Fragments of the left-handed tale where the voice of the narrator is heard. Tale as a genre of children's literature

The writing

Pride for Russia and its people in "The Tale of the Tula Lefty and the Steel Flea" by N. S. Leskova
1. The carrier of the world glory of Russia. 2. Platov is the bearer of military prowess. 3. Left-handed and respectable Londoners. 4. The appearance of the narrator in the tale "Lefty". 5. Leskov - "the writer of the future."

One of the most poetic instructive works of N. S. Leskov is the tale "Lefty". The idea of ​​"Lefty", according to Leskov, arose from the saying: "The Englishman made a flea out of steel, and the Russian shoed it."

The image of Lefty, the main character of the tale, includes all the features characteristic of the Leskovsky righteous, has one more - the main one: he is the bearer of the world glory of Russia. Therefore, Lefty acts in the tale mainly not among fellow countrymen, but abroad. He is not only a great talent, but also a patriot. As you know, Lefty was very liked by the Londoners, who persuaded him to stay in England, marry an Englishwoman, and promised a prosperous life. Lefty answered all this with a decisive refusal: "We are committed to our homeland."

The Cossack Zemlyanukhin was also not tempted by a prosperous foreign life, although he was praised there, taken to theaters, to dinner parties, and even a meeting of the English Parliament was held in his honor. After that, the British asked him to stay with them, promising him a rich land, but he refused this, saying that "he would not exchange the late hut of the Quiet Don for any treasure."

The fate of the Cossack Zemlyanukhin turned out to be happier than the fate of Levsha. General Platov introduced him to the All-Russian Emperor ... promoted him to the constable by the highest permission, fired him to the Don due to poor health.

In the tale "Lefty", the Russian man-creator, inextricably linked with his native land, is opposed not only by the machine, mechanical culture of Europe, but also by the Tsar of Russia and his retinue. The whole way of thinking of the tsar is in complete contradiction with the way of thinking of the patriot of Russia, General Platov, who tried in vain to prove to the tsar that "the Russians can do everything, but only they have no useful teaching."

Oblique Lefty does not have a name in the tale, and even his nickname is written with a small letter. He is a symbol of the Russian people. The nameless master and his comrades "undertook to support Platov and all of Russia with him" to prove her unsurpassed originality and talent. The nondescript Tula artisan freely, with self-respect, talks with both the tsar and the learned English. He is helped by faith in the strength of his homeland, a deep conviction in the wisdom of the foundations of the people's life in Russia: "Our Russian faith is the most correct, and as our forefathers believed, so should pets believe."

General Platov is the bearer of Russia's military prowess, Lefty is the bearer of her labor prowess. The country is based on them. They are its authorized representatives, not the kings and their retinue. The characters of Platov and Lefty are very similar, despite the difference in their social status. Both of them are kind, honest, selfless people who live not for themselves, but for their homeland.

The "courageous old man" Platov did not amass wealth, he did not amass respect from the royal court, having resigned. Like Lefty, Platov is a man of a broad Russian soul, he is democratic and incorruptible. The royal retinue is alien to him, but she does not favor him either. Noticing Platov's excitement about how the Tula people carried out his order, the "court officials" all turned away from him, because they could not stand him for his courage.

Convinced that “we Russians are no good with our values,” the tsar and his brother gave power in the government to many foreigners. Ministers - Counts Kiselvrode (Nesselrode), Kleinmichel and others, of course, could not be patriots of Russia, defenders of the Russian people. The tsar and his entourage are shown by Leskov as a force deeply alien to the people. There is no life for a talented person in this country. He is robbed, beaten, brutally abused, even when he is in a helpless state.

The genre of the tale itself assumed the type of narrator close to the people, the comprehension of the event in the spirit of the people. Leskov emphasizes the main thing in the guise of those in power: external pomposity, stupidity, evil malice, falsehood. It is these features that catch the eye of Platov and Levsha. Tsar Alexander is ridiculous and stupid, gasping endlessly at the sight of overseas novelties and paying a million rubles in silver patches for an unnecessary dancing "nymphosoria". But his stubborn disrespect for his native people and admiration for everything foreign is no longer funny, but insulting.

