True art master and margarita. Terrible dreams of Ivan Homeless

The novel "The Master and Margarita" is the pinnacle of Bulgakov's work. In the novel, the author touches on many different issues. One of which is the literary tragedy of a man who lived in the 1930s. For a real writer, the worst thing is not being able to write about what you think about, to freely express your thoughts. This problem also affected one of the main characters of the novel - the Master.

The master differs sharply from other writers in Moscow. All ranks of MASSOLIT, one of the largest Moscow literary associations, write to order. The main thing for them is material wealth. Ivan Bezdomny admits to the Master that his poems are terrible. In order to write something good, you need to put your soul into the work. And the topics on which Ivan writes do not interest him at all. The master writes a novel about Pontius Pilate, while one of the characteristic features of the 30s is the denial of the existence of God.

The master wants to be recognized, to become famous, to arrange his life. But money is not the main thing for the Master. The author of the novel about Pontius Pilate calls himself the Master. That's what his lover calls him. The name of the Master is not given in the novel, since this person appears in the work as a talented writer, the author of a brilliant creation.

The master lives in a small basement of the house, but this does not oppress him at all. Here he can safely do what he loves. Margarita helps him in everything. The novel about Pontius Pilate is the work of the Master's life. He put his whole soul into writing this novel.

The tragedy of the Master lies in the fact that he tried to find recognition in a society of hypocrites and cowards. The novel is refused to be published. But it was clear from the manuscript that his novel had been read and re-read. Such a work could not go unnoticed. There was an immediate reaction in the literary environment. Articles criticizing the novel rained down. Fear and despair settled in the Master's soul. He decided that the novel was the cause of all his misfortunes, and therefore burned it. Soon after the publication of Latunsky's article, the Master finds himself in a psychiatric hospital. Woland returns the novel to the Master and takes him and Margarita with him, as they have no place among greedy, cowardly, insignificant people.

The fate of the Master, his tragedy echoes the fate of Bulgakov. Bulgakov, like his hero, writes a novel where he raises questions of Christianity, and also burns the first draft of his novel. The novel "The Master and Margarita" remained unrecognized by critics. Only many years later he became famous, was recognized as a brilliant creation of Bulgakov. Woland's famous phrase was confirmed: "Manuscripts do not burn!" The masterpiece did not disappear without a trace, but received worldwide recognition.

The tragic fate of the Master is characteristic of many writers who lived in the 1930s. Literary censorship did not let in works that differed from the general flow of what needed to be written about. Masterpieces could not find recognition. Writers who dared to freely express their thoughts ended up in psychiatric hospitals, died in poverty, never achieving fame. In his novel, Bulgakov reflected the real situation of writers in this difficult time.

One of the main characters of Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" is the Master. The life of this man, like his character, is complex and unusual. Each era in history gives humanity new talented people whose activities reflect, to one degree or another, the reality surrounding them. Such a person is also the Master, who creates his great novel in conditions where they cannot and do not want to evaluate him according to his merits, just as they cannot evaluate the novel of Bulgakov himself. In The Master and Margarita, reality and fantasy are inseparable from each other and create an extraordinary picture of Russia in the twenties of our century.

The atmosphere in which the Master creates his novel is not in itself conducive to the unusual topic to which he devotes it. But the writer, regardless of her, writes about what excites and interests him, inspires him to creativity. His desire was to create a work that would be admired. He wanted well-deserved fame, recognition. He was not interested in the money that can be received for a book if it is popular. He wrote, sincerely believing in what he creates, not aiming to obtain material benefits. The only person who admired him was Margarita. When they read the chapters of the novel together, still unaware of the disappointment that lay ahead of them, they were excited and truly happy.

There were several reasons why the novel was not properly rated. First, it is the envy that appeared among mediocre critics and writers. They realized that their work was nothing compared to the Master's novel. They did not need a competitor who would show that there is true art. Secondly, this is the theme of the novel, which is taboo. It could influence the views in society, change the attitude towards religion. The slightest hint of something new, something beyond the limits of censorship, must be destroyed.

The sudden collapse of all hopes, of course, could not but affect the mental state of the Master. He was shocked by the unexpected disregard and even contempt with which they treated the main work of the writer's life. It was a tragedy for a man who realized that his goal and dream were unrealizable. But Bulgakov brings a simple truth, which is that true art cannot be destroyed. Even after years, but it will still find its place in history, its connoisseurs. Time erases only mediocre and empty, not worthy of attention.

The novel "The Master and Margarita" was written for twelve years. This work became the final in the life and work of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov. It reveals the writer's views on Good and Evil, Light and Darkness, Love and Hate. And also the idea of ​​the true value of true art, true creativity runs like a red thread through the whole book.

At the very beginning of the novel, Bulgakov introduces us to two heroes, representatives of the “writing fraternity”, one of whom is the chairman of the board of one of the largest Moscow literary associations, the editor of a “thick art magazine”, and the other is a poet published in this magazine. From the very first pages of the work, Bulgakov does not hide his irony towards Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz: “... and as Mikhail Alexandrovich climbed into the jungle, into which he could climb without risking breaking his neck, only a very educated person, the poet recognized more and more interesting and useful…”. There is a "one-sided" education of this person, the accumulated information did not expand his horizons in any way. This is still acceptable in everyday life, but in the sphere of literature... And what is the leader, such is the organization, and we can immediately imagine the level of the journal edited by Berlioz, and of MASSOLIT as a whole. No wonder in the future these people will be the main persecutors of the genius who wrote the highly artistic masterpiece dedicated to Pontius Pilate.

