Functional cost analysis. FSA - functional cost analysis

16.1. Essence, tasks and scope of functional cost analysis.

16.2. Object functions and their classification.

16.3. Principles of functional cost analysis.

16.4. The sequence and methodology for conducting a functional cost analysis.

Educational training.

Essence, tasks and scope of functional cost analysis

Functional cost analysis- one of the methods of heuristic analysis, the purpose of which is to select the optimal option that ensures the full performance of the object under study (product, technological process, form of organization or production management, etc.) of its main functions at minimal cost.

The study of the possibilities of reducing the cost of the functions performed led to the name of this type of analysis in domestic science - functional cost analysis (FCA). In foreign countries, other names are also used: value analysis (or use value), engineering cost analysis, management cost (value analysis, value engineering, value management).

Functional cost analysis appeared in the 40s of the last century as a result of almost simultaneously (but in different countries) research conducted by a Russian designer

Yu.M. Sobolev from the Perm Telephone Plant and American engineer L.D. Miles of General Electric. The first development of Yu.M. Sobolev, designed using the results of the FSA, - the microtelephone amplification unit made it possible to reduce the number of parts by 70%, the consumption of materials - by 42%, the labor intensity of production - by 69%, and the total cost - by 1.7 times.

L.D. Miles in 1946 first formulated the very concept of cost analysis, defining it as "an applied philosophy of management, as a system of ways to save costs before, during and after their implementation." Since then, the FSA has been considered one of the most important innovations in management over the past hundred years.

The goal of the FSA is to achieve optimal utility at the lowest cost. Mathematically, the goal of the FSA can be represented as follows:

where Z is the cost of achieving the required consumer properties;

PC - a set of consumer properties of the object.

A feature of the goal of the FSA is not the improvement of a particular object under study, but, first of all, the search for alternative options for performing its functions and choosing the most economical among them, providing the optimal ratio between consumer properties and the costs of their implementation. It is extremely important that FSA allows solving, at first glance, two mutually exclusive tasks - reducing costs and improving the quality of the product.

The main tasks of the FSA are:

Increasing the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets;

Reducing production costs (reducing the capacity of fixed assets, working capital, energy intensity, labor intensity, increasing the return on fixed assets, material efficiency, etc.);

Improvement of production technology;

Justification of management decisions.

Object functions and their classification

The object of the FSA is the functions and their cost.

Each product, product is produced and exists in order to satisfy certain needs of consumers, that is, to perform functions in accordance with its purpose. Functions are understood as consumer properties of the object being analyzed.

A detailed study shows that objects and goods perform not one, but many functions. For example, a vase can serve as a container for flowers, as an antique, interior item, as a family heirloom, while satisfying certain aesthetic needs.

All functions in the FSA are classified according to the sphere of manifestation, the role in meeting the needs, in operation, according to the nature of detection, the degree of necessity (Fig. 16.1).

According to the sphere of manifestation and the role in meeting the needs of consumers, external and internal functions are distinguished. External (objective) functions are those that are performed by an object in interaction with the external environment.

Internal functions - those that reflect the actions and relationships within the object, due to the mechanism of its construction, performance features. The consumer advantage does not know and is not interested in them.

According to the role in meeting the needs of consumers, the main and secondary functions are distinguished among the external functions, and the main (working) and auxiliary functions are distinguished among the internal ones.

The main function is an external function that reflects the purpose, essence and purpose of creating an object. The main functions are viable for a long period. Moreover, there may be one (in the vast majority of objects) or several (in complex systems).

A secondary function is an external function, characterizing the secondary goals of creating an object, in particular, ensuring its aesthetics, ease of use, compliance with fashion, compliance with ergonomic characteristics in order to increase demand.

Rice. 16.1. The main functions of the FSA object

The main (working) function is an internal function, which consists in creating the necessary conditions for the implementation of external functions (transfer, transformation, storage, delivery of results).

Auxiliary function - an internal function that contributes to the implementation of the main functions (connecting, isolating, fixing, guaranteeing, etc.). The number and composition of auxiliary functions depends on the design, technological, managerial, and organizational features.

In general, we can say that the main functions are those that correspond to the main purpose of the object; main - those that ensure the implementation of the main ones; auxiliary help and main; superfluous are either not needed or harmful functions.

If the object under study is not complex, then in the process of FSA it is possible to single out a smaller number of functions, for example, basic, auxiliary and superfluous.

By the nature of the detection, such functions are distinguished as nominal - those that are provided and declared for execution (indicated in the documentation, technical passport), real - are actually implemented, and potential - those that can be implemented.

According to the degree of need, functions are divided into necessary and unnecessary. Necessary (useful) functions are those that satisfy the needs of consumers and are expressed in the consumer properties of the object. Technique, which is at the design stage, these requirements are specified in the terms of reference.

