The language was created by Canadian Sonia Lang and claims to be the simplest of artificial languages. There are only about 120 roots in his lexicon.

Artificial languages ​​are those languages ​​in which vocabulary, phonetics and grammar have been developed for specific purposes. These are fake languages ​​invented by one person. Today there are already more than a thousand of them, and new ones are constantly being created. The reasons for creating an artificial language are: facilitating human communication, giving realism to fiction and fictional worlds in cinema, linguistic experiments, language games, the development of the Internet and the creation of languages ​​that are understandable to all peoples of the planet.

1. Grammelot. The style of language used in the theater of humor and satire. This is a kind of gibberish with onomatopoeic elements along with pantomime and mimicry. Grammelot was popularized by the Italian playwright Dario Fo.
2. Esperanto. The most widely used artificial language in the world. Today it is fluently spoken by more than 100,000 people. It was invented by the Czech ophthalmologist Lazar Zamenhof in 1887. Esperanto has a simple grammar. Its alphabet has 28 letters and is built on the basis of Latin. Most of the vocabulary is taken from the Romance and Germanic languages. There are also many international words in Esperanto that are understandable without translation. 250 newspapers and magazines are published in Esperanto, 4 radio stations broadcast, there are articles on Wikipedia.
3. Vendergood. It was developed by teenage prodigy William James Sidis based on Romance languages. Sidis knew about 40 languages ​​and freely translated from one to another. Sidis created vendergood in a book entitled The Book of Vendergood which he wrote at the age of 8. The language is built on Latin and Greek vocabulary and grammar, and it also contains elements of German, French and other Romance languages.
4. Aui. Created by John Weilgarth. It is based on the philosophical concept of the formation of all concepts from a small number of elementary concepts, moreover, an elementary concept of language. Its very name translates as "the language of the cosmos." Each sound in AUI is associated with the concept it denotes. All vocabulary is built by combining basic concepts.
5. Nadsat. Fictional language spoken by teenagers in Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange. In nadsat, part of the vocabulary is English, part is fictional, created by the author on the basis of the Russian language. Most often, Russian equivalents are written in Latin and have some distortion. The grammar system is based on English. In addition, there are slang from French and German, Malay and Gypsy, Cockney, and words invented by Burgess himself.
6. LitSpeak. Used in online games, chats, sms and other electronic communication channels. The language was created as a cipher that could be read by users who knew the key to it. In litespeak, numbers and symbols replace letters. It also makes deliberate mistakes, there are phonetic variations of words and neologisms.
7. Talossan. An artificial language created in 1980 by the 14-year-old founder of the virtual microstate of Thalos, Robert Ben-Madison. Talossan is built on the basis of the languages ​​of the Romance group.
8. Klingon. Linguist Mark Okrand invented Klingon for Paramount Pictures for the TV series and later the Star Trek movies. It is spoken by aliens. In addition to them, the language was adopted by numerous fans of the series. Currently, there is the Klingon Language Institute in the United States, which publishes periodicals and translations of literary classics in Klingon.
9. Tokipona. The language was created by Canadian Sonia Lang and claims to be the simplest of artificial languages. There are only about 120 roots in his lexicon. Names of animals and plants are missing. But in the unofficial dictionary there are designations for countries, nations, languages ​​that are written with a capital letter. Everything is simplified in tokipon: vocabulary, phonology, grammar and syntax.
10. Na'vi. This fictional language was developed by linguist Paul Frommer for James Cameron Productions for the film Avatar. According to the scenario, the native speakers of the Na'vi language are the inhabitants of the planet Pandora. Today there are more than 1000 words in his dictionary. Work on the Na'vi language continues. By the way, in its grammatical and lexical structure, Na’vi resembles the Papuan and Australian languages.

There are more than 7 thousand languages ​​on planet Earth. Apparently, this number was not enough for people - after all, about a thousand more artificial ones were developed by linguists!

The history of their creation began in the XVII-XVIII centuries, when Latin gradually began to lose its popularity. Most auxiliary languages ​​were invented on the basis of living and other artificial ones, and, moreover, with a specific purpose (for communication in the fictional world of books and films, international communication, overcoming the language barrier, and so on).

