Letters a, y

After w, w, h, w, c letters are written a, y (and not written i, yu ), for example: sorry, Jeanne, boundary; ball, noodles; hour, candle, silent; platform, raincoat; heron, father; creepy, I will say; noise, Shura, tremendous; feeling, I am silent; pike, I'll forgive; train, father.

In several foreign common nouns after w, w a letter is written Yu : jury, julienne, brochure, parachute and some others, more rare.

In some foreign proper names, ethnic names after w, w, c letters are written i, yu , for example: Samogitian Upland, Jules, Saint-Just, Zhuraitis, Siauliai, Zurich, Kotsiubynsky, Tsyurupa, Qu Yuan, Tsyavlovsky, Qianjiang, qiang(people). In these cases, the sounds transmitted by the letters w, w, c are often pronounced softly.

Letters Yu and I traditionally written after h in some surnames Yu - mainly in Lithuanian), for example: Chiurlionis, Steponavichyus, Mkrtchyan, Chiumina.

Letters and, s

After w, w, h, w a letter is written and (and not spelled s ), for example: fat, camelina, interpublishing, tell, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

In some foreign proper names after h a letter is written s , for example: Truong Tinh(Vietnamese proper name).

After c a letter is written and or s .

Letter s written in the following cases.

1. In the roots of words: gypsy, chick, chick, chick, tiptoe, tiptoe, chick-chick, chick, chick, chick(and in derivative words, for example: gypsy, gypsy, gypsy, chick, chick).

2. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: cucumbers, archers, capitals, Klintsy, Lyubertsy; stubby, pale-faced, narrow-faced .

3. In the suffix of adjectives -un, for example: Sistersyn, Lisitsyn, Tsaritsyn, Trinity Day. Place names are written in the same way. -tsyn, -tsyno, for example: Tsaritsyn, Golitsyno .

In Russian surnames after c a letter is written and or s in accordance with tradition and with registration in official documents, for example: Tsipko, but Tsybin; Kunitsyn, Kuritsyn, Sinitsyn, Skobeltsyn, Solzhenitsyn, but Vitsin, Yeltsin, Tsitsin.

In all other cases, after c a letter is written and , namely:

a) in the roots of words, including foreign proper names, for example: circus, cycle, top hat, cynomolgus, scurvy, mat, figure, armor, civilization, specificity, cyclone, barber, vaccine, revolution, tsutsik; Cicero, Circe, Zimmerwald, Cincinnati ;

b) in suffixes of foreign origin, for example: organization, electrify, medicine, calcite, publicist, skepticism ;

c) after the first parts of complex and compound words and in sound abbreviations, for example: blitz interview, special boarding school, CEC .

Letters about her after hissing

Letters about her in place of stressed vowels

After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e , for example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon .

After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about or yo .

Letter about written in the following cases.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs -about , for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).

2. In the suffixes of nouns:

-OK, for example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;

-onok and -chonok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black ;

-onysh: zhonysh ;

-He to(a) and -He to(and) for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses ;

-ovk(a) (in noun derivatives), for example: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard ;

-about(a): thicket, clearinghouse(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;

-otk(a): ratchet ;

-sheep(a): stabbing .

3. In the suffix of adjectives -ov-, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on -ovka, -ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix -ov-(-ev-): pear and pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum(cherry plum), guzhovka(horse-drawn), punch(punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka(bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat(raincoat), speech(speech), hogweed(borscht), zhovnik(snake).

The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in the modern language.

denominative nouns in -ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay.

In Russian surnames in hissing + -ov(-yov) is written about or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov and Chernyshev, Kalachov and Kalachev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs -ooh-, for example: fresh, good .

5. In place of a fluent vowel about in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); rampage(cf. genus p. gouge), the seam(seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), scabbard(genus p. from sheath- obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka and nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix -ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo .

As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases, colloquial variants of short forms husband. kind scary, must, need .

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel about after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(and yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(and saddlery, saddler).

The same word is written evening(and evening), although it is related to the word evening(and evening).

with a letter about some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov .

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors .

In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:

1. In verb endings -eat, -eat, -eat, -ete, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing .

2. In imperfective verbs on -yovyvat and verbal nouns -yovyvanie, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles -vanished, for example: torn, splintered, splintered .

