The main result of the revolution of 1905-1907 Main events of the first Russian revolution

Russian Revolution 1905-1907 refers to the number of late bourgeois revolutions. 250 years separated it from the English revolution of the 17th century, more than a century from the Great French Revolution, more than half a century from the European revolutions of 1848-1849. The first Russian bourgeois revolution was different from its predecessors in European countries. This was explained, first of all, by the fact that the level of Russia's economic development by the beginning of the 20th century, the sharpness of class contradictions, and the degree of political maturity of the proletariat were significantly higher than in the West on the eve of the first bourgeois revolutions.

The immediate causes of the revolution were the economic crisis of 1900-1903. and the Russo-Japanese War. 1905 began with a big strike of workers at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The reason for the revolution was the events of January 9, when the priest Gapon, who was connected simultaneously with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Okhrana, organized a procession of workers to the Winter Palace to present the petition to the Tsar. It set out demands to improve working conditions, introduce political freedoms, convene a Constituent Assembly, etc.

About 140 thousand people, including old people, women, children, festively dressed, came out on Sunday morning with icons and portraits of the king. With hope and faith in the sovereign, they moved to the Winter Palace. They were met with gunfire. As a result, about 1,200 people were killed and over 5,000 wounded. The senseless and brutal massacre shook the country.

After January 9 (“Bloody Sunday”) protest strikes took place in many cities. In St. Petersburg, the workers began to build barricades. Strikes, demonstrations, clashes with the troops swept across the country.

The alignment of political forces

The main issue in any revolution is the question of power. In relation to him, various socio-political forces in Russia united in three camps. The first camp consisted of supporters of the autocracy: the landowners, the highest ranks of state bodies, the army, the police, and part of the big bourgeoisie. They advocated the creation of a legislative body under the emperor.

The second camp is liberal. It included representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and the liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, the petty urban bourgeoisie, office workers, and part of the peasants. They proposed peaceful democratic methods of struggle and advocated a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage and a legislative parliament.

In the third camp - revolutionary-democratic- included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, etc. Their interests were expressed by the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries and some other political forces. They advocated the demolition of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic.

Revolution on the rise

From January to March 1905, about 1 million people took part in the strikes. In the spring and summer, revolutionary events intensified. During a two-month strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Russia was created, which became an organ of revolutionary power in the city.

On August 6, in the context of the development of the revolution, the tsar issued a Manifesto on the establishment of a legislative body - the State Duma. Under the electoral law, most of the population (women, workers, military personnel, students, etc.) was deprived of voting rights. Therefore, the supporters of the liberal and democratic camps came out in favor of a boycott of this Duma.

In October 1905, about 2 million people (workers, employees, doctors, students, etc.) took part in the All-Russian political strike. The main slogans of the strike were demands for an 8-hour working day, democratic freedoms, and the convening of a Constituent Assembly.

Manifesto October 17, 1905

Frightened by the further development of the revolution, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on the abolition of the unlimited monarchy in Russia. The emperor considered it necessary to “grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom”: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, meetings and unions, representative government - legislative State Duma. Significantly expanded the circle of voters.

In the conditions of the upsurge of the revolution of 1905, the Manifesto was a concession to the autocracy, but it did not bring the desired reassurance.

Formation of new political parties

During the revolution, the "old" political parties (RSDLP and Socialist-Revolutionaries) were strengthened. At the same time, new parties emerged. In October 1905, the first legal political party in Russia was created - the Constitutional Democratic Party (Party of Cadets). The well-known historian P. Milyukov became its head. It included representatives of the middle commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. Soon after the Manifesto of Nicholas II, the Union of October 17, or the Octobrists, was created, a political party headed by the Moscow industrialist A. Guchkov. It included representatives of large landowners, industrial-financial and commercial bourgeoisie. Both of these parties stood for the speedy end of the revolution, for political freedoms within the framework of the Manifesto of October 17 and the creation of a constitutional-monarchist regime in Russia.

Performances in the army and navy

In the summer and autumn of 1905 there were mass demonstrations in the army and navy. In June, an uprising broke out on the battleship Potemkin. The sailors hoped that other ships of the Black Sea Fleet would join them. But their hopes were not justified.

"Potemkin" went to the coast of Romania and surrendered to the local authorities.

In October - December, there were about 200 performances by soldiers in different cities, including Kharkov, Kyiv, Tashkent, Warsaw. At the end of October, a riot of sailors broke out in Kronstadt, but was suppressed. In November, the sailors of the cruiser Ochakov rebelled in Sevastopol. The ship was shot from fortress guns and sunk.