In this compilation, we have collected the ten most popular artificial languages ​​that are interesting to learn more about.

10 Lingua franca nova

This language is easily understood by those who speak Romance languages ​​such as French, Portuguese, Italian or Spanish. After all, it was from these languages, including the medieval dialect "lingua franca", that he was formed by psychologist George Bure from Pennsylvania. The author wanted to create a convenient international language that does not require a long study of the rules and is suitable for communication without difficulties. At the moment, about a thousand people use it on their Facebook profiles.

The language has a lightweight grammar, 22 letters in the alphabet, a vocabulary of modern Romance languages ​​and a clear word order in a sentence. But there is no grammatical gender and plural in this language!

9 Novial

This language was created by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen on the basis of another artificial language, Ido (but later completely "departed" from it). The novial was introduced in 1928, but after Jespersen's death it was hardly used. A surge of interest in it would have been noticed in the 1990s due to the Internet wave that took over the whole world. Now the language is undergoing evolution under the leadership of the Novial 98 project, which aims to revive and improve this language.

Novial is easiest for native English speakers to learn, as sentence structure, syntax, and vocabulary strongly resemble English. French, German and Scandinavian languages ​​also had a great influence on words.

8 Ido

The word "ido" in Esperanto means "descendant", and this perfectly characterizes the features of this language. It evolved from the most widespread artificial language, Esperanto, and represents its improved version. Ido was created in 1907 by the Esperanto Louis de Beaufron and the mathematician Louis Couture. It is established that 500 thousand people speak this language.

Ido uses 26 letters of the alphabet, grammar and spelling are thought out in such a way that it is easy for anyone to learn the language, and practical use would not cause difficulties. The vocabulary was greatly influenced by words from French, German, English, Russian, Italian, French and Spanish.

7 Ro

In the early 20th century, this language was developed by the priest Edward Powell Foster of Ohio. The author described the language as a picture, which gives a hint for understanding the word. Rho is built on a categorical system, for example, the word "red" means "bofoc", "orange" means "bofod", and "color" means "bofo".

Rho, which has also been called the "language of the philosophers", contains only 5 vowels in the entire alphabet of 26 letters. Unfortunately, because of the difficulty in listening to the language, Ro was criticized. After all, two different words could differ in only one letter!

6 Slovio

Slovak Mark Guchko in 1999 began work on his own language called Slovio, combining the artificial language Esperanto and living Slavic languages. The author's goal was to simplify communication between those who speak the languages ​​of the Slavic group as native, and those who find it difficult to learn them as a foreign language.

Guchko received a language that has simplified spelling, grammar and articulation. Most of the words in this language (verbs, adjectives, adverbs) are defined by endings. At the moment, the Slovio language is understood by about 400 million people in the world, and the work on the development of the language was completed by the author in 2010.

5 Slovianski

Due to the territorial division and the influence of other languages, most people who speak languages ​​of the Slavic group, but live in different countries, do not understand each other. Slovianski is only a semi-artificial language designed to allow Slavs to fully communicate.

The language was coined in 2006 by a group of activists and is based on living Slavic languages. You can write on it both in Cyrillic and in Latin letters. The grammar is very simple, there are few exceptions in the language.

4 Sambahsa

The name sambahsa comes from the Malay words "sama" ("same") and "bahsa" ("language"). The language was created relatively recently, in 2007, by the French doctor Oliver Simon. Sambahsa is based on English, French and includes some words from other less popular languages.

The language has a simplified grammar but an extensive vocabulary with a huge online library of reference materials. The sambax development project is open online and available to everyone.

3 Lingua de planeta

The project to create this language was launched in St. Petersburg in 2006 by psychologist Dmitry Ivanov. He, along with a development company, wanted to create a universal language that would be communicated anywhere in the world. In his opinion, the world is already moving into the state of a global community and needs a single language.

The team decided not to create new languages, but to combine the most popular in the world. The basic version, released in 2010, was based on ten of the world's most widely spoken languages ​​- English, Chinese, Russian, French, Hindi, German, Arabic, Spanish, Persian, Portuguese.