3. In verbal nouns on -yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns -yor, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager .

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives -yonn- and -yeon-, for example: tense(and tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplification, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk .

6. In place of the fugitive about in the verbal forms of the past tense, husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), -chel(read, learned and others, cf. read, learned), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter about : burn, arson, burn.

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound about corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e.

Here is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).

Roots with a combination same :

chewed(chew),

gutter(gutter, gutter, gutter),

yellow(yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),

acorn(acorns, stomach‘little acorn’, acorn),

bile, gall(options bile, bile; bile, bile),

wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed(wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),

perch(pole, pole, pole),

millstone(millstone, millstone),

hard, hardness(tough, harsh),

overarm(fathom and fathom),

heavy(harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder).

Roots with a combination what :

twine(tow, tow),

evening(evening, evening),

liver, liver(liver),

honour, honour(honour),

bees, bee(bee, beekeeper),

account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even(count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts, accountant, odd),

chobots(chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),

canoe(canoes, shuttle),

strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

the black(black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness(callous, callous),

damn, damn, damn(devils, devils, devils, devils, devils, devils),

dash(devil, devil, devil, devil, devil),

combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb(scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct(rosary),

tap dance(checket).

Roots with a combination what :

cheap, cheap(cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

bag(kosheva),

purse(purse, purse),

millet, millet(millet),

lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk(silk, silky),

whisper, whisper(whisper, whisper, whisper),

wool, longhair, shorthair(wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with a combination more :

dandy(dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek(cheek, cheeky),

tickle(tickle, tickle),

slit, slit(slit, slit),

click, click(click, click),

lye, lye(alkali, alkaline),

puppy(whelp, puppy),

brush(stubble).

However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written about . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents about in proper names such as Chobots(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(surnames).

8. In the preposition. n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in the word yet .

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian about, the vowel of the source language, for example: wife premier, schönbrunn, schönberg .

Letters oh e in place of unstressed vowels

In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e uh(on a letter e ), and with shock about(on a letter about or yo ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap(bonnet), leg(leg), ironing(angling), cloud(candle); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper(whisper), polka dots(cockerel), punchy, raincoat(penny, borscht), watchman(siskin), more(cf. big), redhead(someone else's), mighty(hot). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck .

In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, sh in an unstressed position, a letter is written about . List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written about after hissing and forms of such words, where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from choker), ramrod(pl. from ramrod).

Letter about written after hissing not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunal, intersectoral, leather footwear.

Letter about after hissing not under stress, it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: bushy(from zhokh), stiff(from prim), shoroshok(‘barely audible rustle’), fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).

Letters about and e after c

After c to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about , to transmit the percussion uh- letter e, for example: clatter, plinth, dancer, dancer, dance, facing, crimson, face, face, cucumber, cucumber, sheep; valuable, whole(letter name) tsetse(fly), sheep, about father .

In an unstressed position after c a letter is written e – in accordance with both shock uh, and with percussion about, for example: a) price(prices), sip(sips), censorship(censor), bird(pollen); b) dance(cf. dancer), blush(crimson), calico(pepper), swamp(porch), bird(pollen), fingers(wise men), short(big), short(Good). Some spellings from e are not checked by impact position, for example: kiss, cellophane .

In some words of foreign origin in an unstressed position after c a letter is written about : duke, intermezzo, mezzo, palazzo, scherzo, canzonetta, zoisite(mineral), pozzolana(rocks). The same word is written clatter and its derivatives clatter, clatter(cf. clatter).

Letter about spelled after c not under stress in words with first parts blitz, social, special if it starts the second part of a word, for example: blitz operation, blitz survey, social obligation, overalls, special department.

Letter about after c not under stress, it is also written when transmitting non-normative stress options penetrating into written speech, for example: dancer(an accent variant found in poetry), plinth?(professional form named after n. pl. words so? Kol - so? if).

Letter uh after hissing and c

Letter uh written after letters w, h, w, c only in the following special cases.

1. In abbreviations, for example: JEA(housing management office), ZhES(railway power plant), CHEZ(frequency electromagnetic sounding), CELT(color cathode ray tube), CEM(Tsentroelektromontazh is the name of the trust).

2. After prefix inter-, the first parts of complex and compound words at the beginning of roots starting with a letter uh , for example: interfloor, interethnic, Vnesheconombank, blitz emission, special exporter, special effect, special electrode .