The image of "respectable" Englishmen is conducted by Leskov in tones of cheerful humor. These are honest, hardworking people who sincerely wish the best for Lefty. They are solid, but internally wingless people, slaves and admirers of the "practical devices of mechanical science." They made a metal flea to surprise the world, and they were sure that no one could surpass them.

Leskov, using the example of the labor feat of Levsha and his comrades, bitterly shows that the Russian government cannot and does not want to direct the great creative power of the Russian people to transform a backward country. The forces of brilliant people were wasted on trifles, although amazing in their art.

The end of the tale "Lefty" is especially strong artistically. It is in these scenes (Lefty in England and his tragic death), depicting the victory of Russian talent and his subsequent death in his homeland, that the main idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe tale is concluded.

The appearance of the narrator in the tale "Lefty", his speech merges with the appearance and speech of the main character of the tale. The originality of the perception of life, which is alien to the narrator and the hero, the comic and satirical rethinking of many of its concepts and language creates a special style of the story about Lefty.

The author characterizes the style of the tale "Lefty" as "fabulous", that is, fabulous, fable. But Lefty stands before readers as a living person, and not a conventional fairy-tale hero. And this impression is created largely thanks to the popular colloquial language, thanks to the storyteller's ability to reveal the character's psychology through dialogue. Both the events and the speech of the characters in the tale are devoid of fantasy. Everything is perceived as quite real and believable.

Leo Tolstoy called Leskov "the writer of the future", apparently investing in this definition the idea that future generations will understand how much Leskov did to understand the character of the Russian people. Tolstoy's prophecy came true. Today, Leskov has become closer to his native people than he was during his lifetime.

Other writings on this work

Literature Lesson Plan Grade 6

Lesson topic:Literary portrait of the writer.

Tale "Lefty": the definition of the genre.

Program edited by V.Ya. Korovina; 6th grade

Target: Get acquainted with the biography of N.S. Leskov and determine the originality of the genre of the work "Lefty".

Tasks:

Educational:

Get acquainted with the biography of the writer.

Give an idea of ​​the genre of the work (narrative).

Learn to analyze a literary work.

Developing:

Develop individual and group work skills.

Develop monologue skills.

The ability to extract the necessary information from the text.

Ability to characterize characters.

Ability to justify your answer.

Educational:

Cultivate love for Russian literature.

To form an interest in the work of the writer.

To educate the patriotic qualities of students.

Cultivate self-esteem.

Ability to work individually and in groups.

Build a respectful relationship with others.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Lesson Form : conversation.

Equipment :

Portrait of N.S. Leskova

Textbook

lesson

Lesson stage

Chrono-length

Teacher activity

Student activities

Organizational.

2 minutes.

Greetings. Check your readiness for the lesson.

Welcome teachers. Check readiness for the lesson.

Knowledge update.

7 min.

At home, you had to carefully read the textbook article about N. S. Leskov and his work “Lefty”.

The purpose of our lesson :

Get acquainted with the biography of the writer, determine the genre and the main idea of ​​the work.

Conversation on the textbook article pp. 224-226 .

What do you know about the writer and his family?

(Nikolai Semenovich Leskov was born into the family of a petty official who came from priesthood in the city of Orel. From his mother, who married against the will of his parents, he inherited passion, and from his father, who refused to become a priest, inherited love of life.

What education did N.S. Leskov?

(Leskov received his education first in the wealthy Strakhov family, then at the Oryol gymnasium, which he did not graduate from. Then he independently replenished his knowledge. He entered the service of the Oryol Criminal Chamber, then transferred to the Kyiv Treasury Chamber, then moved to a private company and traveled on official business all of Russia.)

Student responses.

Student responses.

Student responses.

Explanation of new material.

25 min.

Teacher's word.

For the first time, we are addressing the study of the work of one of the most interesting Russian writers.

Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov belongs to the best writers of the 19th century.

