and collectors, this original craft was restored. Today a toy workshop is open in Odoev. Modern Filimonovo craftswomen, while maintaining the traditional techniques of modeling and painting, try to diversify the plots and make the toy more elegant.

To date, several families are sculpting the Filimonov toy in Odoev, continuing the artistic traditions of the ancient craft: Elena Alekseevna Orlova, Vladimir Borisovich Pershin, Roman Vyacheslavovich Orlov, Valentina Nikolaevna Maslennikova, Elena Ivanovna Kekhaidi, Platon Konstantinovich Kekhaidi, Irina Konstantinovna Levitina.

Features of familiarization of preschoolers with Filimonov toys. Content, methods and teaching methods used by the teacher

Familiarization with different types of folk arts and crafts is carried out in three age groups (middle, senior, preparatory). With the age of the child, the content expands, the elements become more complicated, their decorations, the shape of paper, new means of expression, characteristic features, and traditions stand out.

In the middle group of the kindergarten, it is necessary to introduce children to folk toys: Dymkovo, Filimonov, Bogorodsk. In the senior and preparatory groups, it is necessary to return to the already familiar type of decorative and applied art, to study new ones, comparing them with the material already studied.

The work uses products of decorative and applied arts with a floral pattern (Gorodets, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, lace, etc.). The task of the teacher is to show the diversity and traditions of species: characteristic features, originality of pattern elements, color combinations, compositions.

All work is carried out in three directions:

1. Familiarization of children with a certain type of folk arts and crafts. Emotional education of children: the ability to see, admire and admire the beauty of folk art.

2. Teaching decorative drawing based on authentic folk art. Learning some painting techniques based on folk crafts.

3. Teaching the ability to highlight the features of each type of arts and crafts, to find similarities and differences in the products of folk craftsmen, to form decorative creativity, the ability to create patterns on any form, the development of the child's creative abilities.

Methods and techniques for teaching decorative drawing.

Creating a game situation at the beginning of the lesson and during the analysis of children's work ("dressing" Dymkovo toys - using stencils with the image of toys, "workshops" of folk craftsmen, "art salons", "folk art exhibitions", etc.), which allows you to maintain interest children to classes;

comparison of two elements of the pattern, compositions for learning to understand the patterns of painting, options for combining individual elements of the pattern when creating an image;

the use of hand movement - an outlining gesture to highlight the elements of a pattern on an object and determine their location on a sheet of paper, the sequence of filling in the form of paper or an object;

exercises at the beginning of a lesson with children 5-7 years old when depicting new elements or complex ones after examining them. Subsequently, the children use the exercise sheet at will, if they have a need for it;

showing ways of depicting new elements for children 4-5 years old and the most difficult for children 5-7 years old;

using a flannelgraph to teach composition, pattern placement, and search for construction options;

pronouncing the sequence of work, naming the elements of the pattern, actions when it is reproduced in drawing (“we curl up, then down ...”);

Teaching the technique of drawing and handwriting techniques of folk masters helps to develop light rhythmic movements, the speed of creating a pattern. For example, when drawing up Dymkovo patterns, children first draw all the same elements of the same color (rings), then draw the second element in a different color (a circle in each ring), then decorate all the elements (dots), etc.

When organizing work with children to familiarize themselves with decorative art, it should be systematic and consistent.

Working with parents.

To achieve high results under this program, work with the parents of pupils is of great importance. Their interested participation in the process of familiarizing preschoolers with folk art is necessary. At the same time, they are used as traditional forms of work: speaking at parent meetings, consultations, questioning, organizing joint leisure activities, and non-traditional ones: involving parents in the production of materials for decorating entertainment master classes, viewing open classes by parents, “correspondence travel” and “correspondence excursions” in museums of folk craftsmen, competitions of handicrafts of folk arts and crafts.

The Filimonovo toy always brings joy to children with its brightness.

It is difficult to recommend a list of toys, since any of them can be used in working with children in the preparatory group. We have already said that this toy, compared to others, is perhaps the most conditional both in form and in painting. And before offering it to children, the teacher needs to think about how to highlight the features of each toy. So, considering the figurine "Fox with a rooster", it is necessary to note the long, plastic neck of the fox with a small head, an elongated muzzle and sharp ears. The fox is painted in Filimonov style with bright stripes. The main color of the color is orange. She holds a green rooster in her front paws. All this is perceived as images from the Russian fairy tale "The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox". The toys "Cat with a kitten", "Cat with an accordion", "Horse with two riders" and "Wonder deer with branched horns" are very funny. A deer holds a rooster in front of him, a hen on his back, and a chick on his tail. The amazing fantasy of the master captures the preschooler, he enthusiastically examines the toy. Curious and "Lady under an umbrella." The umbrella is made of a flattened piece of clay and soft wire, and it is mounted on a stand, which the lady holds in her hand.