3. When transmitting some Chinese words, for example: she(people in China) jen(the main concept of Confucian philosophy), Lao She(Chinese writer) Chengdu, Shenyang(cities), Zhejiang(provinces), Shenzhen(industrial zone in China).

Every time I want to open my chest, I fall into a fever and awe. 4. The lake, enclosed by a belt of impenetrable charges ... slei gleamed below. 5. After finishing dinner, everyone settled down around the fire. 6. He screamed at the top of his lungs, looking around and bending his head to the horse's neck. 7. And he said with flashing eyes Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let's die near Moscow as our brothers died...rali. And we promised to die ... and we kept the oath of allegiance in the battle of Borodino. 8. She slowly circles with one foot to the floor with the other. 9. Work! Invisibly wonderful work like sowing prophet ... stet. 10. Snow still lay here and there on this leveled field of the airfield. 11. The flowers looked like bells, but in bells the calyx always leans towards the ground, and in these calyxes stood stretched upwards as if they had opened towards the z…re.

2.3. Spelling of vowels after hissing and C

Exercise 5. Rewrite the sentences, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

Zh ... lud, sad ... flax, heavy ... ly, narc ... ss, gilded ..., sh ... mouths, sh ... rank, cheap ... vyy, c ... vilizats ... I, cat ... lka, slum ... would, h ... a dove, with luggage ... m, night ... vka, bake ... sh, dresses ..., with Andrey Kuzmich ... m, c ... Ghanaian, irrigated ... ny, thing ... howl, boy ... nka, oven ... nka, c ... clone, nothing ... m, Hertz ... govina, sh ... se, night ... vka, f ... ngler, facing ... wat, Ts ... rich, life ... ha, grub ..., Sh ... tlandia, short ... th, red ... th, sh ... lk, plow ... nk , lie ... sh, sch ... naked, armed ... ch ... lka, queens ... n, bee ... ly, many wells ... in, c ... stake, ponch ..., heavy ... ... howling, rushing ... would, curds ... k, burning ... ny, our ... spitting, installation ... r, forbidden ... n, good ..., tomboy ..., sh ... ply, dance ... r, beginning ... s, finger ..., Natalya Tanz ... ra, jump ... to, reeds ... vyy, well done ... wadded, sh ... karny, be well done ... m, length ..., granddaughter ... nok, Upper Pech ... ry, Sh ... suckers, crew ... m, borzh ... mi, protection ... lka, shch ... chka, raincoat ... m.

Exercise 6. Rewrite the text, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.

Pleasant memories Old Prince Golits ... loved to talk about the summer he spent ... in the villa

near Nice ... th in the south of France ... and. He described in detail the splendid garden with flowers... coward trees and lush rose bushes, an old palace... in which his friends played music in the evenings. Singers… and orc…strangers used to gather here; in their circle one could encounter an outstanding conductor…rum in…holoncellist violinist…m. And what were the nights! Sh...rohi of shady alleys sh...sweat of gloss...twisted magnolia leaves aroma to...paris!

The prince and the duke were invited to a symphony concert. In the first part they listened to "Italian Capriccio" by Ch ... ykovsky and in the second "Ballad" by Sh ... foam.

After Nice…travel through Franz…and then Switzerland Z…rich. On the waters he tried to improve his health and was treated. In Poland, he stayed with the Ts ... vlovskys. There, too, the musicians ... were playing. But the youth preferred the ts…rk to opera music. This did not impress the old aesthete prince, even shocked him.

The return to Russia was marked by a tour along the Crimean coast of the Black Sea, to healing springs. The whole summer is a change of impressions ... smoldering!

But soon there was a revolution ... I had to think about emigration ... and. Prince Golits recalled all this more than once ... and explaining how he then ended up behind

frontier…m away from Russia and why he no longer rests in a villa near Nice…th.

Exercise 7. Come up with a short text rich in words with the spelling being studied. Orally explain the spelling of the vowels after the sibilants in these words.

2.4. Spelling of consonants

Exercise 8. Rewrite the words, inserting, where necessary, the missing consonants.