None of the Russian writers strikes like Leskov, with his skill and amazing variety of subjects of creativity. The life of peasants, artisans, landowners and merchants, officials and clergy, kings and soldiers, detectives and policemen, intellectuals and schismatics rises before the readers of his works... Belief in the "moral prowess" of working people inspired the writer with confidence in the inexhaustibility of the people's forces.

You have already said that Leskov traveled all over Russia.

Everything that he saw and learned was the richest material for his articles and essays, which began to appear in print from the 1860s. Leskov was noticed by readers and journalists, he becomes an employee of a number of newspapers and magazines.

Later, answering a newspaper reporter's question: "Where do you draw material for your works?" - Leskov pointed to his forehead: “Here from this chest. Here are stored the impressions of my commercial service, when I had to travel around Russia on business, this is the best time of my life, when I saw a lot and lived easily.

All of you probably know the most famous hero - Lefty. This hero received, with the light hand of the writer, an independent life.

Let's write down the name of the work in notebooks:

Tale of the Tula oblique left-hander and the steel flea.

The tale was written in 1881, although the idea

story arose much earlier, in 1878, when Leskov was visiting the house of a gunsmith in

Sestroretsk. He was interested in the joke, which was used by the people, "like the British from

they made a flea, and our Tula people shod it, and sent it back to them.

Having based this saying on the basis of his work, Leskov outlined the legend of the Tula master in the genre of a tale.

Why do you think Leskov referred to the old gunsmith's story?

(Leskov wanted the legend of Lefty to come as if from the lips of the people. And most importantly, to create the illusion of his non-involvement in the story of Lefty).

The writer himself determined the genre of his work: it is a tale.

Read what a tale is on page 269 of the textbook.

(A tale is a genre of epic based on folk traditions and legends. The narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a person with a special character and way of speech.)

Write this definition down and study it at home.

Thus, the genre of the tale implies a narrator - a person close to the people. The tale of Lefty is very close to the work of oral folk art. There is a beginning, repetitions, dialogues, an ending. There are many new words in the tale, in the meaning of which the author puts a humorous beginning. For example, he calls the multiplication table "multiplication table". But we will talk about the features of the skaz language in the next lessons.

And now let's work with chapter 1 of the tale.

I will read the chapter to you, and you will listen carefully and answer a few questions.

(teacher reading pp. 226-228).

Answers on questions.

1. Who do you think the narrator could be and why?

(The narrator, most likely, is a simple person, an artisan, a craftsman. This is manifested in his speech. There are many irregularities and vernacular in it - travel, internecine conversations, tangled, etc. There are many words characteristic of folklore works - see in different states of wonders , all the sovereign beckoned home, there was a married man.

In addition, historical characters - Alexander I and Platov - are shown from the point of view of a simple person, their actions and speech cause a smile. For example, Platov said to himself: “Well, here is the Sabbath. Until now, I have endured, but no longer.)

2. When and where does the action of the tale take place?

(In Russia and England soon after the war with Napoleon.)

3. What historical facts are mentioned in the work?

(Congress of Vienna 1814 - 1815, Alexander's trip I with Platov to London, the Decembrist uprising of 1825, called "confusion").

Write down the main points in a notebook.

Write down the title of the work.

Student responses.

Read the definition.

Write down the definition.

They listen carefully.

Student responses.

Student responses.

Student responses.

Consolidation of new material.

5 minutes.

Let's sum up our lesson.

Why did Leskov choose a common man as the narrator?

What is the unusual genre of this work?

Grading.

Student responses.

Student responses.

Reflection.

4 min.

What new did you learn in the lesson?

What do you especially remember?

What seemed difficult?

Student responses.

Student responses.

Student responses.

6. Homework

2 minutes.

Write out quotes from the text of the work that characterize:

Group 1 (option) - Alexander Pavlovich

Group 2 (option) - Nikolai Pavlovich

Group 3 (option) - Platova

Group 4 (option) - Lefty

And one more additional task:

Prepare a short report on the Congress of Vienna.

Write down homework.