Extra (negative) features are those that are not needed and that may even be detrimental to consumers. Based on this, unnecessary functions are divided into unnecessary and harmful.

Unnecessary - functions that do not contribute to an increase in the efficiency of activities, the operation of an object and the improvement of consumer properties, however, they cause a rise in its cost through unproductive functions and expenses.

Harmful - these are functions that negatively affect the consumer cost and performance of the object, while causing its rise in price.

According to the role in the operation process, all functions are divided into working and non-working. Workers - functions that implement their properties during operation, direct application of the object.

Non-working (aesthetic) functions - those that satisfy the aesthetic needs of consumers in the form of design - finishes, colors, shapes, and the like.

In FSA, it is very common to group functions according to the Eisenhower principle, called the "ABC principle". In accordance with it, all functions are divided into:

On the main, basic and useful (A);

Secondary, auxiliary and useful (B);

Secondary, auxiliary and those that do not bring any benefit (C).

Separation of the functions of FSA objects is carried out using the rules given in the works of M. Karpunin, A.Ya. Kibanova, N.K. Moiseeva. So, the first rule: if the main control function cannot be implemented using any specific set of basic functions, then this means that one or more basic control functions are not provided for in this set.

Rule two: if the main control function can be implemented without any of the functions included in the originally planned set of basic functions, then this indicates that it is not the main one, but an auxiliary one.

For example, among the functions performed by the service department of an enterprise, two are the main ones - receiving orders for service and organizing the installation of equipment at the customer's. The other two act as auxiliary functions, namely: the study of product quality requirements and the organization of training for the customer's personnel in the operation of equipment, and the like. However, the service department also performs unnecessary functions, duplicating the work of other structural divisions of the enterprise, in particular, it organizes advertising and promotion of goods and services, compiles reports on the number of claims received and satisfied, and also considers claims for delivered products.

In economically developed countries, FSA is used by almost all enterprises. In Japan, FSA began to be actively used immediately after the United States removed the "top secret" for this type of analysis, and at present, almost two-thirds of products are covered by economization methods, and the average annual reduction in their cost is 12%. Now the first places in the world in terms of the scale of obtaining and implementing the results of the FSA are occupied by the USA, Japan and Germany.

Functional cost analysis has penetrated into all spheres of human activity, primarily in management, to work out measures to achieve high consumer properties of products while reducing all types of production costs. FSA is used to predict the effectiveness of a new facility or something that is being modernized, contributing to the implementation of program-target management of the scientific and technical development of the economy. This is what distinguishes it from other types of analysis, which study only acting objects. FSA is also used to evaluate the mastered process of production and operation of an object in order to improve the consumer properties of the latter and reduce the associated costs. In this case, the FSA covers the process from the creation to the operation of the object. Both creators and consumers of the object participate in such an analysis.

Functional cost analysis is also useful for improving technology, organization and production management. For example, the study of costs associated with the automation of individual control functions, allows you to reduce the total amount of costs by rational allocation of subsystems that implement these functions.

FSA has also become widespread in the design and modernization of products in mechanical engineering, where products have a complex technical structure, and with an increase in quality, costs grow progressively.

FSA occupies an important place in conducting marketing research, since it allows to determine an objective indicator of competitiveness in the form of a ratio of price and quality of products compared to competitors, contributing to an increase in the reliability of the results obtained.

Functional cost analysis is also an effective tool for improving the management system. It is indispensable in solving the issues of optimizing the organizational structure of the enterprise management apparatus, improving the quality of functions performed by structural divisions, and improving the personnel, information and technical support of the management system.

The development of the use of FSA has its own history. Initially, the method was intended only for improving manufactured products, increasing their technical and economic indicators. But later it turned out that it can be successfully used to improve design, technology, organization of production, improve management and planning, streamline supply, etc. its development. It is no coincidence that the capabilities of the FSA are highly appreciated in almost all developed countries, where it has been actively used for more than 20 years.

Consumers also received a great effect when using new and modernized products based on the FSA. This is understandable: in almost every product for any purpose, of any degree of complexity, there are hidden reserves for improvement, you just need to identify them. From the point of view of the FSA, all costs for the manufacture of products can be divided into two main groups: useful necessary for the performance of the product and its components of their functional purpose, and useless redundant, caused by imperfection of the design, the wrong choice of material and technology, shortcomings in the organization of production. Waste costs are explicit or veiled wastage of resources. The more of them, the higher the cost and the lower the quality, reliability, cost-effectiveness of the product, and hence the lower its usefulness, use value.

The purpose of the FSA is to recommend specific ways to improve the design of the product, its manufacturing technology, organization of production and operation by identifying new opportunities and eliminating the causes of unnecessary costs.

Functional cost analysis as a whole belongs to the group of methods of technical and economic analysis. Depending on the purpose of the FSA, its modifications are created. Unfortunately, even today a number of economists, many engineers and business managers do not understand the important role of the FSA in managing production efficiency, do not know its capabilities, and often its very essence.