Ak ... horde, ak ... urate, al ... yuminy, ap ... etit, antenna ... a, an ... elate, ap ... el ... yatsiya, ap ... arat, as ... istent, as ... otsia, at ... traction, ball ... he,

§ 1. After x, h, w, u, u, i, s are not written, but y, a, and are written, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, fat, sew.

The letters u and i are allowed after these consonants only in foreign words (mainly French), for example: jury, parachute (including in proper names, for example: Saint-Just), as well as in compound abbreviated words and letter abbreviations, in which, as a general rule, any combination of letters is allowed (see § 110).

§ 2. After q, the letter s is written in endings and in the suffix -yn, for example: birds, sheep and sheep, cucumbers, white-faced, sisters, foxes, and also in words gypsy, chick, tiptoe, chick(interjection) and in other words of the same root. In other cases, after c is always written and, for example: station, cymbal, mat, cymbals, zinc, medicine.

§ 3. After q, the letters u and i are allowed only in foreign proper names, for example: Zurich, Sventsiany.

§ 4. A. If after w, h, w, u is pronounced under the stress o, then the letter o is written:

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, large.

2. In suffixes:

a) nouns:

Ok, for example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;

Onok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel;

Onk-a, for example: little book, shirt, little hand; also money;

b) adjectives:

Oh, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;

He- (with a fluent o), for example: funny;

c) adverbs, for example: fresh, hot, general.

3. In the names of genitive plural nouns on -ok, -on, for example: guts, princess.

4. In words (and in derivatives from them): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burning, arson(cf. writing with -ёг in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, burned); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: squeal, sting(and zazhor), zhokh, already (meaning "later", "after"), evening (meaning "last night"), choh (for example, in the expression "does not believe in sleep or choh"), adverb choke.

Note. Foreign words are written according to pronunciation, for example: hook, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer(surname), but: gesture, tablet.

B. In all other cases, after x, h, u, u, the letter ё is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:

1. In verb endings -eat, -ete, -eat, -oete, for example: l zhe sh, l zhe t, etc.

2. In the verbal suffix -yovyva-, for example: to blur, to overwhelm, also obscuration, shifting.

3. In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-, for example: migration, demarcation.

4. In the suffix of nouns -ёr, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.

5. In the suffix of the passive participles -yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tense, tense; detached, detachment; softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.

6. In words in the root of which o is pronounced under stress, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: zhe lud (or ludei), zhe rdochka (zhe rdey); de shyovy, de shovka (de she veil), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice, woven (reshe then), kosholka (purse lek), she sweat (to sweat); black ln (shuttle), bang (chelo), black (devil), black (black), even (not even), what t (you calculate t, subtract), dash (devil of the mouth), liver nka (liver), bechovka (beech); brush (stubble), click (click), on the cheek, cheeks (cheek); in the roots of verbal forms: from the same g, under the same g, from the burning, under the burning (from the burn, from the burn), shel (walking), to chew (to chew).

7. In the prepositional case of the pronoun what: about what, on what, as well as in words, moreover, at all.

Note. The rules of § 4, like all others, do not apply to surnames: they are written in accordance with spellings in official personal documents.

§ 5. In Russian words, in unstressed syllables after x, h, sh, u, the letter o is not written, for example: peas (cf. petu shock), guard m (cf. chizhom), more she go (cf. pain shogo) , red go (cf. chu zhogo).

Spelling of letters O and Yo after hissing
In order to accurately write a dubious vowel (О or Е) after hissing (Ж, Ш, Ш, Ш) and not CLINK, you must first find out in which part of the word the checked vowel is located - in the root, suffix or ending. In addition, if the vowel is in a suffix or ending (in other words, outside the root), then you also need to know what part of speech the checked word belongs to (that is, whether it is a noun, adjective, adverb, verb).

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE ROOT OF A WORD?

1. IN THE ROOT OF THE WORD, under stress, you need to write Yo if the letter E is written in other forms of this word or in cognate words: WHISPER (because it is WHISPERING), BEES (because it is a BEE), BLACK (because it is BLACK), YELLOW (because YELLOW), WALKED (because COMING), etc. This is how most roots are written.
2. If it is not possible to pick up a test word, then after hissing, at the root, under stress, you should write O: SEAM, RUSH, SHORES, HEARTBURN, GOOSEBERRY, BURNER, CLINK, SHUMBLE. There are not very many such words, and they are usually remembered as exceptions.
3. If you have a word of foreign origin in front of you, then you need to write O after the hissing consonant in the root under stress, for example: HOOD, SHOCK, JUGLLE.

