Forms and methods of work on innovation. Features of organizational forms of innovative activity

Topic 12. Organizational forms of innovation

Considering the organizational forms of innovation activity, it is necessary to distinguish five different levels of organization of innovation activity:

State (federal);

Regional;

Industry;

Intercompany;

Branded inside.

At each of these levels, different

Within a company, various forms of small innovative business. Small innovative entrepreneurship is associated with the formation of new firms within old companies, the creation and operation of risky firms, the development and implementation of "incubator programs". Firms-incubators are one of the organized forms of intensifying innovative activity.

New firms within old companies

New firms within old companies represent a progressive method for the formation of young companies. Corporations themselves subsidize the start-up of new firms in order to prevent the exit of key workers, lured by talent-seeking venture capitalists. They also allow you to attract specialists from other firms to work in your corporation. The usual way companies operate is to take over all the financial matters of the young firms, which allows the parent company to own at least 80% of the new firm (the rest is in the hands of the founding employees). In the books, the new in-house firm is listed as a subsidiary, but is in fact a separate company with

by its board of directors. However, losses from the activities of the latter in the initial period of its development have to be entered into the books of the parent company. At the same time, the subsidizing company cannot receive 100% of the profits of the newcomer, since the latter does not belong to it completely.

After a few years, the parent company - the controlling shareholder gets the opportunity to buy back the shares owned by the employees - the founders, who receive certain capital gains.

Venture firms - risk firms

A risk firm is an organization created to implement an innovative project associated with a significant risk.

The foundation of a risk firm is as follows. A group of several people who have an original idea in the field of new technology or the production of new products, but do not have the means for production, come into contact with one or more investors (venture funds) who further finance the activities of the risk firm.

Incubator Programs and Small Firm Networks

Many high-tech Russian organizations build their survival strategy on the basis of "incubator programs" and are "incubator firms". An “incubator firm” is an organization created by local governments or large companies with the aim of growing new companies. Firms-incubators are created for leasing to newly organized companies for a low fee of service

premises and providing them with a number of services on preferential terms, including the possibility of obtaining advice from experts on managerial, technical, economic, commercial and legal issues. There are three types of incubator firms.

The first type is nonprofit. They are the most numerous. Non-profit incubator firms are subsidized by local organizations interested in creating jobs and economic development of the region.

Firms-incubators of the second type are profitable. These are private organizations, the total number of which is constantly increasing. Unlike non-profit firms, incubators of the second type, as a rule, do not offer reduced tariffs for services, but they allow tenants, providing them with a wide range of services, pay only for those with which the tenant

actually used.

Incubators of the third type are formed as branches of higher educational institutions. They provide the most effective assistance to companies that are going to develop and produce technologically complex products.

Intra-company level of organization of innovation activity.

Corporations are creating a powerful multi-channel system for accumulating innovations and their implementation. The main link of the innovation policy is the research departments. The nature of the tasks, business horizons and risk distribution of innovative projects differ depending on the affiliation of the research organization to one or another corporate level (headquarters, sector, economic department).

The central laboratories are engaged in the search for strategic technical solutions based on fundamental scientific research. At the level of research centers of sectors, basic technologies are being developed for their organizations. If certain technologies are potentially applicable in different sectors, then specialized cross-sector technology centers are engaged in their development.

At the level of economic departments, the tasks of laboratories are predominantly of an applied nature. These are product development, quality programs, engineering and technical services for enterprises and its

improvement, cost reduction.

Brigade innovation and temporary creative teams are a necessary element of the organization of the innovation process. The increased pace of innovation has led to a reduction in both design time and product life cycle. Developers who want to succeed must also be market researchers. One competence in technical matters

not enough. The difficulties of creating something new, combined with the growing complexity of technology and technology, predetermine the team method of work.

bootlegging represents an underground, smuggled invention, secret work on unscheduled projects. Support and encouragement of bootlegging contributes to the revitalization of creative workers.

Risk divisions of companies are created by large corporations in order to master the latest technologies and are small, autonomously controlled and specialized industries. Funds for them

creations are allocated by corporate divisions with their own budget, so-called risk financing.

The peculiarity of the implementation of the corporate strategy lies in the fact that the organizational structure is built on the principle of commonality of applied technologies.

Corporate business is focused on five innovative key parameters:

Creation of new products;

Technology exchange within the firm;

Technology transfer within the firm;

Independence of economic departments in innovative activity;

Empowerment of innovators in creative search.

Alliances, consortiums and joint ventures as a form

There are four main forms of inter-firm cooperation:

Agreements on cooperation on certain aspects of activity;

Creation of joint ventures (JV);

Acquisition agreements for innovative small firms by large companies to acquire new technologies;

Establishment of contractual relations (on the basis of long-term contracts) between suppliers of materials and components and their consumers.

A scientific and technical alliance is usually called a stable association of several firms of various sizes among themselves and / or with universities, state laboratories on the basis of an agreement on the joint financing of R&D, development or modernization of products.

Scientific and technical alliances are divided into research alliances, created for the implementation of a specific scientific project, and scientific and production alliances, created for the development and production of new products. If partners from different countries participate in such cooperation, then the alliances become international. Creating technology beyond rigid

national borders, alliances reduce the impact of the number of insurance factors, risks, limited resources, rigidity of government regulation.