2 Universalglot

A project for an international language "universalglot" was released in 1868 by the French linguist Jean Pirro. The language was not very popular before the age of the Internet. Now he is slowly in demand, after the publications of Jean Pirro were published in the public domain on the web.

Universalglot is based on Latin and has a rich vocabulary. The alphabet uses Latin letters except for "Y" and "W". Letters whose pronunciation differs from English are pronounced in Italian or in Spanish. The language has a well-developed structure, as well as a grammar systematized following the example of the Germanic and Romance languages.

1 Esperanto

The name of this language roughly translates as "the one who hopes", and among the artificial languages, it is considered the most popular. Esperanto is spoken by approximately 2 million people all over the world, millions of pages on the Internet, books, publications are written in it ... Most of all it is used in Europe, South America, East Asia and parts of North Africa.

For almost a decade (1870-1880s), Warsaw-based Esperanto author Ludwik Zamenhof spent developing a universal language that could be mastered by people anywhere in the world. In 1887, he introduced a language whose system was designed to allow people to communicate freely around the world without losing their native language and culture.

Currently, Esperanto is native to 2,000 people, and in 2016 it became known that some schools in New York even added it to the school curriculum. It is really possible to learn this language on your own - there are a lot of learning materials on the net.

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These languages ​​were created by linguists and gave people of different nationalities the opportunity to understand each other. Let not all of them have become popular, but many have found their "carriers".

Do you think artificial languages ​​are necessary? Would you like to learn this yourself?

Constructed languages

: for or against

suit́ natural languagé to- a sign system created specifically for use in areas where the use of natural language is less effective or impossible. Constructed languages ​​differ in their specialization and purpose, as well as in the degree of similarity with natural languages.

There are the following types of artificial languages:

Programming languages ​​and computer languages ​​- languages ​​for automatic processing of information using a computer.

Information languages ​​are languages ​​used in various information processing systems.

Formalized languages ​​of science are languages ​​intended for symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.

Languages ​​of non-existent peoples created for fiction or entertainment purposes. The most famous are: the Elvish language, invented by J. Tolkien, and the Klingon language, invented by Mark Okrand for the fantasy series "Star Trek" (see Fictional Languages).

International auxiliary languages ​​are languages ​​created from elements of natural languages ​​and offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.

According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages ​​can be divided into the following groups:

Philosophical and logical languages ​​are languages ​​that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ithkuil, Ilaksh.

Auxiliary languages ​​- designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slavonic.

artificial language natural specialization

Artistic or aesthetic languages ​​- created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.

Also, the language is created to set up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into certain limits).

According to their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:

A priori languages ​​- based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.

A posteriori languages ​​- languages ​​built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental

Mixed languages ​​- words and word formation are partially borrowed from non-artificial languages, partially created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-formation elements: Volapuk, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.

Of the artificial languages, the most famous:

basic english

interlingua

latin-blue-flexione

occidental

Simlian

solresol

Esperanto

The most famous artificial language was Esperanto (L. Zamenhof, 1887) - the only artificial language that has become widespread and has united quite a few supporters of the international language around itself. Esperanto is based on international words borrowed from Latin and Greek, and 16 grammatical rules that have no exceptions. In this language, there is no grammatical gender, it has only two cases - nominative and accusative, and the meanings of the rest are conveyed using prepositions. The alphabet is built on the basis of Latin. All this makes Esperanto such a simple language that an unprepared person can become fluent enough in a few months of regular practice. It takes at least a few years to learn any of the natural languages ​​at the same level. Currently, Esperanto is actively used, according to various estimates, from several tens of thousands to several million people. At the same time, it is believed that for ~ 500-1000 people this language is native, that is, studied from the moment of birth. Esperanto has descendant languages ​​that lack some of the shortcomings of Esperanto. The most famous among these languages ​​are Esperantido and Novial. However, none of them will be as widespread as Esperanto.

For or against artificial languages?