Each toy must be considered separately. So, "Horse with two riders" requires special attention. Here you need to consider a horse, riders, a dog in the hands of one of the figures, a bird and an umbrella in the other. The horse is painted with red stripes on a yellow background, and the figures are one in red and the other in green. The figurines have small heads with amazing headdresses.

Among the Filimonovo toys there are many one-figure sculptures. They also notice characteristic features: short, thick legs, long, elongated necks and small heads in animals.

The first acquaintance with the toy can be made in the form of a table theater, since the Filimonov toy, in its fantasticness and fabulousness, is very suitable for this. It is necessary to prepare a beautifully painted, in the style of the Filimonov painting, a scene with a curtain or doors, which is placed on the table. The toys are in the box, and the children do not see them. The teacher says that artists from the village of Filimonovo came to them and really want to get to know them. The curtain moves back, a figurine of a fox stands near the Christmas tree. Children are encouraged to come up with a story about her. The teacher supplements the story with information about the craftsmen who make toys. All together they recall the fairy tale "Cat, rooster and fox." The curtain moves, a new toy is being prepared. Each toy has its own decorations. For example, “Cat with a Kitten” is near a fabulous house, and “Horse with Riders” is against the backdrop of a village street. Small toys: cows, rams, cockerels and chickens are combined on one stage. The teacher guides the children's stories and directs their attention to the special nature of the toys.

Presented in such an interesting way, Filimonov toys awaken the imagination of children and develop their imagination. Children take a new approach to creating toys; such a detail as an umbrella, in the hands of one of the figures, allows the child to use this technique while sculpting other figures. The Filimonov toy helps the child understand that many funny objects can be molded in a very simple way.

The teacher offers the children, taking the Filimonov toy as a basis, to fashion the same beautiful, funny toys for the theater. Everyone must choose an object for the image, sculpt it and paint it. The lesson begins with the fact that the children are again considering toys, dwelling only on their characteristic features and modeling methods.

Modeling according to the idea in this case is not carried out, since, due to its conventionality, the Filimonov toy is difficult for this type of work. After the toys are completed and undergo the necessary processing (firing, painting), they can take their place on the stage of the table theater and at exhibitions of children's works.

At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher places the toys in front of each row of tables on a stand with a turntable. Toys may be different, but the same complexity of the image. The teacher, turning the circle, shows the toy from all sides and, together with the children, finds out its features. He further says that everyone can, if necessary, come and examine the product closer. By asking questions, the teacher clarifies the ways of depicting objects, and the children begin work.

It is not necessary to show image methods, since the guys already have a certain amount of knowledge and skills. It is important that they themselves, looking at the toy, find the right way to sculpt. The teacher monitors the progress of work and helps those who are in difficulty.

A child of 6-7 years old is more conscious in depicting the form and nature of actions, and therefore everyone's attention is directed to the characteristic features of the figures. If the children have received appropriate training, then all of them will cope with the task.

Completed toys are well ironed with a damp cloth; dried, fired in a muffle furnace and painted with gouache in their free time. Then a toy store is arranged, an exhibition of children's works for parents.

At present, many illustrated editions accessible to children's perception are being published, dedicated to folk decorative plastic (photo albums, booklets, postcards, transparencies). However, it is important that educators know how to present all this diversity to children and interest them. For objects of folk applied art, you can allocate a special place where books, illustrations, postcards and other materials can be placed next to toys and decorative utensils.

Children of five years old can be shown pictures depicting folk art objects on a flannelgraph. The guys like to place such pictures on the flannelgraph themselves. Moreover, they arrange this show in the form of a theater, where puppets become spectators.

For children of the middle group, you can pick up books with colorful illustrations or photo albums of folk toys. It is important that the child can freely take such a book and calmly examine it. The children of the older group know almost all the toys, they have great opportunities for independent games with folk art. They enthusiastically arrange games “to the toy store”, “to the museum”, “to the theater”, “to the cinema” and many others. Therefore, for independent activities of children in a group, there should be a wide variety of attributes. So, for the game "to the store" you need to have a stand with shelves, several toys of each craft and a picture with the image of each toy, which is handed over to the buyer who gave a full description of the purchased toy. The game proceeds according to the rules that the children learned during the game under the guidance of the teacher. Sometimes children change the rules of the game, for example, when they come “to the store” with dolls, they buy not one toy, but more, depriving the cards of the one who failed to give a sufficiently complete description of the games. An adult should not prevent children from improving the rules of the game, but help should be provided if necessary if conflicts arise.

