genetically close peoples. American geneticists have established that Russians and Ukrainians are not blood brothers

For a long time, the main method of distinguishing between different ethnic groups of human civilization was the comparison of languages, dialects and dialects used by certain populations. A fundamentally different approach in determining the kinship of certain peoples is demonstrated by genetic genealogy. She uses the information hidden in the Y chromosome, passed from father to son almost unchanged.

Thanks to this feature of the male chromosome, a team of Russian scientists from the Medical Genetic Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, in collaboration with Estonian and British geneticists, managed to identify a significant heterogeneity of the native Russian population of our country and trace the patterns of development of the history of the formation of Russia from prehistoric times to the era of rule.

In addition, scientists were able to show that differences in the genetic structure of the Y-chromosome of northerners and southerners cannot be explained only by the gradual drift of genes due to the isolation of small populations due to geographical conditions. Comparison of the variability of the male chromosome of Russians with the data of neighboring peoples revealed great similarities between northerners and Finnish-speaking ethnic groups, while the inhabitants of the center and south of Russia turned out to be genetically closer to other peoples who communicate in Slavic dialects. If the former often has the “Varangian” haplogroup N3, which is widespread in Finland and northern Sweden (as well as throughout Siberia), then the latter is characterized by the haplogroup R1a, characteristic of the Slavs of Central Europe.

Thus, another factor that determines, according to scientists, the differences between the Russian northerners and our southern population, is the assimilation of the tribes that lived on this land long before our ancestors came to it. The option of their cultural and linguistic "Russification" without significant genetic mixing is not excluded. This theory is also confirmed by the data of linguistic surveys, which describe the Finno-Ugric component of the northern Russian dialect, which is practically not found among southerners.

Genetically, assimilation was expressed in the presence in the Y-chromosome of the population of the northern regions of the family of N-haplogroups. These same haplogroups are also common to most peoples of Asia, however, Russian northerners, in addition to this haplogroup, almost never show other genetic markers that are widespread among Asians, such as C and Q.

This suggests that there was no significant migration of people from Asian regions in the prehistoric times of the existence of the Proto-Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe.

Another fact was not surprising for scientists: the genetic variations of the Y-chromosome of the inhabitants of the central and southern regions of Ancient Russia turned out to be not only almost identical to those of the "Slav brothers" - Ukrainians and Belarusians, but also very close in structure to the variations of the Poles.

Scientists believe that this observation can be interpreted in two ways. Firstly, such closeness of the genetic structure may mean that the process of Russian advancement to the east was not accompanied by the assimilation of local peoples - at least those that had strong differences in the structure of the male genetic line. Secondly, this may mean that the Slavic tribes had already mastered these lands long before the mass migration to them in the 7th-9th centuries of the main part of the ancient Russians (more precisely, the East Slavic people, not yet divided into Russians and other peoples). This point of view is in good agreement with the fact that the Eastern and Western Slavs show great similarity and smooth regular changes in the structure of the male genetic line.

"Map" of the genetic proximity of the peoples of Europe and individual populations within ethnic groups // ajhg.org/"Gazeta.Ru"

It should be noted that in all cases, genetically identified subpopulations do not go beyond the ethnic groups defined from linguistic positions. However, this rule has one very curious exception: four large groups of Slavic peoples - Ukrainians, Poles and Russians, as well as Belarusians not shown in the diagram - show great closeness both in the genetic structure of the male hereditary line and in language. At the same time, the Russian northerners are significantly removed from this group on the multidimensional scaling diagram.

It would seem that such a situation should conflict with the thesis that geographical factors have a greater influence on Y-chromosome variations than linguistic ones, since the territory occupied by Poland, Ukraine and the central regions of Russia extends almost from the center of Europe to its eastern border. . The authors of the work, commenting on this fact, note that genetic variations, apparently, have much in common even for remote territorial ethnic groups, provided that their languages ​​are close.

Summing up the article, the authors conclude that, despite the widespread opinion about the strong Tatar and Mongolian admixture in the blood of Russians, inherited by their ancestors during the time of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, the haplogroups of the Turkic peoples and other Asian ethnic groups practically did not leave a trace on the population of the modern northwestern , central and southern regions.

Instead, the genetic structure of the paternal line of the population of the European part of Russia shows a smooth change when moving from north to south, which indicates two centers of formation of Ancient Russia. At the same time, the movement of the ancient Slavs to the northern regions was accompanied by the assimilation of local Finno-Ugric tribes, while in the southern territories individual Slavic tribes and nationalities could exist long before the Slavic “great migration”.

P.S. This article caused a lot of feedback from readers, many of which we did not publish because of the unacceptably harsh position of their authors. To avoid inaccuracies in the wording, which could at least partially cause a misinterpretation of the scientists' conclusions, we talked with Oleg Balanovsky, the lead author of the work on the genetic structure of the Russian ethnos, and, if possible, corrected the wording that could cause a double interpretation. In particular, we excluded the mention of Russians as a “monolithic” ethnic group, added a more accurate description of the interaction between Mongoloids and Caucasoids in Eastern Europe, and clarified the causes of genetic drift in populations. In addition, the unfortunate comparison of mtDNA with DNA of nuclear chromosomes has been excluded from the text.