There are horizontal (firms in the same industry) and vertical (firms in different industries) scientific and technical alliances.

Members of the alliance make their contributions in the form of intellectual, material and other resources, and after achieving results, they receive their share of intellectual property by agreement.

In the spectrum of organizational forms, alliances occupy an intermediate step.

between informal cooperation and full merger.

Management is carried out either by one of the leading members of the alliance, or by a specially appointed coordinating committee.

Consortium. A consortium is a voluntary association of organizations to solve a specific problem, implement a program, or implement a major project. The consortium assumes the division of responsibility between the parent companies, equal rights of partners and centralized management.

It may include enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership, profile and size. The participants of the consortium retain their full economic independence and are subordinate to the jointly elected executive body in that part of the activity that relates to the goals of the consortium. After the task is completed, the consortium is dissolved.

Within the framework of the consortium, it became possible for their participants to:

Performing research that could not be done independently due to significant costs and risks;

Distribution of R&D costs among several participating firms;

Consolidation by participating firms of scarce labor and material resources for R&D.

Joint ventures

An international joint venture can be defined as an institution

inter-firm cooperation in the development, production or marketing of a product that crosses national borders, is not based on short-term market transactions and involves a significant and lasting contribution from partners in the form of capital,

technology or other assets. In many cases, management responsibility is shared between partner firms.

There are four types of technology-oriented joint ventures:

Collaboration between firms only in research;

Exchange of proven technologies within a single product line or across multiple products;

Joint development of one or more products;

Collaboration through the implementation of various functions or stages in the life cycle of products.

There are several reasons for the increased popularity of joint ventures. Among them are the following.

A situation often arises when the increased technological capabilities of foreign firms increase the demand among companies in a given country for foreign partners in a joint venture.

The cost of research and development required to bring a new product or process to market has increased substantially in many high-tech industries. Rising development costs place severe limits on firms' ability to sustain expensive R&D programs and increase the importance of penetrating foreign markets to ensure commercial success. Firms in some industries require markets that are much larger than their national counterparts.

Another source of cost pressure on R&D programs is technological convergence. Technology, once peripheral to firms' commercial and research activities, has now become central to competitive advantage in a number of technology-intensive industries. Technological convergence means that firms

must quickly gain experience in mastering a wider range of technologies and scientific disciplines, increasingly straining the R&D budget and human resources.

Shortening product life cycles in many

high-tech industries has increased the urgent need to quickly penetrate global markets with new products. Simultaneous product introduction in multiple industrialized countries is essential to commercial success today. Such rapid penetration may require co-production or cooperation with a firm that already has the necessary distribution system.

The importance of maintaining technical standards for commercial success makes the rapid penetration of a new product in many markets especially significant. Establishing a product as a de facto standard or dominant model can provide a profitable basis for introducing other related products or subsequent generations of that model.

A significant factor explaining the current increase in domestic and international cooperation is the central role of relatively small start-up firms in the commercialization of new technologies.

Regional level of organization of innovation activity.

In order to pursue the innovation policy of the region, it is necessary to form a system for monitoring innovation potential, create a regional system for supporting and developing innovation, and, together with federal institutions, to resolve issues of coordinating the activities of organizations involved in innovation in the region. At the same time, it is necessary to develop in every possible way the infrastructure for supporting innovation activity in the region as an integral part of an integral state system that ensures the creation of jobs for highly qualified specialists.

Regional scientific and technical centers:

founding center represents a new organizational form of innovation activity, a territorial community of newly created organizations, mainly manufacturing and manufacturing services, which has common administrative buildings, a management and consulting system.

The founding center is managed in half of the cases by collective bodies (councils), in other cases by managers

(Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. P. 110).

Innovation Center conducts joint research with firms, teaches students the basics of innovation, organizes new commercial companies. The innovation projects carried out at the center are applied research with a high probability of success, for which the cost of providing technical and commercial advice is not

exceed several thousand dollars.

Industrial Technology Center aims to promote the introduction of innovations in mass production. This is achieved by conducting appropriate expertise, scientific research and providing advice to industrial firms, especially small ones, as well as individual inventors in the development of scientific and technical innovations.

University - industrial center is formed at universities to connect the financial resources of industrial firms and the scientific potential (human and technical) of universities. Such centers conduct mainly fundamental research in areas in which participating firms are interested.

industrial yard is a territorial community of predominantly small and medium-sized organizations located in the same complex of buildings, managed by the parent company.

Engineering centers (EC) at universities are created on the basis of large universities with government financial support to stimulate the development of new technologies. They perform two main functions. The first function is aimed at studying the fundamental laws underlying the engineering design of fundamentally new artificial systems that do not exist in nature. Such studies

they supply the industry not with a development ready for implementation, but with a theory within a certain area of ​​engineering activity, which can then be applied to solve specific production problems. Another function aims to train a new generation of engineers with the necessary level of qualification and a broad scientific and technical outlook. The experience of the created ICs shows that one of the most effective ways to strengthen them is to establish long-term business contacts between the employees of the centers and engineers working in industry. Financing firms are required to send their specialists to the centers for permanent or temporary work. The organizational structure of the centers provides not only for the creative cooperation of engineers directly at each stage of work, but also for the participation of business representatives in management at all levels.