The study of an artificial language has one big drawback - the almost impossibility of its application in life. This is true. An article entitled "Artificial Languages" published in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia states that: "The idea of ​​an artificial language common to all mankind is in itself utopian and impracticable. Artificial languages ​​are only imperfect surrogates of living languages; their projects are cosmopolitan in nature and therefore vicious in principle." It was written in the early 50s. But even in the mid-60s, the same skepticism was characteristic of some scientists.

The author of the book "Principles of Language Modeling" P.N. Denisov expressed his disbelief in the possibility of implementing the idea of ​​a universal language in the following way: “As for the possibility of declaring the transition of mankind to a single language created at least according to the type of Esperanto, such a possibility is a utopia. the inseparable connection of language with thought and society and many other purely linguistic circumstances do not allow such a reform to be carried out without disorganizing society.

The author of the book "Sounds and Signs" A.M. Kondratov believes that all existing native languages ​​can never be replaced by "any artificially invented "general" language". He still admits the idea of ​​an auxiliary language: "We can only talk about an intermediary language, which is used only when talking with foreigners - and only"

Such statements seem to stem from the fact that none of the individual projects for a universal, or worldwide international, language has become a living language. But what turned out to be impossible in some historical conditions for individual idealists and groups of such idealists cut off from the proletariat, from the masses of the people, may turn out to be quite possible in other historical conditions for scientific collectives and the masses of the people who have mastered the scientific theory of language creation - with support of revolutionary parties and governments. The ability of a person to multilingualism - this phenomenon of linguistic compatibility - and the absolute primacy of the synchrony of the language (for the consciousness of those who use it), which determines the absence of the influence of the origin of the language on its functioning, open before all the peoples and peoples of the Earth the way in which the problem of their linguistic community. This will give a real opportunity to the most perfect project of the language of the new humanity and its new civilization to turn on all the continents and islands of the globe into a living, controlled developing language. And there is no doubt that it will not only be alive, but also the most tenacious of languages. The needs that brought them to life are manifold. It is also important that in these languages ​​the ambiguity of terms, which is characteristic of natural languages ​​and unacceptable in science, has been overcome. Artificial languages ​​allow expressing certain concepts in an extremely concise form, perform the functions of a kind of scientific shorthand, economical presentation and expression of voluminous mental material. Finally, artificial languages ​​are one of the means of internationalizing science, since artificial languages ​​are unified, international.

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Artificial languages- specialized languages ​​in which vocabulary, phonetics and grammar have been specially developed for the implementation of certain goals. Exactly purposefulness distinguishes artificial languages ​​from natural ones. Sometimes these languages ​​are called fake, invented languages. invented language, see an example of usage in the article). There are already more than a thousand such languages, and new ones are constantly being created.

Nikolai Lobachevsky gave a remarkably bright assessment artificial languages To what do they owe their brilliant successes to science, the glory of modern times, the triumph of the human mind? Without a doubt, to his artificial language!

The reasons for creating an artificial language are: facilitating human communication (international auxiliary languages, codes), giving additional realism to fiction, linguistic experiments, providing communication in a fictional world, language games.

Expression "artificial language" sometimes used to refer to planned languages and other languages ​​developed for human communication. Sometimes they prefer to call such languages ​​“planned”, since the word “artificial” has a disparaging connotation in some languages.

Outside the Esperanto community, "planned language" refers to a set of rules relating to natural language with the aim of unifying (standardizing) it. In this sense, even natural languages ​​can be artificial in some respects. The prescriptive grammars described in ancient times for classical languages ​​such as Latin and Sanskrit are based on the codification rules of natural languages. Such sets of rules are something between the natural development of a language and its construction through a formal description. The term "glossopoeia" refers to the construction of languages ​​for some kind of artistic purpose, and also means these languages ​​themselves.

Review

The idea of ​​creating a new language of international communication originated in the 17th-18th centuries as a result of the gradual decrease in the role of Latin in the world. Initially, these were predominantly projects of a rational language, independent of the logical fallacies of living languages, and based on a logical classification of concepts. Later, projects appeared based on the model and materials of living languages. The first such project was the Universalglot published by Jean Pirro in 1868 in Paris. Pirro's project, which anticipated many details of later projects, went unnoticed by the public.