HOW TO CHOOSE A VOwel IN THE SUFFIX AND ENDING?

1. In the SUFFIX of a noun, adjective, adverb, the letter O is written under stress: DOG-ONK-A, REED-OV-Y, HOT-O.
2. At the end of the noun and adjective, the letter O is written under stress: DOCTOR-OM, BIG-OH.
3. In the SUFFIXS of verbs, participles and all words formed from verbs, the letter E is written under stress: , NIGHT-YOV-KA, LASH-YONN-Y.

DIFFICULT CASES

Please note that the nouns TASSION, condensed milk, overnight and some others are written through the letter Y. The letter Y is written in the suffixes of these words, since they correlate in meaning with the verbs TO STUT, CLEAR and STOVE.

Please note that the words RECHOVKA, SMALL, PLASCHOVKA are written through O. The letter O is written in noun suffixes according to the above rule.

Note that the word BECHEVKA is spelled with the letter Ё. The letter Ё is written because this vowel is part of the root and is verified by the word BECHEVA.

Separately, it is necessary to remember the rule for writing words with the root ZHOG / ZHEG.
If the word is a noun, then you need to write the letter O. For example: STRONG BURN, THE HOUSE IS BURNED. But when the word is a verb, it is written with the letter Y. For example: STRONGLY BURNED HAND, UNKNOWN BURNED HOUSE, AUTHOR BURNS MANUSCRIPTS.

An exercise

1. - And why the hell didn't I go straight to the archers! - Borodavkin exclaimed bitterly. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
2. He was struck by the silence during the day and the sh_roh during the night. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
3. The bus stopped, and the driver said: "We've arrived." (A. and B. Strugatsky)
4. At that very moment, a mask appeared before him and put her hand on his shoulder. (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
5. An Orlovet went to them, hoping to feast on sterlets in Staritsa, but found that there "only enough mud." (M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
6. ... Looks into the field through the lattice of the window, sees cheerful birds floating freely in the sea of ​​\u200b\u200bair ... (N. M. Karamzin)
7. For some time he listened intently. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
8. Fat, densely green flowering meadows spread below, and behind them, along the yellow sands, a bright river flows (N. M. Karamzin)
9. Soon they made peace, and Erast returned to Moscow, weighed down by debts. (N. M. Karamzin)
10. ... I would bow to him with a smile and say affably: “Hello, dear shepherd_ k. (N. M. Karamzin)
11. ... The sad story of those times when the fierce Tatars and Lithuanians devastated the neighborhood with fire and sword ... (N. M. Karamzin)
12. The enlightened reader knows that Shakespeare and Walter Scott both presented their grave-diggers as cheerful and playful people. (A. S. Pushkin)
13. Dunya sat in a wagon near the hussar, the servant jumped on the beam, the driver whistled and the horses galloped. (A. S. Pushkin)
14. The officer, flushed with wine, play and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended. (A. S. Pushkin)
15. Honorable, but troublesome, and not so much honorable as troublesome, and in the end, not honorable at all, but so ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
16. At the border of the illuminated space, a car with a tarpaulin top got wet, and next to the car, two in shiny raincoats were bending down to the pavement of a third - in black and wet. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
17. A hefty lipped tall man with rosy cheeks, snapping his fingers on the move and dancing, went to the counter. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
18. Victor took a step back. It was a patient from a leper colony - a "mite", or "bespectacled man", as they were called here for the yellow circles around the eyes - in a dense black bandage that hides the lower half of the face. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
19. Only once did he distinctly and loudly say: “I don’t know.” (A. and B. Strugatsky)
20. And he took out a fountain pen and began to screw the cap on, listening to his feelings with the interest of an outsider, and he was not surprised, feeling pride. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
21. Do you know a toy called "Evil wolf_k"? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
22. Firstly, maybe not with brass knuckles at all, but with a brick, and secondly, you never know where they can give me a skull? They can hang me at any moment, so what, now - do not leave the room? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
23. The two men in cloaks turned at once and looked at Victor from under their pulled-down hoods for a few moments. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
24. Society, at least, would be sweetly scolded, and pale young men with burning eyes would follow you on your heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
25. I have a diseased liver, intestinal catarrh_ and something else with my stomach. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
26. "Our psyche with you is not adapted to such schools. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
27. And for a whole minute not a sound was heard, only some kind of rustle, like fog, rustled, crawling over the earth. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
28. - Well, stop! - Sh_ then they said from the darkness and rested against the chest with something familiar. Victor automatically raised his hands. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
29. A jeep drove up to the entrance, the door opened, and in the rain, covered with one raincoat, a young man in glasses and with a briefcase and his lanky companion got out. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
30. Only Teddy could know such words - a shelter rat, a pupil of the port slums_ b. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
31. There were illuminated shop windows and a neon-lit entrance to the cinema, where under a canopy crowded very similar young people of indeterminate sex, in shiny raincoats to the heels. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
32. Mr. President deigned to inflate himself to the last degree, spray flew from his fanged mouth, and I took out a handkerchief and defiantly wiped my cheek, and this was probably the most daring act in my life, except for the case when I fought with three tanks at once. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
33. - Did everyone read my works?
"Yes," said the children's voices. - Read ... Everyone ...
“Great,” Victor said, puzzled. - Flattered, although surprised. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
34. Either they begin to look at each other embarrassedly, or their faces will light up with understanding, or a certain sigh of relief will sweep through the hall as a sign that the misunderstanding has been clarified. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
35. Diana sensibly judged that Rossheper, with all his abnormal gluttony, could not cope with such a mass of berries alone. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
36. Where is the bungee_, he thought. Where did I put the bungee_? (A. and B. Strugatsky)
37. It was full of people, some half-familiar men and women, they stood in a circle and clapped their hands, and in the center of the circle Diana danced with that same yellow-faced tan, the owner of an eagle profile. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
38. An investigator came to see me this morning. You see, it’s brutal, my head is cracking, I’m sitting, looking out the window, and then this club appears and begins to sew the case ... (A. and B. Strugatsky)
39. He jumped up, turned on the light and, grimacing from the pain in his eyes, began to feel for his clothes. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
40. Cars with lit headlights crowded in front of the police department. (A. and B. Strugatsky)
The exercise was prepared by N. Gorbanev-Gamaleya and B.A. Panov ("League of Schools")