It is also important to note that the “ancient Russians” who moved to the east in the 7th-13th centuries were not yet divided into three East Slavic peoples, so calling them Russians may not seem entirely appropriate. You can read the full interview with Oleg Balanovsky.

Russian blood - the descendants of the Aryans.Haplogroup R1a1.

Although the scientific data obtained by American scientists are not classified and have already been published in scientific journals, for strange reasons, there is a Conspiracy of Silence around them... What is this discovery? This is a mystery connected with the origin of the Russian people and the thousand-year historical path of the Slavic ethnos.
What is the essence of the discovery of American geneticists?

Genetic code- a method inherent in all living organisms to encode the amino acid sequence of proteins using a sequence of nucleotides. There are 46 chromosomes in human DNA, each person inherits half of the chromosomes from his father, half from his mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, only one - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation unchanged for thousands of years.

Geneticists call this set of DNA haplogroup.

DNA research has united all people on Earth into genealogical groups and marked them with letters. People of the same haplogroup have one common ancestor for them in distant prehistory.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup different from the haplogroups of other peoples. In fact, this is the genetic marker of the entire nation.
The goal is to trace the path of one ethnic group, one people over the millennia of its history.

DNA studies have shown that Asians and Europeans diverged about 40,000 years ago. Most scientists believe that about 10,000 or 8,000 years ago the Indo-Europeans still spoke the same language! Over time, the Indo-European community begins to fragment and migrate to different parts of the world.
American scientists found that 4,500 years ago, the people of the Central Russian Plain had a mutation in their R1a haplogroup, which resulted in a person with a new modification of R1a1, which turned out to be unusually hardy.

Approximately 5000 years ago, there was an archaeological Pit culture (more precisely, the Ancient Yamnaya cultural and historical community (3600-2300 BC) This archaeological culture of the Late Copper Age - Early Bronze Age. During the archaeological excavations of burial mounds in this area, human remains were found subclade from Y-DNA R1a1, copper and bronze tools were found, people believed in an afterlife.

A characteristic feature of the Yamnaya culture is the burial of the dead in the pits under the mounds in the supine position, with bent knees. The bodies were covered in ochre. Burials in mounds were multiple, and were often made at different times. Fragments of animal bones (cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses) were also found. burial mounds characteristic of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

Andronovo archaeological culture(2300 - 1000 BC) comes from an older Pit culture (3600 BC) and is the culture of the proto-Indo-European community. American scientists analyzed the ancient remains on the territory of the Andronovo archaeological culture (2300 - 1000 BC) and found the predominance of the R1a1 subclade from Y-DNA. Out of 10 males, 9 have Y-DNA R1a1a - a type of fair-haired and fair-skinned people with blue (or green) eyes. The Maikop culture (3700-2500 BC), in the North Caucasus, is also represented by the haplogroup R1a1 and R1b1.

American geneticists have found that R1a Y-DNA subclades are common throughout Europe and northern India. The Aryans, who first settled in the north of India, also influenced the construction of the statehood of ancient India, dividing society into castes.

It is known that the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in northern India 3500 years ago. At that time in the north of India there was Harappan civilization, it was replaced by a more advanced Aryan civilization. The Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan, the Indo-Aryans appeared, and the civilization of the Saraswati river valley appeared. It is known that the Indo-Aryans spoke Vedic Sanskrit, the Rig Veda, the oldest part of the Vedas, is written in this language. The Aryans considered themselves to be the highest caste of society - the Brahmins - it was they who owned secret knowledge (Rig-Veda) and a secret language that the Indians did not know. Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Saescrit are two different languages.

In those days there was no concept of "Aryan race". Word Arias translated from other Ind. Arya, ari ̯ a meant "lord", "master of the house". With the prefix "a-" the word acquired a negative meaning: anārya - anarya - “non-Aryan”, “ignoble”, “barbarian” or “dasyu”, “robber, enemy, demon, alien”. The word "Arya" was never used in a racial or ethnic sense. "Arya" meant "spiritual", "noble person". Aristoi - aristoi - "the most noble", hence the word "aristocrat". Etymology words arya - ari ̯ a emanates roots of Vedic Sanskrit kars (ar), - “plow, cultivate the land”, and the word “Aryan”, in the original meaning of the word, meant “tiller“, in the Old Russian language the word "yell" - plow, "yell" - a plowman.

Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest language in which the Rig Veda was written (3900 BC). In Vedic Sanskrit are the origins of the Indo-European group of languages.

The founder of comparative-historical linguistics. William Jones (1746 - 1794) the creator of the theory of the Indo-European family of languages ​​in 1786 said about Sanskrit: “No matter how ancient Sanskrit is, it has an amazing structure. Sanskrit, whatever its origin, reveals an amazing structure: being more perfect than Greek and richer than Latin, it is more refined than both.At the same time, it has such a noticeable similarity with these languages ​​​​in the roots of verbs and grammatical forms that it could not have arisen by chance.The similarity is so strong that not a single philologist who has studied all three languages ​​will doubt their origin from a common ancestor, perhaps no longer existing.