December armed uprising

It was the pinnacle of the events of 1905. About 6,000 armed workers took part in it. Up to 1,000 barricades were erected in Moscow. The tactics of the barricade struggle of the workers' squads were combined with the actions of small combat detachments. The government managed to transfer troops to Moscow from St. Petersburg, and the uprising began to weaken. Presnya, a working-class area near the Prokhorovskaya manufactory, resisted most stubbornly. On December 19, the uprising in Moscow was crushed. Many of its members were shot. With the help of troops, the government succeeded in suppressing the armed uprisings of workers in other Russian workers' centers (Sormov, Krasnoyarsk, Rostov, Chita).

National Liberation Movement

Revolutions of 1905-1907 sparked a national movement. Demonstrations and rallies demanding the equality of nations, granting national regions "internal self-government" took place in Poland and Finland. They were supplemented by demands for the right to receive education in their native language and the right to develop national culture, which were voiced in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine and the Transcaucasus.

During the revolution, tsarism was forced to allow the printing of newspapers and magazines in the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia, as well as teaching in schools in their native language. National parties of a socialist orientation arose and actively operated - the Polish Party of Socialists, the Belarusian Socialist Community, the Jewish Bund, the Ukrainian Spilka, the socialists of Georgia, etc.

On the whole, the national movement in the border regions merged with the revolutionary struggle against tsarism.

I and II State Dumas

In April 1906, the State Duma solemnly opened in the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. It was the first legislative assembly of people's representatives in the history of Russia. Representatives of the bourgeoisie and the peasantry predominated among the deputies. The Duma put forward a project to create a nationwide land fund, including at the expense of part of the landowners' lands. This did not please Nicholas II. On his instructions, after having worked for three months, the First State Duma was dissolved.

The II State Duma began its work at the end of February 1907. The deputies were elected according to the old electoral law. She became even more naughty. Then, several dozen deputies were arrested on charges fabricated by the Okhrana in an anti-state conspiracy. On June 3, the Second State Duma was dispersed. The government introduced a new electoral law. Since it was adopted without the approval of the Duma, this event went down in history as the "June 3rd coup d'état", which meant the end of the revolution.

The results of the revolution

The revolution not only significantly changed the life of the country, but also influenced the change in the political system of Russia. A parliament was introduced in the country, consisting of two chambers: the upper - the State Council and the lower - the State Duma. But a constitutional monarchy of the Western type was not created.

Tsarism was forced to come to terms with the existence in the country of various political parties and the "Russian parliament" - the State Duma. The bourgeoisie was involved in the implementation of economic policy.

In the course of the revolution, the masses of the people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. Workers were given the right to form trade unions and savings banks, to participate in strikes. The working day was streamlined and shortened.

The peasants were equalized with other classes in civil rights; since 1907 redemption payments for land received by them under the reform in 1861 were abolished. However, the agrarian issue was not resolved in the main: the peasants still suffered from land shortages.

THIS IS INTERESTING TO KNOW

On the eve of Bloody Sunday, the capital's garrison was reinforced by troops called in from Pskov and Revel (Tallinn). An additional 30,000 soldiers were brought into St. Petersburg. The commanders convinced the soldiers that on January 9 the workers wanted to destroy the Winter Palace and kill the tsar. When workers from the outskirts moved towards the Winter Palace, the police and soldiers blocked their way.

At the Narva Gates, on the Petersburg side and Palace Square, the troops opened fire with volleys at the columns of workers. Following this, the workers were attacked by the cavalry, who cut them with sabers and trampled them with horses.

The government report, which was published in the press on January 12, indicated that during the events of January 9, 96 people were killed and 333 wounded.

References:
V. S. Koshelev, I. V. Orzhehovsky, V. I. Sinitsa / World History of the Modern Times XIX - early. XX century., 1998.

The beginning of the revolution.

On January 3, 1905, a long-prepared strike began at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The workers demanded higher wages, the abolition of compulsory overtime work and the establishment of an 8-hour working day.

The authorities were aware of the impending march in advance and took the necessary measures to prevent "riots".

On the morning of January 9, 1905, a crowd of thousands of men, women, old people and children, led by Gapon, with banners, icons, portraits of the king and singing prayers moved to the Winter Palace. On Palace Square, they met a contractile chain of soldiers. The order was given to open fire on the crowd. There were dead and wounded. Executions, horse attacks of the Cossacks on peaceful processions to the Winter Palace took place in other parts of the city. The news of the execution of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg caused an outburst of indignation throughout the country. On the evening of January 9, barricades appeared in St. Petersburg. In January 1905 alone, 440,000 workers went on strike in protest (160,000 of them in St. Petersburg), more than in the entire previous decade.