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Letters o, e, e after hissing

Letters about her after hissing

Letters about her in place of stressed vowels

Section 17. After w, h, w, w uh a letter is written e , for example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, twitter, same(letter name) on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

Note. About cases of writing after hissing letters uh see § 25.

§ eighteen. After w, h, w, w to convey a stressed vowel about a letter is written about or yo .

Letter about written in the following cases.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in the suffix of adverbs ?about, for example: shoulder, knife, shoulder, Ilyich, hut, cloak; boundary, rein, candle, soul, sling; alien, big, alien, big; fresh, hot, good, overall(short forms of the middle gender of adjectives and adverbs).

2. In the suffixes of nouns:

?OK, for example: circle, hook, cockerel, borscht, jump, push, and in derivatives from such words: circle, hook, jump etc.;

?onok and ?chonok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel, black;

?onysh: zhonysh;

?He to(a) and ?He to(and), for example: little book, little hand, shirt, vest, money, trousers, verses;

?hvc(a) (in noun derivatives), e.g.: chizhovka(female siskin), mouse(rodent), bastard, little bastard;

?about(a): thicket, clearinghouse(forest felling); same in word slum, where the suffix in the modern language is not distinguished, and in the ironic formation created on its model Khrushchev. Exception: in a word studies spelled yo ;

?otk(a): ratchet;

?sheep(a): stabbing.

3. In the suffix of adjectives ?ov-, for example: hedgehog, brocade, penny, canvas, as well as in nouns on ?ovnik, ?ovnik, derived from adjectives with a suffix ?ov- (?ev-): pear and pear tree(cf. pear), hacksaw(cf. knife and option knife), cherry plum (cherry plum), guzhovka (horse-drawn), punch (punchy), tick insect‘heron with tick-like beak’ ( tick-borne), drachovka (bastard, from fight‘kind of planer’), raincoat (raincoat), speech (speech), hogweed (borscht), zhovnik (snake). The same word is written gooseberry, where the suffix is ​​not distinguished in the modern language.

Note 1. Pronounced nouns in ?ovka type small piece, hacksaw, raincoat should be distinguished from verbal nouns like overnight stay(see § 19, item 3).

