Where was Fyodor Dostoevsky born? Dostoevsky F.M.

In Moscow.

He was the second child of six in the family of a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, the son of the Uniate priest Mikhail Dostoevsky, who in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. The mother of the future writer came from a merchant family.

Since 1832, Fedor and his older brother Mikhail began to study with teachers who came to the house, from 1833 they studied at the boarding school of Nikolai Drashusov (Sushara), then at the boarding school of Leonty Chermak. After the death of their mother in 1837, their father took them with their brother to St. Petersburg to continue their education. In 1839 he died of apoplexy (according to family legend, he was killed by serfs).

In 1838, Fyodor Dostoevsky entered the Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1843.

After graduating from college, he served in the St. Petersburg engineering team, was seconded to the drawing room of the Engineering Department.

In 1844 he retired to devote himself to literature. In 1846 he published his first work - the story "Poor People", enthusiastically received by the critic Vissarion Belinsky.
In the years 1847-1849, Dostoevsky wrote the novels "The Mistress" (1847), "Weak Heart" and "White Nights" (both - 1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1849, not finished).

During this period, the writer became close to the circle of the Beketov brothers (among the participants were Alexei Pleshcheev, Apollon and Valerian Maikov, Dmitry Grigorovich), in which not only literary, but also social problems were discussed. In the spring of 1847, Dostoevsky began attending the "Fridays" of Mikhail Petrashevsky, in the winter of 1848-1849 - the circle of the poet Sergei Durov, which also consisted mainly of Petrashevites. At the meetings, the problems of the liberation of the peasants, reforms of the court and censorship were discussed, treatises of the French socialists, articles by Alexander Herzen were read. In 1848, Dostoevsky joined a special secret society organized by the most radical Petrashovist Nikolai Speshnev, which aimed to "make a revolution in Russia."

In the spring of 1849, along with other Petrashevites, the writer was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. After eight months of imprisonment, where Dostoevsky behaved courageously and even wrote the story "The Little Hero" (published in 1857), he was found guilty "of intent to overthrow ... the state order" and initially sentenced to death. Already on the scaffold, he was told that the execution was replaced by four years of hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers. Dostoevsky served penal servitude in the Omsk fortress, among criminals.

From January 1854 he served as a private in Semipalatinsk, in 1855 he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, in 1856 - to ensign. In 1857 he was returned to the nobility and the right to publish. Then he married the widow Maria Isaeva, who took part in his fate even before marriage.

In Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote the stories Uncle's Dream and The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants (both 1859).

In 1859 he retired and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, the writer moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya and Epoch. On the pages of Vremya, in an effort to strengthen his reputation, Dostoevsky published his novel The Humiliated and Insulted (1861).

In 1863, during a second trip abroad, the writer met Apollinaria Suslova, their complex relationship, as well as gambling at roulette in Baden-Baden, provided material for the future novel The Gambler.

After the death of his first wife in 1864, and then the death of his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky assumed all the debts for the publication of the Epoch magazine, but soon stopped it due to a drop in the subscription. After traveling abroad, the writer spent the summer of 1866 in Moscow and at a dacha near Moscow, working on the novel Crime and Punishment. In parallel, Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Gambler, which he dictated to the stenographer Anna Snitkina, who became the writer's wife in the winter of 1867.

In 1867-1868, Dostoevsky wrote the novel The Idiot, the task of which he saw in "the portrayal of a positively beautiful person."

The next novel "Demons" (1871-1872) was created by him under the impression of the terrorist activities of Sergei Nechaev and the secret society "People's Reprisal" organized by him. In 1875, the novel "Teenager" was published, written in the form of a confession of a young man, whose consciousness is being formed in an environment of "general decay". The theme of the disintegration of family ties was continued in Dostoevsky's final novel The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880), conceived as an image of "our intellectual Russia" and at the same time as a novel-life of the protagonist Alyosha Karamazov.

In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin. In 1874, he gave up editing the magazine due to disagreements with the publisher and deteriorating health, and at the end of 1875 he resumed work on The Writer's Diary, begun in 1873, which he continued intermittently until the end of his life.

On February 7 (January 26, old style), 1881, the writer began bleeding from his throat, doctors diagnosed a ruptured pulmonary artery.

On February 9 (January 28, old style), 1881, Fyodor Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

On November 11, 1928, on the writer's birthday, the world's first museum of Dostoevsky was opened in Moscow in the northern wing of the former Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

On November 12, 1971, in St. Petersburg, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.

In the same year, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the writer's birth, the Semipalatinsk Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky was opened in the house where he lived in 1857-1859 while serving in the line battalion.

Since 1974, the status of a museum of republican significance has been acquired by the estate of Dostoevsky, Darovoye, in the Zaraisk district of the Tula region, where the writer rested in the 1830s.

In May 1980, in Novokuznetsk, in the house rented by the first wife of the writer Maria Isaeva in 1855-1857, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.

In May 1981, the House Museum of the writer was opened in Staraya Russa, where the Dostoevsky family spent their summers.

In January 1983, the Literary Museum named after A.I. F.M. Dostoevsky in Omsk.

Among the monuments to the writer, the most famous sculpture of Dostoevsky at the State Library named after V.I. Lenin on the corner of Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka in Moscow, a monument to Dostoevsky in the square of the Mariinsky Hospital near the memorial museum of the writer in the capital, a monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Moskovskaya Street.

In October 2006, a monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky in Dresden, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel.

Streets are named after the writer in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in other Russian cities. In December 1991, the metro station "Dostoevskaya" was opened in St. Petersburg, in 2010 - in Moscow.

The writer's widow, Anna Dostoevskaya (1846-1918), after his death, devoted herself to republishing her husband's books and perpetuating his memory. She died in 1918 in Yalta, in 1968 her ashes, according to her last wish, were reburied in Dostoevsky's grave.

From his first marriage to Maria Isaeva, the writer had no children. In the second marriage, the Dostoevskys had four children, two of them - the eldest Sophia and the younger Alexei died in infancy. Daughter Lyubov Dostoevskaya (1869-1926) became a writer, author of the book "Dostoevsky in the image of his daughter"; died in northern Italy. The writer's son, Fyodor Dostoevsky (1871-1921), having graduated from the law and natural faculties of Dorpat University, became a major specialist in horse breeding. In the last years of his life, following the will of his mother, he continued to collect and store Dostoevsky's archive.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