To play "to the museum" or "toy exhibition" you need to have sets of figures, a stand for their installation, entrance tickets, a pointer that is handed to the guide. Most often, children themselves arrange such an exhibition if they have an interest in a folk toy.

Attributes of costumes can serve as an incentive for independent play: kokoshniks and skirts with an ornament of a Dymkovo or Filimonovo toy, a cardboard or plywood yoke with buckets, a paper umbrella. With these attributes, children can play “in the theater”, where, dressed in a costume, for example, a Dymkovo toy, a child improvises actions with an umbrella, yoke, etc. The teacher can collect a collection of postcards on folk crafts, and the children help him with this, bringing them from home. Together with the teacher, the guys make an album on folk art. For each new postcard that the child brings, the teacher shows interest. Everyone decides together in which section of the album it is best to place it. In the preparatory group, children have more experience in handling folk art objects, they have developed strong skills in organizing games with various folk toys.

A certain place should be allotted for objects of folk art and decorative art. In addition, the walls of the group room can be decorated with decorative plates, ceramic panels, Zhostovo trays. At the same time, a sense of proportion must be observed. In the children of the preparatory group, the game of "exhibition" of decorative art is more interesting and lively. They exhibit products of all familiar crafts, their stories about toys become more meaningful. The game "to the toy store" also goes differently than in the older group. Instead of a descriptive story about the toy, the child comes up with a riddle. Children 6-7 years old can independently create beautiful compositions from folk toys. But for this they need not only objects of folk art, but also various additional attributes. So, for a composition with Dymkovo toys, you can prepare three-dimensional images or silhouettes of houses, trees, a fence with gates, etc. For games with a Kargopol toy, figurines of trees from a table theater are used. It is good to place decorative birds from Torzhok on a mirror or a sheet of blue paper depicting a lake, arrange reeds and water lily leaves around the lake, which children themselves can make. It should be noted that children at this age like to beautifully arrange toys, it awakens their imagination, develops aesthetically. But most importantly, the child acquires the skills to independently find a way out of the situation. For example, if during the game the child needs to create some additional object, he can make it himself: draw, sculpt or make it using the application method.

With such compositions, children play out entire scenes of a table theater or compose stories. But first you need to teach this to children. You need to provide a well-equipped, comfortable place to play. Independent actions with toys can take place in another way. Children act out whole dramatizations in which the Bogorodsk bear acts as the protagonist. Children make up a story, for example, about how the bear went to the stadium: rides a scooter, throws a disc, takes a shower, rests, receives a prize.

Usually several children take part in the game with folk toys. One leads the story and shows the toys, while the others are the audience. Narrators may change. Each illustrates his story with new toys.

In the preparatory group, illustrated books, photo albums and sets of postcards in folk crafts are of great importance for their independent execution by children.

Preschoolers 6-7 years old can show live pictures using the details of clothing with ornaments of folk crafts. The show is held as a concert, where children make riddles, sing songs and dances. The independent activity of children with objects of folk art depends entirely on the work on this section in a children's institution, on how much the educator of this group knows and understands folk art, and also on the degree of participation of parents in this work. Parents should respect what the preschool institution is doing to familiarize children with applied arts. Parents receive information about this at meetings, in conversations and consultations with the educator, as well as through visual materials placed on the "Corner for Parents" stand.

The practice of working in preschool institutions shows that introducing children to folk art and teaching them decorative molding leads to the fact that in their free time they are happy to mold dishes for the game, decorative tiles based on folk works, decorate non-decorative objects. For example, a child fashioned a doll, he makes beads for her, beautifully, with a sense of rhythm, puts curls in her hair.

Systematic studies in decorative modeling and enrichment of children's impressions with objects of folk art lead to the fact that the ideas of children become more independent, and the objects fashioned by them, decorated with relief and painting, acquire expressiveness, i.e. children have the ability to find various options for creating figurative figures. Already in the middle group, you can offer children modeling in their free time, as the children have accumulated the necessary skills in working with clay. If children used clay during decorative modeling classes, then it is better to offer the same material in their free time. You just need to make sure that they do not scatter the clay on the table, do not drop it on the floor, i.e., they are elementary neat during work.