People with the R1a1 haplogroup then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists recreated the appearance of a young woman with the R1a1 haplogroup, who lived several thousand years ago, from the bone remains, resulting in a portrait of a typical Russian beauty , millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.

The connection between haplogroup R1a1 and speakers of Indo-European languages ​​was noticed in the late 1990s. Spencer Wells and his colleagues concluded that R1a1 was widespread in the Caspian steppes.

Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up a high percentage among the male population of Russia (47), Ukraine (48 and Belarus (52), and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. The haplogroup R1a1 has the greatest distribution in Eastern Europe: among Lusatian Germans (63 , Poles (57 .

R1a1 - is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group.

A set of DNA nucleotides called a haplo

Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike the language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or mixed with the genetic codes of other peoples. The genetic hereditary biological sign is not washed off, therefore the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but not refute it in any way.

American geneticists began to take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of the Russian people and destroys many established myths.

So, the ethnic focus of the Russian people arose 4500 years ago on the Central Russian Plain - this is the place of maximum concentration of R1a1, from here it came out and spread to the territories of Eastern Europe and Siberia. The question of that “area of ​​the ancient Indo-European territory where the Slavs originated” remains controversial. (Lyubor Niederle).

The history of the development of haplogroups R1a and R1b are inextricably linked with each other.

Subclades R1a and R1b are closely associated with the spread of Indo-European languages, as evidenced by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages ​​​​were spoken in antiquity, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to India. Almost all of Europe (with the exception of Finland and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, the European part of Russia, southern Siberia, many areas around Central Asia (in particular Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), not forgetting Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal.

The settlement of peoples speaking Proto-Indo-European languages, which are Subclades of haplogroups R1a and R1b settled to the west (from the Don to the Dniester, Danube) and to the east (in the Volga-Ural region).In the Pontic steppes, men of both haplogroups R1a and R1b probably lived.

In Poland, the owners of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12%, and in England - the least (3.

It is known that the European tribal aristocracy has Aryan roots. One of the royal houses of Europe, the house of the Germanic Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsor is a branch, has Aryan roots. Windsor dynasty- the current ruling royal dynasty of Great Britain, a junior branch of the ancient Saxon house of Wettin (until 1917 the dynasty was called Saxe-Coburg-Gotha).
The Wettins (German Wettiner, English House of Wettin) are a German princely family, now represented by the Windsor dynasty, ruling in Great Britain, as well as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty of the kings of Belgium. The Wettin dynasty dominated for more than 800 years in the Central German space in the southeastern foothills of the Harz in Saxony in the 10th century. Vitekind, leader of the Saxons, who converted to Christianity under Charlemagne, is considered the legendary founder and ancestor
Vettinov

.

63% of Lusatian Germans - Lusatians - a national minority in Germany, have a haplogroupR1a1. It is known that 60 thousand German citizens have Serbian Lusatian roots: 40 thousand live in Upper Lusatia (Saxony) and 20 thousand live in Lower Puddle (Brandenburg).

the R1a1 group is "Russian" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago.

Recently, the “Russian theme”, actively used in the political plane, has become very relevant. The press and television are full of speeches on this subject, as a rule, muddy and contradictory. Who says that the Russian people does not exist at all, who considers only the Orthodox to be Russian, who includes in this concept all those who speak Russian, and so on. Meanwhile, science has already given a completely definite answer to this question.
The scientific data below is a terrible secret. Formally, these data are not classified, since they were obtained by American scientists outside the field of defense research, and even published in some places, but the conspiracy of silence organized around them is unprecedented. The nuclear project at its initial stage cannot even be compared, then something still leaked into the press, and in this case - nothing at all. What is this terrible secret, the mention of which is a worldwide taboo? This is the secret of the origin and historical path of the Russian people.
Why information is hidden, more on that later. First, briefly about the essence of the discovery of American geneticists. Human DNA has 46 chromosomes, half inherited from father and half from mother. Of the 23 chromosomes received from the father, one and only - the male Y chromosome - contains a set of nucleotides that has been passed from generation to generation without any changes for thousands of years. Geneticists call this set a haplogroup. Every man living now has exactly the same haplogroup in his DNA as his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-great-grandfather, and so on for many generations.
The haplogroup, due to its hereditary immutability, is the same for all people of the same biological origin, that is, for men of the same people. Each biologically distinctive people has its own haplogroup, which is different from similar sets of nucleotides in other peoples, which is its genetic marker, a kind of ethnic mark. In the biblical system of concepts, it can be imagined that the Lord God, when He divided humanity into different peoples, marked each of them with a unique set of nucleotides in the Y-chromosome of DNA. (Women also have such marks, only in a different coordinate system - in the mitochondrial DNA rings).
Of course, in nature there is nothing absolutely immutable, because motion is a form of existence of matter. Haplogroups also change - in biology such changes are called mutations - but very rarely, at intervals of millennia, and geneticists have learned to very accurately determine their time and place. Thus, American scientists found that one such mutation occurred four and a half thousand years ago on the Central Russian plain. A boy was born with a slightly different haplogroup than his father, to which they assigned the genetic classification R1a1. The paternal R1a mutated and a new R1a1 arose.