The nature of the revolution and its driving forces.

By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907. in Russia was bourgeois-democratic, because it set the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic transformation of the country: the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the estate system and landownership, the introduction of basic democratic freedoms, primarily freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly, equality of all before law, the establishment of an 8-hour working day for employees, the removal of national restrictions.

The main issue of the revolution was the agrarian-peasant. The peasantry made up more than the population of Russia, and the agrarian question, in connection with the deepening of peasant land shortages, became especially acute by the beginning of the 20th century. The national question also occupied an important place in the revolution. 57% of the country's population were non-Russian peoples. However, in essence, the national question was part of the agrarian-peasant one, for the peasantry constituted the overwhelming majority of the non-Russian population in the country.

In the revolution of 1905-1907. the petty-bourgeois strata of the city and countryside, as well as the political parties representing them, took an active part. It was a popular revolution. Peasants, workers, and the petty bourgeoisie of town and country made up a single revolutionary camp. The camp opposing him was represented by the landowners and the big bourgeoisie associated with the autocratic monarchy, the highest bureaucratic bureaucracy, the military and clerics from the top of the clergy. The liberal opposition camp was represented mainly by the middle bourgeoisie and the bourgeois intelligentsia, who advocated the bourgeois transformation of the country by peaceful means, mainly by the methods of parliamentary struggle.

Mass movements in the spring and summer of 1905.

The revolutionary movements in 1905 developed unevenly, growing in waves. In March it began to decline, the number of strikers (70 thousand) was already 4 times less than in February. All revolutionary parties and groups pinned their hopes on the international proletarian holiday of May 1 and intensified their agitation among the workers. Leaflets calling for strikes and demonstrations were distributed in most cities. By this time, the socialist parties had fairly large organizations. For example, the Bolshevik cells numbered 1,435 people (123 cells) in Moscow, 600 in Minsk, 200 in Yekaterinoslav, 250 in Riga, and 400 in Vilna. As a result of extensive agitation, the revolutionaries managed to achieve a new upsurge in the strike movement. In May 220,000 workers went on strike, in June 155, and in August 104,000 workers.

Part of the strikes were suppressed by the troops and the police, most were stopped after individual concessions by the capitalists or because of the lack of funds from the strikers. The government also made a number of concessions to the workers. "Temporary rules" were adopted on elected workers and on the 9-hour working day on the railways, promises were made to introduce conflict commissions and other concessions. In August, strikes began to decline, and in September the number of strikers decreased by another three times (to 37,000).

The highest rise of the revolution (October-December 1905)

In the autumn of 1905, the center of the revolution moved to Moscow. The All-Russian October political strike that began in Moscow, followed by an armed uprising in December 1905, was the highest upsurge of the revolution.

Under the influence of the October strike, the autocracy was forced to make concessions. On October 17, Nicholas II signed the Manifesto on granting the population "the unshakable foundations of civil freedom."

The autumn of 1905 was marked by the growth of peasant revolts and revolutionary uprisings in the army and navy. In October - December, 89 performances took place, the largest of them was the uprising of the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt November 11-15.

In November - December, the peasant movement reached its climax. During this time, 1590 peasant uprisings were registered. They covered half of the districts of the European part of Russia, were accompanied by the destruction of landowners' estates and the seizure of landowners' lands. Peasant revolts took on a particularly wide scope in the Siberian, Saratov, Kursk and Chernigov provinces. Punitive troops were sent to suppress peasant uprisings.

On November 3, 1905, under the influence of a broad peasant movement that developed with particular force, the Tsar's Manifesto was published, announcing the reduction of redemption payments for allotment land by half and the complete cessation of their collection from January 1, 1907.

The December armed uprising in Moscow became the peak of the revolution. After the defeat of the uprising, its retreat began. At the same time, the autocracy began to carry out political transformations.

On February 20, 1906, a Manifesto was issued on the transformation of the State Council into the second upper chamber with a legislative chamber with legislative rights equal to those of the Duma.

The composition of the State Council was changed. Now it included not only the persons appointed by the king, but also those chosen. Of the 98 members of the Council, 74 are large landowners, 6 members each from the Orthodox clergy, academicians and university professors, 12 members from the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie. The chairman and vice-chairman were appointed by the emperor. A few weeks after the start of the work of the First State Duma, it became obvious that cooperation between the authorities and a representative institution was not foreseen. And the historical chance of reconciliation in the name of social consolidation was missed.