Children of the older group are quite familiar with the methods of decorative modeling, they know how to use a stack and an engobe, they know the whole process of making a toy. They know from experience that when a toy has gone through all the stages of processing and is ready, it can be played with. All this leads to the fact that the child in his free time has a desire to fashion something interesting and useful. If, in addition, a place is allocated for working with clay, the child has a creative mood, under the influence of which he can realize his plans. Children 5-6 years old sculpt based on folk toys, and they need to be able to examine the model from which they sculpt. Therefore, in the process of independent activity of children, it is necessary to have appropriate toys. With advice, questions, the educator directs the work of the child. In addition, he can be creative in conducting such activities with children.

For example, he puts on the table the silhouettes of birch trees, and next to them is a figurine depicting a dancer in a Russian sundress and kokoshnik. Children interested in a new composition come up and look at the subject together. “It’s a pity,” says the teacher, “that we have only one sculpture, otherwise it would be possible to arrange a whole round dance near the birches.” So the teacher leads the children to the fact that they themselves can fashion dancing figures and complement the composition with them.

The teacher warns the children that it is necessary to sculpt carefully, the figures should be beautiful, with long braids, in colorful sundresses. And for this they can be burned in a muffle furnace and painted with gouache in different colors. Not all children can sculpt, but only those who want to. Thus, the teacher creates an environment in which this or that child can express himself: come up with the position of the figure, introduce additional objects into the image in the form of moldings or any other design elements.

Modeling in the preparatory group in their free time proceeds approximately in the same way as in the senior group, but the form of organization of children and the content of classes may be somewhat different due to the fact that children have acquired the skills of independent work with clay, their experience has become more , and therefore it is easier for them to choose a topic for modeling. Usually they unite with great pleasure in a small "creative team" to fulfill the plan, which increasingly comes from themselves.

Of course, a lot depends on the teacher. He introduces children to folk art, selects visual materials. The more impressions children have, the more interesting and diverse their ideas become, and the presence of skills leads to the fact that the children quite easily take on their implementation. Just like in the older group, they sculpt dishes, figurines based on clay toys, jewelry (brooches, pendants, beads). Impressed by the teacher's story about the potters, the children themselves organize a pottery workshop and sculpt a variety of dishes. Children - "customers" come to the pottery workshop and ask the craftsmen to make dishes according to their order. A teacher can also be a customer, he gives an order to fashion, for example, a plate with patterns for buttons, paper clips and other trifles. The participation of the educator in the game even more attracts children to this activity. Another option for self-sculpting can be collective work on the composition "Children's Park". The children get impressions for such modeling during an excursion to the park, where they will see a carousel, swings, tents, and playhouses that are brightly painted. It is good to involve parents in conducting such an excursion. Children share their impressions, and the teacher builds a conversation so that the children have a desire to fashion a beautiful "Children's Park". You can sculpt any objects, just like the Dymkovo masters do. For example, the craftswoman L. S. Falaleeva fashioned a whole fair with kiosks and stalls full of Dymkovo toys, here is the seller, next to it is a cheerful colorful carousel.

Together with the teacher, the children prepare a place for the future composition on a piece of cardboard or plywood. The teacher does not impose his opinion, but only with indirect questions helps the children develop a plan for placing a carousel, ice cream tent, rocking chair, trees, flower beds. Then everything is distributed, items for modeling and get to work. Objects and figures that are not difficult to depict, children sculpt at a time. The teacher helps those who sculpt flower beds with flowers and trees, since children may not have experience in creating these items. As for the image of other objects, then the guys use their knowledge and skills gained in the classroom. During modeling, the teacher can evaluate the work of everyone. Children start painting in 2-3 weeks. In order for the work to turn out bright, the teacher dilutes emulsion white and the children prime the figures with brushes. Then the work dries, and the next day they can be painted. White figurines come to life under the action of a brush and paints, become bright and cheerful, like real Dymkovo toys. Gradually they all take their places. Children are happy that they managed to make such an interesting composition.

Always near those who sculpt, a group of amateurs gathers to look at the work of others. These children give advice on what to do and how to do it. Gradually, they can also be connected to work, especially since many of them can make interesting additions to the composition: someone saw in the park and remembered a fountain with figures, and someone - a kiosk with toys. Thus, the composition created by the children can serve as an incentive for the manifestation of independent creativity of other children.