The mutation turned out to be very viable. The genus R1a1, which was initiated by this very boy, survived, unlike millions of other genera that disappeared when their genealogical lines were cut off, and bred over a vast area. Currently, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the total male population of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, and in ancient Russian cities and villages - up to 80%. R1a1 is a biological marker of the Russian ethnic group. This set of nucleotides is "Russian" in terms of genetics.
Thus, the Russian people in a genetically modern form was born in the European part of present-day Russia about 4,500 years ago. The boy with the R1a1 mutation became the direct ancestor of all men living on earth today, in whose DNA this haplogroup is present. All of them are his biological or, as they said before, blood descendants and among themselves blood relatives, in the aggregate they make up a single people - the Russian.
Biology is an exact science. It does not allow ambiguous interpretations, and genetic conclusions to establish kinship are accepted even by the court. Therefore, a genetic and statistical analysis of the structure of the population, based on the determination of haplogroups in DNA, makes it much more reliable to trace the historical paths of peoples than ethnography, archeology, linguistics and other scientific disciplines dealing with these issues.
Indeed, the haplogroup in the Y-chromosome of DNA, unlike language, culture, religion and other creations of human hands, is not modified or assimilated. She's either one or the other. And if a certain haplogroup is present in a statistically significant number of indigenous people of any territory, it can be stated with absolute certainty that these people come from the original carriers of this haplogroup, who were once present in this territory.
From the investigative point of view, the inscription on the clay pot “Vasya was here”, of course, is evidence indicating Vasino’s presence at this place, but only indirectly - someone could joke and sign Vasya’s name, the pot could have been brought from another area, etc. d. But if Vasya's haplogroup is found in their DNA in local men, then this is already direct and irrefutable evidence that Vasya or his blood relatives in the male line really visited here and inherited - the hereditary biological sign is not washed off. Therefore, the genetic history is the main one, and everything else can only supplement or clarify it, but in no way refute it.
Realizing this, American geneticists, with the enthusiasm inherent in all emigrants in matters of origin, began to roam the world, take tests from people and look for biological "roots", their own and others. What they have achieved is of great interest to us, since it sheds true light on the historical paths of our Russian people and destroys many established myths.
So, having arisen 4500 years ago on the Central Russian plain (the place of the maximum concentration of R1a1 - an ethnic focus), the Russian people quickly multiplied and began to expand their habitat. 4000 years ago, our ancestors went to the Urals and created Arkaim and the “civilization of cities” there with many copper mines and international connections up to Crete (chemical analysis of some of the products found there shows that the copper is Ural). They then looked exactly the same as we do now, the ancient Rus did not have any Mongoloid and other non-Russian features. Scientists have recreated the appearance of a young woman from the “civilization of cities” from the bone remains - a typical Russian beauty has turned out, millions of the same live in our time in the Russian outback.
After another 500 years, three and a half thousand years ago, the haplogroup R1a1 appeared in India. The history of the arrival of Russians in India is known better than other vicissitudes of the territorial expansion of our ancestors thanks to the ancient Indian epic, in which its circumstances are described in sufficient detail. But there is other evidence of this epic, including archaeological and linguistic.
It is known that the ancient Rus were called Aryans at that time - this is how they are recorded in Indian texts. It is also known that it was not the local Indians who gave them this name, but that it was a self-name. Convincing evidence of this has been preserved in hydronymics and toponymy - the Ariyka River, the villages of Upper Ariy and Lower Ariy in the Perm region, in the very heart of the Ural civilization of cities, etc.
It is also known that the appearance on the territory of India of the Russian haplogroup R1a1 three and a half millennia ago (the time of the birth of the first Indo-Aryan calculated by geneticists) was accompanied by the death of a developed local civilization, which archaeologists called Harappan at the place of the first excavations. Before their disappearance, this people, who had cities populous at that time in the Indus and Ganges valleys, began to build defensive fortifications, which they had never done before. However, the fortifications, apparently, did not help, and the Harappan period of Indian history was replaced by the Aryan.
The first monument of the Indian epic, which speaks of the appearance of the Aryans, was written in writing four hundred years later, in the 11th century BC, and in the 3rd century BC, the ancient Indian literary language Sanskrit, surprisingly similar to the modern Russian language, was already completed.
Now men of the Russian genus R1a1 make up 16% of the total male population of India, and in the higher castes they are almost half - 47%, which indicates the active participation of the Aryans in the formation of the Indian aristocracy (the second half of the men of the higher castes are represented by local tribes, mainly Dravidian).
Unfortunately, information on the ethnogenetics of the population of Iran is not yet available, but the scientific community is unanimous in their opinion about the Aryan (that is, Russian) roots of the ancient Iranian civilization. The ancient name of Iran is Arian, and the Persian kings liked to emphasize their Aryan origin, which is eloquently evidenced, in particular, by their popular name Darius. This means that there were Russians there in ancient times.