Dostoevsky F.M. - biography Dostoevsky F.M. - biography

Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821 - 1881)
Dostoevsky F.M.
Biography
Russian writer. Fedor Mikhailovich, the second son in the family, was born on November 11 (Old Style - October 30), 1821 in Moscow, in the building of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, where his father served as a stacker. In 1828, Dostoevsky's father received hereditary nobility, in 1831 he acquired the village of Darovoye in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, in 1833 - the neighboring village of Chermoshnya. Dostoevsky's mother, nee Nechaeva, came from the Moscow merchant class. Seven children were brought up according to the traditions of antiquity in fear and obedience, rarely leaving the walls of the hospital building. The family spent the summer months on a small estate bought in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province in 1831. The children enjoyed almost complete freedom, because time was usually spent without a father. Fyodor Dostoevsky began to study quite early: his mother taught him the alphabet, N.I. taught him French in half board. Drashusova. In 1834 he entered with his brother Mikhail in the famous boarding school of Chermak, where the brothers were especially fond of literature lessons. At the age of 16, Dostoevsky lost his mother and was soon assigned to one of the best educational institutions of that time - the St. Petersburg Engineering School, where he gained a reputation as an "unsociable eccentric." I had to live in cramped circumstances, because. Dostoevsky was not admitted to the school at public expense.
In 1841 Dostoevsky was promoted to officer. In 1843, after completing the course of the St. Petersburg Military Engineering School, he was enlisted in the St. Petersburg Engineering Team and sent to the drawing engineering department. In the autumn of 1844 he resigned, deciding to live only by literary work and "hellish work." The first attempt at independent creativity, the dramas "Boris Godunov" and "Mary Stuart" that have not come down to us, dates back to the beginning of the 40s. In 1846, in the "Petersburg collection" Nekrasov N.A. , published the first essay - the story "Poor people". As one of equals, Dostoevsky was accepted into the circle by Belinsky V.G. , who warmly welcomed the newly-minted writer as one of the future great artists of the Gogol school, but good relations with the circle soon deteriorated, because. the members of the circle did not know how to spare Dostoevsky's morbid vanity and often laughed at him. He still continued to meet with Belinsky, but he was very offended by the bad reviews about new works, which Belinsky called "nervous nonsense." Before the arrest, on the night of April 23 (old style) 1849, 10 stories were written. Because of his involvement in the Petrashevsky case, Dostoevsky was imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed for 8 months. He was sentenced to death, but the sovereign replaced it with hard labor for 4 years, followed by a promotion to the rank and file. On December 22 (according to the old style), Dostoevsky was brought to the Semyonovsky parade ground, where they performed the ceremony of announcing the sentence of death by shooting, and only at the last moment the convicts were announced, as a special favor, the real sentence. On the night of December 24-25 (according to the old style), 1849, he was shackled and sent to Siberia. He served his term in Omsk, in the "Dead House". In hard labor, Dostoevsky's epileptic seizures, to which he was predisposed, intensified.
On February 15, 1854, at the end of the term of hard labor, he was appointed as a private in the Siberian Line Battalion 7 in Semipalatinsk, where he stayed until 1859 and where Baron A.E. took him under his protection. Wrangell. On February 6, 1857, in Kuznetsk, he marries Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the widow of the overseer of the tavern, whom he fell in love with during the life of her first husband. Marriage increased Dostoevsky's financial needs, as he took care of his stepson all his subsequent life, he more often turned to friends and his brother Mikhail, who at that time was in charge of a cigarette factory, for help. On April 18, 1857, Dostoevsky was restored to his former rights and on August 15 received the rank of ensign (according to other sources, he was promoted to ensign on October 1, 1855). Soon he submitted his resignation and on March 18, 1859 was fired, with permission to live in Tver, but soon received permission to live in the capital. Since 1861, together with his brother Mikhail, he began publishing the magazines Vremya (banned in 1863) and Epoch (1864 - 1865). Summer 1862 visits Paris, London, Geneva. Soon the magazine "Vremya" was closed for an innocent article by N. Strakhov, but at the beginning of 64 "Epokha" began to appear. On April 16, 1864, his wife, who had been ill with consumption for more than 4 years, died, and on June 10, Fyodor Dostoevsky's brother, Mikhail, unexpectedly died. Blow after blow and a lot of debts finally upset the case, and at the beginning of 1865 the Epoch was closed. Dostoevsky was left with 15,000 rubles of debt and a moral obligation to support the family of his late brother and his wife's son from his first husband. In November 1865 he sold his copyright to Stellovsky.
In the autumn of 1866, Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina was invited to take shorthand of The Gambler, and on February 15, 1867, she became Dostoevsky's wife. To get married and leave, he borrowed from Katkov, under the novel he had conceived ("The Idiot"), 3000 rubles. But out of these 3000 r. hardly a third of them moved abroad with him: after all, in St. Petersburg, the son of his first wife and the widow of his brother with children remain in his care. Two months later, having escaped from creditors, they went abroad, where they stayed for more than 4 years (until July 1871). Heading to Switzerland, he stopped at Baden-Baden, where he lost everything: money, his suit, and even his wife's dresses. For almost a year he lived in Geneva, sometimes in need of the bare necessities. Here his first child was born, who lived only 3 months. Dostoevsky lives in Vienna, in Milan. In 1869, in Dresden, a daughter, Lyubov, was born. The brightest period in life begins upon returning to St. Petersburg, when smart and energetic Anna Grigoryevna took charge of money matters. Here, in 1871, the son of Fedor was born. From 1873, Dostoevsky became the editor of Grazhdanin with a pay of 250 rubles a month, in addition to the fee for articles, but in 1874 he left Grazhdanin. 1877 - Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In recent years, the writer suffered from emphysema. On the night of January 25-26 (old style) 1881, a rupture of the pulmonary artery occurred, followed by a fit of his common illness - epilepsy. Dostoevsky died on February 9 (according to the old style - January 28), 1881 at 8:38 in the evening. The funeral of the writer, which took place on January 31 (according to other sources - February 2, according to the old style) was a real event for St. Petersburg: 72 deputations participated in the funeral procession, and 67 wreaths were brought to the Church of the Holy Spirit in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. He was buried in the Necropolis of Masters of Arts of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The monument was erected in 1883 (sculptor N. A. Lavretsky, architect H. K. Vasiliev). Among the works - stories, novels: "Poor People" (1846, novel), "Double" (1846, story), "Prokharchin" (1846, story), "Weak Heart" (1848, story), "Someone else's wife" ( 1848, story), "A novel in 9 letters" (1847, story), "The Mistress" (1847, story), "Jealous Husband" (1848, story), "Honest Thief" (1848, the story was published under the title "Stories experienced person"), "Christmas Tree and Wedding" (1848, story), "White Nights" (1848, story), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1849, story), "Uncle's Dream" (1859, story), "The Village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants" (1859, story), "Humiliated and Insulted" (1861, novel), "Notes from the House of the Dead" (1861-1862), "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" (1863), "Notes from the Underground" (1864 ), "Crime and Punishment" (1866, novel), "Idiot" (1868, novel), "Demons" (1871 - 1872, novel), "Teenager" (1875, novel), "A Writer's Diary" (1877), "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879 - 1880, novel), "Christ's Boy on the Christmas Tree", "The Gentle One", "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man". In the USA, the first translation of Dostoevsky into English ("Notes from the House of the Dead") appeared in 1881 thanks to the publisher H. Holt; in 1886, a translation of the novel Crime and Punishment was published in the USA. The attitude towards Dostoevsky in the USA was much more restrained than, for example, towards Turgenev I.S. or Tolstoy L.N. , many prominent American writers did not understand and did not accept his work. In the United States, interest in him increased after the publication in English of a 12-volume collected works (1912 - 1920), however, a characteristic feature of the statements of many American writers, including E. Sinclair and Nabokov V.V. , the rejection remains. Dostoevsky's work was highly appreciated by Hemingway Ernest (Hemingway), William Faulkner (William Faulkner), Eugene O "Neill (Eugene O'Neill), Arthur Miller (Arthur Miller), Robert Penn Warren (Robert Penn Warren), Mario Puzo. Puzo. __________ Sources of information:"Russian Biographical Dictionary"
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Great Soviet Encyclopedia, St. Petersburg Encyclopedic Guide, Moscow Encyclopedia, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, Encyclopedia of Russian-American Relations) Project "Russia congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru

(Source: "Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom." www.foxdesign.ru)

Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician. 2011 .

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Biography

Origin

The heyday of creativity

Family and environment

Poetics of Dostoevsky

Political views

Bibliography

Artworks

Novels and stories

Writer's diary

Poems

Domestic research

Foreign research

English language

German

Monuments

memorial plaques

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

Films about Dostoevsky

The current events

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky(doref. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; October 30, 1821, Moscow, Russian Empire - January 28, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) - one of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Biography

Origin

On the father's side, the Dostoevskys are one of the branches of the Rtishchev family, which originates from Aslan-Chelebi-Murza, baptized by Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy. The Rtishchevs were part of the inner circle of Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Serpukhov and Borovsky, who in 1456, having quarreled with Vasily the Dark, left for Pinsk, which at that time was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There Ivan Vasilyevich became Prince of Pinsky. He granted Stepan Rtishchev the villages of Kalechino and Lepovitsa. In 1506, the son of Ivan Vasilyevich, Fyodor, granted Danila Rtishchev a part of the village of Dostoeva in the Pinsk region. Hence the "Dostoevsky". Since 1577, the writer's paternal ancestors received the right to use the Radvan - the Polish noble coat of arms, the main element of which was the Golden Horde tamga (brand, seal). Dostoevsky's father drank heavily and was extremely cruel. “My grandfather Mikhail,” says Lyubov Dostoevskaya, “always treated his serfs very strictly. The more he drank, the more ferocious he became, until they eventually killed him."

Mother, Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva (1800-1837), daughter of the merchant of the III guild Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (1769-1832), who came from the old townspeople of the city of Borovsk, Kaluga province, was born in a Moscow raznochin family, where there were merchants, inmates in shops, doctors, university students , professors, artists, spiritual persons. Her maternal grandfather, Mikhail Fedorovich Kotelnitsky (1721-1798), was born into the family of the priest Fyodor Andreev, graduated from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and took his place after the death of his father, becoming a priest of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kotelniki.