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907.

Despite the defeat of the revolution, the working people gained certain economic and political gains. The working class managed to achieve a reduction in the length of the working day, wage increases, and tariff reductions. A system of collective agreements between workers and entrepreneurs was introduced, and the procedure for organizing work and leisure was regulated. Started by P.A. Stolypin, the agrarian reform allowed the peasants to leave their community with the right to transfer land to personal ownership. This opened up scope for bourgeois entrepreneurship in the countryside, the formation of the rural bourgeoisie.

The most important political result was the creation in Russia of the first representative legislative institution - the State Duma.

The revolution did not solve the main problems of the political and socio-economic development of Russia. After the coup of June 3, 1907, a period of reaction sets in. The limitations of democratization, the unresolved socio-economic problems left no way out, except for attempts to solve them in a revolutionary way.

Russian Revolution of 1905 or First Russian Revolution- the name of the events that took place between January 1905 and June 1907 in the Russian Empire.

The impetus for the beginning of mass demonstrations under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" - the execution by imperial troops in St. Petersburg of a peaceful demonstration of workers led by priest Georgy Gapon on January 9 (22), 1905. unrest and uprisings took place in the fleet, which resulted in mass demonstrations against the monarchy.

The result of the speeches was an imposed constitution - the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions. The Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma.

The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called "Third of June Coup" of June 3 (16), 1907. The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; local authorities did not respect the freedoms declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the agrarian question, the most essential for the majority of the population of the country, was not resolved.

Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not fully resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary uprising in 1917.

Causes of the revolution

The development of forms of human activity into a new infrastructure of the state, the emergence of industry and types of economic activity, radically different from the types of economic activity of the 17th-19th centuries, entailed an aggravation of the need to reform the activities of government and authorities. The end of the period of essential importance of subsistence farming, an intensive form of progress in industrial methods, already for the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power and normative legal acts for regulating legal relations were required.

Peasantry

Peasants were the most numerous class of the Russian Empire - about 77% of the total population. The rapid population growth in 1860-1900 led to the fact that the size of the average allotment decreased by 1.7-2 times, while the average yield for the specified period increased by only 1.34 times. The result of this imbalance was a constant drop in the average grain harvest per capita of the agricultural population and, as a result, a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasantry as a whole.

The course towards actively stimulating the export of grain, taken from the end of the 1880s by the Russian government, was another factor that worsened the food situation of the peasantry. The slogan "we won't finish it, but we'll take it out" put forward by Finance Minister Vyshnegradsky reflected the government's desire to support grain exports at any cost, even in the face of domestic crop failures. This was one of the reasons that led to the famine of 1891-1892. Beginning with the famine of 1891, the crisis of agriculture was increasingly recognized as a protracted and profound ailment for the entire economy of Central Russia.

The motivation of peasants to increase the productivity of their labor was low. The reasons for this were stated by Witte in his memoirs as follows:

The constant reduction in the size of land allotments (“small land”) led to the fact that the general slogan of the Russian peasantry in the revolution of 1905 was the demand for land, due to the redistribution of privately owned (primarily landlord) land in favor of peasant communities.

industrial workers

By the 20th century, there was already a real industrial proletariat, but its position was approximately the same as the proletariat was in a number of other European countries in the first half of the 19th century: the most difficult working conditions, 12-hour working day (by 1897 it was limited to 11.5) , lack of social security in case of illness, injury, old age.

1900-1904: Growing crisis

The economic crisis of 1900-1903 aggravated all the socio-political problems of the country; the general crisis was also aggravated by the agrarian crisis, which engulfed the most important agricultural regions.

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War showed the urgent need for reform. The refusal of the authorities to make any positive decisions in this direction also became one of the reasons for the start of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907.

The course of the revolution

After the events of January 9, P. D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky was dismissed from the post of Minister of the Interior and replaced by Bulygin; the post of St. Petersburg Governor-General was established, to which General D. F. Trepov was appointed on January 12.