Thus, from the very first pages of the novel, Bulgakov slowly brings us to one of the main conflicts of the work: the problem of true and false creativity. For the author, this problem was especially painful, and it is no coincidence that many literary critics guess Bulgakov himself under the mask of the Master. To reveal the theme of creativity, the author shows us the members of MASSOLIT, miserable graphomaniacs who care only about stuffing their stomachs. Terrible by the power of its satire and topicality is the chapter “It was in Griboedov”! .. A large place in it is given to the description of the restaurant located on the lower floor of the MASSOLIT building: “... Moscow old-timers remember the famous Griboedov! What about boiled portioned zander! ... And sterlet, sterlet in a silver saucepan, sterlet in pieces, arranged with crayfish necks and fresh caviar? What about cocotte eggs with champignon puree in cups?” Here it is, the main attraction of the "temple of culture"! ... The image of the "ruddy-lipped giant, golden-haired, puffy-cheeked" Ambrose the poet is extremely symbolic. You can consider him a living embodiment of the entire literary society of Moscow. And such people should own the minds of entire generations! And Bulgakov's satire is no longer funny to us, it becomes scary, bitter.

But the Master appears on the pages of the work. This is a true creator, a true artist. And, unfortunately, it is quite natural that he cannot survive in such a society. The master writes a novel about the fifth procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilate, and the wandering philosopher Yeshua Ha-Nozri, about fear, cowardice and the terrible death of an innocent person following it, about terrible torments of conscience and eternal damnation ... This work is published, but Massolit mediocrity cannot appreciate his dignity. These hacks favored by power can only attack the genius with the whole flock, like jackals. They drive the Master into a corner, “beat” him with their unfounded criticism, drive him crazy. This is the fate of a true artist! But apparently not all the persecutors of the Master were so mediocre that they could not appreciate the real masterpiece: “It seemed to me - and I could not get rid of it - that the authors of these articles say not what they want to say, and that their fury is caused just this." Fear of losing their warm, familiar place does not allow them to tell the truth.

Reflecting on the fate of the Master, we begin to wonder why he was not worthy of the light? Why did Yeshua, about whom he wrote a novel, not take the writer to him? Yeshua and the Master are clear interchanges in the novel, and both carry their own truth, their own philosophy. But Ha-Notsri did not renounce his way of thinking, went to the end and, having gone through inhuman suffering on the cross, was taken to heaven. The master, faced with life's difficulties, misunderstanding and persecution, abandoned his offspring. He could not carry his "cross", did not go to the end. Therefore, he was worthy of only rest.

The Master tries to burn his already hated romance. But "manuscripts don't burn"! And this phrase very clearly expresses Bulgakov's position in relation to creativity. He talks about the enormous responsibility that falls on the shoulders of everyone who is going to bring something new into the world through the printed word. After all, lies, stupidity, cruelty, dishonesty, outright hack-work are punished sooner or later. There are higher powers that see everything and everyone will be rewarded according to his deeds. Bulgakov's embodiment of such a force is Woland and his retinue. The author's favorite technique, the "diaboliad", helps to restore justice. At the end of the novel, Griboedov burns down, this hotbed of mediocrity and envious people. The building is engulfed in a cleansing fire, in which all the lies and hackwork written by the representatives of MASSOLIT disappear. Naturally, a new building will be built, in which all the same vices of the “pseudo-creators” will find refuge, but for some time the world will become a little cleaner, true talents have a little time to breathe easy. Then all this will spin again, but there is the eternal Woland and his retinue ...

True creativity has received its reward. The master and his beloved deserved rest. All trials are over, they leave Moscow and this cruel time is forever. "Someone released the master, as he had just released the hero he had created." Indeed, what can a true artist need more than freedom. Talent cannot unfold in its entirety within the stuffy and throat-squeezing confines of the political system. Creativity should not be limited by the fear of being rejected, misunderstood. The writer, the artist of the word, must have the right to his own worldview, worldview. So thought Bulgakov. So do I.

The theme of creativity worried Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov throughout his life. Deep thoughts about the fate of the artist and his destiny, the desire to comprehend the fullness of the writer's responsibility to the people and humanity never left Mikhail Afanasyevich, and in the last years of his life became especially painful.

Bulgakov fell to live and create in an unusually harsh time. The revolution and civil war, which brought death and physical suffering, attempts to build a new state, which turned into chaos, devastation and cruel repression, echoed with incredible pain in the soul of the humanist artist and were reflected in his immortal creations. However, the most terrible thing that the era of terror brought was the spiritual decay of the individual, which, according to the writer, could only be stopped by the great power of art, because the creator is like God: he creates the world and man in it with the Word.

It is difficult to read the tablets of the future, but the best writers and thinkers of the first third of the 20th century, who were not indifferent to the fate of the Fatherland, foresaw the coming misfortunes. Mikhail Bulgakov dreamed of a humane and harmonious society in which the field of artistic creativity would be free from ideological pressure.

"Disgusting world" of false art

From the first pages of The Master and Margarita, the reader enters the author's contemporary "world of literature" and meets a great many characters: Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz, Zheldybin, Beskudnikov, Dvubratsky, Nepremenov, Poprikhin, Ababkov, Glukharev, Deniskin , Lavrovich, Ariman, Latunsky, Ryukhin and others. The first in the gallery of characters are Berlioz, editor of a Moscow magazine, chairman of MASSOLIT, and Ponyrev, a young poet. Mikhail Alexandrovich, a well-fed, neat citizen in huge glasses, on a hot spring day at the Patriarch's Ponds, was having a conversation with Ivan Nikolaevich about Jesus Christ. Like most writers of his time, Ivan Bezdomny received an editor's order to write an anti-religious poem. Bezdomny fulfilled the order, but Berlioz remained rather unhappy. pleased with the work of his student. Ivan had to convince the mass reader that Jesus is the fruit of human imagination, a fairy tale for the ignorant, and from the poet's pen came a "completely alive" Jesus, although endowed with all negative qualities.

The history of the creation of the "unfortunate poem" leads the reader to a huge moral problem of the 20th century - mass nihilism, general disbelief in either God or the devil.