Writer's youth

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born on October 30 (November 11), 1821 in Moscow. He was the second of 7 children left alive.

When Dostoevsky was 16 years old, his mother died of consumption, and his father sent his eldest sons, Fyodor and Mikhail (later also a writer), to K. F. Kostomarov's boarding house in St. Petersburg.

1837 was an important date for Dostoevsky. This is the year of his mother's death, the year of the death of Pushkin, whose works he (like his brother) read from childhood, the year of moving to St. Petersburg and entering the Main Engineering School. In 1839 his father was killed, possibly by his serfs. Dostoevsky participated in the work of Belinsky's circle. A year before his dismissal from military service, Dostoevsky first translated and published Balzac's Eugene Grande (1843). A year later, his first work, Poor People, was published, and he immediately became famous: V. G. Belinsky highly appreciated this work. But the next book, The Double, ran into misunderstandings.

Shortly after the publication of White Nights, the writer was arrested (1849) in connection with the Petrashevsky case. Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals."

Hard labor and exile

The trial and the harsh sentence of death (December 22, 1849) on the Semyonovsky parade ground was staged as a mock execution. At the last moment, the convicts were pardoned, having been sentenced to hard labor. One of those sentenced to death, Nikolai Grigoriev, went mad. The feelings that he could experience before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.

During a short stay in Tobolsk on the way to the place of hard labor (January 11-20, 1850), the writer met with the wives of the exiled Decembrists: Zh. A. Muravyova, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizina. Women gave him the Gospel, which the writer kept all his life.

Dostoevsky spent the next four years in hard labor in Omsk. The memoirs of one of the eyewitnesses of the hard labor life of the writer have been preserved. Impressions from the stay in prison were later reflected in the story "Notes from the House of the Dead". In 1854, Dostoevsky was released and sent as a private to the seventh line Siberian battalion. While serving in Semipalatinsk, he became friends with Chokan Valikhanov, a future famous Kazakh traveler and ethnographer. Here he began an affair with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who was married to a gymnasium teacher Alexander Isaev, a bitter drunkard. After some time, Isaev was transferred to the place of an assessor in Kuznetsk. On August 14, 1855, Fyodor Mikhailovich received a letter from Kuznetsk: the husband of M. D. Isaeva died after a long illness.

On February 18, 1855, Emperor Nicholas I died. Dostoevsky wrote a loyal poem dedicated to his widow, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and as a result became a non-commissioned officer. October 20, 1856 Dostoevsky was promoted to ensign.

On February 6, 1857, Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. Immediately after the wedding, they went to Semipalatinsk, but on the way Dostoevsky had an epileptic seizure, and they stayed in Barnaul for four days. On February 20, 1857, Dostoevsky and his wife returned to Semipalatinsk.

The period of imprisonment and military service was a turning point in Dostoevsky's life: from a "seeker of truth in man" who had not yet decided in life, he turned into a deeply religious person, whose only ideal for the rest of his life was Christ.

In 1859 Dostoevsky published his novels The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Uncle's Dream in Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1859.

After the link

On June 30, 1859, Dostoevsky was given a temporary ticket number 2030, allowing him to travel to Tver, and on July 2, the writer left Semipalatinsk. In 1860, Dostoevsky, with his wife and adopted son Pavel, returned to St. Petersburg, but secret surveillance of him did not stop until the mid-1870s. From the beginning of 1861, Fyodor Mikhailovich helped his brother Mikhail publish his own magazine, Vremya, after which the brothers began publishing the Epoch magazine in 1863. On the pages of these magazines appeared such works by Dostoevsky as "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the Dead House", "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions" and "Notes from the Underground".

Dostoevsky undertook a trip abroad with the young emancipated special Apollinaria Suslova, in Baden-Baden he became interested in a ruinous game of roulette, he was in constant need of money, and at the same time (1864) he lost his wife and brother. The unusual way of European life completed the destruction of the socialist illusions of youth, formed a critical perception of bourgeois values ​​and rejection of the West.

Six months after the death of his brother, the publication of The Epoch ceased (February 1865). In a desperate financial situation, Dostoevsky wrote the chapters of Crime and Punishment, sending them to M. N. Katkov directly into the magazine set of the conservative Russkiy Vestnik, where they were printed from issue to issue. At the same time, under the threat of losing the rights to his publications for 9 years in favor of the publisher F. T. Stellovsky, he undertook to write him a novel, for which he would not have had the physical strength. On the advice of friends, Dostoevsky hired a young stenographer, Anna Snitkina, who helped him with this task. In October 1866, the novel The Gambler was written in twenty-six days and completed on the 25th.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" was paid by Katkov very well, but in order to prevent creditors from taking this money, the writer went abroad with his new wife Anna Snitkina. The trip is reflected in the diary, which Snitkina-Dostoevskaya began to keep in 1867. On the way to Germany, the couple stopped for a few days in Vilna.

The heyday of creativity

Snitkina arranged the life of the writer, took over all the economic issues of his activities, and since 1871 Dostoevsky gave up roulette forever.

From 1872 to 1878 the writer lived in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. These years of life were very fruitful: 1872 - "Demons", 1873 - the beginning of the "Diary of a Writer" (a series of feuilletons, essays, polemical notes and passionate journalistic notes on the topic of the day), 1875 - "Teenager", 1876 - "Meek".

In October 1878, Dostoevsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he settled in an apartment in a house on Kuznechny Lane, 5/2, in which he lived until the day of his death on January 28 (February 9), 1881. Here, in 1880, he finished writing his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. At present, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky is located in the apartment.

In the last few years of his life, 2 events became especially significant for Dostoevsky. In 1878, Emperor Alexander II invited the writer to his place to introduce him to his family, and in 1880, just a year before his death, Dostoevsky delivered his famous speech at the opening of the Pushkin monument in Moscow. In the same years, the writer became close to conservative journalists, publicists and thinkers, corresponded with the prominent statesman K. P. Pobedonostsev.

Despite the fame that Dostoevsky gained at the end of his life, truly enduring, worldwide fame came to him after his death. In particular, Friedrich Nietzsche admitted that Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom he could learn something (Twilight of the Idols).

On January 26 (February 7), 1881, Dostoevsky's sister Vera Mikhailovna came to the Dostoevsky's house to ask her brother to give up his share of the Ryazan estate, inherited from his aunt A. F. Kumanina, in favor of the sisters. According to the story of Lyubov Fyodorovna Dostoevsky, there was a stormy scene with explanations and tears, after which Dostoevsky bled in his throat. Perhaps this unpleasant conversation was the impetus for the exacerbation of his illness (emphysema) - two days later the writer died.

He was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Family and environment

The writer's grandfather Andrei Grigoryevich Dostoevsky (1756 - around 1819) served as a Greek Catholic, later - an Orthodox priest in the village of Voytovtsy near Nemirov (now the Vinnitsa region of Ukraine) (according to his family tree - archpriest of the city of Bratslav, Podolsk province).

Father, Mikhail Andreevich (1787-1839), from October 14, 1809 he studied at the Moscow Department of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, on August 15, 1812 he was sent to the Moscow Golovinsky Hospital for the use of the sick and wounded, on August 5, 1813 he was transferred to the headquarters of the healers of the Borodino Infantry Regiment, On April 29, 1819, he was transferred as an intern to the Moscow military hospital; on May 7, he was transferred to the salary of a senior physician. In 1828, he received the noble title of Nobleman of the Russian Empire, was included in the 3rd part of the Genealogical Book of the Moscow Nobility with the right to use the old Polish coat of arms "Radvan", which belonged to Dostoevsky since 1577. He was a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital of the Moscow Orphanage (that is, in a hospital for the poor, also known as Bozhedomki). In 1831 he acquired the small village of Darovoe in the Kashirsky district of the Tula province, and in 1833 he also acquired the neighboring village of Cheremoshnya (Chermashnya), where in 1839 he was killed by his own serfs:

Dostoevsky's mother, Maria Fedorovna (1800-1837), was the daughter of a wealthy Moscow merchant of the 3rd guild, Fyodor Timofeevich Nechaev (born c. 1769) and Varvara Mikhailovna Kotelnitskaya (c. 1779 - died between 1811 and 1815), 7 th revision (1811), the Nechaev family lived in Moscow, on Syromyatnaya Sloboda, in the Basmannaya part, the parish of Peter and Paul, in their house; after the war of 1812, the family lost most of its wealth. At 19, she married Mikhail Dostoyevsky. She was, according to the recollections of the children, a kind mother and gave birth to four sons and four daughters in marriage (son Fedor was the second child). M. F. Dostoevskaya died of consumption. According to researchers of the great writer's work, certain features of Maria Feodorovna are reflected in the images of Sophia Andreevna Dolgoruky ("The Teenager") and Sophia Ivanovna Karamazov ("The Brothers Karamazov")

Dostoevsky's elder brother Mikhail also became a writer, his work was marked by the influence of his brother, and the work on the Vremya magazine was carried out by the brothers to a large extent jointly. The younger brother Andrei became an architect; Dostoevsky saw in his family a worthy example of family life. A. M. Dostoevsky left valuable memories of his brother.