By decree of Nicholas II of January 29, a commission was created under the chairmanship of Senator Shidlovsky with the aim of "immediately ascertaining the reasons for the discontent of the workers of St. Petersburg and its suburbs and eliminating them in the future." Officials, manufacturers and deputies from the St. Petersburg workers were to become its members. The elections of deputies were two-stage: electors were elected at the enterprises, who, having united in 9 production groups, were to elect 50 deputies. At a meeting of electors on February 16-17, under the influence of the socialists, it was decided to demand from the government publicity of the meetings of the commission, freedom of the press, the restoration of 11 departments of the Gapon "Assembly" closed by the government, and the release of arrested comrades. On February 18, Shidlovsky rejected these demands as being beyond the competence of the commission. In response to this, the electors of the 7 production groups refused to send deputies to the Shidlovsk commission and called on the workers to strike. On February 20, Shidlovsky submitted a report to Nicholas II, in which he acknowledged the failure of the commission; on the same day, by tsarist decree, the commission of Shidlovsky was dissolved.

After January 9, a wave of strikes swept the country. On January 12-14, a general strike took place in Riga and Warsaw to protest against the execution of a demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. A strike movement and strikes began on the railways of Russia. All-Russian student political strikes also began. In May 1905, a general strike of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk textile workers began, 70,000 workers went on strike for more than two months. Soviets of workers' deputies sprang up in many industrial centers.

Social conflicts were aggravated by conflicts on ethnic grounds. In the Caucasus, clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began, which continued in 1905-1906.

On February 18, a tsar's manifesto was published calling for the eradication of sedition in the name of strengthening true autocracy, and a decree to the Senate, allowing proposals to be submitted to the tsar to improve "state improvement". Nicholas II signed a rescript addressed to the Minister of Internal Affairs A. G. Bulygin with an order to prepare a law on an elected representative body - a legislative Duma.

The published acts, as it were, gave direction to further social movement. Zemsky assemblies, city dumas, professional intelligentsia, which formed a number of all kinds of unions, individual public figures discussed issues of involving the population in legislative activity, about the attitude to the work of the “Special Conference” established under the chairmanship of Chamberlain Bulygin. Resolutions, petitions, addresses, notes, projects of state transformation were drawn up.

The February, April and May congresses organized by the zemstvos, of which the last one was held with the participation of city leaders, ended with the presentation to the Sovereign Emperor on June 6 through a special deputation of the all-subject address with a petition for popular representation.

On April 17, 1905, the Decree “On Strengthening the Principles of Religious Tolerance” was adopted, proclaiming freedom of religion for non-Orthodox confessions.

On June 21, 1905, an uprising began in Lodz, which became one of the main events in the revolution of 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland.

On August 6, 1905, the State Duma was established by the Manifesto of Nicholas II as "a special legislative institution, which is given the preliminary development and discussion of legislative proposals and consideration of the schedule of state revenues and expenditures". The deadline for the convocation was set - no later than mid-January 1906.

At the same time, the Regulations on the Elections of August 6, 1905 were published, which established the rules for elections to the State Duma. Of the four most famous and popular democratic norms (universal, direct, equal, secret elections), only one turned out to be implemented in Russia - secret voting. The elections were neither universal, nor direct, nor equal. The organization of elections to the State Duma was assigned to the Minister of Internal Affairs Bulygin.

In October, a strike began in Moscow, which swept the whole country and grew into the All-Russian October Political Strike. On October 12-18, over 2 million people were on strike in various industries.

On October 14, the Governor-General of St. Petersburg D.N. Trepov pasted proclamations on the streets of the capital, in which, in particular, it was said that the police were ordered to resolutely suppress the riots, “if there is resistance from the crowd, do not give blank volleys and cartridges do not regret."

This general strike, and above all the railroad strike, forced the emperor to make concessions. The manifesto of October 17, 1905 granted civil liberties: personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association. Trade unions and professional political unions, Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose, the Social Democratic Party and the Socialist Revolutionary Party were strengthened, the Constitutional Democratic Party, the Union of October 17, the Union of the Russian People, and others were created.

Thus, the demands of the liberals were met. The autocracy went for the creation of parliamentary representation and the beginning of the reform (see Stolypin agrarian reform).

Stolypin's dissolution of the 2nd State Duma with a parallel change in the electoral law (the June 3 coup of 1907) meant the end of the revolution.

Armed uprisings

The declared political freedoms, however, did not satisfy the revolutionary parties, who were going to gain power not by parliamentary means, but by armed seizure of power and put forward the slogan "Finish off the government!". Fermentation engulfed the workers, the army and the navy (the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the Vladivostok uprising, etc.). In turn, the authorities saw that there was no further way to retreat, and began to resolutely fight the revolution.

On October 13, 1905, the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies began its work, which became the organizer of the All-Russian October political strike of 1905 and tried to disorganize the country's financial system, calling for not paying taxes and taking money from banks. The deputies of the Council were arrested on December 3, 1905.