The chairman of MASSOLIT, in a dispute with Ivan, mobilized all his knowledge of a "very educated person." Referring to Philo of Alexandria, Joseph Flavius, Berlioz tried to prove to the poet that Jesus Christ never existed. Even Tacitus' story in the Annals about the execution of Jesus is, according to the editor, a gross forgery. “We are atheists,” Berlioz proudly declares to Woland, who suddenly appears. "There is no devil!" - picks up Ivan Bezdomny. “What do you have, whatever you miss, there is nothing!” Woland sums up. Writers with enviable persistence prove to Satan that "... human life and the whole routine on earth" is controlled by man. For them, there is no miracle, no such event where unforeseen conditions converge in such a way as to produce sudden - happy or unfortunate - consequences. (“Berlioz's life developed in such a way that he was not accustomed to extraordinary phenomena”), Berlioz and his ilk turned art into a servant of ideology. The creative process in the understanding of Mikhail Alexandrovich is not an amazing discovery that comes from the depths of the soul and is inspired by duty and conscience, but a rationalistic act subordinate to a certain ideology. The chairman of MASSOL IT turned into an "engineer of human souls."

The monstrous invention of art ideologues - socialist realism - gave rise to a plan-order, which strictly stipulates the nature of the future work.

Rejecting religion as a combination of unprovable postulates and harmful feelings, the Berlioz surprisingly quickly eradicated from the people faith in a higher power, which holds everything in its power, "beneficially" influencing morality. The people are transformed into a faceless mass - the "population". M. Bulgakov shows that rudeness, immorality, cynicism and depravity are the result of the loss of faith.

It should be noted that the editor Berlioz, as a product of the era of lies and nihilism, is only outwardly confident and invulnerable. Somewhere in the depths of his consciousness lives a hunch that God and the devil still exist. The following facts testify to this:

1. In words, not believing in anything, Berlioz mentally remembers the devil: "Perhaps it's time to throw everything to hell and to Kislovodsk ...".

2. An incomprehensible fear that suddenly seized the writer.

3. "Live eyes full of thought and suffering" on the dead face of Berlioz.

If there were neither God nor the devil, and consequently, retribution for lies, if a person controlled his own life, then where would fear come from? Hypothetically, Berlioz could think like this: perhaps somewhere in the beyond world there is a kingdom of Light and Darkness, but here, on earth, there is no evidence of this. Aloud, the apologist of atheism stubbornly repeated: "... in the realm of reason, there can be no proof of the existence of God."

The guilt of Berlioz and those like him before the people is enormous, and it is not surprising that the editor was so severely punished. Naturally, an apple tree grows from an apple seed, a sprout of a walnut tree will appear from a nut, and emptiness from a lie (that is, spiritual emptiness). This simple truth is confirmed by the words of Woland. At the end of the Great Ball, Satan delivers a verdict: "... to each will be given according to his faith." Berlioz, the main ideologist of emptiness, receives a worthy reward for the spiritual corruption of the people, for the web of lies - non-existence, he turns into nothing.

Numerous writers and ordinary members of MASSOLIT did not go far from Berlioz. The muse has not visited the monastery of MASSOLIT for a long time - the House of Griboyedov. The hierarchy of the House of Writers excluded any thoughts about creativity. “Fish and dacha section”, “Housing issue”, “Perelygino”, a restaurant - all these colorful corners beckoned with extraordinary force. The distribution of dachas in the village of Perelygino took on the character of violent battles, giving rise to hatred and envy. Griboedov's house becomes a symbol of greed: "Yesterday I pushed my way through Griboyedov's for two hours." - "So how is it?" - "I got to Yalta for a month." - "Well done!".

The shuttle dance of the writers in Griboedov’s restaurant resembles Satan’s ball: “The perspiring faces seemed to light up, it seemed that the painted horses on the ceiling came to life, it was as if they added light in the lamps, and suddenly, as if breaking free from the chain, both halls danced, and behind them the veranda also danced.

Contempt is caused by these false writers, who have forgotten their purpose, in the pursuit of portioned pike perches, who have lost (if any) their talent.

Terrible dreams of Ivan Homeless

From the faceless mass of artisans, the poet Ivan Ponyrev stands out from art. The only thing known about the origin of the hero is that his uncle lives in the Russian outback. When meeting Ivan, the master asked: “What is your last name?” - "Homeless" - followed by the answer. And this is not a random pseudonym, not a tribute to the literary fashion of those years. This is the tragic attitude of the hero, who has neither a material home with a warm hearth and family comfort, nor a spiritual haven. Ivan does not believe in anything, he has no one to love and no one to bow his head to. Ivan is the fruit of an era of unbelief. His conscious years were spent in a society where temples were destroyed, where religion was declared "opium for the people", where everything around was poisoned with the poison of lies and suspicion (Ivan takes Woland for a spy; "Hey, pest!" - so the poet greets Dr. Stravinsky) .

The reader will have to decide for himself how Ivan ends up in MASSOLIT. In this organization, he is considered a talented poet, his portrait and poems are published in the Literary Gazette. However, the works of Bezdomny are far from true creativity. M. Bulgakov repeatedly emphasizes the underdevelopment of Ivan's mind (the master calls him a "virgin", "ignorant" person), his habit of going with the flow. But despite this, the writer's soul is alive, open and trusting. He blindly surrenders to the power of the dogmatist Berlioz and becomes his obedient disciple. But the author of The Master and Margarita does not in the least justify Bezdomny, he is not a stupid child who is deceived by unscrupulous adults. Ivan Bezdomny bears the high title of a poet, but in reality turns out to be only a successful writer who does not think about serious problems. Ivan does not have solid ground under his feet, he is not a leading link, but a follower.

But despite this, Ivan Bezdomny is one of M. Bulgakov's favorite heroes, his hope for the revival of the human spirit. Ivan is young - he is twenty-three years old, and he has a chance for rebirth. The meeting with Woland and the death of Berlioz under the wheels of a tram served as a powerful impetus to the search for the truth. Ivan Bezdomny's run after Woland's retinue becomes symbolic: this is the path from an intuitive premonition of the truth (after all, Christ turned out to be alive!) To the knowledge of real truth, goodness and beauty.