The next project of the international language was Volapuk, created in 1880 by the German linguist J. Schleyer. He caused a very big resonance in society.

The most famous artificial language was Esperanto (Ludwik Zamenhof, 1887) - the only artificial language that has become widespread and has united quite a few supporters of an international language around itself.

Of the artificial languages, the most famous are:

• basic english
• Esperanto
• Makaton
• Volapuk
• interlingua
• latin-blue-flexione
• lingua de planeta
• loglan
• Lojban
• Na'vi
• novial
• occidental
• solresol
• ithkuil
• Klingon
• elvish languages

The number of speakers of artificial languages ​​can only be given approximately, due to the fact that there is no systematic record of speakers. According to the Ethnologue, there are "200-2000 people who speak Esperanto from birth".

As soon as an artificial language has speakers who are fluent in the language, especially if there are many such speakers, then the language begins to develop and, therefore, loses its status as an artificial language. For example, Modern Hebrew was based on Biblical Hebrew, not created from scratch, and has undergone significant changes since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. However, linguist Gilad Zuckerman claims that modern Hebrew, which he calls "Israeli", is a Semitic-European hybrid based not only on Hebrew but also on Yiddish and other languages ​​spoken by followers of the religious movement. revival. Therefore, Zuckerman approves of the translation of the Hebrew Bible into what he calls "Israeli". Esperanto as a modern spoken language differs significantly from the original version published in 1887, so modern editions Fundamenta Crestomatio 1903 calls for many references to syntactic and lexical differences between early and modern Esperanto.

Proponents of artificial languages ​​have many reasons for using them. The well-known but controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that the structure of language affects the way we think. Thus the "better" language should enable the person who speaks it to think more clearly and intelligently; this hypothesis was tested by Suzette Hayden Elgin when she created the feminist language Laadan, which featured in her novel native tone. Constructed language can also be used to limit thoughts, like Newspeak in George Orwell's novel, or to simplify, like the language of Tokipon. On the contrary, some linguists, such as Steven Pinker, argue that the language we speak is "instinct". Thus, each generation of children invents slang and even grammar. If this is true, then it will not be possible to control the range of human thought through the transformation of language, and such concepts as "freedom" will appear in the form of new words when the old ones disappear.

Proponents of artificial languages ​​also believe that a particular language is easier to express and understand concepts in one area, but more difficult in other areas. For example, different computer languages ​​make it easier to write only certain kinds of programs.

Another reason for using artificial language may be the telescope rule, which says that it takes less time to first learn a simple artificial language and then natural language than to learn only natural language. For example, if someone wants to learn English, they can start by learning Basic English. Constructed languages ​​such as Esperanto and Interlingua are simpler due to the absence of irregular verbs and some grammar rules. Numerous studies have shown that children who first learned Esperanto and then some other language achieved a better level of language proficiency than those who did not first learn Esperanto.

The ISO 639-2 standard contains the code "art" for artificial languages. However, some constructed languages ​​have their own ISO 639 codes (for example, "eo" and "epo" for Esperanto, "jbo" for Lojban, "ia" and "ina" for Interlingua, "tlh" for Klingon, and "io" and "ido" for Ido).

Classification

There are the following types of artificial languages:

• Programming languages ​​and computer languages ​​- languages ​​for automatic processing of information using computers.
• Information languages ​​are languages ​​used in various information processing systems.
• Formalized languages ​​of science are languages ​​intended for the symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
• International auxiliary languages ​​(planned) - languages ​​created from elements of natural languages ​​and offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.
• Languages ​​of non-existent peoples created for fiction or entertainment purposes, for example: the Elvish language invented by J. Tolkien, the Klingon language invented by Mark Okrand for a fantasy series "Star Trek", the Na'vi language created for the film Avatar.
• There are also languages ​​that were specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence. For example, Linkos.