State (federal) level of organization of innovation activity.

Science Park (NP)- a new form of cooperation between industrial firms and universities. Industrial companies create their research organizations and enterprises near universities, which attract university staff to work on orders from firms. In turn, scientists have the opportunity to apply the results of their research in practice. This new form of cooperation between industry and science allows you to create new jobs.

Technology park (TP)- one of the most common forms of functioning of developers of new technologies in the USA and Western Europe, with risk firms.

Among the great diversity, three main ways of the occurrence of TP are clearly distinguished:

Employees often act as small and medium-sized entrepreneurs

university and research centers (SRC) seeking to commercialize the results of their own scientific developments.

Creation of their own specialized small firms by scientific and technical personnel of large industrial associations who leave their firm to start their own business.

Small and medium-sized firms in TP arise as a result of the transformation of already

operating enterprises intending to take advantage of the preferential conditions that exist for TP in accordance with state legislation.

TP centers are well-equipped and well-trained bureaus that perform organizational, managerial and secretarial functions for all the companies that make up the park.

Innovation management is a special area of ​​management activity. The object of management is an innovative process representing a complex organizational system. The subjects of innovation are organizations (enterprises), customers, performers of work on an innovative project, etc.

Organizational structures of innovation management are organizations engaged in innovation, research and development.

Russia has traditionally distinguished five types of innovative organizations:

· institutes specialized in fundamental research in a certain field of science;

· research institutes - industry organizations specialized in applied research, responsible for the development of a particular industry;

design, design, technological organizations, institutes - industry organizations specialized in design, technological, design or organizational development;

· installation and commissioning (commissioning) departments and research centers specialized in the development of developments;

· Institutes of scientific and technical information and other organizations involved in the dissemination of innovations.

In modern conditions, there has been a reorganization of existing scientific organizations and the emergence of new forms of organization of innovative activity for Russia.

Venture firms- temporary organizational structures engaged in the development of scientific ideas and their transformation into new technologies and products and created with the aim of testing, refining and bringing "risk" innovations to industrial implementation. These organizations are characterized by a small number of staff, high scientific potential, flexibility and purposeful activity.

Conducting scientific research, especially of an exploratory nature, is associated with significant risk, therefore the capital that finances them is called risk (venture) capital. Hence the name - "venture enterprises (organizations)". A feature of venture organizations is that the main area of ​​their functioning is science-intensive industries (new means of communication, electronics, bioengineering, informatics, chemistry).

Venture organizations are created on a contractual basis at the expense of legal entities or individuals, loans, private and public investments. Investing in venture capital enterprises is characterized by a number of features:

Funds are provided for a long period on an irrevocable basis and without guarantees, so investors take a big risk;

Equity participation of the investor in the authorized capital of the company. This means that risk capital is considered not as a loan, but as a share in the authorized capital of a venture capital organization, depending on the share of participation;

Participation of the investor (investors) in the management of the established venture organization. At the same time, investors provide various services (management, information, consulting, etc.).

Venture organizations can be of two types: independent, performing work on order and on their own initiative; relatively independent, created as part of large associations (companies), the so-called internal ventures. In the second case, the subdivisions gain independence in choosing areas of research, organizing work, and forming the personnel of the enterprise. Internal ventures are usually created by the decision of the management of a large company (association), they have legal and budgetary independence.

The greatest distribution of venture entrepreneurship has received in the United States. In Western Europe, a significant breakthrough in venture capital emerged in the 1970s. XX century and began to develop rapidly in Holland, Germany, Italy and other countries.

Engineering firms are the link between innovation and production. The main activities of engineering firms:

1) assessment of the probable significance of the commercial situation, utility model, invention;

2) technical forecasting of an innovative idea;

3) finalization of innovation to industrial implementation;

4) provision of services in the process of implementation of the development object;

5) commissioning.

Engineering firms, uniting in associations, carry out coordinating actions in relation to their clients. They unite the necessary specialists and resources for the development of innovative technologies and form venture organizations for these purposes.

Implementation firms specialize in the introduction of unused patents by technology owners, the promotion of licenses to the market, bringing inventions to industrial standard, the production of small batches of products with the subsequent sale of licenses.

Profit centers- this is a temporary target association of scientists from several related branches of science and technology, as well as managers to solve specific scientific, technical or production problems, for example, in the development and production of new types of products.

Financial and Industrial Group (FIG)- a set of legal entities acting as main subsidiaries, either fully or partially combining soybean tangible and intangible assets on the basis of an agreement on the establishment of FIGs in order to implement investment and other projects and programs.

There are two way of organizing FIGs: voluntary and directive.

Main forms of organization of FIGs are holding and participation system. Holding As a form of organization, FIGs presuppose the presence of a parent company and subsidiaries, where the parent company owns a controlling stake in subsidiaries. This form of organization of financial-industrial groups is created by means of absorption or creation of new subsidiaries.