Of the Dostoevsky sisters, the closest relationship developed between the writer and Varvara Mikhailovna (1822-1893), about whom he wrote to his brother Andrei: "I love her; she is a nice sister and a wonderful person…”(November 28, 1880).

Of the numerous nephews and nieces, Dostoevsky loved and singled out Maria Mikhailovna (1844-1888), who, according to the memoirs of L. F. Dostoevsky, “loved her like his own daughter, caressed and entertained her when she was still small, later was proud of her musical talent and her success with young people” However, after the death of Mikhail Dostoevsky, this closeness came to naught.

The second wife, Anna Snitkina, from a wealthy family, became the wife of the writer at the age of 20. At this time (the end of 1866) Dostoevsky experienced serious financial difficulties and signed a contract with a publisher on onerous terms. The novel "The Gambler" was composed by Dostoevsky and dictated by Snitkina, who worked as a stenographer, in 26 days and was submitted on time. Anna Dostoevskaya took all the financial affairs of the family into her own hands.

The descendants of Fyodor Mikhailovich continue to live in St. Petersburg.

Poetics of Dostoevsky

As O. M. Nogovitsyn showed in his work, Dostoevsky is the most prominent representative of “ontological”, “reflexive” poetics, which, unlike traditional, descriptive poetics, leaves the character in a sense free in its relationship with the text that describes him ( that is, the world for him), which is manifested in the fact that he is aware of his relationship with him and acts on the basis of it. Hence all the paradox, inconsistency and inconsistency of Dostoevsky's characters. If in traditional poetics the character always remains in the power of the author, always captured by the events happening to him (captured by the text), that is, he remains wholly descriptive, wholly included in the text, wholly understandable, subordinate to causes and effects, the movement of the narrative, then in ontological poetics we are for the first time we come across a character who tries to resist the textual elements, his subordination to the text, trying to “rewrite” it. With this approach, writing is not a description of a character in diverse situations and positions in the world, but empathy with his tragedy - his willful unwillingness to accept a text (world) that is inescapably redundant in relation to him, potentially infinite. For the first time, M. M. Bakhtin drew attention to such a special attitude of Dostoevsky towards his characters.

Political views

During the life of Dostoevsky, at least two political currents fought in the cultural strata of society - Slavophilism and Westernism, the essence of which is approximately as follows: adherents of the first argued that the future of Russia in nationality, Orthodoxy and autocracy, adherents of the second believed that Russians should take an example from Europeans. Both those and others reflected on the historical fate of Russia. Dostoevsky, on the other hand, had his own idea - “soilism”. He was and remained a Russian man, inextricably linked with the people, but at the same time he did not deny the achievements of the culture and civilization of the West. Over time, Dostoevsky's views developed: a former member of the circle of Christian utopian socialists, he turned into a religious conservative, and during his third stay abroad, he finally became a convinced monarchist.

Dostoevsky and the "Jewish Question"

Dostoevsky's views on the role of Jews in the life of Russia are reflected in the writer's journalism. For example, discussing the further fate of the peasants liberated from serfdom, he writes in the Writer's Diary for 1873:

The Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia claims that anti-Semitism was an integral part of Dostoevsky's worldview and found expression both in novels and short stories, and in the writer's journalism. A clear confirmation of this, according to the compilers of the encyclopedia, is Dostoevsky's work "The Jewish Question". However, Dostoevsky himself in the "Jewish Question" stated: "... this hatred has never been in my heart ...".

On February 26, 1878, in a letter to Nikolai Epifanovich Grishchenko, a teacher at the Kozeletsky parish school in the Chernigov province, who complained to the writer “that the Russian peasants are completely enslaved by the Jews, robbed by them, and the Russian press stands up for the Jews; Jews ... for the Chernigov province ... more terrible than the Turks for the Bulgarians ... ”, Dostoevsky answered:

Dostoevsky's attitude to the "Jewish question" is analyzed by literary critic Leonid Grossman in the book "Confession of a Jew", dedicated to the correspondence between the writer and the Jewish journalist Arkady Kovner. The message sent by Kovner from the Butyrka prison made an impression on Dostoevsky. He ends his letter in response with the words: “Believe with complete sincerity with which I shake your hand extended to me,” and in the chapter on the Jewish question of the Writer’s Diary, he quotes Kovner extensively.

According to critic Maya Turovskaya, the mutual interest of Dostoevsky and Jews is caused by the embodiment in Jews (and in Kovner, in particular) of the search for Dostoevsky's characters. According to Nikolai Nasedkin, a contradictory attitude towards Jews is generally characteristic of Dostoevsky: he very clearly distinguished between the concepts of "Jew" and "Jew". In addition, Nasedkin notes that the word "Jew" and its derivatives were for Dostoevsky and his contemporaries an ordinary tool word among others, was used widely and everywhere, was natural for all Russian literature of the 19th century, unlike our time.

Evaluations of creativity and personality of Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's work had a great influence on Russian and world culture. The literary heritage of the writer is differently evaluated both at home and abroad.

In Russian criticism, the most positive assessment of Dostoevsky was given by religious philosophers.

Dostoevsky's personality is ambiguously assessed by some liberal and democratic figures, in particular the leader of the liberal populists N. K. Mikhailovsky, Maxim Gorky.

At the same time, in the West, where Dostoevsky's novels have been popular since the beginning of the 20th century, his work has had a significant impact on such generally liberal movements as existentialism, expressionism and surrealism. Many literary critics see him as the forerunner of existentialism. However, abroad, Dostoevsky is usually regarded, first of all, as an outstanding writer and psychologist, while his ideology is ignored or almost completely rejected.

Bibliography

Artworks

Novels

• 1846 - Poor people
• 1861 - Humiliated and insulted
• 1866 - Crime and Punishment
• 1866 - Gambler
• 1868-1869 - Idiot
• 1871-1872 - Demons
• 1875 - Teenager
• 1879-1880 - Brothers Karamazov

Novels and stories

Publicism and criticism, essays

• 1847 - Petersburg chronicle
• 1861 - Stories by N.V. Uspensky
• 1862 - Winter notes on summer impressions
• 1880 - Judgment
• 1880 - Pushkin

Writer's diary

• 1873 - Writer's diary. 1873
• 1876 ​​- Writer's diary. 1876
• 1877 - Writer's diary. January-August 1877.
• 1877 - Writer's diary. September-December 1877.
• 1880 - Writer's diary. 1880
• 1881 - Writer's diary. 1881.

Poems

• 1854 - On European events in 1854
• 1855 - On the first of July 1855
• 1856 - For the coronation and conclusion of peace
• 1864 - Epigram for a Bavarian colonel
• 1864-1873 - Struggle of nihilism with honesty (officer and nihilist)
• 1873-1874 - Describe everything entirely of some priests
• 1876-1877 - The collapse of Baimakov's office
• 1876 ​​- Children are expensive
• 1879 - Do not rob, Fedul

The collection of folklore material “My hard labor notebook”, also known as the “Siberian notebook”, written by Dostoevsky during his penal servitude, stands apart.

The main literature on Dostoevsky

Domestic research

• Barsht K.A. Drawings in the manuscripts of F.M. Dostoevsky. SPb., 1996. 319 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of Dostoevsky: in search of lost links. M., 2010.
• Belinsky V. G.

Introductory article // Petersburg collection published by N. Nekrasov. SPb., 1846.