The very first thing Ivan gets rid of is a lie. Finding himself in a psychiatric clinic, he begins to tell the truth. Bezdomny characterizes his fellow writer, the poet Alexander Ryukhin, in this way: “A typical kulak in his psychology ... and, moreover, a kulak carefully disguised as a proletarian. Look at his lean physiognomy and compare it with those sonorous verses that he composed by the first number! .. “Fly up!” yes, “unwind!” ... and you look inside him - what does he think there ... you gasp!” .

On the way from the clinic, where Ryukhin leaves Ivan, Alexander thinks about his life. He is thirty-two years old, he is not known to anyone, but the trouble of the poet is not in this. Ryukhin's tragedy is that he knows what sort of poetry he is. But the thought of creativity as the highest goal leading to the truth never occupied Alexander. Poetry for him is the most accessible way to achieve fame. Hatred and envy take possession of Ryukhin at the sight of the monument to Pushkin. The glory of Pushkin, the writer concludes, is nothing but luck and simple luck. The ignorant Ryukhin cannot understand the depth of the people's poet's works, evaluate his civic position: "This White Guard shot, shot at him and crushed his thigh and ensured immortality ...". The vain Riukhin sees only the external side of glory, he has no desire to serve his people, and therefore his lot is loneliness and obscurity.

Having rejected lies, Ivan Bezdomny goes to the end - he refuses to write (decides not to write more "monstrous" poems). Ivan's meeting with the master only strengthens this decision and becomes a kind of initiation into the secrets of creativity, the life-giving spirit of the truth revealed to the master, penetrates into Ivan's soul, and Ivan is transformed. Behind the negative external changes (Ivan turned pale and haggard) are deep internal changes: eyes that look "somewhere in the distance, over the world around, then inside the youngest person."

The homeless man began to have visions: “... he saw a strange, incomprehensible, non-existent city ...” - ancient Yershalaim. The hero saw Pontius Pilate, Bald Mountain... The tragedy at the Patriarch's Ponds no longer interested him. “I am now interested in something else ... - I want to write something else. While I was lying here, you know, I understood a lot, ”Ivan says in parting to the master. “You write a sequel about him,” the teacher bequeathed to Ivan.

It takes knowledge, courage and inner freedom to write a sequel. Ivan received knowledge - he became an employee of the Institute of History and Philosophy, a professor. But Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev never gained spiritual freedom and fearlessness, without which true creativity is unthinkable. The life drama of the professor is that "he knows and understands everything", but he is unable to isolate himself from society (as the master went to the basement on the Arbat).

And only during the spring full moon, Ivan Nikolaevich "... fights ... with himself ... does not have to." "Punctuated memory" makes him once again make the same path in the hope of gaining freedom and fearlessness. The professor has the same dream: a terrible executioner "stabs with a spear in the heart of Gestas, who is tied to a post and has lost his mind." The fate of Ponyrev is somewhat similar to the bitter fate of the robber Gestas. The totalitarian system does not know regalia and ranks, it equally cracks down on objectionable people. And the executioner is a symbol of the cruelty of society. The system does not let Ivan go free, she always has "a syringe in alcohol and an ampoule with a thick tea-colored liquid" at the ready.

After the injection, Ivan Nikolaevich's sleep changes. He sees Yeshua and Pilate, the master and Margarita. Pontius Pilate pleads with Yeshua: "... tell her (the execution) did not happen! .. - I swear, - the companion answers." Master Ivan Nikolaevich “eagerly asks:
So, that's how it ended?

This is what ended, my student, - answers the number one hundred and eighteenth, and the woman comes up to Ivan and says:

Of course, this. Everything is over and everything is ending ... And I will kiss you on the forehead, and everything will be as it should be with you.

Thus ends the great romance of Mercy, Faith and Goodness. The teacher and his girlfriend came to Ivan Nikolaevich, granting him freedom, and now he sleeps peacefully, despite the "violence" of the moon, personifying a sick society.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov believed in the victory of the human spirit, so the reader closes the book with the hope that Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev will complete and publish the master's novel.

Wizard's riddle

The world of literary conjuncture, which covers up its inner squalor with the high word "art", Mikhail Bulgakov contrasted the image of the master, the protagonist of the novel "The Master and Margarita". But the master enters the scene only in the eleventh chapter. The author envelops the image of his hero with an aura of mystery: in the ward of the Stravinsky clinic, where Ivan Bezdomny was taken, a mysterious visitor appears under the cover of night. He shook his finger at Ivan and whispered: “Shh!”. In addition, the guest entered not through the front door, but through the balcony. The appearance of a mysterious hero encourages the reader's mind to intensive work, to co-creation.

The writer first outlines the outline of the image of the master. The hospital setting that surrounds the hero is designed to emphasize the tragedy of the individual who has been excluded from society. Stravinsky's clinic becomes for the master the only refuge among the crazy world with its cruel laws.

The image of the master gave rise in literary criticism to numerous versions about the prototypes of the hero. Some researchers believe that the fate of the author of The Master and Margarita served as the prototype of the master, others include Jesus Christ, N.V. Gogol, G.S. Skovoroda, M. Gorky, S.S. Topleninov among the prototypes of the hero.

A literary hero can have several prototypes, so it is absolutely fair to draw parallels between the fates of the master and the above-mentioned creators. However, first of all, the image of a master is a generalized image of an artist who is called upon to live and create in the difficult conditions of a totalitarian society.

M. Bulgakov draws the image of the artist with the help of various means, among which stand out a portrait, a description of the situation, nature.

P. G. Pustovoit in the book “I. S. Turgenev - the artist of the word” notes that “a literary portrait is a three-dimensional concept. It includes not only the internal features of the hero, which make up the essence of a person’s character, but also external, complementary, embodying both typical and characteristic, individual. In appearance, in facial features, in clothes, manner of behavior and speech of heroes, features of characters usually appear.