Participation system as a form of organization of FIGs, it involves the interpenetration of the capital of companies, i.e. cross-ownership of shares by members of the group. A central company is created, which, in accordance with the agreement concluded between its participants, disposes of property and income, and carries out any legal actions.

Advantages of creating a FIG:

· mutual assistance of enterprises, members of FIGs;

Expansion of the field of activity and increase in the initial capital;

creation of a powerful material, financial and scientific base;

· possibility of renewal by enterprises of constantly aging production assets;

Expansion of the possibility of production and sale of products;

· maintaining and accelerating the scientific and technological development of enterprises.

FIG structure largely determined by the nature of integration, which can be built on a horizontal, vertical or mixed type.

Horizontal (sectoral) principle of integration effective for supporting enterprises with a small or medium innovation cycle and realizing their technological potential, accelerating the introduction of scientific developments (chemical, timber industry).

Vertical principle of integration used for conveyor production enterprises (automobile, aviation industry). The creation of FIGs with the participation of such enterprises provides them with an opportunity to strengthen their positions in the foreign market, however, such a merger may lead to increased monopoly in the domestic market.

At mixed type of integration the tasks of providing an innovative cycle for creating a complex science-intensive product are being solved. Initially, FIGs in economically developed countries were based on horizontal and vertical integration. Over time, integration based on diversification has become typical, when enterprises from various industries are combined into FIGs based on the merger or acquisition of one company by another.

Progressive forms of organization of innovative activity are technology parks. They support the development of innovation and facilitate the transfer of ready-made scientific and technological innovations to the market. The main function of technology parks is to integrate science and business. For the first time technology parks appeared abroad. Thus, the first technopark was created in the 1950s at Stanford University (USA).

Technopark is a legal entity and is created in accordance with the current legislation. This is not a charitable organization, its services are paid either by interested firms or sponsors. The financial result of the activity of the technopark is the profit from the implementation of the results of scientific and design work, which belongs to its organizers in accordance with the adopted charter.

Almost all technology parks are formed on the initiative of the state with the involvement of private firms, which are the only ones allowed for financing. The state finances only those research works that are related to increasing the competitiveness of national firms in the world market.

There are the following main types of technoparks: scientific, technological, business incubators, technopolises.

Main function science park– conducting theoretical, fundamental and applied research. For knowledge-intensive firms at different stages of development and limited in financial and material resources, the park provides an opportunity to conduct scientific research for quite a long time. Science parks can be specialized (as a rule, this is due to the complexity of the experimental equipment and research and development facilities) or multidisciplinary (due to the presence and compatibility of research facilities in one area for industries with a high level of technology). Science parks solve three main tasks:

Initiation of original scientific ideas that can lead to a breakthrough in engineering and technology;

Implementation of the accelerated transfer of scientific and technical knowledge from universities and research institutes to industry;

Improving the quality of training of university graduates through their active participation in research and development, obtaining and applying new knowledge.

technology park is a research and production complex that provides the development of technologies, their transformation into a commercial product and transfer to production, testing and certification of products, service, expert evaluation of technologies. In addition, the technology park creates a favorable environment for the development of small innovative firms. The technology park consists of various centers (research, marketing, training centers, etc.). Each of them implements a certain set of services.

Business incubators are complex diversified complexes and are designed to educate and support small businesses, provide them with innovative services and train personnel. Large companies, local authorities, government departments, private foundations create business incubators.

The business incubator supports firms that overcome the pre-launch period for a strictly limited time (incubation period of 2-3 years). At the end of the incubation period, the innovative client firm leaves the incubator and begins independent activity. Newly emerging high-tech firms are under the tutelage of a business incubator, they use its help, while remaining economically and legally independent. A feature of the business incubator is that it does not finance the firms that it patronizes.

Usually, potential entrepreneurs have a vague idea in the field of economics and business organization. In this case, a business incubator comes to the rescue, conducting the selection, admission, placement and support of start-up entrepreneurs and companies.

Technopolis is a research and production complex created on the basis of a separate small town with a developed infrastructure and ensuring its vital activity.

When creating a technopolis, local authorities are interested in solving local problems. Therefore, in the process of creating a technopolis, regional peculiarities are necessarily taken into account. This is manifested in the following: a sphere of habitation is formed; the level of wages in the area surrounding the technopolis rises; favorable conditions are created for researchers, etc. Technopolises are mainly attended by large companies interested in research and development of new firms. As a rule, technopolises are associated with electronics, biotechnology, computer science, high-precision engineering, etc.

Innovative activity and global informatization of the economy have radically changed the principles of organization of companies and corporations, which were formed throughout the 20th century. In the 1990s, the trend towards increased decentralization unfolded initially at the level of small departments, labor collectives and public organizations. During this period, the main role was played by the coordinated efforts of workers in the production and non-production spheres, whose main task was to maximize the improvement of economic processes. For the first time, organizational forms of innovative activity appear within the framework of self-governing production associations. It is here that the possibility of maximizing the use of creative potential and accelerating technological and social progress is created.

The originality of new organizational forms is determined by the need to combine active competition with partnerships and individual creativity.

New organizational forms of such interaction are various types of business associations and inter-firm alliances - from temporary short-term agreements to the largest financial and industrial groups.