• Dobrolyubov N. A. Downtrodden people // Sovremennik. 1861. No. 9. otdel. II.
• Pisarev D.I. Struggle for existence // Delo. 1868. No. 8.
• Leontiev K. N. About universal love: Regarding the speech of F. M. Dostoevsky at the Pushkin holiday // Warsaw diary. 1880. July 29 (No. 162). pp. 3-4; August 7 (No. 169). pp. 3-4; August 12 (No. 173). pp. 3-4.
• Mikhailovsky N.K. Cruel talent // Otechestvennye zapiski. 1882. No. 9, 10.
• Solovyov V. S. Three speeches in memory of Dostoevsky: (1881-1883). M., 1884. 55 p.
• Rozanov V.V. The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor F. M. Dostoevsky: An Experience of Critical Commentary // Russian Bulletin. 1891. Vol. 212, January. pp. 233-274; February. pp. 226-274; T. 213, March. pp. 215-253; April. pp. 251-274. Ed.: St. Petersburg: Nikolaev, 1894. 244 p.
• Merezhkovsky D.S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Christ and Antichrist in Russian Literature. T. 1. Life and work. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1901. 366 p. T. 2. Religion of L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. St. Petersburg: World of Art, 1902. LV, 530 p.
• Shestov L. Dostoevsky and Nietzsche. SPb., 1906.
• Ivanov Vyach. AND. Dostoevsky and the tragedy novel // Russian Thought. 1911. Book. 5. S. 46-61; Book. 6. S. 1-17.
• Pereverzev VF Creativity of Dostoevsky. M., 1912. (Reprinted in the book: Gogol, Dostoevsky. Research. M., 1982)
• Tynyanov Yu. N. Dostoevsky and Gogol: (On the theory of parody). Pg.: OPOYAZ, 1921.
• Berdyaev N. A. Dostoevsky's world outlook. Prague, 1923. 238 p.
• Volotskoy M. V. Chronicle of the Dostoevsky family 1506-1933. M., 1933.
• Engelhardt B. M. The ideological novel of Dostoevsky // F. M. Dostoevsky: Articles and materials / Ed. A. S. Dolinina. L.; M.: Thought, 1924. Sat. 2. S. 71-109.
• Dostoevskaya A. G. Memories . M.: Fiction, 1981.
• Freud Z. Dostoevsky and parricide // Classical psychoanalysis and fiction / Comp. and general ed. V. M. Leybin. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2002. S. 70-88.
• Mochulsky K.V. Dostoevsky: Life and work. Paris: YMCA-Press, 1947. 564 p.
• Lossky N. O. Dostoevsky and his Christian worldview. New York: Chekhov Publishing House, 1953. 406 p.
• Dostoevsky in Russian criticism. Collection of articles. M., 1956. (introductory article and note by A. A. Belkin)
• Leskov N. S. About the kufelny peasant, etc. - Collected. soch., vol. 11, Moscow, 1958, pp. 146-156;
• Grossman L.P. Dostoevsky. M.: Young Guard, 1962. 543 p. (The life of remarkable people. A series of biographies; Issue 24 (357)).
• Bakhtin M. M. Problems of Dostoevsky's creativity. Leningrad: Surf, 1929. 244 p. 2nd ed., revised. and additional: Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. M.: Soviet writer, 1963. 363 p.
• Dostoevsky in the memoirs of his contemporaries: In 2 vols. M., 1964. T. 1. T. 2.
• Fridlender G. M. Dostoevsky realism. M.; L.: Nauka, 1964. 404 p.
• Meyer G. A. Light in the night: (About "Crime and Punishment"): The experience of slow reading. Frankfurt/Main: Posev, 1967. 515 p.
• F. M. Dostoevsky: Bibliography of the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and literature about him: 1917-1965. Moscow: Book, 1968. 407 p.
• Kirpotin V. Ya. Disappointment and collapse of Rodion Raskolnikov: (A book about Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"). M.: Soviet writer, 1970. 448 p.
• Zakharov VN Problems of studying Dostoevsky: Textbook. - Petrozavodsk. 1978.
• Zakharov VN Dostoevsky's System of Genres: Typology and Poetics. - L., 1985.
• Toporov V. N. On the Structure of Dostoevsky's Novel in Connection with Archaic Schemes of Mythological Thinking ("Crime and Punishment") // Toporov V. N. Myth. Ritual. Symbol. Image: Studies in the field of mythopoetic. M., 1995. S. 193-258.
• Dostoevsky: Materials and Research / USSR Academy of Sciences. IRLI. L.: Nauka, 1974-2007. Issue. 1-18 (ongoing edition).
• Odinokov V. G. Typology of images in the artistic system of F. M. Dostoevsky. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. 144 p.
• Seleznev Yu. I. Dostoevsky. M .: Young Guard, 1981. 543 p., ill. (Life of remarkable people. A series of biographies; Issue 16 (621)).
• Volgin I. L. Dostoevsky's Last Year: Historical Notes. Moscow: Soviet writer, 1986.
• Saraskina L. I."Demons": a novel-warning. M.: Soviet writer, 1990. 488 p.
• Allen L. Dostoevsky and God / Per. from fr. E. Vorobieva. St. Petersburg: Branch of the magazine "Youth"; Dusseldorf: Blue Rider, 1993. 160 p.
• Guardini R. Man and faith / Per. with him. Brussels: Life with God, 1994. 332 p.
• Kasatkina T. A. Characterology of Dostoevsky: Typology of emotional and value orientations. M.: Nasledie, 1996. 335 p.
• Laut R. Philosophy of Dostoevsky in a systematic presentation / Per. with him. I. S. Andreeva; Ed. A. V. Gulygi. M.: Respublika, 1996. 448 p.
• Belnep R. L. The Structure of The Brothers Karamazov / Per. from English. St. Petersburg: Academic project, 1997.
• Dunaev M. M. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) // Dunaev M. M. Orthodoxy and Russian literature: [at 6 hours]. M.: Christian literature, 1997. S. 284-560.
• Nakamura K. Dostoevsky's sense of life and death / Authoriz. per. from Japanese. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1997. 332 p.
• Meletinsky E. M. Notes on the work of Dostoevsky. M.: RGGU, 2001. 190 p.
• The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Idiot": The current state of the study. M.: Nasledie, 2001. 560 p.
• Kasatkina T. A. On the creative nature of the word: The ontology of the word in the work of F. M. Dostoevsky as the basis of "realism in the highest sense." M.: IMLI RAN, 2004. 480 p.
• Tikhomirov B. N."Lazarus! come out": F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" in a modern reading: Book-commentary. St. Petersburg: Silver Age, 2005. 472 p.
• Yakovlev L. Dostoevsky: ghosts, phobias, chimeras (reader's notes). - Kharkov: Karavella, 2006. - 244 p. ISBN 966-586-142-5
• Vetlovskaya V. E. The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov". St. Petersburg: Pushkinsky Dom Publishing House, 2007. 640 p.
• The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "The Brothers Karamazov": the current state of the study. M.: Nauka, 2007. 835 p.
• Bogdanov N., Rogovoy A. Genealogy of Dostoevsky. In search of lost links., M., 2008.
• John Maxwell Coetzee. “Autumn in Petersburg” (this is the name of this work in Russian translation, in the original the novel is entitled “The Master from Petersburg”). Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.
• Openness to the abyss. Meetings with DostoevskyLiterary, philosophical and historiographic work of the culturologist Grigory Pomerants.
• Shulyatikov V. M. F. M. Dostoevsky (On the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of his death) "Courier", 1901, No No 22, 36.
• Shulyatikov V. M. Back to Dostoevsky "Courier", 1903, No 287.

Foreign research

English language

• Jones M.V. Dostoevsky. The novel of discord. L., 1976.
• Holquist M. Dostoievvsky and the novel. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1977.
• Hingley R. Dostoyevsky. His life and work. L., 1978.
• Kabat G.C. Ideology and imagination. The image of society in Dostoevsky. N.Y., 1978.
• Jackson R.L. The art of Dostoevsky. Princeton (N. Jersey), 1981.
• Dostoevsky Studies. Journal of the International Dostoievsky Society. v. 1-, Klagenfurt-kuoxville, 1980-.

German

• Zweig S. Drei Meister: Balzac, Dickens, Dostojewskij. Lpz., 1921.
• Natorp P.G: F. Dosktojewskis Bedeutung fur die gegenwärtige Kulturkrisis. Jena, 1923.
• Kaus O. Dostojewski und sein Schicksal. B., 1923.
• Notzel K. Das Leben Dostojewskis, Lpz., 1925
• Meier-Cräfe J. Dostojewski als Dichter. B., 1926.
• Schultze B. Der Dialog in F.M. Dostoevskijs "Idiot". Munich, 1974.