The method was initiated by the work of the designer of the Perm Telephone Plant, Yu.M. Sobolev. Analyzing the identified shortcomings of the plant's products, he came to the conclusion that in order to eliminate them, a systematic analysis and element-by-element development of design solutions are necessary. That is, it is necessary to consider each element of a part or product separately: material, size, tolerance, cleanliness, processing accuracy class, etc. Depending on the functional purpose, the studied element Yu.M. Sobolev proposed to refer to one of two groups - the main or auxiliary.

The quality of the construction, the reliability of the operation of the object depend on the elements of the main group, so special attention should be paid to them. The elements of the auxiliary group play a secondary role, and high requirements for them are not always necessary. Even element-by-element analysis, so simple at first glance, makes it possible to immediately identify and eliminate unnecessary, unjustified costs, primarily in the auxiliary group.

Method Yu.M. Sobolev, called the method of economic analysis and element-by-element development of design solutions, aimed at a systematic search for more economical ways to manufacture products of an existing design, although it aroused interest among specialists, it was underestimated for a long time.

At about the same time, American engineers from General Electric, led by L. Miles, created a similar method. As a basis, they put the study of a set of functions that are mandatory for the product. The analyzed design was evaluated as one of many possible, alternative options that can perform the required functions. The engineering cost analysis proposed by Miles - this is how the method was first called in the USA - is aimed at reducing production costs, creating the most rational product designs. In a relatively short time, the method, which turned out to be very effective, became widespread in a number of Western countries.

Only in the late 1960s. ideas of Yu.M. Sobolev, combined with foreign experience, resulted in a systematic method - a functional cost analysis, which included both an item-by-element analysis of the product, and a technical and economic analysis of both the product itself and the process of its manufacture, and, most importantly, modern methods of searching for new technical solutions that can give the product the required high quality.

In modern conditions, FSA is "a method of systematic research of an object (product, process, structure), aimed at improving the efficiency of the use of material and labor resources." Such a definition is given in the Basic Provisions of the Methodology for Conducting Functional Cost Analysis, approved in 1982.

The FSA methodology provides for the sequential implementation of several stages of work. Often, some of the stages are combined during express FSA. Here is a summary of the content of the work at each of the stages.

Preparatory stage: choose the object to be analyzed, determine the specific goal of the FSA, then form a team of performers, as a rule, in the form of a temporary creative working group (TWG). The stage ends with the preparation of a detailed plan for conducting the FSA, the schedule of the group's work, and the preparation of other documents.

Information stage: search, collect, systematize, study information about the design, manufacturing technology, operational and economic indicators of both the analyzed object and its analogues. A block diagram of the object, tables of technical parameters and basic economic indicators are compiled.

Analytical stage: study in detail the properties of the object of analysis. Investigate the functions of the object (including its nodes and details) and distinguish among them the main and auxiliary, and among the latter - superfluous. They make up a matrix of functions, a table for diagnosing deficiencies, a list of requirements for an object and other working documents. They formulate the tasks of searching for ideas, new technical or organizational solutions designed to achieve the goal.

Creative stage: generate ideas and proposals for improving the object, eliminating the identified shortcomings. They search for solutions using effective creative methods.

Research phase is considered a continuation of the creative, as here they study, analyze and check the proposals and technical solutions received, draw them up in the form of sketches, diagrams, layouts.

Recommended step: subject the proposals and decisions to an examination, and then submit for approval to the FSA committee of the enterprise. Once approved, they become official recommendations. Implementation deadlines and responsible executors are established by the implementation schedule.

Implementation stage: in the relevant services of the enterprise, on the basis of the schedule, they develop technical and other documentation, prepare production and implement the planned work. The final procedure is the preparation of a report on the results of the FSA and an act of implementation.

Functional cost analysis is a multifaceted and often lengthy work that requires intense collective creative work, deep knowledge of its participants, and a high level of work organization. Analysis of objects of medium and high complexity usually takes several months, often six months or more. But the final results in the case of the implementation of most of the efficient proposals made in the FCA process are usually very high, so a large economic effect is achieved.

Of particular importance for a comprehensive and complete functional and economic substantiation of technical solutions are the creative and research stages, at which the following types of tasks are solved:

• functional cost assessment of options for particular solutions for each main function (differentiation task);
• functional cost assessment of synthesized solutions for the product as a whole (integration problem);
• choice of the optimal variant (optimization problem).

Differentiation problem arises at the analytical and research stages: in the first case, when distributing the real costs of manufacturing a product by functions (for the subsequent determination of the degree of correspondence between the costs and the significance of functions for consumption), in the second, when determining the costs of the designed options for the execution of functions (for comparing particular technical function decisions).