In market economies with strong state influence, associations play an important role in determining the main directions of long-term economic development. Such associations often have agreements with trade unions and the state, which determine their success.

Research centers within the framework of such associations solve the problems of a fundamentally new innovative development associated with the formation of new technological structures.

Industry associations play a special role in the processes of introduction, development and diffusion of industrial innovations. They are most widespread in Japan under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry. Russian industry associations also played a significant role in the development of science-intensive industries, instrument making, mechanical engineering, etc.

Associations have accumulated a lot of experience in using the methods of interweaving and interpenetration of contradictory principles in the economy. In realizing the long-term goals of technical improvement and technological renewal, they were able to use the combined efforts of many participants, to coordinate the joint actions of many participants, without losing the competitive motives of the company's behavior in the market in order to extract maximum income.

The Association should not be presented as a vivid example of the triumph of the unity of the planned economy and market competition. Despite the highly adaptive nature of the functioning of such organizations, there is a rigid hierarchy of methods and motives that encourage producers to innovate and increase production efficiency. For example, in the center of the association, as a rule, there is a large firm that has an extensive system of suppliers, sub-suppliers, contractors and subcontractors, most often working for one customer.

Entrepreneurial associations, strategic alliances and coalitions are the most attractive "soft" associated "metastructures" in the economy. They are considered not only as the cheapest and most effective way to combine joint efforts. In the organization of "soft metastructures", their orientation towards the improvement and development of basic principles and fundamental ideas in production is most important. Competing members of "soft groups" test innovations from different angles, while partner efforts contribute to the concentration of resources in the most important area. "Soft mega-structures" due to the implementation of the innovation process within such a framework greatly increase the effectiveness of innovative transformations. In such structures, the innovation risk at the stage of innovation development is greatly reduced; the effect of narrow specialization is most fully used; real opportunities for achieving goals are created for the participants; at all stages of the innovation cycle, there is a real opportunity to minimize costs; active competition at the final stage of the innovation cycle increases the efficiency of innovation and activates the renewal strategy.

One of the most important forms of "soft metastructures" are strategic alliances. Their goal is to activate channels for improving production and transfer of new technologies, as well as the implementation of complementary functions in the conduct of scientific research and the implementation of their results. Of particular importance are strategic alliances in the form of joint research and development activities based on technology transfer, as well as in the form of consortiums.

Strategic alliances in science-intensive industries (in the production of robots, automated production lines, microelectronics) cover several or all stages of the R&D reproduction cycle. This does not prevent a wide variety of types of cooperative agreements on joint scientific activities within individual stages of the life cycle. Another feature of strategic alliances is the special attention paid to the technological preparation of production and the development of innovations.

Strategic alliances are faced with the tasks of conducting a complex of scientific research, searching for and training relevant specialists, finding financial resources, organizing laboratories, innovation centers, units for testing and quality control of products. As market requirements tighten and demand diversifies, the alliance's field of activity extends to related and related industries. Diversified alliances have a great advantage over other financial and industrial groups, it is based on the selective ability to maintain a competitive advantage in the market, on the one hand, and on the successful development of promising areas for capital investment, on the other.

It is known that in Russia the financial and industrial groups that have arisen on the basis of industrial enterprises are of great importance, for which the most characteristic type of merger is the technological sign and the nature of industrial relations. The short-term interests of financial and banking structures, aimed at maximizing and quickly returning capital, do not allow banks to take an active part in the formation of mega-structures in high-tech and science-intensive industries.

It is known that companies in the most capital-intensive industries, such as coal, gas, oil, metallurgical, automotive, etc., experience the greatest difficulties in trying to update and diversify their production and marketing activities. innovative type. In the Russian economy, due to a number of subjective and objective reasons, macrostructures of the conglomerate type, almost completely protected from the influence of competitive forces, have reached the greatest development. Representing a closed capital market and a set of production systems of traditional ways, the conglomerate leaves almost no possibility of radical technological renewal. In Russia, in the conditions of a transitional economy, shrinking demand and difficulties of survival, the emergence of conglomerate structures was a necessity. Nevertheless, the conglomerate type of capital pooling is a rescue of unprofitable industries due to complementary integration in industries with an accelerated accumulation process (oil and gas industry, metallurgy).

One of the most important means of neutralizing the negative tendencies of rigidly hierarchical forms of organization and gradually increasing innovative activity is the diversification of economic activity. In practice, vertically integrated companies resort to various methods of diversification. However, even in the manufacturing industries (Magnitogorsk Steel, Metalloindustriya, etc.), innovation processes are reduced to the modernization of production and the renewal of the assortment.

According to the prominent American scientist M. Porter, conglomerate diversification sharply undermines the competitiveness of many American industries. Diversification based on narrow specialization plays a special role in the development of innovative activity and strengthening of market incentives. This is closely related to the strengthening of the role of intra-company research and development and the implementation of the entire range of operations.

When considering innovation as the most important trend in the development of the economy, the problems of integrating new organizational forms of innovation processes on the basis of their incorporation into the system of state, scientific, market and public institutions come to the fore. Increasing the degree of incorporation of innovative business into institutional formations not only does not reduce innovative activity, but, on the contrary, increases the ability of innovative processes to improve and form self-organizing structures.