The portrait of the protagonist of The Master and Margarita consists of a direct characterization (the author's speech) and an indirect characterization (the character's self-disclosure, dialogues, description of the environment, lifestyle). M. Bulgakov gives a very brief, just a few lines, description of the appearance of the master. First of all, the author draws the face of the master, then his clothes: “... a clean-shaven, dark-haired man with a sharp nose, anxious eyes and a tuft of hair hanging over his forehead, a man of about thirty-eight years old ... the visitor was dressed in hospital. He was wearing underwear, shoes on his bare feet, a brown robe thrown over his shoulders” (I, pp. 459-460). Such recurring psychological details of the hero's portrait, such as "very restless", "carefully looking eyes", interspersed in the narrative, carry a huge semantic load. The appearance of the protagonist of the novel, M. Bulgakov, leads readers to the idea that its owner is a creative person who, by the will of fate, found himself in a house of sorrow.

The rich inner world of the image is revealed with the help of various forms of psychologism. From all the richness of the means of psychologism, M. Bulgakov singles out the forms of dialogue and confession, which make it possible to most fully illuminate the facets of the master's character.

The core of the character of Bulgakov's hero is faith in the inner strength of a person, because it is no accident that Ivan Bezdomny "felt confidence" in his guest. The master takes the poet's confession to heart. The protagonist of The Master and Margarita turns out to be the only person who listened to Ivan's confession from beginning to end. The "grateful listener" "did not dress Ivan up as crazy", prompted him to a more detailed story. The master opens the eyes of the young man to the events that have taken place, helps to understand the most difficult situation. Communication with the master becomes for the Homeless the key to spiritual rebirth and further internal development.

The master pays with frankness for Ivan's sincere story. The artist told his comrade in misfortune the story of his life, the measured speech of the master, smoothly turning into improperly direct speech, makes it possible for the hero to freely express himself, to fully reveal the inner features of the image.

The master is a talented, intelligent person, a polyglot. He leads a lonely life, "having no relatives anywhere and almost no acquaintances in Moscow." The writer singles out this character trait of the master not by chance. It is designed to emphasize the philosophical mindset of the hero.

The master worked in the Moscow museum, made translations from foreign languages. But such a life weighed heavily on the hero. By education he is a historian, and by vocation he is a creator. Having won one hundred thousand rubles, the master gets the opportunity to change his life. He quits his service, changes his place of residence and devotes himself entirely to his beloved work.

From the "damned hole" - a room on Myasnitskaya Street - the hero moves to a lane near the Arbat, where he rents two basement rooms. With reverence, turning into delight, the artist describes to Ivan the uncomplicated interior of his new home: “a completely separate apartment, and also a front one, and there is a sink with water in it.” From the windows of the apartment, the master could admire the lilac, linden and maple. Such a combination of interior and landscape details helps M. Bulgakov emphasize the priority of spiritual values ​​in the life of a hero who is ready to spend all his savings on books.

At one fine moment, the master faces a moral choice: to serve the present or the future. Having chosen the first, he will have to obey the laws of his society. But Bulgakov's hero, as a true creator, chooses the latter. Therefore, in the basement on the Arbat, far from the hustle and bustle, a great truth is born, a. the master becomes the creator, the artist. In solitude, the thoughts of the hero develop, mature and clothe themselves in the images of Yeshua Ha-Nozri, Pontius Pilate, Levi Matthew, Judas, Aphranius, Mark the Ratslayer. The master "restores the truth about the teachings, life and death of Yeshua" and dreams of bringing his discoveries to the sick consciousness of mankind.

“Having embarked on the path of creativity, the master enters the path of spiritual evolution, which will lead the hero to moral and creative freedom. The word of the artist is called upon with great difficulty to pave the way for truth in the dense forest of human life. The mighty word of the creator should charge the hearts and souls of the weak with spiritual energy, nourish the strong.

In the novel "The Master and Margarita" M. Bulgakov develops the previously formulated principle of creativity: "what you see, then write, and what you do not see, you should not write." According to the writer, the creator should be endowed with the gift of spiritual, moral vision. Renouncing the vain, the protagonist of Bulgakov's novel plunges into philosophical reflections. His soul sees people, life circumstances, objects in their true light. An impartial voice of conscience resounds in the artist's soul, laying a saving bridge between the creator and humanity. The soul of the creator, impelled by conscience and duty, creates an amazing novel, and the word of truth, seen by it, should become a font of rebirth for human souls.

Looking ahead, it should be noted that the story of the master's novel shows that the word of the creator is imperishable: It is not able to drown out the slander of low people, it does not die in fire and time does not rule over it.

Art, creativity become the meaning of the master's life. He feels like a creator who has come into the world for a high purpose, just as spring comes, awakening nature from its winter sleep.

Spring, which has come into its own, brought with it bright colors and an amazing smell of lilacs. The sensitive soul of the artist responded to the renewal of nature - the novel, like a bird, "flew to the end."

On one of the wonderful spring days, the master went for a walk and met his fate.

The characters couldn't get past each other. Margarita (that was the name of the stranger) was unusually beautiful, but this was not what attracted the artist. Her eyes, in which the abyss of loneliness lurked, made the hero realize that the stranger is the only one who is able to understand his innermost thoughts and feelings, because she is part of his soul. The master “completely unexpectedly” reasoned for himself that “he loved this particular woman all his life!”

The ingenious master was at the pinnacle of happiness: he found a soul mate and completed his creation. Schiller said: "A genius must be naive, otherwise it is not a genius." And Bulgakov's hero, on the wings of happiness, flew out to people with his novel, naively believing that they needed his discoveries. People rejected the novel about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ga-Nozri, and this made the master deeply unhappy.

However, the artist did not lose faith in the power of art, in the fact that its fruits can make people's lives cleaner and kinder. He fought for his novel, he did his best to publish it. But the efforts of the master were broken against the wall of hatred that was erected between the novel and the world by the ideologists of false art. They are not able to create spiritual values ​​and appreciate the contribution of others to the treasury of culture. The critics Latunsky, Ariman, Lavrovich attacked the master, who entered into a tragic conflict as opportunists from MASSOLIT, with a number of dirty articles. They did not forgive the hero for refusing to create according to the laws of false art, according to which inspiration is replaced by an order, fantasy is a lie. The master creates his own humanistic laws based on love for man, faith and mercy.