Integration problem associated with the functional cost assessment of the synthesized solutions for the product as a whole. Common methods for aggregating the cost of a product as a whole include:

• a method for calculating the cost of products by specific indicators (the cost is determined by the product of specific costs per unit parameter of an analogue product and the value of this parameter for a new product);
• method of element coefficients (the cost price is determined taking into account the complexity of the implementation of the main elements of the kinematic, electrical and other circuits of the product by introducing appropriate coefficients);
• points method (the cost is determined by assigning the main technical and operational characteristics of the designed product scoring - relative to the best achieved and promising - and their subsequent multiplication by a value multiplier obtained by dividing the cost of a previously manufactured similar product by the corresponding amount of points);
• structural analogy method (the cost is determined approximately, based on the assumption that the costs of the base and new products remain unchanged);
• method of estimating the cost based on mathematical models (the cost is determined by the mathematical dependences of its values ​​on various characteristics of the product);
• direct method of cost calculation (the cost of a product is determined by the calculation of costs for each cost item in the presence of an appropriate regulatory framework).

Optimization problem associated with the search for the best option, optimal according to given economic criteria. As such criteria, reduced costs, an integral indicator of product quality and other indicators determined by the purpose of development can be taken.

Depending on the purposefulness of the functional and economic justification of technical solutions, one of the three common forms of FSA can be used: corrective, creative and inverse. The main features of these forms are shown in fig. 2.10.

The use of the above three forms of FSA, despite a noticeable increase in the complexity of a number of stages, is fundamentally acceptable and promising for the development of many types of products and identifying ways to reduce costs while ensuring the required product quality. The complexity of the procedures can be significantly reduced by using computer technology (for example, CAD). This is ensured by introducing a special set of programs for functional and structural modeling of objects, calculating the relative importance of functions and determining allowable cost limits for functions, processing morphological maps, generating and enumerating options for performing functions, processing the results of comparing options in terms of quality and costs. On fig. 2.11 as an example, a diagram of the creative form of the FSA is given, which reflects the sequence of work performed.

Comparative evaluation and selection of options for technical solutions. Depending on the type of criteria used, the comparative evaluation of technical solutions, carried out in order to select the best options, can be complex or partial and is carried out, respectively, by a complex or differential method.

Rice. 2.10.

Rice. 2.11.

A comprehensive method for the comparative evaluation of options for technical solutions is used to assess the cumulative impact of development results on all aspects of the processes of creating and using new technology and therefore allows us to consider the effectiveness of development from the standpoint of the compliance of its results with the requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress. The objective function is generally represented as:

Efficiency criterion of the "-th performance of the product. In the case when the options are compared with the base samples, the objective function has the form:

where is the technical level of the “-th version of the product, k eb is the criterion for the effectiveness of the base sample.

The criterion of economic efficiency is determined depending on the total useful economic effect (E) that can be achieved in the areas of production (E p) and operation (E e) of the estimated performance of the product, and costs (3) in these areas (respectively Z p, Z e) necessary to achieve this effect in the considered time interval, i.e.

The criterion of technical efficiency is determined similarly depending on the total useful technical effect (T e) and costs (3) in the areas of production and operation:

In accordance with these types of beneficial effect, two development efficiency ratios are distinguished:

The scheme for a comprehensive assessment of solution options is shown in fig. 2.12.

Rice. 2.12.

An example of the practical implementation of the capabilities of the FSA is the analysis of the machine, when at the information stage its structural-elemental model is built in the form of a graph, the vertices of which are the nodes and parts of the product. Model elements are valued in terms of cost (as a percentage of the total cost of the product). At the analytical stage, a functional model is built in the form of a hierarchical graph that displays the decomposition of product functions. Each of them is evaluated in terms of significance for the implementation of the main objective function in a quantitative form. At the same stage, a model of relationships between elements and functions is created, which is shown in Fig. 2.13.

The model allows you to compare the cost of elements and their contribution to the implementation of functions. The arrows indicate the flow trajectory

Rice. 2.13. Structural-elemental model of the product for the transformation, transmission and use of energy in one of the product nodes, in numbers - a constructively determined sequence of the technological impact of the system elements on the workpiece. Based on this comparison, a functional cost diagram is constructed, which allows you to directly compare the "usefulness of a function" and its cost (Fig. 2.14). With the help of this diagram, zones of excess costs are determined.

Based on the results obtained, the creative stage of the FSA is carried out, aimed at revising design solutions and achieving an optimal ratio of utility and cost of functions. To do this, you can use the methods of solving creative problems (Delphi, the algorithm for solving inventive problems, etc.). FSA allows you to clearly define the requirements of consumers and use them to create products with an optimal ratio of functional utility and cost.

Functional cost analysis (FSA) is one of the types of economic analysis. Functional cost analysis is a method of systematic study of the functions of an individual product or a certain production and economic process, or a management structure, aimed at minimizing costs in the areas of design, development of production, marketing, industrial and domestic consumption with high quality, marginal utility and durability.