FORTY
forties, fatal,
military and frontline
Where are the funeral notices
And echelon interchanges.
Rolled rails hum.
Spacious. Cold. High.
And fire victims, fire victims
They wander from west to east...
And this is me at the station,
In his muddy earflap,
Where the asterisk is not authorized,
And cut out of a can.
Yes, this is me in the world,
Skinny, funny and playful.
And I have tobacco in a pouch,
And I have a mouthpiece dial.
And I'm joking with the girl
And I limp more than necessary.
And I break the solder in two,
And I understand everything.
How it was! How matched...
War, trouble, dream and youth!
And it all sunk into me
And only then I woke up! .
forties, fatal,
Lead, gunpowder! .
War walks in Russia,
And we are so young!

Questions:
1. What moods are permeated by D. Samoilov's poem? How does the author's intonation change along with the mood?
2. Pay attention to the abundance of epithets in the first quatrain. Is it possible to understand the emotional mood of the author and the theme of the poem if you read aloud only the epithets of this quatrain?
3. Why do you think there are so many words denoting space in the second quatrain ("spacious", "high", "from west to east")?
4. With what feeling does the young poet remember himself twenty years later?
5. Ask your loved ones to tell you about poems and songs dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

1. What is the meaning of the term "skaz"?
2. By what signs P.P. Bazhov "Stone Flower" can be attributed to the genre of the tale?
3. What made master Prokopyich famous?
4. Why were the children afraid to get trained by him?
6. Why did the boy take root with the master? What united them?
7. What character trait helped Dagilka to comprehend the secrets of malachite craftsmanship?
8. In what did he see the beauty of the stone?
9. Tell us about Danilushka's meeting with the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. What does the Mistress represent?
10. What rituals does the author describe and how do they help to convey the state of mind of the hero?
Story: STONE FLOWERMountain master.

The river of time in its striving
Takes away all the affairs of people
And drowns in the abyss of oblivion
Peoples, kingdoms and kings.
And if anything remains
Through the sounds of the lyre and the trumpet,
Then eternity will be devoured by the mouth
And the common fate will not go away.

1. What lyrics does the work belong to?
2. What questions does the author raise? What is he talking about?
3. An associative plan for the perception of a work (associations of a philosophical, abstract plan, reminiscences - an element of the artistic system, which consists in the use of the general structure, individual elements or motifs of previously known works of art on the same (or close) topic; a vague memory, as well as a phenomenon suggestive to remember, to match with something, an echo)
4. The mood of the lyrical hero.
5. Chronotope. Analyze the temporal space of the verse (pay attention to the grammatical organization of the work - temporal categories). Compare images of time and images of eternity. The subtext of the work.
6. Analysis of linguistic means: images - symbols, metaphors.
7. What tone is given by the phonetic organization of the verse?
8. What does the poem make you think about?

Thinking about what we read

1. Why did the nameless master (left-handed) and his comrades undertake to support Platov and all of Russia with him?

2. Read the scene in the palace. Pay attention to the portrait of the left-hander. How does he deal with the king and his entourage?

3. Why is it that “the master’s name is displayed on each horseshoe: which Russian master made that horseshoe”, but the name of the left-hander was not there?

4. How did the British manage to persuade the lefty to stay in England? What made a special impression on him abroad?

5. How did N. S. Leskov portray General Platov? What is the main thing in his character? What features of the folk hero does the author admire, and which ones does he reject?

Find in the tale episodes depicting the royal environment, details of the text that convey the author's satirical attitude towards his representatives. Read these scenes so that the author's caustic mockery is felt.

The Encyclopedic Dictionary has information about Platov:

“Platov, Matvey Ivanovich (1751-1818), Russian military figure, cavalry general, ally of A. V. Suvorov and M. I. Kutuzov. In 1790, Platov commanded a column during the assault on Izmail ... In the Patriotic War of 1812, Platov, commanding a cavalry corps, covered the withdrawal of Bagration's 2nd Army, and then the 1st and 2nd Russian armies. In the battle of Borodino, he carried out a successful maneuver in the rear of the left wing of the French troops. Platov was the initiator and organizer of the Don Cossack militia against the French invaders.