Our ancestors migrated from the ethnic home not only to the east, to the Urals, and to the south, to India and Iran, but also to the west, where European countries are now located. In the western direction, geneticists have complete statistics: in Poland, the owners of the Russian (Aryan) haplogroup R1a1 make up 57% of the male population, in Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia - 40%, in Germany, Norway and Sweden - 18%, in Bulgaria - 12 %, and in England the least - 3%.
Unfortunately, there is no ethnogenetic information on the European tribal aristocracy yet, and therefore it is impossible to determine whether the share of ethnic Russians is evenly distributed over all social strata of the population or, as in India and, presumably, in Iran, the Aryans were nobility in those lands where they came . The only reliable evidence in favor of the latest version was a side result of a genetic examination to establish the authenticity of the remains of the family of Nicholas II. The Y-chromosomes of the tsar and heir Alexei were identical to samples taken from their relatives from the English royal family. And this means that at least one royal house in Europe, namely the house of the German Hohenzollerns, of which the English Windsors are a branch, has Aryan roots.
However, Western Europeans (haplogroup R1b) in any case are our closest relatives, oddly enough, much closer than the northern Slavs (haplogroup N) and the southern Slavs (haplogroup I1b). Our common ancestor with Western Europeans lived about 13,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age, five thousand years before gathering began to develop into crop production, and hunting into cattle breeding. That is, in a very gray-haired Kamennovoe antiquity. And the Slavs by blood are even further away from us.
The settlement of Russian-Aryans to the east, south and west (there was simply nowhere to go further north, and so, according to the Indian Vedas, before coming to India they lived near the Arctic Circle) became the biological prerequisite for the formation of a special language group, Indo-European. These are almost all European languages, some languages ​​of modern Iran and India, and, of course, the Russian language and ancient Sanskrit, which are closest to each other for an obvious reason - in time (Sanskrit) and in space (Russian) they stand next to the original source, the Aryan parent language from which all other Indo-European languages ​​grew.
The foregoing is irrefutable natural science facts, moreover, obtained by independent American scientists. Challenging them is like disagreeing with the results of a blood test in a clinic. They are not disputed. They are simply hushed up. They are hushing up amicably and stubbornly, they are hushing up, one might say, totally. And there are reasons for that.
The first such reason is quite trivial and comes down to scientific pseudo-solidarity. Too many theories, concepts and scientific reputations will have to be refuted if they are revised in the light of the latest discoveries of ethnogenetics.
For example, we will have to rethink everything that is known about the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia. The armed conquest of peoples and lands was always and everywhere accompanied at that time by the mass rape of local women. Traces in the form of Mongolian and Turkic haplogroups should have remained in the blood of the male part of the Russian population. But they are not! Solid R1a1 and nothing else, the purity of the blood is amazing. This means that the Horde that came to Russia was not at all what it is customary to think about it, if the Mongols were present there, then in a statistically insignificant number, and who was called "Tatars" is not at all clear. Well, which of the scientists will refute the scientific foundations, supported by mountains of literature and great authorities?!
No one wants to spoil relations with colleagues and be branded as an extremist, destroying established myths. In academia, this happens all the time - if the facts do not match the theory, so much the worse for the facts.
The second reason, incomparably more weighty, relates to the sphere of geopolitics. The history of human civilization appears in a new and completely unexpected light, and this cannot but have serious political consequences.
Throughout modern history, the pillars of European scientific and political thought proceeded from the idea of ​​Russians as barbarians who had recently climbed down from the Christmas trees, backward by nature and incapable of constructive work. And suddenly it turns out that the Russians are the very Aryans who had a decisive influence on the formation of great civilizations in India, Iran and in Europe itself. That Europeans owe a lot to Russians in their prosperous life, starting with the languages ​​they speak. It is no coincidence that in recent history, a third of the most important discoveries and inventions belong to ethnic Russians in Russia itself and abroad. It is no coincidence that the Russian people were able to repel the invasions of the united forces of continental Europe led by Napoleon and then Hitler. And so on.
It is no coincidence that behind all this is a great historical tradition, thoroughly forgotten over many centuries, but remaining in the collective subconscious of the Russian people and manifesting itself whenever the nation faces new challenges. Manifested with iron inevitability due to the fact that it has grown on a material, biological basis in the form of Russian blood, which has remained unchanged for four and a half millennia.
Western politicians and ideologists have something to think about in order to make their policy towards Russia more adequate in the light of the historical circumstances discovered by geneticists. But they do not want to think and change anything, hence the conspiracy of silence around the Russian-Aryan theme.
However, the Lord is with them and with their ostrich policy. Much more important for us is that ethnogenetics brings something new to the Russian situation proper. In this regard, the main thing lies in the very statement of the existence of the Russian people as a biologically integral and genetically homogeneous entity. The main thesis of the Russophobic propaganda of the Bolsheviks and the current liberals lies precisely in the denial of this fact. The scientific community is dominated by the idea formulated by Lev Gumilyov in his theory of ethnogenesis: "the Great Russian nationality developed from a mixture of Alans, Ugrians, Slavs and Turks." The "national leader" repeats the commonplace "scratch a Russian - you will find a Tatar." And so on.