Functional-value analysis is based on the principles peculiar only to it:

Creative innovative thinking

Consistency

Complexity

Functionality of objects of analysis and costs for their implementation

The addition of the mind and experience of scientific and practical workers in various industries.

The main tasks of the functional cost analysis are:

Minimization of production costs with indispensable observance of the specified parameters of the final product;

Development of a system of indicators and standards acceptable for all levels of the management system;

Improving the technological and management process along the entire chain of production and financial activities;

Activation of economic levers, the influence of which was previously diminished;

Systematic monitoring of the effectiveness, reliability and quality of products, providing recommendations for their use.

2.2 The main stages of functional cost analysis.

The main stages of functional - cost analysis:

informational and preparatory;

analytical and creative;

commissioning;

in-line production;

control and operational.

Information and preparatory The stage begins with the selection of an object. It can be the creation of a fundamentally new product or a radical reconstruction of an old one. At this stage, all information about the production and operation of this facility and its close analogues is collected. The discovery in world practice of an already existing analogue eliminates the need for further development of the project. The new facility must meet certain criteria (reduction of material consumption, availability of components, use of biological technologies, quality and competitiveness) in the future.

For quality performance analytical stage need to create a group of experts. The main requirement in this case is that the group should include both specialists - technologists and economists - analysts. When performing the analytical stage, the entire object is presented as a set of individual elements of its design. The assessment is carried out separately for each element. When evaluating any particular design element or process, the following questions need to be answered:

Determine the function performed by this element;

Consider the need for a feature;

Determine the possibility of replacing or eliminating a function/element (whether this function can be performed by another part or design);

Is it possible to use other (cheaper) materials when performing this function;

Is it possible to use standard (smaller) parts;

Is it realistic to reduce waste while performing this function;

Is it possible to reuse waste (involving materials in recycling);

Is it possible to reduce the complexity of the operation.

Such a study is carried out for each element of the structure (object). After the completion of the studies, the main directions for minimizing the cost are determined, and the estimated effect is calculated. However, such an analysis could not be called systemic if its implementation would not guarantee the reliability and performance of the modified object.

The main task commissioning stage- experimental, bench testing of a modified or fundamentally new product. Such checks make it possible to identify shortcomings, including those of a significant order. In this case, situations are possible when the entire analytical procedure is repeated - either partially or in full.

Flow production stage is possible subject to the successful completion of the commissioning stage - if the product has passed all the checks that confirmed its efficiency, reliability and durability. But in some cases, it is on the stream that such shortcomings are revealed that the entire structure is returned for revision.

The last stage of the FSA - control and operational. The finalized design should be constantly under the supervision of developers. In addition, the presence of control over the operation of the structure makes it possible to provide feedback - obtaining information from consumers. Information received from consumers may well become material for further development of functional cost analysis.

Design and radical reconstruction of products, technologies, organizational processes result in a reduction in total costs, an increase in economic efficiency, and an increase in profits

The disadvantages of functional cost analysis can be considered its rather high cost, because it is necessary to suspend the production process, form a group of experts and ensure their working conditions, conduct a series of bench tests and, possibly, change the technological process.

Thus, this technique can be applied only at a large manufacturing enterprise and only if the reduction in the cost of production is vital, and all obvious reserves have already been exhausted.

FUNCTIONAL-COST ANALYSIS
1

General information

Functional cost analysis is a method of technical and economic
engineering
analysis,
directed
on the
increase (preservation) of the functional usefulness of the object
while minimizing the cost of its creation and operation.
The subject of FSA is the function of the object under study.
FSA is a universal high-performance
method for optimizing parameters and other design,
technological, organizational, aesthetic, economic
characteristics of the product according to the accepted criterion (criteria). AT
quality
main
criteria
speaks
defined
in a special way the ratio of consumer properties to
cost unit.
2

FSA principles

1) a functional approach that involves consideration
each object and its components as an implementation option (or
planned for implementation) a set of functions required
consumer, and finding on this basis the most effective
ways to implement these functions;
2) an integrated approach, meaning the consideration of an object with
terms of design, production, transportation,
operation, disposal (life cycle);
3) a systematic approach, meaning the consideration of an object as
system, divided into subsystems, and functions - as
system-wide and intra-system, internal relations of the object, as
direct and reverse;
4) the principle of hierarchy, which implies a gradual
detailing the analyzed functions and costs for individual
components of the object of the 1st, 2nd, n-th order;
3

FSA principles

5)principle
collective
scientific and technical
creativity, involving widespread use in FSA
methods
collective
creativity,
special
methods,
activation of creative thinking;
6) the principle of coordination, meaning the compliance of the phased
goals and objectives of the FSA to the main stages of research, pre-production,
quality management;
7)principle
strictly
regulated
the sequence of the individual stages and
sub-stages of the FSA, creating conditions for their formalization and
partial automation;
8) the principle of continuous economic evaluation of all
technical and organizational, managerial proposals;
4