The "golden age" of the master's life was replaced by "bleak autumn days". The feeling of happiness was replaced by melancholy and gloomy forebodings. M. Bulgakov reproduces the process of spiritual experiences of the hero with medical accuracy. At first, the slander made the master laugh. Then, as the flow of lies increased, the hero's attitude changed: surprise appeared, and then fear came. The threat of physical destruction loomed over the master. This gave the hero the opportunity to realize the true scale of the total system of violence, that is, as M. Bulgakov writes, to understand other things that are completely unrelated to the articles and the novel. But it was not physical death that frightened the master. He was seized with fear for humanity, caught on the edge of the abyss. A mental illness sets in - a consequence of an absolute misunderstanding, rejection of the artist's work.

Nature no longer pleases the eye of the master. His inflamed brain identifies the nature and system of violence: it seems to the hero that “the autumn darkness will squeeze out the windows, pour into the room”, and the “cold” octopus, personifying the totalitarian state, will come to the very heart. But the worst thing was that there was no girlfriend next to the master. From loneliness, he tries to "run to someone, at least to ... the developer upstairs."

In this state, the master sets the manuscript on fire. If the society does not need a novel, then, according to the creator, it should be destroyed. But here a miracle happens. Margarita appears - the master's hope, his dream, his star. She pulls out the remains of the manuscript from the fire and convinces the author that the work was not written in vain.

In turn, the novel saves Margarita - helps her to reject the lie. “I don’t want to lie anymore,” the heroine says. The energy of the novel fills the master's girlfriend with determination. She is ready to go with the master to the end, because "he who loves must share the fate of the one he loves." The heroine leaves into the night, promising to return in the morning. Her image leaves in the memory of her beloved an unquenchable streak of light, symbolizing the beginning of a new life.

But fate decreed otherwise. The master was arrested. They released him three months later, mistaking him for a lunatic. The artist returned to his house, but Aloisy Mogarych had already settled in it, having written a denunciation of the master. Darkness and cold become the main motives of the artist's confession. Behind him were the difficult months of imprisonment, as evidenced by the bright details of the master's costume - torn off buttons. Blizzard snow, like an accomplice of the system, covered the lilac bushes, hiding the traces of the happy moment of the hero's life. Ahead, the master saw nothing but the dim lights lit by Mogarych in his rooms. Therefore, the protagonist of The Master and Margarita goes to Professor Stravinsky's clinic, where he meets Ivan Bezdomny. So the master's confession ends intriguingly, revealing the secret of patient number one hundred and eighteen.

The reader's next encounter with the master occurs in chapter twenty-four, "Extracting the Master." Margarita, who, in the hope of saving her lover, has agreed to play the role of a queen at a ball with Satan, receives her lover as a reward. Woland “extracts” the hero from the clinic, and he appears before his girlfriend “in his hospital attire”: a dressing gown, shoes and an unchanging black cap. “His unshaven face was twitching with a grimace, he was madly timidly looking sideways at the lights of the candles, and the lunar stream was seething around him.”

The devil offers Margarita to fulfill their every desire. Woland would have paid dearly for the smallest request of the master. However, the artist does not ask for anything. He retains his spiritual freedom, and Satan is forced to return the heroes to the basement on the Arbat. But, as the master said, "it does not happen that everything becomes as it was." Yeshua, having read the master's novel, through Levi Matthew asks the devil to take the author with him, rewarding him with peace.

Heroes, having passed the path of spiritual evolution, become absolutely free. At the end of M. Bulgakov's novel, the master and his girlfriend fly to their eternal home. They change in appearance. The creator of the novel likened the appearance of the master to the ancient sages. “His hair turned white now in the moonlight and gathered in a braid behind, and it flew in the wind.”

The master seeks to meet the peace and quiet, so necessary for true creativity. And M.A. Bulgakov knows that everything “will be the way it should be” with the master.

Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was deeply convinced all his life that fate leads people to a good goal. (“Everything will be right, the world is built on this,” Woland says.) However, high demands are placed on a person. It is necessary that people be kind to each other, be able to forgive and, most importantly, strive not only for their own well-being. The goal of everyone's life should be the happiness and harmony of all mankind. By humanity, the thinker understood not a mass of faceless human beings, but a commonwealth of rational and humane personalities. Their souls should see universal torments, be ill with human troubles, as the soul of M.A. Bulgakov was also sick.

The writer worshiped the great miracle - art, was confident in its regenerating power. “Everything will pass”, the walls of lies and violence will fall, - says M. Bulgakov in his works, - and art will live forever. Its indestructible power leads souls to goodness, which is necessary, like air, for universal harmony.

Roman M.A. Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita, on which the author worked until the last day of his life, remained in his archive and was first published in 1966-1967 in the Moscow magazine. This novel brought the author posthumous worldwide fame.

Bulgakov wrote his work as a reliable book about that time, about its people, and combined in it the grotesque, fantasy, real events and facts. At the same time, The Master and Margarita is a novel about true creativity, about the world of art, about literary reality.

The main feature of the work is a peculiar image of the literary world, people of culture and art of the Soviet era, or rather, the 30s of the XIX century.

The world of writers in the novel is represented by members of the MASSOLIT organization. This is Bulgakov's name for the Moscow Association of Writers. The members of MASSOLIT were those writers who did not have a special literary talent, but who wrote books that were convenient and necessary for the authorities.

In this society, no “amateur activity” was allowed. That is why the master, who brought his novel about Pontius Pilate to the editorial office of MASSOLIT, was greeted very wary.

He says this about it: “I first got into the world of literature, but now that everything is over, I remember it with horror!”. Members of the editorial board sent the master from one to another, and "two weeks later he was received by some girl with eyes slanted to her nose from constant lies." In the end, the editors refused to publish his novel, although they returned it "quite greasy and disheveled."

The MASSOLIT writers not only pushed the Master away, this organization radically changed his fate, broke him. In the dialogue of patients in a psychiatric clinic, the words are heard: “Are you a writer?” The guest darkened his face and threatened Ivan with his fist, then said: "I am the Master ...". It was no accident that Bulgakov called his hero "Master", because the word "writer" he calls the members of MASSOLIT - petty, limited and selfish people.