According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages ​​can be divided into the following groups:

• philosophical and logical languages- languages ​​that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ithkuil, Ilaksh.
• Auxiliary languages- designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slovian.
• Artistic or aesthetic languages- created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.
• Languages ​​for setting up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into certain limits).

According to their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:

• A priori languages- based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.
• A posteriori languages- languages ​​built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental
• mixed languages- words and word formation are partly borrowed from non-artificial languages, partly created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-formation elements: Volapuk, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.

According to the degree of practical use, artificial languages ​​are divided into the following projects:

• Widespread languages: Ido, Interlingua, Esperanto. Such languages, like national languages, are called "socialized", among artificial ones they are united under the term planned languages.
• Artificial language projects that have a number of supporters, such as Loglan (and its descendant Lojban), Slovio, and others.
• Languages ​​that have a single speaker - the author of the language (for this reason, it is more correct to call them "linguo projects", and not languages).

Ancient linguistic experiments

The first mention of an artificial language in antiquity appeared, for example, in Plato's Cratylus in Hermogenes' assertion that words are not inherently related to what they refer to; what people use part of my own voice... to the subject". Athenaeus of Naucratis in the third book of Deipnosophistae tells the story of two people: Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus. Dionysius of Sicily created such neologisms as menandros"virgin" (from menei"wait" and andra"husband"), menekratēs"pillar" (from menei, "remains in one place" and kratei, "strong"), and ballantion"spear" (from balletai enantion"thrown against someone"). By the way, the usual Greek words for these three are parthenos, stulos and akon. Alexarch of Macedon (brother of King Cassander) was the founder of the city of Ouranoupoli. Afinite recalls a story where Alexarchos “offered a strange dictionary, calling a rooster ‘a dawn screamer’, a barber ‘a death razor’… and a herald aputes[from ēputa, "loud-voiced"]". While the mechanisms of grammar proposed by classical philosophers were developed to explain existing languages ​​(Latin, Greek, Sanskrit), they were not used to create new grammars. Panini, who supposedly lived at the same time as Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit created a set of rules for explaining the language, so the text of his work can be considered a mixture of natural and artificial language.

Early artificial languages

The earliest artificial languages ​​were considered "supernatural", mystical, or divinely inspired. The Lingua Ignota language, recorded in the 12th century by St. Hildegard of Bingen, was the first completely artificial language. This language is a form of private mystical language. An example from Middle Eastern culture is the Baleibelen language, invented in the 16th century.

Language improvement

Johann Trithemius in his essay Steganography tried to show how all languages ​​can be reduced to one. In the 17th century, interest in magical languages ​​was continued by the Rosicrucian Order and the alchemists (like John Dee and his Enochian language). Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of the "natural language" (Natursprache) of the senses.

The musical languages ​​of the Renaissance were associated with mysticism, magic, and alchemy, and were sometimes also called the language of the birds. The Solresol project of 1817 used the concept of "musical languages" in a more pragmatic context: the words of this language are based on the names of seven musical notes used in various combinations.

17th and 18th centuries: the emergence of universal languages

In the 17th century, such "universal" or "a priori" languages ​​appeared as:

• A Common Writing(1647) Francis Lodwick;
• Ekskybalauron(1651) and Logopandecteision(1652) Thomas Urquhart;
• Ars signorum George Dalgarno, 1661;
• Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language John Wilkins, 1668;

These early taxonomic artificial languages ​​were dedicated to creating a system of hierarchical language classification. Leibniz used a similar idea for his language Generalis of 1678. The authors of these languages ​​were not only busy reducing or modeling grammar, but also compiling a hierarchical system of human knowledge, which subsequently led to the French Encyclopedia. Many of the artificial languages ​​of the 17th and 18th centuries were pazigraphic or purely written languages ​​that did not have an oral form.

Leibniz and the compilers of the Encyclopedia realized that it was impossible to definitely fit all human knowledge into the “Procrustean bed” of a tree-like scheme, and, consequently, to build an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts. D'Alembert was critical of the universal language projects of the previous century. Individual authors, generally unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic universal languages ​​until the early 20th century (e.g. Rho), but the most recent languages ​​were limited to a specific area, such as mathematical formalism or computation (e.g. Linkos and languages programming), others were intended to disambiguate syntactically (for example, Loglan and Lojban).