FSA principles

9)principle
special
informational
and
organizational support, involving the creation
special services of the FSA, additional information
security;
10) the principle of the variety of methods used in
FSA (FAST method, brainstorming, morphological
analysis, trend, prioritization method, scoring method, method
expert assessments, black box method, correlation method
functions – König graph, etc.).
5

FSA methods

FAST method - systematic analysis method
functions; contributes to the ordering of functions and the construction
function diagrams (such as a network graph), allows
check the correctness of the wording and classification
functions using a system of logical tests.
Brainstorming is a method of activating creative
thinking, used to get a lot of
original ideas in a short amount of time.
The brainstorming procedure is carried out according to special
rules, the duration of one session is 40-60 minutes.
Used to solve problems of different levels
structuring.
6

FSA methods

TRIZ is the theory of inventive problem solving.
Used when searching for original technical solutions,
focusing developers on the maximum approximation to
ideal end result.
Provides heuristic search algorithm
solutions, various characteristics of the product. Costs for
production of a new product is determined by substitution
values ​​of the parameters of the designed product into the formula
mathematical model.
7

functional analysis

Functional analysis is the basis of the methodology
FSA.
It is a tool for identifying
necessary
consumer
properties
object
and
possibilities for its improvement.
The cost of production is ultimately the cost
functions. If some functions are not used, then the costs
they become useless.
The principle of the functional approach, which is
the basis of the FSA is a complete understanding, precise definition and
function analysis.
8

functional analysis

Functional analysis includes:
identification and formulation of functions for certain
rules
their classification,
building functional models,
determination of costs,
establishing
consumer,
values
functions
selection of functions for research.
9
With
taking into account
opinions

functional analysis

Despite the huge variety of products,
the number of functions performed by them is many times less.
For example, in a combine harvester there are about 30 thousand parts,
and the number of functions performed by them is two orders of magnitude less.
Evaluation of functions is reduced to two indicators -
utility and aesthetics. Functional analysis proceeds
from the fact that useful functions in the analyzed object
are always accompanied by neutral (auxiliary) and
harmful (useless) functions.
10

The most important rule is the formulation of the function
should be sufficiently general, not limited to
specific subject.
For example, a chair, stools, armchairs, benches have one
the general useful function is to "hold the weight".
Functions are formulated taking into account the purpose of the object.
For example, an electric incandescent lamp
table lamp, in addition to the useful function of "radiate
light”, also performs the harmful function of “radiate heat”.
When using the same lamp in an incubator, the function
"radiate heat" would be beneficial, and "radiate light" would be neutral.
11

Principles and rules for formulating functions

To formulate a function, you need to choose a verb,
describing the action.
In the function statement
characteristics of the object.
not
must
enter
For example, the function of a bicycle frame is “hold
details”, and not “ensure the rigidity of the structure”, because
rigidity is already a characteristic. Better wording
give functions in a nutshell - verb in indefinite
form and a noun in the accusative case.
The function of an electrical wire is to "conduct current"
car - "move the load." Should not be consumed
particle "not".
12

13

Classification of functions and their ranking

The main function is a useful function that reflects
the purpose of the object (the purpose of its creation). For example, a chair
must "support the weight", the screwdriver - "transmit torque
moment". Other functions of these objects can be
classified as secondary.
Example. The main function of the glasses is to "focus the light".
Additional function - "protect the eye" from hit
particles. This function does not affect the main one, but creates
additional consumer properties.
14

Classification of functions and their ranking

The main function provides execution of the main function.
There may be several main functions. Main functions
provide performance.
There are main functions:
- reception;
- input (substance, energy, information);
- transfers;
- transformations;
- storage;
- issuance.
15

Classification of functions and their ranking

Helper functions are functions that
support the main. If the main function can be
implemented without any function from the original
list of the main ones, then this function is not the main one, but
auxiliary.
There are the following auxiliary functions:
- connecting;
- insulating;
- fixing;
- guide;
- guaranteeing.
16

Classification of functions and their ranking

By
degree
utility
distinguish
useful,
neutral (useless) and harmful functions.
Neutral
function
not
affects
on the
change
consumer properties.
17

Function types

- main function - reflects the action aimed at
implementation
goals
object
(systems),
for
direct satisfaction of specific end
needs;
- the main function is an action, without which the object cannot be
can provide the required consumer properties,
the existence of the main function;
- auxiliary function - an action due to
character, design features
object, caused by a specific embodiment of the main
functions. It contributes to the performance of the main functions
or complement them.
18

Function classification

19

FSA stages

20

FSA stages

Preliminary stage. At the preliminary stage
an FSA group is created, an object for analysis is selected,
problem is formulated.
Information stage. In general, this is
formation of an information bank about details like
structures, about materials and their cost, patent
research, analysis of modern technologies.
Analytical stage. At this stage, the identification
functions and their classification, compilation of matrices
relationships, identification of functional significance, choice
elements for improvement.
21

FSA stages

In addition to relationship matrices, you can use the model
functions in the form of a graph
F0 is the main function; F1 - F8 - basic functions; f11 - f81 - auxiliary
functions; numbers in squares mean functional blocks (elements
structures).
22
Beside
with functions, you can put down the significance in% and other information.