Forms of organizing children's activities to familiarize themselves with the toy

1. Classes to familiarize with certain types of arts and crafts.

2. Classes in decorative drawing.

3. Classes by design are an indicator of the development of children's decorative creativity: the brightness of images, the fabulousness of colors, the unusual composition.

4. Exhibitions. They may include:

one authentic item (for example, a Dymkovo horse);

Items of the same type (Dymkovo toys);

Items of the same image (animals in a Dymkovo toy);

Comparison of two or three types.

The result of the work may be an exhibition in the hall, art studio, where children again see all the objects of the types that they have met during the year.

In contact with

The Filimonovo raoppa toy is an ancient Russian applied art craft that was formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region.

Story

Thanks to the special clay that lies in the Odoev region, dishes have been sculpted for centuries, selling them at local bazaars. As in most pottery crafts, the craftsmen worked as a family, handing over products to dealers or on their own in the bazaar.

, CC BY-SA 3.0

At the same time, men and women only made dishes, and girls, together with their grandmothers, sculpted and painted toys. Such girls grew up already with a certain dowry, they were called "whistles".

shakko, CC BY-SA 3.0

After the Great Patriotic War, the Filimonovo toy industry was on the verge of extinction. In the late 70s, it was revived with the assistance of the state. Recently, the Filimonovo fishery has also received some support from local government agencies.

Today, several families of Filimonovo toy craftsmen work in Odoevo. Almost all of them are members of the Union of Artists of Russia.

A bright emotional sincere Filimonov toy is very much loved in France, traveling exhibitions are not allowed, masters are invited to conduct master classes. Toys are ordered by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The exposition in the city of St. Petersburg contains several Filimonov toys dating back to the 60s.

There is a creative workshop "Lyubota" in Filimonovo.

Peculiarities

The bulk of the products of Filimonovo craftswomen are traditional whistles: ladies, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters, etc. Images of people - monolithic, stingy with details - are close to ancient primitive figurines.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The narrow bell skirt of the Filimonovo ladies smoothly passes into a short narrow body and ends with a cone-shaped head, which is integral with the neck. In rounded hands, the lady usually holds a baby or a whistling bird. Cavaliers look like ladies, but instead of a skirt they have thick cylindrical legs shod in clumsy boots.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The heads of the figurines are crowned with intricate hats with narrow brim. Interesting compositions, molded from several figures, for example, "Lyubota" - a scene of a date for lovers.

All characters of the animal world have a thin waist and a long neck with a graceful bend, smoothly turning into a small head. Only the shape of the head and the presence or absence of horns and ears make it possible to distinguish one animal from another.

The ram's horns have round curls-donuts, the cow's horns stick up like a crescent moon, the deer's horns are like bizarre branched trees, and the horse's head is crowned with small conical ears. The mysterious figure of a bear with a mirror. The fairy-tale beast sits with its hind legs wide apart and holds an oval object in its front paws.

Toy production

The external appearance of the toy reflected the natural properties of the local clay - "siniki". When drying, plastic, excessively oily clay quickly deforms, becomes covered with small cracks that have to be smoothed out with a wet hand.

Thanks to this, the figurine becomes thinner and stretched, acquiring a disproportionate, but surprisingly elegant shape. After firing, products made from such clay acquire an even white color, which does not require subsequent priming.

painting toys

Modern Filimonovo craftsmen paint their toys with bright acrylic paints. Despite the relative limitedness of the colors used for the craft - crimson, green, yellow - the toys are bright and cheerful. Animals are traditionally painted with multi-colored stripes along the body and neck.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

One-color, usually green or crimson, paint is used to paint the head and chest, which are often covered with a simple clumsy ornament that expresses sincere pagan motives, people living in harmony with nature.

In addition to the elongated shapes of the figurines, the style of their painting: suns, floral ornaments, "childish" style, old village scenes - these are the elements that characterize the ancient Filimonov toy to this day.

Filimonovo young ladies and gentlemen are always dressed elegantly and brightly, their hats are decorated with multi-colored stripes, and the same simple ornament is applied on the collar of the jacket, on the skirt and trousers.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The clothes of the Filimonov figurines were influenced on the one hand by the urban costume, on the other hand, by peasant homespun sundresses, embroidered shirts and belts. The ornament (multi-colored strokes, spots, twigs, rosettes), applied without a specific scheme, creates a catchy colorful decor.