Memory

Monuments

There is a memorial plaque to the writer on the house and in Florence (Italy), where he finished the novel The Idiot in 1868.

"Dostoevsky's zone" - this is the informal name of the area near Sennaya Square in St. Petersburg, which is closely associated with the work of F. M. Dostoevsky. He lived here: Kaznacheyskaya Street, houses No. 1 and No. 7 (a memorial plaque was installed), No. 9. Here, on the streets, lanes, avenues, on the square itself, on the Catherine Canal, the action of a number of the writer’s works (“Idiot”, “Crime and punishment" and others). In the houses of these streets, Dostoevsky settled his literary characters - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Svidrigailov, General Yepanchin, Rogozhin and others. On Grazhdanskaya Street (formerly Meshchanskaya) in house No. 19/5 (corner of Stolyarny Lane), according to the searches of local historians, Rodion Raskolnikov “lived”. The building is listed in many guidebooks around St. Petersburg as "Raskolnikov's House" and is marked with a memorial sign to the literary hero. The "Dostoevsky Zone" was created in the 1980-1990s at the request of the public, which forced the city authorities to put in order the memorable places located here, which are associated with the name of the writer.

In philately

Dostoevsky in culture

• The name of F. M. Dostoevsky is associated with the concept dostoevism, which has two meanings: a) psychological analysis in the manner of Dostoevsky, b) "mental imbalance, acute and contradictory emotional experiences" inherent in the heroes of the writer's works.
• One of the 16 personality types in socionics is named after Dostoevsky - an original psychological and social typology that has been developing in the USSR and Russia since the 1980s. The name of the classic of literature was given to the sociotype "ethical-intuitive introvert" (abbreviated as EII; another name is "Humanist"). Socionics expert E. S. Filatova proposed a generalized graphic portrait of the EII, in which, among others, the features of Fyodor Dostoevsky are guessed.

Films about Dostoevsky

• Dead House (1932) Nikolai Khmelev as Dostoevsky
• "Dostoevsky". Documentary. TSSDF (RTSSDF). 27 minutes. - a documentary film by Samuil Bubrik and Ilya Kopalin (Russia, 1956) about the life and work of Dostoevsky on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his death.
• The Writer and His City: Dostoevsky and Petersburg - a film by Heinrich Böll (Germany, 1969)
• Twenty-six Days in the Life of Dostoevsky is a feature film by Alexander Zarkhi (USSR, 1980). Starring Anatoly Solonitsyn
• Dostoevsky and Peter Ustinov - from the documentary "Russia" (Canada, 1986)
• Return of the Prophet - documentary by V. E. Ryzhko (Russia, 1994)
• The Life and Death of Dostoevsky - a documentary (12 episodes) by Alexander Klyushkin (Russia, 2004).
• Demons of St. Petersburg - a feature film by Giuliano Montaldo (Italy, 2008). In the role - Miki Manoilovich.
• Three Women of Dostoevsky - a film by Evgeny Tashkov (Russia, 2010). In the role of Andrey Tashkov
• Dostoevsky - series by Vladimir Khotinenko (Russia, 2011). Starring Yevgeny Mironov.

The image of Dostoevsky is also used in the biographical films Sofia Kovalevskaya (Alexander Filippenko), Chokan Valikhanov (Yuri Orlov), 1985, and the TV series Gentlemen of the Jury (Oleg Vlasov), 2005.

Other

• In Omsk, a street, a library, the Omsk State Literary Museum, Omsk State University were named after Dostoevsky, 2 monuments were erected, etc.
• A street in Tomsk is named after Dostoevsky.
• Street and metro station in St. Petersburg.
• Street, lane and metro station in Moscow.
• In Staraya Russa, Novgorod region - Dostoevsky embankment on the river Porusya
• Novgorod Academic Drama Theater named after F. M. Dostoevsky (Veliky Novgorod).
• Aeroflot's Boeing 767 VP-BAX is named after Fyodor Dostoevsky.
• An impact crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• In honor of F. M. Dostoevsky, an employee of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory L. G. Karachkina named the minor planet 3453 Dostoevsky, discovered on September 27, 1981.

The current events

• On October 10, 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
• A crater on Mercury is named after Dostoevsky.
• November 12, 2001 in Omsk, on the day of the 180th anniversary of the birth of the writer, a monument to F. M. Dostoevsky was opened.
• Since 1997, music critic and radio host Artemy Troitsky has been conducting his own radio program called FM Dostoevsky.
• The writer Boris Akunin wrote the work “F. M., dedicated to Dostoevsky.
• Nobel Prize winner in literature John Maxwell Coetzee wrote a novel about Dostoevsky, Autumn in Petersburg, in 1994. The Master of Petersburg; 1994, Russian translation 1999)
• In 2010, director Vladimir Khotinenko began filming a serial film about Dostoevsky, which was released in 2011 on the occasion of the 190th anniversary of Dostoevsky's birth.
• On June 19, 2010, the 181st station of the Moscow metro "Dostoevskaya" was opened. Access to the city is carried out on Suvorovskaya Square, Seleznevskaya Street and Durova Street. Station design: the walls of the station depict scenes illustrating four novels by F. M. Dostoevsky (“Crime and Punishment”, “The Idiot”, “Demons”, “The Brothers Karamazov”).
• On October 29, 2010, a monument to Dostoevsky was unveiled in Tobolsk.
• In October 2011, the days dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the birth of F. M. Dostoevsky were held at the University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur).

The educational experience of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was largely formed from the impressions of childhood, when his cruel, imperious, stingy father, Mikhail Andreevich, authoritarianly dictated his pedagogical will to his sons. Father was engaged with them primarily in natural scientific research (since he was a doctor), he read Karamzin's "History of the Russian State", the Gospel, and the Lives of the Saints. The authority of the father from childhood was perceived by the writer as something solid, indestructible and not even amenable to discussion. Subsequently, he confessed to his brother Mikhail that it was difficult to find people like their father: "because they were real, genuine people." He adhered to this opinion in spite of everything - in spite of the cruel nature of his father, in spite of his tyranny in relation to the peasants, for which he was killed by them. And yet, all his life, Fyodor Mikhailovich, who, according to his father, believed in the theory of heredity, was afraid to adopt his negative qualities.

It would seem that the writer, after his difficult childhood, after a difficult study at the Engineering School, life after hard labor and very difficult personal stories, fate did not bode well for a happy family. But, largely due to the character, love, dedication of his last wife Anna Grigorievna, Fyodor Mikhailovich's family life nevertheless developed.

Anna Grigoryevna and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Having married, the Dostoevskys went abroad. Their first daughter* was born and died there. Anna Grigorievna became pregnant again, about which one of his friends wittily writes to Dostoevsky: “I am glad, first of all, that you have finished the novel The Idiot. And the second - that Anna Grigorievna also began to think about the novel. And what - she herself cannot say, although she will think about it for 9 months. Where will Anna Grigoryevna's novel come into being?

Apparently, this "romance", the first surviving child, was destined to be born in Florence. But nevertheless this did not happen. When the "romance" of his wife was approaching "completion", Dostoevsky became agitated. He did not know Italian, so he began to think: if his wife starts giving birth and loses consciousness, then he will not be able to communicate with the doctors. And the Dostoevskys left for Germany - Dostoevsky spoke German well, even translated Schiller's Robbers.

Daughter Lyubov Fedorovna was born in Dresden in 1869. And in 1871, already in St. Petersburg, the son of Fedor was born.

Dostoevsky-teacher: "Love to buy the hearts of our children"

At that time, in the 70s of the 19th century, many parents and school teachers began to turn to Dostoevsky as a well-known author of works about children (in particular, “Netochka Nezvanova”, “The Little Hero”, etc.), which served as one of the impetus edition of the Writer's Diary, where many pages are devoted to education. When creating the Diary, Dostoevsky was interested in the situation of children in factories, visited orphanages, juvenile colonies, critically assessed the education system in them and made recommendations.

In Dostoevsky's prose and journalism, one can see what the author considered the main vices of education. First of all, the neglectful attitude of adults to the inner world of the child, which never goes unnoticed by the child. Then there is the excessive intrusiveness of adults that irritates children. Then - bias, leading to erroneous conclusions about the nature of the child. He condemns cruelty to children, the suppression of any originality in them. Dostoevsky especially condemns flirting with children, blind love for them and the desire to make everything easier for the child. And concludes:

“First of all, we need to buy the hearts of our children with love, we need to give the child the sun, a bright example and at least a drop of love for him ... We teach, and they make us better only by one contact with them. We must be related to them in soul every hour.”