The unrest reached its highest point in December 1905: in Moscow (December 7-18) and other major cities. In Rostov-on-Don, on December 13-20, detachments of militants fought with troops in the Temernik area. In Yekaterinoslav, the strike that began on December 8 grew into an uprising. The working district of the city of Chechelevka was in the hands of the rebels until December 27.

Pogroms

After the publication of the tsar's manifesto on October 17, 1905, Jewish pogroms took place in many cities of the Pale of Settlement. The largest pogroms took place in Odessa (more than 400 Jews died), in Rostov-on-Don (over 150 dead), Yekaterinoslav - 67, Minsk - 54, Simferopol - over 40 and Orsha - over 30 dead.

Political assassinations

In total, from 1901 to 1911, about 17 thousand people were killed and wounded in the course of revolutionary terrorism (of which 9 thousand fell directly on the period of the revolution of 1905-1907). In 1907, up to 18 people died on average every day. According to the police, only from February 1905 to May 1906 were killed: governors general, governors and mayors - 8, vice-governors and advisers to provincial boards - 5, police chiefs, district chiefs and police officers - 21, gendarmerie officers - 8 , generals (combatants) - 4, officers (combatants) - 7, bailiffs and their assistants - 79, district guards - 125, policemen - 346, officers - 57, guards - 257, gendarmerie lower ranks - 55, security agents - 18, civil officials - 85, clerics - 12, rural authorities - 52, landowners - 51, manufacturers and senior employees in factories - 54, bankers and large merchants - 29.

Known victims of terror:

Party of Socialist Revolutionaries

The militant organization was created by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the early 1900s to fight against the autocracy in Russia through terror. The organization included from 10 to 30 militants headed by G. A. Gershuni, from May 1903 - by E. F. Azef. Organized the assassinations of the Minister of Internal Affairs D.S. Sipyagin and V.K. Plehve, the Kharkov governor, Prince I.M. Obolensky and Ufa - N.M. prepared assassination attempts on Nicholas II, Minister of Internal Affairs P. N. Durnovo, Moscow Governor-General F. V. Dubasov, priest G. A. Gapon, and others.

RSDLP

The combat technical group under the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), headed by L. B. Krasin, was the central combat organization of the Bolsheviks. The group carried out mass deliveries of weapons to Russia, supervised the creation, training and arming of combat squads that participated in the uprisings.

The Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP is the Moscow military organization of the Bolsheviks. It included P.K. Sternberg. The bureau led the Bolshevik combat detachments during the Moscow uprising.

Other revolutionary organizations

• Polish Socialist Party (PPS). In 1906 alone, PPS militants killed and wounded about 1,000 people. One of the major actions was the Bezdan robbery of 1908.
• General Jewish Workers Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia
• Socialist Jewish Workers' Party
• Dashnaktsutyun is an Armenian revolutionary-nationalist party. During the revolution, she actively participated in the Armenian-Azerbaijani massacre of 1905-1906. The Dashnaks killed quite a few administrative and private persons objectionable to the Armenians: General Alikhanov, governors: Nakashidze and Andreev, colonels Bykov, Sakharov. The revolutionaries blamed the tsarist authorities for fanning the conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
• Armenian Social Democratic Organization "Hunchak"
• Georgian National Democrats
• Latvian forest brothers. In the province of Courland in January-November 1906, up to 400 actions were carried out: representatives of the authorities were killed, police stations were attacked, and landowners' estates were burned.
• Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party
• Belarusian socialist community
• Finnish Active Resistance Party
• Jewish Social Democratic Party Poalei Zion
• Federation of Anarchists "Bread and Freedom"
• Federation of Anarchists "Black Banner"
• Federation of Anarchists "Beznachalie"

Display in fiction

• Leonid Andreev's story "The Story of the Seven Hanged Men" (1908). The story is based on real events - hanging on Fox
• Nose, near St. Petersburg February 17, 1908 (old style) 7 members of the Flying Combat Detachment of the Northern Region of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
• Article by Leo Tolstoy "I can't be silent!" (1908) on government repression and revolutionary terror
• Sat. stories by Vlas Doroshevich "Whirlwind and other works of recent times"
• Poem by Konstantin Balmont "Our Tsar" (1907). The famous accusatory poem.
• Boris Pasternak's poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year" (1926-27)
• Boris Vasiliev's novel "And there was evening and there was morning" ISBN 978-5-17-064479-7
• Stories by Evgeny Zamyatin "Unlucky" and "Three days"
• Varshavyanka - a revolutionary song that became widely known in 1905

The aggravation of contradictions within the country, and the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War led to a serious political crisis. The authorities were unable to change the situation. Causes of the revolution of 1905 - 1907:

• the unwillingness of the highest authorities to carry out liberal reforms, the drafts of which were prepared by Witte, Svyatopolk-Mirsky and others;
• the absence of any rights and the miserable existence of the peasant population, which accounted for more than 70% of the country's population (agrarian issue);
• the lack of social guarantees and civil rights for the working class, the policy of non-intervention of the state in the relationship between the entrepreneur and the worker (the labor issue);
• the policy of forced Russification in relation to non-Russian peoples, who at that time accounted for up to 57% of the country's population (the national question);
• unsuccessful development of the situation on the Russian-Japanese front.