Why do the enemies of the Russian nation need this? The answer is obvious. If the Russian people as such do not exist, but there is some kind of amorphous "mixture", then anyone can manage this "mixture" - even the Germans, even the African pygmies, even the Martians. The denial of the biological existence of the Russian people is the ideological justification for the domination of the non-Russian "elite" in Russia, formerly Soviet, now liberal.
But here the Americans intervene with their genetics, and it turns out that there is no “mixture”, that the Russian people have existed unchanged for four and a half thousand years, that the Alans with the Turks and many others also live in Russia, but these are separate original peoples and etc. And the question immediately arises, why then have non-Russians ruled Russia for almost a century? Illogical and wrong, Russians should be run by Russians.
Similarly, the Czech Jan Hus, a professor at the University of Prague, argued six hundred years ago: “... Czechs in the Kingdom of Bohemia, by law and by nature, should be the first in office, just like the French in France and the Germans in their lands.” His statement was considered politically incorrect, intolerant, inciting ethnic hatred, and the professor was burned at the stake.
Now morals have softened, professors are not burned, but so that people would not be tempted to succumb to the Hussite logic, in Russia the non-Russian government simply “cancelled” the Russian people - a mixture, they say. And everything would be fine, but the Americans jumped out from somewhere with their analyzes and ruined the whole thing. There is nothing to cover them with, it remains only to hush up the scientific results, which is done to the hoarse sounds of an old and hackneyed Russophobic propaganda record.
The collapse of the myth about the Russian people as an ethnic "mixture" automatically destroys another myth - the myth of the "multinationality" of Russia. Until now, they tried to present the ethno-demographic structure of our country as a vinaigrette from a Russian “mixture”, you won’t understand why, and many indigenous peoples and alien diasporas. With such a structure, all its components are approximately equal in size, so Russia is allegedly "multinational".
But genetic studies paint a very different picture. If you believe the Americans (and there are no reasons not to believe them, they are authoritative scientists, they tremble in reputation, and they have no reason to lie - in such a pro-Russian way), then it turns out that 70% of the entire male population of Russia are purebred Russians. According to the penultimate census (the results of the latter are not yet known), 80% of the respondents consider themselves Russians, that is, 10% more are Russified representatives of other peoples (it is in these 10%, if you “scrub” you will find non-Russian roots). And 20% falls on the remaining 170-odd peoples, nationalities and tribes living on the territory of the Russian Federation. In summary, Russia is a mono-ethnic, albeit multi-ethnic, country with an overwhelming demographic majority of natural Russians. It is here that the logic of Jan Hus begins to work.
Next, about backwardness. Churchmen thoroughly had a hand in this myth - they say, before the baptism of Russia, people lived in it in complete savagery. Wow wildness! They mastered half the world, built great civilizations, taught the natives their language, and all this long before the birth of Christ ... The real story does not fit, does not fit in any way with its church version. There is in the Russian people something primordial, natural, which cannot be reduced to religious life.
Of course, one cannot put an equal sign between biology and the social sphere. There are undoubtedly points of contact between them, but science does not know how one passes into the other, how the material becomes ideal. In any case, it is obvious that under the same conditions, different peoples have a different character of life activity. In the north-east of Europe, in addition to Russians, many peoples lived and still live. But none of them created anything even remotely similar to the great Russian civilization. The same applies to other places of civilizational activity of Russian-Aryans in antiquity. Natural conditions are different everywhere, and the ethnic environment is different, therefore the civilizations built by our ancestors are not the same, but there is something in common for all of them - they are great in terms of the historical scale of values ​​and far exceed the achievements of their neighbors.
The father of dialectics, the ancient Greek Heraclitus, is known as the author of the saying "everything flows, everything changes." Less well known is the continuation of this phrase of his: "except the human soul." As long as a person is alive, his soul remains unchanged (what happens to it in the afterlife is not for us to judge). The same is true for a more complex form of organization of living matter than man - for the people. The people's soul is unchanged as long as the people's body is alive. The Russian folk body is marked by nature by a special sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that controls this body. This means that as long as people with the R1a1 haplogroup in the Y chromosome exist on earth, their people keep their soul unchanged.
The language evolves, culture develops, religious beliefs change, and the Russian soul remains the same as all four and a half millennia of the existence of the people in its current genetic form. And together, the body and soul, which make up a single biosocial entity under the name "Russian people", have a natural ability to great accomplishments of a civilizational scale. The Russian people have repeatedly demonstrated this in the past, this potential is preserved in the present and will always exist as long as the people are alive.
It is very important to know this and, through the prism of knowledge, evaluate current events, words and actions of people, determine one's own place in the history of the great biosocial phenomenon called the “Russian nation”. Knowledge of the history of the people obliges a person to try to be at the level of the great achievements of his ancestors, and this is the most terrible thing for the enemies of the Russian nation. That is why they try to hide this knowledge. And we're trying to make it public.
Alexander Nikitin. Secretary of the CPS MANPADS "RUS"