The production of Filimonovo toys was greatly reduced at the beginning of the 20th century, but there were several craftswomen - E. I. Karpova, A. O. Derbeneva, A. F. Maslennikova, who did not give up their craft. In the 1960s, thanks to the efforts of art historians and collectors, this original craft was restored.

Photo gallery

Useful information

Filimonovo toy raoppa

Museum "Filimonov Toy"

In 2009, with the support of the Administration of the Tula Region, the Administration of the Municipal Formation Odoevsky District, the Tula Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Filimonov Toy Museum was opened.

Museum address: Tula region, town. Odoev, st. Silverstova, d. 11., Museum "Filimonovskaya toy".

Odoevsky festival of pottery and clay toys

On August 23-24, 2013, a nationwide project started in Odoev - the Odoev Festival of Pottery and Clay Toys.

Frequency: 1 time per year.

Project - with the support of the Administration of the Tula Region, Odoev, the Tula Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Filimonovskaya Toy Museum and others

Herald of Grandfather Filimon

Since 2011, a periodical information publication has been published - “Bulletin of Grandfather Filimon”, which tells about the Filimonov toy, the museum, news, etc.

Toys and figurines made of clay have long taken their place of honor in Russia. They were made for entertainment, for the amusement of children, for holiday amusements.

This is what Filimonov toys look like.

One of these types is the Filimonovo toy. You can see how these figures look on our website thanks to the photo.

History of occurrence

The Filimonovo toy is named after the village of Filimonova in the Tula region. This industry originated in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, it faded away more than once, but in the 1960s it was revived again thanks to the old craftsmen.

The main type of toys were whistles, which took various forms: ladies, horses, bears, riders, etc. They are made from a special clay "siniki", due to the special composition of which the Filimonovo toy has an elongated shape, as seen in the photo. After firing, the clay turned white, and it was painted in bright, cheerful colors (see photo).

There is a legend that the village where toys are made was named after the potter Filimon: he discovered deposits of clay in this place, from which they later began to make dishes and toys. Girls who were engaged in the manufacture of toy figures were called "whistles". Items were exhibited at the fair, they got money for them and set aside funds for a dowry.

A few more words from the history of Filimonovo toys.

For today's time

The Filimonovo toy has changed little lately. However, unlike, all figurines from the village of Filimonov were made in the form of whistles, even young ladies and peasants. A hole for the whistle was made in the tail of the bird or animal held by the character.

Filimonov toys are painted with a chicken pen, dipping it in aniline paints, ground on the contents of the egg. White, red (closer to raspberry) and green colors were traditional. Sometimes purple and blue could be used. Sometimes it seems that the painting is somewhat careless: this is due to the structure of the pen with which it is produced.

Dots, oval and round images, stripes, stars, triangles could be used as drawings. Each symbol had its own meaning:

1. triangle - earth;
2. circle - sun
3. Christmas trees and sprouts are symbols of life.

They bring us back to pagan antiquity, talking about the connection between nature and man. The symbols applied to the toy gave spiritual perfection and protected from evil forces. Filimonov's toy was not just entertainment: people believed that the whistle was able to drive away evil spirits.

That is why they whistled in them at the funeral, and then put the toys in the coffin of the deceased.

With the advent of Christianity, the sacred meaning of the figurines was lost, and they turned into an element of decoration and fun.

Each figurine, like the drawings on it, had its own meaning. The female silhouette denoted the Mother Goddess and all the images that were associated with her: Lada, Bereginya, Spring, etc. These images brought good, protected from diseases and symbolized the continuation of the family. The bear symbolized power and signaled the coming of spring. The horse in pagan times was revered as a servant of the Sun and denoted the light and strength of the hero. Birds symbolized the harvest, family well-being, the earth. If the figurine depicted a cow, then it was also a symbol of fertility and wealth.

Apparently, the toys from the Filimonov village were not made in the form of images that carry evil. They are imbued with goodness and peace.

Today in the city of Odoev, near which the village is located, there is a workshop for the production of Filimonov toys. After the toy is molded, it is fired at a temperature of 950 degrees, and then they start painting. None of the figurines is completely similar to the other: they are painted individually.

Downloads

Children have always been interested in learning about this incredible craft. The presentation and photos presented on our website will help to tell them about it. The presentation in colorful slides and photos tells what was the history of the appearance of the Filimonovo toy and its images.

Pictures and photos

What patterns are used on Filimonov toys?
Cards.
This step-by-step picture will help you to mold a Filimonov toy from plasticine.

coloring pages

It will help you feel like a real master coloring, which can also be found on the site. The coloring will let the children understand how the clay figurines are painted. An example for coloring can be a photo of real toys.