The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 was provoked by the events that took place in early January 1905 in St. Petersburg. Here are the main stages of the revolution.

• Winter 1905 - autumn 1905 The execution of a peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905, called "Bloody Sunday", led to the start of workers' strikes in almost all regions of the country. There were also unrest in the army and navy. One of the important episodes of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. there was a rebellion on the cruiser "Prince Potemkin Tauride", which occurred on June 14, 1905. During the same period, the movement of workers intensified, the peasant movement became more active.
• Autumn 1905 This period is the high point of the revolution. The all-Russian October strike, started by the printers' trade union, was supported by many other trade unions. The tsar issues a manifesto on the granting of political freedoms and the creation of the State Duma as a legislative body. After Nicholas 2 granted the right to freedom of assembly, speech, conscience, press, the Union of October 17 and the constitutional democratic party, as well as the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, announce the end of the revolution.
• December 1905 The radical wing of the RSDLP supports an armed uprising in Moscow. On the streets - fierce barricade battles (Presnya). On December 11, the regulation on elections to the 1st State Duma is published.
• 1906 - the first half of 1907 Decline in revolutionary activity. Start of work of the 1st State Duma (with a Cadet majority). In February 1907, the 2nd State Duma was convened (it was leftist in composition), but after 3 months it was dissolved. During this period, strikes and strikes continue, but gradually the government's control over the country is restored.

It is worth noting that along with the loss of government support for the army and the all-Russian October strike, the law on the establishment of the Duma, the granting of freedoms (speech, conscience, the press, etc.) and the removal of the word “unlimited” from the definition of the power of the tsar are the main events of the revolution of 1905 - 1907

The result of the revolution of 1905-1907, which bore a bourgeois-democratic character, was a series of serious transformations, such as the formation of the State Duma. Political parties were given the right to act legally. The situation of the peasants improved, as redemption payments were canceled, and they were granted the right to free movement and choice of place of residence. But they didn't own the land. The workers won the right to legally form trade unions, and the length of the working day in factories and factories was reduced. Part of the workers received voting rights. National politics became softer. However, the most important significance of the revolution of 1905-1907. is to change the worldview of people, which paved the way for further revolutionary changes in the country.

At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there were objective and subjective prerequisites for the revolution, primarily due to the peculiarities of Russia as a country of the second echelon. Four main factors became the most important prerequisites. Russia remained a country with an undeveloped democracy, no constitution, no guarantees of human rights, which fell to the activity of opposition parties to the government. After the reforms of the middle of the XIX century. the peasantry received less land than they used before the reform to ensure their existence, which caused social tension in the countryside. Growing since the second half of the XIX century. the contradictions between the rapid growth of capitalism and the remnants of serfdom created objective prerequisites for discontent, both among the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In addition, Russia was a multinational country in which the situation of non-Russian peoples was extremely difficult. That is why a large mass of revolutionaries came from non-Russian peoples (Jews, Ukrainians, Latvians). All this testified to the readiness of entire social groups for revolution.

The revolutionary action, due to the above contradictions, was accelerated by such events as crop failures and famine in a number of provinces at the beginning of the 20th century, the economic crisis of 1900-1903, which led to the marginalization of large masses of workers, the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907. was bourgeois-democratic, as it was aimed at implementing the requirements: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the estate system and landownership. The means of struggle used are strikes and strikes, and the main driving force is the workers (the proletariat).

Periodization of the revolution: 1st stage - initial - from January 9 to the autumn of 1905; 2nd stage - climax - from autumn 1905 to December 1905; and stage - final - January 1906 - June 1907

The course of the revolution

The beginning of the revolution is considered to be January 9, 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”) in St. Petersburg, when government troops shot down a demonstration of workers, as it is believed, organized by the priest of the St. Petersburg transit prison Georgy Gapon. Indeed, in an effort to prevent the development of the revolutionary spirit of the masses and to place and control their activities, the government took steps in this direction. Interior Minister Plehve supported S. Zubatov's experiments in bringing the opposition movement under control. He developed and implemented "police socialism". Its essence was the organization of workers' societies that were engaged in economic education. This, according to Zubatov, was supposed to lead the workers away from the political struggle. Georgy Gapon, who created political workers' organizations, became a worthy successor to Zubatov's ideas.