Note 2. In Russian surnames, hissing + ?ov (?yov) is written about or yo in accordance with tradition and registration in official documents: cf., for example, Chernyshov and Chernyshev, Kalachov and Kalachev, Khrushchev and Khrushchev; Emelyan Pugachev.

4. In the suffix of adjectives and adverbs ?oink-, for example: fresh, good.

5. In place of a fluent vowel about in nouns and adjectives, for example: gluttonous, gluttonous, gluttonous(cf. eat), pulp(cf. I press), burn, arson, burn, heartburn(cf. sting, sting); rampage(cf. genus p. gouge), the seam (seam); princesses(gen. n. pl. from princess), knife?(genus p. from sheath? - obsolete. word variant sheath), scrotum, scrotum(gen. p. pl. and dimin. from purse), intestines, intestines(genus p. and decrease from guts), kvashonka(reduced from sourdough), koshomka and nightmare(from nightmare), glasses(from glasses), point(from point), ridiculous(short form of masculine gender from funny); this includes words with the suffix ?ok: hook, jump(genus p. hook, jump), etc. (see above, item 2). However, in the words account, account, account, account, calculation(cf. I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count, I will count) a letter is written yo (see § 19, paragraph 7).

Note. As well as ridiculous, are written in necessary cases, colloquial variants of short forms husband. kind scary, must, need.

6. In those roots of Russian words where the vowel about after sizzling always percussive and does not alternate with uh(on a letter e): click(and yell), zhoster, zhokh, zazhor(and option congestion), already; clink glasses, crazy, grebe, prudish, chokh, chohom; to shuffle, rustle, blinkers(and saddlery, saddler).

The same word is written vecho?r(and evening?), although it is related to the word evening(and evening) (cf. § 19, item 7).

with a letter about some Russian proper names are written, for example: Zhora, Zhostovo, Pechora(river), Pechory(city), Sholokhov.

7. In the roots of borrowed (foreign language) words. List of basic words: borzhom, joker, junk, joule, major, dude, drum major, force majeure; anchovy, kharcho, choker; hood, gherkin, hood, offshore, torchon, shock, ramrod, shop, shorts, shorts, show; the same in proper names, for example: John, Georges, Joyce, Chaucer, Shaw, Schors.

§ 19. In all other cases, to transfer the stressed vowel o after w, h, w, w a letter is written yo , namely:

1. In verb endings eat, eat, eat, eat, for example: lying, cutting, baking, crushing.

2. In imperfective verbs on ? and verbal nouns ?, for example: demarcate, uproot, migrate, obscure; demarcation, uprooting, obscuring; in passive participles ?banged, for example: torn, splintered, splintered.

3. In verbal nouns on ?yovka, for example: overnight stay(from spend the night), uprooting, migration, demarcation, retouching(from retouch), peeling(from peel).

4. In the suffix of nouns ?er, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend, trainer, massager.

5. In suffixes of passive participles and verbal adjectives ?yonn- and ?yon-, for example: tense(and tense), burnt, baked, softened, detached, simplified; laden, burnt, baked, learned, stewed, waxed; the same in words derived from such participles and adjectives, for example: tension, detachment, simplification, learning, tense, detached, simplified, tension, burnt, stew, condensed milk.

6. In place of the fugitive about in the verbal forms of the past tense, husband. kind: burned and prefixes ( burned, burned, burned, burned, burned and etc.; the same in participles: set fire to and etc.; cf. ignite, ignite), ?person (read, learned and others, cf. read, learned), walked and prefixes ( came, left and others, cf. went, came, left). At the same time, writing verb forms with a root burned contrasted with writing single-root nouns with a letter about: burn, arson, burn(see § 18, paragraph 5).

7. In those roots of Russian words, where the shock sound about corresponds in other cognate words or forms to a vowel (stressed or unstressed) transmitted by a letter e. The following is a list of basic words with such roots (in parentheses are the same-root words or forms with the letter e after w, h, w, w ).

Roots with a combination same :

chewed (chew),

gutter (gutter, gutter, gutter),

yellow (yellow, yellowish, yellowing, yolk),

acorn (acorns, stomach?‘little acorn’, acorn),

bile, gall(cf. options bile, bilious; bile, bile),

wives, wifey, wifey, newlywed (wife, zhenin, woman, feminine, marries, marry),

perch (pole, pole, pole),

millstone (millstone, millstone),

hard, hardness (tough, harsh),

overarm (sa?zhen and soot?),

heavy (harder, get heavier, obsolete. harder?le).