Filimonovo painting - one of the types of folk art comes from the Tula region, namely from the village of Filimonovo, where pottery was actively developing. The clay in these places is very plastic and oily. Initially, it is black and blue, and after firing it becomes white or slightly pink. Masters made dishes, craftswomen made whistle toys. The resulting clay products were painted in a special way with yellow, red and green stripes.

The Filimonovo toy is distinguished by its elongated shapes. All animals - dogs, deer, goats, roosters, horses - have long necks and thin legs. Animals differ among themselves only in the shape of the head, horns and ears. Of the people, the main characters - ladies, soldiers, horsemen, rarely portrayed peasant women. People also have disproportionately elongated forms. Almost all toys are whistles. The whistle is located in the tail of animals, and in humans - in a chicken that they carry under their armpits.

Societies of craftsmen in the Tula region have survived to this day, who trade in toys, inventing new plots, but still adhering to traditional painting.

Learning technique

This master class will be interesting not only for children, but also for adults who are interested in history and folk art. Mastering the elements of painting is not difficult. First you need to figure out what distinctive features this particular painting has.

To practice painting, you need to prepare a sheet of paper and yellow, green and red paint (gouache or watercolor).

These colors were chosen for a reason. Yellow symbolizes the sun, green - the rebirth of life and youth, and red - a symbol of earth and fire. It can be assumed that the craftsmen from Filimonovo loved life very much and enjoyed every day. That is why the toys turned out so bright.

Additional colors are fuchsia and turquoise. You can often see ladies in crimson sweaters or cockerels with crimson combs, and riders in turquoise hats. For painting, you will also need brushes of different thicknesses, since wide strips, as a rule, alternate with thinner ones.

When everything is prepared, you can get to work. In order to understand the principle of painting, you should gradually perform the following steps:

1. Take a thick brush, dip it in yellow paint and draw several wide stripes on paper one under the other at equal distances;

1. Using a thin brush with crimson, red or green paint, make thin stripes along the edges of yellow (paints can be alternated);

1. Draw stripes in the middle of the yellow and white stripes;

1. Try to make other patterns that are typical for lordly skirts: “twigs”, shading, oblique lines, “sun”.

The main feature of this painting is that the stripes of yellow and white are the main ones, they set the background for the future drawing, so they should be wide enough. All other stripes of different colors are made thin and alternate.

In addition, it is necessary to observe the thickness of all strips and the distance between them, they should not “slide” or completely overlap each other.

You can also cut out a toy template from paper to make it more interesting and understandable to paint, especially for children. An outline drawing of a traditional toy from the village of Filimonov can be downloaded and printed, redrawn from a monitor, or you can use ready-made coloring pages.

When the painting on paper turns out well and resembles the traditional one, you can start painting a clay toy, for example, a horse. Based on the instructions and pictures below, it will not be difficult to color the toy.

Perhaps the most difficult thing is to apply even stripes throughout the volume. To do this, you need to firmly hold the toy and follow the smooth movements of the brush.

For painting, you will need the following materials and tools:

• toy-whistle in the form of a horse;
• acrylic or gouache paint in yellow, raspberry and blue-green colors;
• brushes of different sizes;
• water in a jar;
• rag for hands and brushes.

How to color:

1. With a wide brush, we make two or three yellow stripes across the body at equal distances (white stripes should remain of approximately the same width);

1. On the legs we make similar stripes, and then on the neck;

1. From the transverse stripe on the body, draws stripes along to the tail;

1. Change the brush to a thinner one and start painting crimson stripes next to the yellow ones on both sides;

1. We color the muzzle and ears;

Master class "Filimonov toy"

Novoaleksandrova Elena Borisovna, teacher of MBDOU kindergarten "Teremok", Ryazan region, Ryazan district, village of Murmino.
Description: the master class will be useful for educators, children of senior and middle groups.
Purpose: use for visual aids and for the artistic development of children.

Target: making toys out of clay.
Tasks:
– Learn to work with clay, sculpt toys from clay;
- To teach how to make a simple pattern according to a model, the ability of children to navigate on a plane;
– To form knowledge about the features of the painting of the Filimonovo toy;
- To form children's interest in arts and crafts;
– Develop fine motor skills of hands, imaginative thinking;
– Develop aesthetic taste, imagination, independence.
Material:
- Clay (Cambrian);
- Individual boards for modeling;
- Jars of water;
- Stack;
- Paper napkins;
- Primer (acrylic-artistic);
- Brushes for drawing No. 1, No. 3;
- Gouache (green, yellow, red);
- Cotton buds;
- Hair spray.