It was Gapon's provocative activity that gave impetus to the beginning of the revolution. In the midst of the St. Petersburg general strike (up to 3 thousand people participated), Gapon suggested organizing a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace to submit a petition to the tsar about the needs of the workers. Gapon notified the police in advance of the upcoming demonstration, this allowed the government to hastily prepare to suppress the riots. More than 1,000 people were killed during the executions of the demonstration. Thus, January 9, 1905 was the beginning of the revolution and was called "Bloody Sunday".

On May 1, a strike of workers began in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. The workers created their own body of power - the Council of Workers' Deputies. On May 12, 1905, a strike began in Ivano-Frankivsk, which lasted more than two months. At the same time, unrest broke out in the villages, engulfing the Black Earth Center, the Middle Volga region, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. In the summer of 1905, the All-Russian Peasant Union was formed. At the Congress of the Union, demands were put forward for the transfer of land to the ownership of the whole people. Open armed uprisings broke out in the army and navy. A major event was the armed uprising prepared by the Mensheviks on the battleship Prince Potemkin Tauride. On June 14, 1905, the sailors, who took possession of the battleship during a spontaneous uprising, led the ship to the roadstead of Odessa, where a general strike was taking place at that time. But the sailors did not dare to land and support the workers. "Potemkin" went to Romania and surrendered to the authorities.

The beginning of the second (culminating) stage of the revolution falls on the autumn of 1905. The growth of the revolution, the activation of the revolutionary forces and the opposition forced the tsarist government to make some concessions. By the rescript of Nicholas II, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. Bulygin was instructed to develop a project for the creation of the State Duma. On August 6, 1905, a manifesto appeared on the convocation of the Duma. Most of the participants in the revolutionary movement were not satisfied with either the character of the “Bulygin Duma” as an exclusively legislative body, or the Regulations on elections to the Duma (elections were held in three curiae: landowners, townspeople, peasants; workers, intelligentsia and the petty bourgeoisie did not have voting rights). Due to the boycott of the "Bulygin Duma", its elections never took place.

In October - November 1905, unrest of soldiers took place in Kharkov, Kyiv, Warsaw, Kronstadt, and a number of other cities, on November 11, 1905, an uprising began in Sevastopol, during which the sailors, led by Lieutenant P. Schmidt, disarmed the officers and created the Sevastopol Council of Deputies . The main base of the rebels was the cruiser Ochakov, on which a red flag was raised. On November 15-16, 1905, the uprising was crushed, and its leaders were shot. Since mid-October, the government has been losing control of the situation. Everywhere there were rallies and demonstrations demanding a constitution. To overcome the crisis, the government tried to find a way out of the impasse and make even greater concessions.

On October 17, 1905, the tsar signed the Manifesto, according to which the citizens of Russia were granted civil liberties: inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, press, assembly and unions. The State Duma was given legislative functions. The creation of a united government - the Council of Ministers - was declared. The manifesto influenced the further development of the event, reduced the revolutionary impulse of the liberals and contributed to the creation of right-wing legal parties (the Cadets and Octobrists).

The strike, which began in October in Moscow, swept the whole country and developed into the All-Russian October Political Strike. In October 1905 over 2 million people were on strike. At that time, Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies arose, which turned from strike fighting bodies into parallel (alternative) bodies of power. Those who took part in them: the Mensheviks considered them as organs of local self-government, and the Bolsheviks - as organs of an armed uprising. The most important were the St. Petersburg and Moscow Soviets of Workers' Deputies. The Moscow Soviet issued an appeal to start a political strike. On December 7, 1905, a general political strike began, which grew into the December armed uprising in Moscow, which lasted until December 19, 1905. Workers built barricades on which they fought with government troops. After the suppression of the December armed uprising in Moscow, the revolutionary wave began to subside. In 1906-1907. continued strikes, strikes, peasant unrest, performances in the army and navy. But the government, with the help of the most severe repressions, gradually regained control over the country.

Thus, in the course of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907, despite all the achievements, it was not possible to achieve the solution of the main tasks put forward at the beginning of the revolution, the overthrow of the autocracy, the destruction of the estate system and the establishment of a democratic republic.