Roots with a combination what :

twine (tow, tow),

evening (evening, evening),

liver, liver (liver),

honour, honour (honour),

bees, bee (bee, beekeeper),

account, counter, offset, report, accounting, counter, counting, credit, accounting, counting, even, odd, even (count, count, count, set off, take into account, deduction, accounts ?, accountant, not even),

chobots (chebotar),

bangs, bangs, bangs(pl.) ( brow, petition, ochelie),

canoe (canoes, shuttle),

strike out, strike out, strike out, strike out, cross out, underline(cf. option scribble; cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, cross out, underline),

the black (black, blacken, black, blackness, blackish),

callous, callousness (callous, callous),

damn, damn, damn (hell, devil, devil, devil, damn, devilry),

dash (damn, damn, damn, draw, draw),

combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, combed, hairstyle, comb, comb, comb (scratch, scratch, comb, comb),

clear, clear, distinct (rosary?),

tap dance (what?even).

Roots with a combination what :

cheap, cheap (cheap, cheap, cheaper, cheaper),

bag (Kosheva?),

purse (purse, purse),

millet, millet (millet),

lattice, lattice(pl.), lattice(option: lattice; sieve, sieve),

silk, silk (silk, silky),

whisper, whisper (whisper, whisper, whisper),

wool, longhair, shorthair (wool, woolen, woolen).

Roots with a combination more :

dandy (dapper, dapper, flaunt, flaunt),

cheeks, cheek, slap, cheek (cheek, cheeky),

tickle (tickle, tickle),

slit, slit (slit, slit),

click, click (click, click),

lye, lye (alkali, alkaline),

puppy (whelp, puppy),

brush (stubble).

Note. However, in proper names with the roots of the words listed in paragraph 7, the letter can be written about . In accordance with tradition and registration, the letter is written in official documents about in proper names such as Chobots(name of locality), Chorny, Pshonnaya, Zholobov, Zholtikov(surnames).

8. In the preposition. n. pronouns what: about what, on what, as well as in words how much, no matter what, moreover; in the word yet.

9. In some borrowed words, where the letter yo is transmitted under stress special, different from Russian about, the vowel sound of the source language, e.g. wife-premier, Schönbrunn, Schönberg.

Letters oh e in place of unstressed vowels

§ twenty. In an unstressed position after w, h, w, w a letter is written e - according to both shock uh(on a letter e ), and with shock about(on a letter about or yo ). This applies to roots, suffixes, and endings. Examples: a) tin(cf. tin), cap (what? pchik), leg? (she?nkel), ironing (angling), that? (candle?); b) turn yellow(cf. yellow), whisper (whisper), peas (cockerel? to), punchy, raincoat (penny? vyy, borsch? vyy), one hundred? (chizho?m), more(cf. big), ry? (someone else's), can I? (hot?). Some spellings from e after hissing are not checked by the shock position, for example: desire, stomach, gelatin, loft, wiggle, lisping, grungy, heck.

Section 21. In a number of words of foreign origin after f, h, sh in an unstressed position, a letter is written about . List of basic words: jonathan, jockey, juggler, majordomo, majoritarian, banjo, harmonica; chonguri, lecho, poncho, rancho, capriccio(cf. option capriccio); chauvinism, chocolate, highway, driver; proper names, for example: Scotland, Jaurès, Chopin, Shostakovich, Boccaccio. Derivatives from words of foreign origin with stress are also written about after hissing (see § 18, item 7) and forms of such words where the vowel after hissing is unstressed, for example: shock(from shock), torchon(from torchon), choker(from cho?ker), ramrod?(pl. from ramrod).

Note 1. Letter about written after hissing not under stress in words with a prefix inter- and in compound words, if it begins the second part of the word, for example: interregional, intercommunal, intersectoral, leather footwear.

Note 2. Letter about after hissing not under stress, it is also written in individual formations not legalized by the literary norm, for example: zhohova?ty(from zhokh), stiff?(from prim), horosho?(‘barely audible rustle’), on?fresh(from fresh, according to the model rough, clean).