The Tula village of Filimonovo has been known since ancient times. Far beyond its borders, Filimonov's painted whistle toys are known and loved. Craftsmen make toys out of clay, and clay is mined in deep ravines. This clay is soft, obedient to hands. Various figures are molded from it: cockerels, hens, ducks, young ladies, horses, goats, soldiers ... All these toys are funny, slender and so elongated, as if they are always surprised at something, and stretched their necks in surprise. For young ladies, whistles are hidden in a jug, for birds under their tails or wings, for animals under their paws. In ancient times, the whole family made toys all winter long, and in the spring they went out with them to the Whistlers holiday.
Modeled whistle toys are fired in special ovens. And when the toys cool down, they are painted. Toys are most often decorated with colored stripes, Christmas trees, spots, simple berries, wavy lines. Colors used: red, green, white, yellow, sometimes pink. Filimonov's patterns mean different things, for example: closed stripes - a good start; triangle or semi-oval with stripes - the sun; in the middle there is a stripe, and on the sides of the strip up or down - a tree.
There is a village near Tula -
Filimonovo's name is
And craftswomen live there,
What good is brought to the house,
And good there is not simple,
And not gold, silver,
Filimonovo toy
it is called.
It is difficult for preschool children to mold a whistle toy so that it is hollow inside, so I simplified the Filimonov toy for my children. Today I want to introduce you how to sculpt a duck and a cockerel from clay.

Required for work.

Progress:

To keep the clay soft, wrap it in wet cotton cloth for three days. To make a cockerel, we cut off two pieces of clay with a stack: one about 2 cm thick, the other 1 cm.

We roll two balls.

While we are working with a large ball, put a small ball in a wet rag so that the clay does not dry out. From a large ball we roll a thick sausage, then a carrot.

Bend the carrot so that the thin part is slightly higher than the thick one. We bend the thin tip and form a beak - this is the head and beak.

We make the tail: we flatten the thick part over the entire surface evenly, the thickness of the tail should be 0.5 cm.

We make a comb and a beard: we roll two balls of clay, a little more for the comb.
We sculpt a beard: a ball - a sausage - a cone.
We sculpt a comb: a ball - a sausage - a flat oval (thickness 0.3 cm) - we cut the oval: at the bottom with an arc, at the top we cut a corner.

To fasten parts, clay must be moistened with water. Dipping your finger into the water, then touch it to the napkin (so that there is not much water) and only then to the clay.
Since the parts are small, it is more convenient for me to attach them in a stack.

Set aside the body of the rooster. We make legs-stand from a smaller ball (which we have in the fabric): we roll a short thick sausage, then a cone. We insert a stick into the middle of the wide part of the cone (you can brush with the back side), roll it, helping with your hands until the cone becomes hollow inside, the wall thickness is 0.5 cm. You can make a stand in another way.

Here's what should happen.

We roll a lace from clay.

We moisten the top of the stand with water, put the body of the rooster, attach the parts with a cord and a stack.

Align the seam with a wet finger.

Sculpt a chicken, as well as a rooster, only the tail does not need to be flattened.

We blind another girlfriend for the cockerel - a duck.
We cut off a piece of clay with a thickness of about 1.5 cm in a stack. We roll a ball, then a thick sausage, one end of the sausage is smaller in diameter than the other.

Bend the sausage to make an arc. From the side of the thick part of the sausage we form a tail. From the side of the thin part - we slightly stretch the intended neck.

We sharpen the neck, bend, form a beak.

Toys made from Cambrian clay do not have to be dried in a muffle oven, so toys will dry in 3 days at room temperature.

We cover the toys with acrylic primer, dry for at least two hours.

We apply gouache of different colors to separate parts of the body.

We draw the details on the head and apply stripes for future painting.

We paint with stripes of different colors.

We draw snowflakes and circles with cotton swabs.

We draw zigzags and wavy lines.

We cover the toys with hairspray. Lacquer gives shine, expressiveness of the toy, fixes the picture.

Petya, Petya, Cockerel -
golden scallop,
olive head,
Silk beard.
Petya walked around the yard
Petya dropped the pen.

Oh, what a whistle
Striped duck!
Unusual, funny
And a little chubby!
- Wait a minute,
Where are you from, duck?
My duck whistles:
- Filimonovskaya me!