Very symbolically, with irony, the author depicts the situation prevailing in the house of literary workers: “visitors began to dazzle from the inscriptions that dazzled on the doors: “Fish and dacha section”, “Housing problem”, “Full-scale creative holidays from two weeks to one year " etc. There is a queue at every door. Thus, writers have turned from writers into people concerned about obtaining vouchers, dachas, apartments - everything except art.

Accurately chosen names of the characters give them such a complete description that the images of the heroes are immediately vividly drawn. Here, for example, "the most prominent representatives of the poetic subsection of MASSOLIT - Pavianov, Bogokhulsky, Sladky, Shpychkin, Adelfina Buzdyak." The author expressed his attitude towards the writers with these invented surnames.

MASSOLIT was located in the famous house of Griboyedov. Its main attraction was the restaurant, to which the author gives the following description: “In fairness, it was the best in Moscow. The first man who came across from the street could not penetrate there, Griboedov beat any restaurant in Moscow with the quality of his provisions, as he wanted, and this provisions was released at the most reasonable, by no means burdensome price. Thus, from writers and creative workers, writers and poets turned into chewing people.

Compromised themselves in the novel, not only members of the association of writers. Other creative workers are also comically depicted, for example, the directors of the entertainment theater and variety show, employees of the “Commission for Light Spectacles and Amusements”. Bassoon characterizes them this way: “In general, they have been terribly swine lately. They get drunk, they use their position, they don’t do a damn thing, and they can’t do anything, because they don’t understand anything about what they are entrusted with. The authorities are rubbing points! Cars are only in vain chasing the cauldrons.

Thus, Bulgakov shows that art has become a source of enrichment and satisfaction of indefatigable needs.

But the author shows in the novel a heterogeneous literary world. On the one hand, these are writers, holders of MASSOLIT membership cards, on the other hand, they are talented people, true masters. Among them are the Master and the young poet Ivan Bezdomny, whom the Master calls his student.

All random people "from art" in the novel are overtaken by retribution. But it is not terrible, the author simply laughs at these heroes, puts them in ridiculous situations and denounces their vices. With all its content, the novel says that not everything in society is so hopeless and "mercy is knocking on human hearts."

Love and creativity - that's what can resist the existing evil. The concepts of kindness, forgiveness, understanding, responsibility, truth, and harmony are also associated with love and creativity. That is why these themes are so vividly reflected in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita", because they are close to him. And the favorite topic of poets is prophecy. M.A. Bulgakov correctly judged that "manuscripts do not burn," and correctly prophesied the future for himself and his books.

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The theme of creativity and love in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Lesson Objectives : 1. Show the skill of M.A. Bulgakov in depicting the world of human feelings; the role of detail in the novel.

2. Understand the moral lessons of Bulgakov, the main values ​​that the writer speaks about.

3. Check knowledge of the content of the novel.

Methodological techniques: work with text, work with demonstration material, lecture with elements of conversation.

Equipment : screen, projector for presentation, video equipment, TV for watching episodes from the film by V.V. Bortko "Master and Margarita".

During the classes :

(The topic of the lesson is written on the board: “The theme of creativity and love in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov“ The Master and Margarita ”, sarcasm is a caustic, caustic mockery with a frankly accusatory, satirical meaning).

1. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. Teacher's word.

Today we will analyze a topic that was very important for many famous poets and prose writers. The theme of the poet and poetry is reflected in the work of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutcheva, V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin and many other famous poets and prose writers. In the prose of M.A. Bulgakov, we will touch on the theme of creativity, which in the novel "The Master and Margarita" will be combined with the theme of love. Let's turn to the text of the novel.

1. Work with the text of the novel.

In Bulgakov's novel, we find a very detailed description of the "holy of holies" of all Moscow writers of that time - MASSOLIT. Find it in chapter 5.

(- An old two-story cream-colored house was located on the boulevard ring in the depths of a stunted garden, separated from the sidewalk of the ring by a carved cast iron grate. A small area in front of the house was asphalted, and in winter a snowdrift with a shovel rose on it, and in summer it turned into a magnificent branch of the summer restaurant under a canvas awning.)

What are the benefits of membership in MASSOLIT?

(with a membership card they let you go to a restaurant, you can queue up for an apartment or get a ticket to a resort).

With his characteristic sarcasm, Bulgakov writes in chapter 5 of the novel: “Any visitor, if, of course, he was not completely stupid, having got into Griboyedov, he immediately realized how well the members of MASSOLIT live, and black envy immediately began to torment him. And immediately he turned bitter reproaches to heaven for not rewarding him with a literary talent at birth, without which, naturally, there was nothing to dream of mastering the MASSOLIT membership card, brown, smelling of expensive leather, with a wide golden border, known to all Moscow with a ticket.

Which of the writers, members of MASSOLIT, do you remember? (Ivan Homeless)

Who can be called the real creator in the novel? (Masters)

Is he a member of MASSOLIT? (Not)

It turns out, You don't have to have a membership card to be a writer. With this certificate, they are allowed into a restaurant, but not into History.Let's take a look at the episode chapter 28 when Koroviev and Behemoth came to Griboyedov's restaurant.

(- Your certificates? - She looked with surprise at Koroviev's pince-nez, as well as at Behemoth's stove, and at Behemoth's torn elbow.

I offer you a thousand apologies, what credentials? Koroviev asked, surprised.

Are you writers? – in turn, asked the citizen.

Of course, - Koroviev replied with dignity.

Your credentials? repeated the citizen.

- ...So. To make sure that Dostoevsky is a writer, is it really necessary to ask him for his certificate? Yes, take any five pages from any of his novels, and without any certificate you will be convinced that you are dealing with a writer. Yes, I suppose he didn’t even have any certificate! ..

You are not Dostoevsky, - said the citizen, confused by Koroviev.

Well, how do you know, how do you know, - he answered.

Dostoevsky is dead, - said the citizen, but somehow not very confidently.