FSA stages

Creative stage. At this stage, options are being developed
constructive solution, the choice of the best according to
a number of criteria. Technologies are treated in the same way. At
the choice of options is made economic calculations.
The significance of each main function is calculated by
formula that takes into account the ratio of the number of bonds Si
basic
functions
(through
auxiliary)
With
functional blocks, with respect to the sum ΣSi of all
connections. For example, in fig. at the main function F1 via
Auxiliary functions have three links, while F2 has only one.
23

FSA stages

Relative costs Ci for functional blocks
(elements) can be determined approximately from the assumption,
that they are proportional to the sums of the significances of the principal
functions that these blocks perform.
According to the obtained relative costs for the elements of the object, you can
construct a Pareto chart and determine those elements, the relative costs of
which in total will give about 80%. Work to improve these
24
elements
should be a priority.

FSA stages

recommendation stage. At this stage, finally
justifies the choice of the option that will be selected
for further improvement. An implementation plan is being developed
project.
Implementation stage. At the implementation stage, a group is formed
implementation.
Compiled
schedule
implementation.
Requests for resources are made. Working
documentation. Incentive measures are being developed. After
completion
implementation
carry out
audit,
define
project efficiency.
25

FSA example

Consider examples of functional analysis using the example
manual grinder. First, it is advisable to build
component model of the object. For a meat grinder, it is given
in fig.
The levels are marked on the model: A - the object of analysis and
external, associated elements; B - elements of the upper
hierarchical level of the object.
26

FSA example

Based on the model, a relationship matrix is ​​built
functions and elements (Table 9.1).
27

An example of an FSA design

For example, consider the option of conducting an FSA for
simple designs.
1. Preparatory stage. Created a group on the FSA.
Chose a product manufactured by the enterprise as a product
consumer - "Pants hanger". Design
shown schematically in Fig.
An object
consists
from
the following details: 1 -
hook; 2 - body; 3-
guide;
4
–
pin; 5 - spring
(inside clothespin).
28

An example of an FSA design

2. Information stage. The group reviewed the available
structures and technologies for their manufacture. Comparison
showed that similar products or at cost
exceed the manufactured product, or do not provide
sufficient security of fastening.
It was decided to conduct a functional analysis and
construct matrices of interconnection of functions and elements.
The main function is to hang up the pants (neatly
folded).
To execute the main function, it is necessary to execute
the following features:
- cover pants;
- create an effort;
29
- hang pants.

An example of an FSA design

3. Analytical stage. Core Relationship Matrix
functions and elements of the hanger, taking into account the cost
parts manufacturing, analysis of significance and importance
functions, is given in table.
30

An example of an FSA design

4. Creative stage. From table. 9.5 follow the conclusions.
1. It turned out to be a very large coefficient ΣР for a simple
products.
2. The main contribution is made by: part No. 3 (P = 3.0) and part No.
2 (P=1.0), which perform auxiliary functions.
3. We must try to change the design so that
decrease
amount
details,
performing
secondary functions.
31

An example of an FSA design

At this stage, the methods of TRIZ and brainstorming were used.
assault.
There are two clothespins in the design, the distance between
by which it is regulated. Maybe make one big one.
clothespin, then the guide will not be needed?
The clothespin consists of two stamped halves with
stiffeners having a common axis and a spring between
them. - Maybe make one big clothespin,
made of a bent elastic material, then the axis does not
it is necessary, and get rid of a total of six details?
The contact of the clothespin with the trousers occurs along the line. -
Can be one long clothespin made of two elastic
wires, then the contact with the trousers will be in a narrow line,
32
specific
will the pressure be greater and the mount more reliable?

An example of an FSA design

If the clothespin is made of two wires, then the end of the wires
you can fasten and bend - you get a hook.
You can not rely only on the elasticity of the wires - not
enough clamping force. We need to come up with a simple device,
which would compress the wires and unclench them.
As a result of further discussion, it was proposed
the design option shown in Fig.
New hanger option
The trousers are made up of two parts:
1 - frame; 2 - slider.
33

An example of an FSA design

5. Research stage. For new design
it is also necessary to compile a matrix of correspondence of functions and
elements (Table 9) and analyze the results.
34