The greatest role in the development of a scientific idea and its subsequent materialization is played by new organizational structures - innovation centers. These are technologically active complexes with an established integrated structure of innovations, including universities and research and production firms. The innovative business in this model maintains stable relationships within a vast innovation infrastructure, has developed networks for informal exchange of information and the formation of innovation distribution channels. The most famous variant of such an alliance is Silicon Valley.

Innovation centers include:

• - technology parks (scientific, industrial, technological, innovation, business park, etc.);
• - technopolises;
• - regions of science and technology;
• - innovation incubators.

The construction of the hierarchical structure of the technopark is based on the modular principle. The primary element used in its construction is the incubator. Technopark is a collection of centers, each of which represents a specialized set of innovative services.

Technopolis is a collection of technology parks, incubators and a complex of various structures that ensure the life of the city. A science and technology region may include technopolises, technology parks, and incubators, as well as an extensive infrastructure that supports scientific and industrial activities.

Technopolises have a formative influence on the development of the regions where they are located and contribute to:

• - increasing innovative activity, forming an innovative infrastructure, accelerating the commercialization of innovations, restructuring industry, creating new jobs,
• - improvement of the mechanisms of innovation activity, institutionalization of the innovation sphere;
• - strengthening the science intensity of industrial development, improving the innovation policy of the state, increasing the innovative capacity of the economy.

The management of the technopark by the state and local authorities is carried out in three main areas: legislation, financing and development programs, and direct participation. The government is developing large-scale programs to support small and medium-sized businesses, encourages the development of new technologies, and promotes cooperation between science and industry. In addition to financial and legislative assistance, the state provides various quotas and subsidies to client firms, as well as small high-tech enterprises.

A distinctive feature and organizational feature of incubators is that they are engaged in the development of not a specific product, but an independent economic entity. Thus, the "products" of technoparks are new small innovative firms. Staying in the incubator of various production units allows firms to significantly reduce the cost of their maintenance.

In Figure 1.2. the scheme of the founders of the technopark is presented, as well as the tasks for which the technoparks were created.

Figure 1.2 - Basic diagram of the founders of the technopark and the tasks they solve

At the initial stages of activity, entrepreneurs are assisted in the field of management by the managers of the incubator, they get access to a network of services of professional lawyers, accountants, marketers. The income of the incubator consists of rent and income from the sale of various kinds of professional services.

A wider range of firms now operate in the business park: established in the incubator, owned by it and specializing in technology transfer and provision of scientific consulting services, author firms, independent firms that emerged from the incubator; firms owned by large enterprises that have moved to the park from the field of science, small and medium-sized businesses and from large industry, mastering the results of scientific research or know-how. The duration of the company's stay in the park is specified in the contract and depends on the prospects of the project.

In addition to technology parks in the West, a system of technology transfer from research centers to small and medium-sized businesses has become widespread. On the territory of Russia there are about 5 thousand organizations focused on supporting innovative entrepreneurship. Important research centers and technology parks are located in Zelenograd, Obninsk, Dubna, Novosibirsk, Arzamas, Krasnoyarsk, Protvin, Pushchino, etc.

The central role in the innovation sphere is played by the innovation infrastructure, which is an organizational, material, informational, financial and credit base for creating conditions conducive to the efficient allocation of funds and the provision of services for the development of innovation activities.

In addition to scientific, state and public institutions, the leading role in the innovation infrastructure is played by investment institutions that contribute to the accumulation of financial and investment resources and diversify the risks of innovation activity. The most important investment institutions here are insurance companies, non-state pension funds, investment banks, investment and venture funds, financial and investment companies.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Complex of organizational forms of innovative activity

1.1 Large forms of organization of innovation activity

1.2 Specific forms of organizing innovation activities

1.3 Small forms of organization of innovative activity

Chapter 2. Formation of FIGs in Russia

2.1 Interros is an example of a Russian FIG. general characteristics

2.2 Charitable projects of Interros

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Now there is an age of rapid technologies, scientific and technological revolution is developing at such a speed that it can no longer be overlooked. Accordingly, the development and introduction of new technologies requires competent managers - managers who are able to calculate the financial return of innovations and, if the result is positive, competently introduce it into the infrastructure of the enterprise.
Innovation management as a science appeared in Russia relatively recently. Its appearance was facilitated by the economic reforms carried out in the territory of the former Soviet Union. Thus, one management method (socialist) was replaced by a completely different (capitalist) method, and here, of course, it is absolutely impossible to do without innovations and innovations that should affect the entire economy of the country, improving it and bringing it to a qualitatively new stage of development.

At the same time, innovation management acts as a vital activity of almost any modern enterprise, and the reasons for this can be considered not only the objective requirements of scientific and technological progress, but also the conditions of competition in various market segments, etc. In view of the foregoing, the process of innovation management at enterprises and in industries should be based, first of all, on the opportunities that various organizational forms of innovation activity provide to market entities, such as business incubators, technology parks, FIGs, venture capital companies, etc. The activities of these institutions allow enterprises to significantly reduce risks and improve the efficiency of innovation management.