Dostoevsky allows punishment, but no punishment should be accompanied by a loss of faith in the possibility of correcting the child.

The main pedagogy is the parental home. The writer sees the core of the problem here:

“In our families, the highest goals of life are almost not mentioned, and the idea of ​​immortality is not only not thought at all, but it is even too often treated satirically - and this is all in front of children, from their very early age ...”

Therefore, education and upbringing according to Dostoevsky is not only a science, but also “a spiritual light that illumines the soul, enlightens the heart, guides the mind and shows it the way.” That is why the writer especially sharply criticized the pedagogy of his day, which gives rise to atheists, “Svidrigailovs”, “Stavrogins” and “non-chaevs”.

Dostoevsky was also interested in public education. He believed that it should not go against religious beliefs, because “it is important to preserve tenderness and cordial religious feeling in society”. In his "intuitive" pedagogy, Dostoevsky foresaw many provisions that are essential for modern pedagogy as well. He spoke about the role of heredity in shaping the spiritual image of a person, about the developing and educating nature of education, about the influence of a child's speech development on his mental abilities.

Dostoevsky-father: “I tremble for the children and their fate”

It is unlikely that Dostoevsky the father somehow systematized his pedagogical methods and principles. For him, pedagogy has always been lively, effective, practical. His upbringing of his stepson Pavel (the son of Isaeva's first wife) was unsuccessful. The young man was ungrateful, arrogant, dismissive of his stepfather, despite the fact that Dostoevsky, even with his difficult financial situation, helped him financially as much as possible. Therefore, the father tried to make every effort so that the education of his own children would achieve its goal.

Fyodor and Lyubov Dostoevsky

He started doing them too early, when most fathers still keep their children in the nursery. He probably knew that he was not destined to see Lyuba and Fedya grow up, and was in a hurry to plant good thoughts and feelings in their receptive souls.

For this purpose, he chose the same means that his father had previously chosen - reading great writers. Daughter Lyubov remembered the first of the literary evenings that her father regularly arranged for them:

“One autumn evening in Staraya Russa, when the rain poured down in torrents and yellow leaves covered the ground, my father announced to us that he would read Schiller’s “Robbers” aloud to us.(in his own translation, presumably - Yu.D.). I was seven years old at the time, and my brother was barely six years old. Mother wished to attend this first reading. Dad read with enthusiasm, sometimes stopping to explain to us a difficult expression. But since sleep took possession of me the more the Moors brothers became more ferocious, I convulsively opened my poor tired children's eyes as wide as possible, and brother Fyodor fell asleep completely unceremoniously ... When my father looked at his audience, he fell silent, burst out laughing and began to laugh at himself . "They can't understand it, they are still too young," he said sadly to his mother. Poor father! He hoped to experience with us the delight that Schiller's dramas aroused in him; he forgot that he was twice our age when he himself could appreciate them!”

The writer read Pushkin's stories to children, Lermontov's Caucasian poems, Taras Bulba. After their literary taste was more or less developed, he began to read to them the poems of Pushkin and Alexei Tolstoy, the two Russian poets whom he most loved. Dostoevsky read them amazingly, and in particular he could not read one of them without tears - Pushkin's poem "The Poor Knight".

The writer's family did not neglect the theater either. In Russia at that time it was accepted that parents took their children to ballet. Dostoevsky was not a fan of ballet and never attended it. He preferred opera. He himself was very fond of Glinka's opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" and instilled this love in his children.

When his father was away or his job did not allow him to do it himself, he asked his wife to read to the children the works of Walter Scott and Dickens - that "great Christian", as he calls him in The Writer's Diary. During lunch, he asked the children about their impressions and restored entire episodes from these novels.

Dostoevsky loved to pray with the whole family. During Holy Week he fasted, went to church twice a day, and put aside all literary work. He loved the Easter night service very much. Children usually did not attend this service filled with great joy. But the writer certainly wanted to show his daughter this marvelous service when she was barely nine years old. He placed her on a chair so she could see better, and lifted her high in his arms, explaining what was happening.

Dostoevsky the father took care not only of the spiritual, but also of the material condition of the children. In 1879, shortly before his death (+1881), he wrote to his wife about the purchase of the estate:

“I’m still, my dear, thinking about my death myself and about what I will leave you and the children with ... You don’t like villages, but I have all the convictions that the village is capital, which will triple by the age of the children, and that the one who owns land, participates in political power over the state. This is the future of our children… I tremble for the children and for their fate.”

Daughter Love lived with her father for 11 years, until his death. One day her father wrote her this letter:

“My dear angel, I kiss you, and bless you, and love you very much. Thank you for writing me letters, I will read them and kiss them. And I'll think of you every time I get it."

“Listen to your mother and don’t quarrel with Fedya. Don't forget to both study. I pray to God for all of you and ask Him for your health. Convey my regards to the priest (Dostoevsky's friend, the old priest Father John Rumyantsev. - Yu.D.). Goodbye, dear Lilichka, I love you very much.

Writer Markevich recalls the day of Dostoevsky's funeral:

"Two children(Lyuba 11 years old, Fedya 9 years old - Y.D.) they hurriedly and fearfully crossed themselves on their knees. The girl in a desperate impulse rushed to me, grabbed my hand: “Pray, I beg you, pray for dad, so that if he had sins, God would forgive him.” She spoke with some striking childish expression.

At the grave of Dostoevsky. Center: A.G. Dostoevskaya and the writer's children - Fedor and Lyubov

Lyubov Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya: To find happiness...

It is difficult to live and create under the shadow of a genius. Lyubov Fedorovna also dared to become a writer, but her attempt failed. She wrote three novels which she published at her own expense. These works were rather coldly received and never republished. Someone suggested that she take a pseudonym, but she refused, tried to win the literary Olympus under the name Dostoevskaya, probably not imagining what temptations it was associated with.

She was often sick, she never had a family. She left Russia before the revolution, was treated in Europe. Her only significant contribution to literature is a large book of memoirs about her father. These memories became the main work of her life. Separate excerpts of this book were published in the USSR in the 20s of the XX century - but only the biographical information about the father, Dostoevsky's genealogy, her reflections on the revolution, of course, were seized by Soviet censorship.

The questionnaire filled out by her, still an 18-year-old girl, is very indicative. Here are some answers from it:

- What is your goal in life?
- Find happiness on earth and do not forget about the future life.
- What is happiness?
— In a calm conscience.
- What is the misfortune?
— In self-abasement and suspicious character.
- How long would you like to live?
- As long as possible.
What death would you like to die?
— left unanswered.
What is the most important virtue for you?
- Sacrifice yourself for others.
- What is your favorite writer?
- Dostoevsky.
— Where would you like to live?
Where there is more sun...

She spent her last years in Italy, where she died at the age of 56 in 1926.

Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky: Save and Continue

Dostoevsky's son Fyodor graduated from the law and natural faculties of Derpt University and became a major horse breeder. He has had a love for horses since childhood. Father wrote about little Fed:

“Fechka also asks to go for a walk, but you can’t even think about it. Grieve and cry. I show him the horses through the window when they ride, he is terribly interested in and loves horses, shouting whoa.

Fedor Fedorovich, apparently, adopted the vanity and desire to excel from his grandfather, Mikhail Andreevich. At the same time, attempts to prove himself in the literary field soon disappointed him. However, according to some contemporaries, he had abilities, but it was the label “the son of the writer Dostoevsky” that prevented him from revealing them.

In 1918, after the death of his mother, who was expelled from her own dacha by a watchman and spent her last days in a Yalta hotel, Fedor Fedorovich came to the Crimea and, risking his life (he was almost shot by the Chekists, thinking that he was engaged in smuggling), took the archive to Moscow father.

Fedor Fedorovich died in 1921. His son, Andrei Fyodorovich Dostoevsky, became the only successor to the direct line of descendants of the great writer.