An example of an FSA design

6. Recommendation stage. After a fundamental choice
option, it is necessary to develop its parameters for
manufacturing: choose wire diameter, main dimensions
designs, choose the type of coverage, consider options
design, etc. It is necessary to prepare for the implementation of the project
design and technological documentation.
The design and technology departments submit applications for
purchase of materials. Designers of the technological department
develop tooling for frame bending, stamping
slider.
A plan-schedule for the implementation of the project and terms are being developed
production of an experimental batch.
35

An example of an FSA design

7. Stage of implementation. After the production of an experimental batch
products make amendments to the design of devices, in
technological
modes,
economists
are counting
actual
cost price
products
and
expected
economic effect in the production of a certain batch.
After economic calculations, a decision is made on
production of new products.
36

Example of FSA business processes

Example 1. The company is engaged in the implementation of
domestic market of cosmetics, perfumery and household
chemistry
1. We identified the main business processes:
- activity planning;
- supplying the company with goods;
- sale of goods through trade divisions
companies;
- execution of financial transactions;
- analysis of the company's activities.
37

Example of FSA business processes

As a result of functional cost modeling
a diagram of monthly labor costs by functions was built
(rice.).
38

Example of FSA business processes

To complete the analysis in the organization
labor costs by department
more
appreciated
From fig. 9.7 it follows that it is necessary to distribute functions for more
uniform loading of departments. To complete the picture, managers
it would be necessary to indicate the share of loading of the main functions.
39

Example of FSA business processes

The company also estimated the cost of funds for the implementation
core functions, support and business processes and
carried out redistribution processes
It can be seen that after analysis and
transformations
increased costs
on core and business processes, and reduced
support costs
processes, which increased
efficiency
activities.
40

Application of the FSA in the organization

To complete the documents, the visitor had to go through four
office: No. 1 - appointment with a technical specialist, which takes 1 5 minutes;
No. 2 - the employee made entries in the journal for 10 minutes; No. 3 - Economist
performed calculations within 10 min; No. 4 - the employee accepted payment for
transactions in the amount of 100 rubles, made notes and issued a receipt, all this in
within 5 min.
The process diagram is shown in fig.
41

Application of the FSA in the organization

Total: each stream serves 15 people per day, 30 people in total.
The sum of the daily payment of all visitors is 30 x 100 = 3000 rubles.
The daily salary of all specialists was 450x4 = 1800 rubles.
The daily profit from the FSA amounted to 1200 rubles.

The company's activities need to be optimized... For some managers, "optimization" is an order issued from above, for others it is an urgent need, a project, the result of which depends on the future of the company. One way or another, top managers of the company or external consultants begin to analyze and optimize activities. At the same time, their ideas and proposals for improving the business can be radically opposite. It is difficult to understand which idea is the most advantageous. And to conduct experiments on a real company is too expensive.

You can build the right business without experimenting with the company and employees using methods "simulation modeling" and "functional cost analysis" (FSA).

Simulation- a research method that allows you to analyze the system without changing it. This is possible due to the fact that the system under study is replaced by an imitating one. Experiments are carried out with a simulating system, and the resulting information characterizes the system under study. Speaking about the analysis of the company's activities, the method allows you to simulate the execution of a business process model as it would happen in reality, and get a real estimate of the duration of each process.

Functional cost analysis- a tool designed to assess the cost of a product (service). Conducting a functional cost analysis allows you to get an estimate of the cost through the management of processes aimed at producing a product or providing a service. This is the difference between the method of functional cost analysis of business processes and traditional financial methods of cost accounting, in which the company's activities are evaluated by functional operations, and not by specific products (services) provided to the customer. Functional cost analysis is based on the following provision: for the production of a product (service), it is necessary to perform a number of processes, while spending certain resources. Process execution costs are calculated by transferring the cost of resources to the cost of process steps. The sum of expenses for the implementation of all processes, with certain amendments, is the cost of the product (service). If traditional methods calculate the costs for a certain type of activity only by categories of expenses, then the functional cost analysis shows the cost of performing all the steps in the process. Thus, the method of functional cost analysis allows you to most accurately determine the costs of producing products (rendering services), and also provides information for analyzing business processes and improving them.

In the Business Studio system, the methods of functional cost analysis and simulation modeling are used in parallel. Functional cost analysis is necessary to calculate the cost of the process. The cost of a process is calculated by transferring the cost of resources to the cost of the process steps performed. The task of simulation modeling is to calculate the duration of each step of the process.

The stages of functional cost analysis and simulation modeling include:

• Development of a process model;
• Setting the time parameters of the final (non-decomposed) processes;
• Sets the resource settings required to run these processes. Resources are divided into temporary and material. The cost of a temporary resource is transferred to the cost of the process in proportion to the time that the resource spends on the execution of the process, the cost of the material resource is proportional to the number of repetitions of the process;
• Assigning resources to processes;
• Carrying out simulation of the execution of processes.

Methodology "Simulation modeling and functional cost analysis" contains recommendations on the practical application of the considered methods in modeling and analyzing business processes created in the Business Studio system.