Organizational forms of innovative activity and their prevalence largely depend on industry and regional characteristics.

In the practice of innovative activity, organizational forms have mostly justified themselves. But the changed conditions of production, the complication of social needs and the need to increase the competitiveness of innovations require the search for new forms of innovation.

This topic is relevant for study, since in the context of economic reform aimed at ensuring stabilization and transition to economic growth, it is necessary to develop measures to preserve the scientific and technical potential, its development and support.

The purpose of this work is to study the organizational forms of innovation activity in Russia.

Objectives of the course work:

· to study a complex of organizational forms of innovative activity;

to study certain types of organizational forms;

· consider the organizational form on the example of the Russian FPG Interros.

Chapter 1. Complex of organizational forms of innovative activity

The innovation process involves many participants and interested organizations. It can be carried out within local, regional, state (federal) and interstate borders. All participants have their own goals and establish their own structures to achieve them. First of all, it is necessary to consider the variety of intra-company organizational forms - from the allocation of a special role of participants in innovative activity within the company in the person of personnel to the creation of special innovative divisions.

Organizations in developed corporate structures are formed at two levels: the level of a simple organization that does not include other organizations in its structure (conditionally called the corporate level) and the level of a corporation (association, financial and industrial group), which includes other organizations that are managed by a special holding company. All this leads to the creation of various innovative organizational forms. Large and small organizations have different innovative activity, which corresponds to their missions, goals and strategies. Therefore, corporations create around themselves a network of small innovative firms, growing their leaders in special “incubator programs”. Such organizations have the organizational form of "firm-incubator". Diffusion of new complex industrial products and technologies sometimes occurs in the organizational form of “franchising” or “leasing”. The implementation of regional scientific, technical and social programs is associated with the organization of appropriate associations of scientific (university), industrial and financial organizations: various kinds of scientific and industrial centers. Due to the riskiness of innovative projects, adequate organizational forms of investors arise in the form of "venture funds" and innovative forms of innovation creators - risky innovative firms.

Federal and regional programs that attract large resources and are designed for a long period of time entail the creation of scientific and technological parks, technopolises.

1.1 Large forms of organization of innovation activity

Consortium. A consortium is a voluntary association of organizations to solve a specific problem, implement a program, or implement a major project. It may include enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership, profile and size. The participants of the consortium retain their full economic independence and are subordinate to the jointly elected executive body in that part of the activity that relates to the goals of the consortium. After the task is completed, the consortium is dissolved.

The consortiums created by the type of intercompany research center (ISRC) have their own research base. The centers employ either permanent employees or scientists sent by consortium members.

Concern- these are statutory associations of enterprises, industry, scientific organizations, transport, banking, trade, etc. on the basis of complete financial dependence on one or a group of entrepreneurs. There may be other associations on branch, territorial and other grounds. Associations, like enterprises, are legal entities, have independent and consolidated balance sheets, bank accounts, and a seal with their name.

Financial and industrial groups(FIG) - an economic association of enterprises, institutions, organizations, financial institutions and investment institutions, created with the aim of conducting joint coordinated activities.

FIG includes a stable grouping of various enterprises: industrial, trade, financial, including banking, insurance, investment institutions.

The most significant characteristics of FPG include the following:

1) integration of the links included in them not only through the pooling of financial resources and capital, but also through a common managerial, pricing, technical, personnel policy;

2) the presence of a common strategy;

3) voluntary participation and preservation of the legal independence of participants;

4) the structure of FIGs allows solving many issues (including security-related problems) at a lower cost than in other large enterprises and associations.

FIGs can arise on the basis of the largest industrial or trading companies, the influence and power of which provide them with access to the resources of credit and financial institutions, or be formed as a result of financial concentration around credit or banking organizations.

Advantages of large enterprises:

· the availability of large material, financial and intellectual resources for the implementation of costly innovations;

· the possibility of conducting multi-purpose research, in which the efforts of specialists in various fields of knowledge are combined;

the possibility of parallel development of several innovations and the choice of the best option from several developed ones;

· lesser probability of bankruptcy in case of failure of some innovations.

· The role of small enterprises in the development of innovations is also great when innovations do not require significant resources. Advantages of small businesses:

the ability to quickly switch to original work, mobility and non-traditional approaches;

· the possibility of activities in those areas where the results of large enterprises are unpromising, limited or too risky with a small scale of profit in case of success;

The need to search for fundamentally new approaches, combined with the requirements for quick and flexible implementation of results in production, bringing them to the market, contribute to combining the advantages of large and small enterprises: the purchase of licenses by large enterprises, the provision of loans, the acquisition of shares or the takeover of companies that have mastered a new product or technology, involvement of small high-tech enterprises as suppliers and subcontractors.

1.2 Specific forms of organizing innovation activities

Technopark- flexible research and production structure, which is a testing ground for the creation and effective promotion of science-intensive products. It is a form of territorial integration of science, education and production in the form of an association of scientific organizations, design bureaus, educational institutions, manufacturing enterprises or their subdivisions. Technoparks are often granted preferential taxation. The main tasks of creating technoparks can be attributed to.