Almost seventy years ago, on May 22, 1949, an incident occurred that gave the science of psychiatry a new term - "Forrestal's syndrome." Named after James Forrestal, the first US Secretary of Defense who killed himself in a naval hospital while shouting "The Russians are coming!"

They say that the general was not all right with his head - everywhere he imagined enemies, Russian spies and conspiracies. In the end, I scared myself to death...

What is happening now in America and a number of European countries is very similar to the epidemic of the “Forrestal syndrome”. Anti-Russian hysteria has reached such a level there that, willy-nilly, one begins to fear for the mental health of the entire Western civilization. Russia is to blame for everything, simply because it exists.

Well, yes, God, as they say, is with them. Let them go crazy with fear or anger ...

However, in all this "monotony of feelings" in our address there is one point that cannot but be alarming. Therefore, in the last century, humanity paid for it with millions of lives.

This refers to the Nazi racial theory of "superior" and "inferior" races, with its pseudoscientific idea that the superiority of some and the inferiority of others are due to biological nature. That is, there are "genetically correct" nations, and there are "genetic garbage".

On this "formula" the Nazis built a gigantic death machine for the destruction of entire nations. Jews, gypsies, Slavs - first of all, Russians and Poles - were subject to extermination as "inferior", from the point of view of the ideologists of German Nazism, races.

In Nuremberg, during the tribunal (1945-1946) over Nazi criminals, this misanthropic theory was recognized as unscientific and condemned, like its followers.

And today we again hear speeches about “wrong genetics”. And they sound exclusively to the Russians, who, it turns out, have a "genetic inclination" to deception and lies.

For example, former Director of National Intelligence James Clapper thinks so.

“Everything we know about the Russians: how they interfered in our elections, and in general, how the Russians are used to doing, who are almost genetically inclined and tend to deceive, infiltrate, assimilate, extract benefits and all that kind of stuff. So we have something to be concerned about,"- quotes the speech of the American retired general on the air of NBC "Russian Spring".

And the well-known senator McCain, in an interview with Australians the other day, frightened the world with the fact that the Russians are more dangerous than ISIS *.

What is there to be surprised when the Ukrainian authorities are trying to portray the inhabitants of Donbass as “genetically flawed”, many of whom, by the way, consider themselves Russians too. Students in pathological Russophobia have long even surpassed their overseas teachers.

You can, of course, explain all this by progressive insanity or paranoia of individuals.

But is this the only reason why they want to make “global evil” out of Russians today?

“SP” addressed this and other questions to the Director General of the Institute of Regional Problems, political scientist Dmitry Zhuravlev:

First, although the American ideology never came from genetics, until recently. Simply because its foundations were laid in the eighteenth century, when there was no genetics yet. No. Even Mendelian. But the thesis “God is with us!” has always been there. That is, the idea of ​​God's chosenness of the American nation has always existed. In this sense, they differ from Hitler in only one thing - they did not use the genetic theory to prove this thesis.

Yes, they were not looking for a biological basis. But they did not look for it, not because they were so fundamentally better. But because they were so sure of their superiority that they did not consider it necessary to prove it.

As for Ukraine, the guys want to show their specialness so much that they are ready to admit the genetic inferiority of all mankind, except for them and the Americans. This is trouble. For young countries, this is generally a very difficult problem: how to distinguish yourself? And in the conditions of military psychosis, it takes such ugly forms. Moreover, the basis of the ideology of modern Ukraine is the OUN-UPA **, whose leaders, in general, did not go far from Hitler.

Why are the Russians the object of this genetic insanity?

In Ukraine, it's understandable. The most "terrible enemy". Crimea - "selected". Donbass - "conquered". Only for some reason, at the same time, we feed the “great Ukrainian nation” all the time.

Here, by the way, one of their observers said that “we must apply sanctions against Russia, and Russia has no right to apply sanctions against Ukraine. Because Russia is an aggressor, but Ukraine is not.” And this is completely serious - the person did not see any problem in his words.

- Everything has been clear with Ukraine for a long time. But other countries where there seems to be no reason for psychosis, why are they going crazy?

Because for them we are different. We are white, but different.

That is, two reasons. Firstly, the fact that we, with external similarity, give completely different cultural codes. This is really, really scary. The second reason is that we are the only country in the world capable of inflicting unacceptable military damage on America. This reason has nothing to do with culture or nation. It is purely military and political.

And so we, in principle, are to blame. Even if, as in the "nineties", we shout at all corners that "America is the best!", "We must live like in America!", "We will do everything to live like in America!".

Only if we behaved like in the 90s, then only generals would be afraid of us. And if we behave as we do now, and do not issue the codes familiar to them, then not only the generals are afraid of us. But almost the entire elite.