Dostoevsky's children did not become geniuses and outstanding personalities: they say that nature rests on children. And world history knows no duplication of geniuses in one family, from generation to generation. Geniuses are born once in a century. It was the same with Tolstoy's children - many of them wrote, left memoirs, but who remembers them today, except for literary critics and admirers of the great old man's work? Lyuba and Fedya grew up, undoubtedly, decent and responsible people. And in such a “scattered” fate of Lyubov and Fyodor, of course, those storms and thunderstorms that swept over Russia at the beginning of the 20th century and which their father, the great writer-prophet, foresaw and predicted back in the 19th century, are largely to blame.

In the end, at God's judgment we will be asked not for what we left behind, but for what kind of people we were. In this regard, I am sure that the children of Dostoevsky have something to justify themselves before the Almighty.

Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky, Anna Grigoryevna Dostoevskaya, Lyubov Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya

Note:
* Another child of the Dostoevskys, the youngest son, did not live to be three years old and died in 1878. Fedor Mikhailovich took the early death of his two children very hard.

As is known, the author of The Brothers Karamazov had four children, two of whom, Sonya and Alyosha, died in infancy. Daughter Lyuba was childless, so all the heirs now living are descendants along the line of the son of Fedor. Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky had two sons, one of whom - also Fyodor - passed away quite young, died of starvation already in the 20s. Until recently, there were five heirs of the great writer in a straight line: great-grandson Dmitry Andreevich, his son Alexei and three granddaughters - Anna, Vera and Maria. All of them live in St. Petersburg.

Russian researchers of Dostoevsky's work and life were worried that the name of the great writer might eventually disappear. Therefore, when the long-awaited heir was born in St. Petersburg in the family of the writer's only great-great-grandson, this was regarded as an event of great significance. Moreover, they named the boy Fedor. It is curious that initially the parents intended to name the boy Ivan. And this would also be symbolic - the grandfather, father and son would have names, like the main characters of the novel "The Brothers Karamazov". However, providence decided everything. The boy was born on September 5, and according to the calendar, the name Fedor falls out at this time.

The writer's wife, Anna Grigorievna, lived until 1918. In April 1917, she decided to leave for her small estate near Adler to wait until the unrest subsided. But the revolutionary storm also reached the Black Sea coast. A former gardener on the Dostoevskaya estate, who had deserted from the front, declared that he, the proletarian, should be the true owner of the estate. Anna Grigoryevna fled to Yalta. In the Yalta hell of 1918, when the city passed from hand to hand, she spent the last months of her life and died of starvation in complete solitude and terrible torment in a Yalta hotel. There was even no one to bury her, until six months later, her son Fyodor Fyodorovich Dostoevsky arrived from Moscow. By some miracle, at the height of the Civil War, he made his way to the Crimea, but he no longer found his mother alive. She asked in her will to be buried in the grave of her husband, but there was a civil war, and it was impossible to do this, they buried her in the crypt of Autskaya church. In 1928, the temple was blown up, and her grandson Andrei learns from a letter that "her bones are lying on the ground." He goes to Yalta and, in the presence of a policeman, reburies them in a corner of the cemetery. Only in 1968, with the help of the Writers' Union, did he manage to bury Anna Grigoryevna's ashes in her husband's grave.

According to the memoirs of the writer's grandson, Andrei Fedorovich Dostoevsky, when Fedor Fedorovich was taking Dostoevsky's archive from the Crimea to Moscow, which remained after the death of Anna Grigoryevna, he was almost shot by the Chekists on suspicion of speculation - they considered that he was transporting smuggling in baskets.

Anna Snitkina with daughter Lyubov and son Fedor

Dostoevsky's son, Fyodor (1871-1921), graduated from two faculties of Derpt University - law and science, became a specialist in horse breeding, a famous horse breeder, passionately devoted himself to his beloved business and reached the same dizzying heights in it, like his father in the field of literature. He was proud and conceited, strove to be the first everywhere. He tried to prove himself in the literary field, but was disappointed in his abilities. He lived and died in Simferopol. He was buried with the money of the Historical Museum at the Vagankovsky cemetery. “I tried to find his grave in the eighties according to the descriptions, but it turned out that it was dug up in the thirties,” says the great-grandson of the writer.

Dostoevsky's favorite daughter Lyubov, Lyubochka (1868-1926), according to the memoirs of contemporaries, “was arrogant, arrogant, and simply unaccommodating. She did not help her mother to perpetuate the glory of Dostoevsky, creating her image as the daughter of a famous writer, and subsequently parted ways with Anna Grigorievna. In 1913, after another trip abroad for treatment, she stayed there forever (she became "Emma" abroad). “I thought that I could become a writer, I wrote stories and novels, but no one read it ...” She wrote an unsuccessful book “Dostoevsky in the Memoirs of Her Daughter”. Her personal life did not work out. She died in 1926 from leukemia in the Italian city of Bolzano. They buried her solemnly, but according to the Catholic rite for lack of an Orthodox priest. When the old cemetery in Bolzano was closed, the ashes of Lyubov Dostoevskaya were transferred to a new one and a huge porphyry vase was placed over the grave, the Italians collected money for it. Once I met the actor Oleg Borisov, and, having learned that he was going to those parts, I asked him to sprinkle her grave with soil from Optina Pustyn, which I took from Dostoevsky's house there.

The writer's nephew, Andrei Andreevich Dostoevsky (1863-1933), the son of his younger brother, was a surprisingly modest and devoted to the memory of Fyodor Mikhailovich man. Following the example of his father, he became a historiographer of the family. Andrei Andreevich was 66 years old when he was sent to the White Sea Canal ... Six months after his release, he died.

Dmitry Andreevich Dostoevsky.

The great-grandson of Dostoevsky, Dmitry Andreevich, born in 1945, lives in St. Petersburg. By profession, he is a tram driver, he worked all his life on route No. 34. In one of his interviews, he says: “In my youth, I hid that I was the only direct descendant of Dostoevsky in the male line. Now I'm proud to say it." Grandson Andrey Fyodorovich Dostoevsky, engineer, front-line soldier, creator of the F.M. Dostoevsky Museum in Leningrad. Here is what his son has to say about him.

“He was dominated by the well-known statement of Lenin about the “arch-bad Dostoevsky”. When Dostoevsky was thrown from the “ship of modernity” at the first Congress of Soviet Writers, his father exclaimed: “Well, I’m no longer the grandson of a Russian classic!” He was born in Simferopol. After the gymnasium, already in Soviet times, he entered the Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute. He was drawn to all sorts of pieces of iron, I know that he was almost the first in the south to take a great interest in radio. But he was expelled from the institute, according to him, for refusing to take off his student cap. Then they fought with any class affiliation. In fact, the reason was different, I managed to find it out in the archives of the FSB. He visited the house of the professor, who was later arrested.

Alexei Dmitrievich Dostoevsky

Andrei Fyodorovich Dostoevsky

After being expelled, he goes to Leningrad to his uncle Andrei Andreevich.

Here he graduated from the Polytechnic Institute and became a specialist in timber processing. Uncle was soon arrested in the "Academic Case". This case was invented by the Chekists themselves. Seven academicians were arrested and 128 more people were added to them, forty of which were employees of the Pushkin House, where Andrei Andreevich also worked.

He was given five years in prison and sent to build the White Sea-Baltic Canal. He was 64 years old, and maybe his age influenced him, maybe Lunacharsky's intercession, but he was released. He died two years later, having managed to release a book of his father's memoirs. Dostoevedy appreciate this book, it describes the childhood years of Fyodor Mikhailovich, and this is very important in understanding a person.

Shortly after his death, my father was arrested again, again accused of "counter-revolutionary" conversations with a professor from Novocherkassk. He was kept in the Big House for a month and released for lack of evidence. Mom said that since then he was very afraid ... "

It must be said that both the grandson and great-grandson of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky did for the opening of the writer's museum in St. Petersburg. Our family gave the museum furniture that belonged to the writer's nephew Andrey. I must say that the townspeople very actively responded to the museum's call to donate furniture from that era. But! Let's listen to the great-grandson of F. M., Dostoevsky: “The museum opened in 1971, after the death of my father, I began to take part in its work. Many years have passed and, of course, much has changed in the museum. Not everything that has changed, I support. The scientific work of the museum has come to naught, it has become an ordinary collection of exhibits. The exposition itself has also changed, the last change upset me. The memorial part, the writer's apartment itself, never acquired the spirit of the family that lived in it, and yet, according to the writer himself, it was the happiest time of his life.

And again, Fyodor Dostoevsky is the successor of a great family.