19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages

Interest in a posteriori auxiliary languages ​​arose with the creation of the French Encyclopedia. During the 19th century, a large number of international auxiliary languages ​​emerged; Louis Couture and Léopold Lo in their essay Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) considered 38 designs.

The first international language was Volapuk, created by Johann Martin Schleyer in 1879. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to the decline of Volapük's popularity in the mid-1890s, and this gave rise to Esperanto, created in 1887 by Ludwik Zamenhof. Interlingua originated in 1951 when the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) published its Interlingua-English dictionary and accompanying grammar. The success of Esperanto has not prevented the emergence of new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones's Eurolengo, which contains elements of English and Spanish.

The 2010 Robot Interaction Language (ROILA) is the first language for communication between humans and robots. The main ideas of the ROILA language are that it should be easy for humans to learn and be efficiently recognized by computer speech recognition algorithms.

Artistic languages

Artistic languages, created for aesthetic pleasure, begin to appear in early modern literature (in Gargantua and Pantagruel, in utopian motifs), but only become known as serious projects at the beginning of the 20th century. A Princess of Mars by Edgar Burroughs was perhaps the first science fiction novel to use artificial language. John Tolkien was the first scholar to discuss artistic languages ​​publicly, delivering a lecture called "A Secret Vice" at a convention in 1931.

By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, artistic languages ​​have become quite common in science fiction and fantasy works, which more often use a very limited but definite vocabulary, indicating the existence of a full-fledged artificial language. Artistic languages ​​appear, for example, in Star Wars, Star Trek, The Lord of the Rings (Elvish), Stargate, Atlantis: The Lost World, Game of Thrones (Dothraki and Valyrian), Avatar, the computer adventure games Dune and Myst.

Modern Communities of Constructed Languages

Various journals about artificial languages ​​were published from the 1970s to the 1990s, for example: Glossopoeic Quarterly, Taboo Jadoo and The Journal of Planned Languages. The Artificial Languages ​​(Conlang) mailing list was founded in 1991, later the AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages ​​spun off. In the first half of the 1990s, several journals devoted to artificial languages ​​were published in the form of e-mails, several journals were published on websites, these are journals such as: Vortpunoj and Model Languages(Model Languages). The results of the Sarah Higley survey show that the participants of the artificial language mailing list are primarily males from North America and Western Europe, fewer participants from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East and South America, the age of participants varies from thirteen to sixty years; the number of participating women has been increasing over time. More recently founded communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board(ZBB; since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. On the forums, there is communication between participants, a discussion of natural languages, participants decide whether certain artificial languages ​​have the functions of a natural language, and what interesting functions of natural languages ​​can be used in relation to artificial languages, these forums post short texts that are interesting from the point of view of translation, as well as discussions about the philosophy of artificial languages ​​and the goals of the participants in these communities. ZBB data showed that a large number of participants spend relatively little time on one artificial language and move from one project to another, spending about four months learning one language.

Collaborative artificial languages

The Talos language, the cultural basis for the virtual state known as Talossa, was created in 1979. However, as interest in the Talo language grew, the Committee on the Use of the Talo Language, as well as other independent organizations of enthusiasts, took up the development of guidelines and rules for this language from 1983. The Villnian language is based on Latin, Greek and Scandinavian. Its syntax and grammar are reminiscent of Chinese. The main elements of this artificial language were created by one author, and its vocabulary was expanded by members of the Internet community.

Most artificial languages ​​are created by one person, like the Talos language. But there are languages ​​that are created by a group of people, such as Interlingua developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association and Lojban created by the Logical Language Group.

The collaborative development of artificial languages ​​has become common in recent years as artificial language designers have begun to use Internet tools to coordinate design developments. NGL/Tokcir was one of the first Internet collaborative designed languages ​​whose developers used a mailing list to discuss and vote on grammatical and lexical design issues. Later, The Demos IAL Project developed the International Auxiliary Language in a similar collaborative manner. The Voksigid and Novial 98 languages ​​were developed using mailing lists, but neither was published in its final form.