I protest! Behemoth exclaimed hotly. Dostoevsky is immortal!

Your certificates, citizens, - said the citizen.

Excuse me, after all, this is ridiculous, - Koroviev did not give up, - it is not at all that a writer is determined by a certificate, but by what he writes!)

Turns out, A writer is not at all determined by his identity, but by what he writes. But not everyone is able to soberly assess what he does.For example, the poet Ryukhin, who accompanied Ivan Bezdomny to a psychiatric clinic, was very offended by the words of his fellow writer about him: “Sasha is mediocrity”, “Look at his lean physiognomy and compare it with those sonorous verses that he composes by the first number! "Rise up!" yes "unwind!" Find in chapter 6 an excerpt where Ryukhin begins to comprehend his work. Read out.

(From the words "The poet no longer looked around ..." to the words "... and ensured immortality ...")

Now let's take a look at the episode chapter 13 , where Ivan Bezdomny analyzes his work.

(Watching the episode "Ivan Bezdomny's Acquaintance with the Master from the film by V.V. Bortko" The Master and Margarita ").

Of all the members of MASSOLIT, Ivan Bezdomny is the only one who agrees that he is "an ignorant man" and promises to "not write anymore" poetry. He parted with his profession, as if imposed by someone, with a sense of liberation, relief. The double of this hero M.A. Bulgakov makes the Masters. Through the double the hero gets to know himself, and the reader gets to know the hero. But also the double of Ivan Bezdomny is the poet Ryukhin, who has some negative qualities, which Bezdomny would later refuse.

1. Lecture with elements of conversation. Viewing a presentation

The master tells Ivan his story. This is the story of the novel about Pilate and the story of love. This is how the theme of love and the theme of creativity are combined in the novel.

(slide show).

The time cycle in the hero's story begins with winter, when the Master settled alone in the basement and began to "compose a novel about Pontius Pilate." Then spring comes, "the lilac bushes dressed in green." “And then, in the spring, something much more delightful happened than getting a hundred thousand,” the Master met Margarita. This is where the theme of love begins. As is often the case with Bulgakov, the heroes act on the waters under the influence of a sudden flash, insight: “Love jumped out in front of us, like a killer jumping out of the ground in an alley, and hit us both at once. This is how lightning strikes, this is how a Finnish knife strikes! - says the Master. The "golden age" of love lasted for the heroes, while "May thunderstorms were going on and ... the trees in the garden threw off their broken branches, white tassels after the rain," while the "stuffy summer" was going on. The Master's novel "was completed in August", and with the onset of autumn in nature, "autumn" came in the relations of the characters. “In mid-October” the Master fell ill: it seemed to him that “autumn darkness would squeeze out the windows, pour into the room” and he would “choke in it.” The hero burned the manuscript of the novel and was arrested on the same evening on the denunciation of Aloisy Mogarych. The Master returns to his cellar, where other people already live, in winter, when “the snowdrifts hid the lilac bushes” and the hero lost his beloved. A new meeting takes place only in May, after the ball of the spring full moon. A certain cycle passes, spring again gives hope to lovers for happiness.

1. Demonstration material.

Pay attention to how the theme of creativity and the theme of love are combined with the theme of sacrifice: the Master suffers because of his "brainchild", his novel, and Margarita, in the name of saving the Master, makes a deal with the devil and thereby destroys her immortal soul.

(Watching an episode of the film "Return of the Master after the ball of Satan").

1. Lecture summarizing the topic.

Bulgakov consciously, sometimes defiantly emphasizes the autobiographical nature of the image of the Master. The situation of persecution, complete renunciation of literary and social life, lack of means of subsistence, constant expectation of arrest, denunciation articles, devotion and selflessness of the beloved woman - Bulgakov himself and his hero experienced all this. The fate of Master-Bulgakov is natural. In the country of "victorious socialism" there is no place for freedom of creativity, there is only a planned "social order". The master has no place in this world - neither as a writer, nor as a thinker, nor as a person. He stops fighting, burns his romance, shows cowardice and thereby loses his place in the Light, like his beloved Margarita, who also does not deserve a place in the Light, because she connected her life with evil spirits. But they both suffered a lot, Margarita's desperate struggle for her love, for the salvation of the Master is bearing fruit: both of them are allowed by the Higher powers to settle in Peace, which they wanted and, ultimately, received.

The image of the Master allows Bulgakov to pose the problem of the responsibility of the creator for his talent. The master is endowed with the ability to “guess” the truth (his novel is not invented, but guessed: “Oh, how I guessed! Oh, how I guessed everything!”), to see through the thickness of centuries the image of true humanity. His gift can save people from unconsciousness, from their forgotten ability to do good.

Bulgakov's favorite image of the house, the family hearth, is associated with the image of Margarita. By her actions, she, as it were, revives various human values ​​​​in the novel: individual freedom, mercy, honesty, truth, faith, love, which is so lacking in Moscow society. In the name of love, Margarita performs a feat, overcoming fear and weakness, overcoming circumstances, demanding nothing for herself. Everyone knows that Elena Sergeevna Belozerskaya, the third wife of M.A., became the prototype of Margarita. Bulgakov. It was she who helped him endure the period of his dying illness, when he was practically blind, read to him, helped to edit the text. Elena Sergeevna knew her role as a guardian angel firmly, she never doubted, in a difficult hour she did not betray her fatigue in any way. “When we began to live together with Mikhail Afanasyevich,” Elena Sergeevna recalled, “he once told me:“ The whole world was against me - and I am alone. Now we are together, and I'm not afraid of anything.

This means that love, just like creativity, is the second way to superreality, it leads to the comprehension of the "third dimension". Love and creativity - that's what can resist the existing evil. The concepts of kindness, forgiveness, understanding, responsibility, truth, and harmony are also associated with love and creativity. That is why these themes are so vividly reflected in Bulgakov's novel, because they are close to him. And the favorite topic of poets is prophecy. M.A. Bulgakov correctly judged that "manuscripts do not burn," and correctly prophesied the future for himself and his books.

1. Homework.
2. Evaluation of responses.