How does this message differ from the image of Platov in the tale "Lefty".

Improve your speech

1. The genre of the tale suggests a narrator close to the people. Read the fragments of the tale where the voice of the narrator is heard. Pay attention to his speech. Which of the characters in the story is he closest to? Support your answer with quotes from the text.

2. The tale of the left-hander is very close to the work of oral folk art. Find in it the methods of fairy tale narration: beginning, repetitions, dialogues, ending - think about the role they play in the work.

3. There are many new words in the tale about the left-hander. Word creation begins where the narrator or hero encounters non-Russian names that are incomprehensible to an illiterate person. The craftsman, talking about things unfamiliar and foreign to him, distorts their names according to his own idea of ​​them. But at the same time, the narrator puts in them a humorous meaning in the spirit of popular understanding, for example: a couch is a “couch”, “messengers” are “whistles”, a table is “dolbitsa”. Continue with these examples. Pay attention to who they belong to.

4. According to Leskov, the idea of ​​"Lefty" arose from the saying: "The Englishman made a flea out of steel, and the Russian shoed it." There are many Russian proverbs and sayings in the language of the tale, for example: “He even has an Ovechkin fur coat, but the soul of a man”, “Morning is wiser than night”, etc. Find more proverbs and sayings.

5. Tell us about the character of a left-hander. You can use the following quotation plan:

a) “- Burn yourself, but we have no time, - and again he hid his plucked head, slammed the shutter and set to work”;

b) “He’s wearing what he was: in shawls, one leg is in a boot, the other is dangling, and the ozyamchik is old, the hooks do not fasten, they are lost, and the collar is torn; but nothing, he will not be embarrassed”;

c) “... I worked smaller than these horseshoes: I forged carnations, with which the horseshoes were clogged - no melkoscop can take it anymore”;

d) “About this,” he says, “there is no doubt that we have not gone into the sciences, but only faithfully devoted to our fatherland”;

e) "... And I want to return to my native place, because otherwise I can get a kind of insanity."

Think about what points could be added to this plan.

6. Leskov said: "... where "left-handed" stands, one must read "Russian people". With this in mind, think about why the oblique left-hander in the tale does not have a name and even his nickname is written with a small letter.

Creative task

L. N. Tolstoy called Leskov "the writer of the future." What, in your opinion, is the meaning of the great writer in these words? Prepare a detailed written answer to this question.

Literature and other arts

1. Consider a portrait of a left-hander and illustrations by the artist N. Kuzmin. Pay attention to how the artist depicted the left-hander and other heroes. What is the attitude of the artist to the depicted?

2. One of the critics expressed his opinion about N. Kuzmin’s drawings for the tale “Lefty” in the following way: “Kuzmin’s Lesk touch ... mischievous, unexpected, sharp, but essentially kind ... which the artist entered in order to experience "from the inside** his event".

Do you agree with this statement?

3. Consider the Kukryniksy illustrations for "Lefty". Is it possible to agree with the following statement: “Here the artists are hurt for being left-handed, so that one can almost feel their personal resentment”?

4. Interest in "Lefty" has not decreased for more than a hundred years since its inception. Artists, directors, composers turn to Leskov's tale. It was staged on the theater stages of many cities (the Moscow Art Theater - 1924, the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. M. Kirov, the Moscow Spesivtsev Theater - 1980, etc.). The cartoon and the television movie "Lefty" passed through the screens with great success. If you saw one of them, answer the question: did your ideas from what you read match what you saw?

5. In the old part of the city of Orel, next to the building of the gymnasium where N. S. Leskov studied, and the Church of Michael the Archangel, the surroundings of which became the scene of the writer’s works, there is a monument to N. S. Leskov by the authors Yu. G. and Yu. Yu Nut. If you have seen this monument or its image (on postcards, on the Internet), answer the questions: what is the peculiarity of this monument? Do you recognize the heroes of N. S. Leskov?