Several artistic languages ​​have been developed on various language wikis, usually with discussion and voting on phonology and grammar rules. An interesting variant of language development is the corpus approach, such as Kalusa (mid 2006), where participants simply read a corpus of existing sentences and add their own, perhaps maintaining existing trends or adding new words and constructions. The Kalusa mechanism allows visitors to rate offers as acceptable or unacceptable. In the corpus approach, there are no explicit indications of grammatical rules or explicit definitions of words; the meaning of words is inferred from their use in the various sentences of the corpus by various readers and participants, and grammar rules can be inferred from sentence structures that were most appreciated by participants and other visitors.

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"FINANCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACADEMY"

Department "IO-01"

in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"

Artificial languages ​​and their classification

Teacher: Sirova T.O.

Completed by: Mikhailova A.S.

Korolev, 2013

There are the following types of artificial languages:

Programming languages ​​and computer languages- languages ​​for automatic processing of information with the help of a computer.

Information languages- languages ​​used in various information processing systems.

Formalized languages ​​of science- languages ​​intended for symbolic recording of scientific facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.

Languages ​​of non-existent peoples, created for fiction or entertainment purposes, for example: the Elvish language invented by J. Tolkien, the Klingon language invented by Mark Okrand for a fantasy series "Star Trek", Na "vi language, created for the film" Avatar.

International auxiliary languages- languages ​​created from elements of natural languages ​​and offered as an auxiliary means of interethnic communication.

The idea of ​​creating a new language of international communication originated in the 17th-18th centuries as a result of the gradual decrease in the international role of Latin. Initially, these were mainly projects of a rational language, freed from the logical errors of living languages ​​and based on a logical classification of concepts. Later, projects appear based on the model and materials of living languages. The first such project was universalglot, published in 1868 in Paris by Jean Pirro. Pirro's project, which anticipated many details of later projects, went unnoticed by the public.

The next international language project was Volapuk, created in 1880 by the German linguist I. Schleyer. He caused a very big resonance in society.

The most famous artificial language is Esperanto (L. Zamenhof, 1887) is the only artificial language that has become widespread and has united quite a few supporters of the international language around itself.

Of the artificial languages, the most famous are:

Basic English

• Interlingua

  Latin blue flexione

• Occidental

  Simli language

  Solresol

  Esperanto

• Klingon language

  Elvish languages

There are also languages ​​that were specifically designed to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence. For example - lincos.

According to the purpose of creation, artificial languages ​​can be divided into the following groups:

philosophical and logical languages- languages ​​that have a clear logical structure of word formation and syntax: Lojban, Tokipona, Ithkuil, Ilaksh.

Auxiliary languages- designed for practical communication: Esperanto, Interlingua, Slovio, Slovian.

Artistic or aesthetic languages- created for creative and aesthetic pleasure: Quenya.

Also, the language is created to set up an experiment, for example, to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (that the language spoken by a person limits consciousness, drives it into certain limits).

According to their structure, artificial language projects can be divided into the following groups:

A priori languages- based on logical or empirical classifications of concepts: loglan, lojban, ro, solresol, ifkuil, ilaksh.

A posteriori languages- languages ​​built mainly on the basis of international vocabulary: interlingua, occidental

mixed languages- words and word formation are partially borrowed from non-artificial languages, partially created on the basis of artificially invented words and word-formation elements: Volapuk, Ido, Esperanto, Neo.

The number of speakers of artificial languages ​​can only be given approximately, due to the fact that there is no systematic record of speakers.

According to the degree of practical use, artificial languages ​​are divided into projects that have become widespread: Ido, Interlingua, Esperanto. Such languages, like national languages, are called "socialized", among artificial ones they are united under the term planned languages. An intermediate position is occupied by such artificial language projects that have a certain number of supporters, for example, Loglan (and its descendant Lojban), Slovio and others. Most artificial languages ​​have a single carrier - the author of the language (for this reason, it is more correct to call them "linguo projects", and not languages).