And why does it happen in the form of psychosis? Because there is a clear degradation of modern elites. In reality, this is a much more serious issue.

The fact is that practically since 1945 the world has been quite stable for the West. And the elites of the stable time are the elites who did nothing. Because the elite is a "mechanism" to ensure stability.

If this stability already exists, then the elite stops working. And any structure that ceases to fulfill its function begins to degrade. Because if there are functions, then we are forced to attract worthy ones in order to implement this function. When there is no function, not worthy ones are attracted, but the most convenient ones. Usually the most comfortable ones are the idiots.

The other side of the same coin is liberal ideology itself.

- In what sense?

In the sense that liberal ideology today is very different from nineteenth century liberalism, when it was a fairly rational theory. That is, the liberalism of the nineteenth century says that a person should be free from power - the state should not restrict the freedom of a person (well, within some limits). The current one is that a person should be free from society.

Here I am, and there is nothing else. If there is “something”, these are his problems, let him not bother me. This "something" - be it faith, family, social relations, economics - does not concern me. There is only my navel, I look at it, and I am great.

Such an ideological basis can create nothing but psychiatric problems. Because a person is not really free from society. If he considers himself as such, then a doctor should be called.

That is, the current Western liberal ideology generates psychosis by itself. And our dissimilarity lies precisely in the unwillingness to accept it. And it just causes an angry hysteria.

We are infidels. After all, liberal ideology in its current form can only exist as a "religion". And if we do not accept it, then the attitude towards us as people who believe is wrong.

Are we heretics to them?

Yes. And the attitude towards heretics is always an emotional attitude. This is how they treat us. In this sense, everything is clear.

The question is what to do about it? On mind, what to do with the sick? They need to be treated. You can't argue with this. After all, what is crazy? If you could stop him, say: “No, the Russians are not coming” ... But if you turn away, he will still do something to himself.

- But if the same Hitler had been stopped in time, this infection would not have spread to the whole of Europe later ...

This is a different issue. Crazy people should be limited. If madness is a private matter, treat it - and well. And if madness turns into a form of state policy, then it turns out just the Nazi Reich.

If Hitler had privately sat at home, talking about the greatness of the German nation, it would have been insulting. But no more. But if it turns into a basis for making political decisions, it is very dangerous.

Fortunately, despite the fact that Russophobia is a massively widespread phenomenon in Western society, there are still quite a few sane people there. They may not like us. But in order for their dislike for us to become the basis for action, there must still be some grounds.

The closest example is Mr. Trump. Why is he so hated? He is a man with his own shortcomings and very serious ones. But he, as a businessman, is a man of reality. And not a fan of the liberal "religion". He is an unbeliever, in that sense.

At the same time, he, like the majority of the American elite, is confident in the God's chosen people of the American people. But he, as a rational person, does not consider this a reason to do frank nonsense.

These are the people of rational sense today who are our biggest allies, no matter how they treat us.

Brzezinski recently died. He was a consistent enemy of Russia. Is always. He lived to crush Russia. It was his dream, his fixed idea. But he was a rational person. Therefore, it was possible to negotiate with him.

- At the end of his life, he seems to have changed his position regarding our country?

No. The dream remains the same. He just, as a rational person, realized that it was unattainable. And he had the guts to say it.

Yes, he still dreamed that all Russians flew to the moon. But, as a smart person, he calculated and understood: they would not fly away. And he honestly said about this: "A unipolar world is impossible."

But he was a "knight of the unipolar world." The crushing of the USSR and the absolute hegemony of the United States - that's what he dreamed of in the 70s. But even then it was possible to talk to him. And many Russian Soviet diplomats and politicians communicated with him. Despite the fact that he was a consistent anti-Soviet and Russophobe.

Brzezinski is just proof that the enemy, if he is sane, in general, is much less harmful than those who are ready to jump out of the window.

Therefore, today the task for us is to find support in the West in the person of, for example, Henry Kissinger, and to resist precisely psychosis. You see, when you're running a real case, you can't be mentally ill. Because you need to produce something, achieve some results… It will not work if you are sick.

And these "troubadours of Russophobia" like McCain, they are not engaged in any specific activity. That is why it is so easy for them to say what they say. Reality doesn't bother them.

But contact with those who rely on common sense is probably the only tactic we can afford today. Arguments are powerless against faith. We cannot convince these people that they are wrong. Because they do not rely on any arguments. They simply believe that "Russia is an evil empire", that "all Russians are inferior, they must be destroyed and live happily."

It's impossible to fight this logically. You just need to find those who do not believe in it. There are quite a few of them, including high-ranking people. If there were no such people, Trump would not have become president. And Merkel would not have come to Moscow, but would have continued to talk about "how can we curb Russia."

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes about half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal, which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely transmitted from father to son like a relay baton. I will clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain regions of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations by male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genus. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but only about a hundred are used for comparative haplotype analysis and genera reconstruction.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR-markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall pattern of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus it will be seen on the common tree that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for the haplotype group.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution. Haplogroups are just markers of bygone days, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?