An innovation organization (IO) is a structure engaged in innovation, research and development. Most of these organizations are focused on performing work on individual stages of the innovation process.

In domestic practice, the concept of an innovative organization is not defined. At the same time, Federal Law No. 127-FZ of August 23, 1996 “On Science and the State Scientific and Technical Policy” formulated the concept of a scientific organization as a legal entity (regardless of the legal form and form of ownership), as well as a public association of scientific employees who carry out, as their main scientific and (or) scientific and technical activities, the training of scientists. They may be:

• research organizations;
• scientific organizations of educational institutions of higher professional education;
• experimental design, design, design, engineering, etc.

Amendments to the Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated December 1, 2007 provide that a scientific organization, in accordance with an agreement concluded with an educational institution of higher professional education, can create a structural unit (laboratory) that carries out scientific and ( or) scientific and technical activities on the basis of an educational institution of higher professional education.

Thus, the Federal Law "On Science and State Science and Technology Policy" provides a definition of innovative organizations that carry out the initial and middle stages of the innovation cycle. In addition to these, innovative organizations can be classified according to other criteria.

The subjects of innovation activity are heterogeneous, multi-element and multi-sized firms, companies, universities, scientific and design institutes, technoparks, technopolises, etc. All of them, to one degree or another, are connected in their activities with the implementation of a certain part of the innovation process.

So, innovative enterprises and organizations can specialize on fundamental research (academic and university sector), on research and development (applied scientific research and development), these can be scientific innovative enterprises, higher educational institutions, small businesses, scientific and technical complexes and associations. Both business structures and firms, institutions and corporations with a developed R&D base are associated with the stage of implementation and creation of prototypes. On the basis of applied R&D and R&D, innovators-followers create basic technological, scientific and technical and product innovations.

As a rule, large firms with a good resource base, qualified personnel and certain positions in the markets are engaged in the introduction and production of scientific, technical and product innovations. In Western Europe, a lot of experience in innovative development has been accumulated, although researchers do not directly link the size of a company with the number of inventions. But in France and the UK it is widely believed that stages of scientific development the main role is played by the academic and university sectors and small firms.

On the pilot production stage marketing and sales is a multi-scale business, while the production and diffusion of innovations are carried out in large and medium-sized enterprises and industrial companies.

According to the type of economic division of labor that has arisen in innovation, many small and medium-sized enterprises are subcontractors of large firms specializing in the production of semi-finished products, components, and also performing the functions of providing services to the core business.

With the development of science, the problem of distinguishing between the types of scientific organizations has become extremely complicated, their real diversity is so great that it is impossible to make do with a few groups with clearly fixed features when classifying. Different authors identify different classification features of IO: profile of activity, level of specialization, number of stages of the innovation life cycle, etc. The methodological basis for their classification is the concept of types of specialization (economic orientation) of organizational structure links.

In table. 6.1 shows a multidimensional classification of organizations in the scientific, technical and innovation sphere.

Table 6.1

Classification of organizations in the scientific, technical and innovation sphere

The type of specialization is used as the most important feature in this classification. According to the type of specialization, IOs are divided into subject and targeted. Subject specialization is aimed at creating specific types of products, technologies and resources (scientific and technical information, leasing of services: assets, finance, etc.), targeted specialization includes the use of significant scientific results obtained in research centers in the form of creating affiliated scientific and technical and information firms, as well as traditional industry, sub-industry and business services that may be subject to cross-industry use. Target orientation plays an important role in the organizational structure of science, as it contributes to the development of integration processes. IS perspectives based on the intellectual use of scientific results: a major invention, a block of inventions. These organizations are the basis for the creation of innovative copyright firms.

There are also other classification features: the type of innovation (product, resource, process, documentary), the scope of the innovation (for internal use, for sale), the type of strategy, the type of effect on which the I&O is oriented, etc.

A variety of innovative organizations can be classified according to the following criteria:

• content of works (activities) - research institutes for fundamental and applied research; PKI specialized in experimental and research developments; institutes of scientific and technical information; institutes of socio-economic research;
• scope of work - international, intersectoral, sectoral, sub-sectoral, as well as all-Russian, republican, regional. At the same time, we note that branch scientific and technical organizations can be all-Russian and republican;
• degree of coverage of the process "science - production" - scientific, scientific and technical, technical, scientific and industrial;
• degree of specialization, profile - research institutes, design and technological organizations of a narrow and broad profile;
• the degree of legal and operational-economic independence - organizations that have and do not have the right of a legal entity;
• the nature of the final product - organizations that expand scientific knowledge (discoveries, trends, dependencies, schemes, principles of work), create new types of products (machines, devices, shoes, materials, etc.), develop technological processes, forms and methods of organizing production and management.

Here are the most common innovative organizations.

1. Research organizations (NGOs) are specialized and isolated economically independent institutions, the main purpose of which is to conduct scientific research (fundamental, exploratory and applied).

Research (institutions) include organizations that systematically conduct scientific research in a certain field of knowledge and branch of science according to a plan of scientific work, drawn up taking into account the needs of the market for innovations (innovations) and state interests, which have sources of funding for research.

Distinctive features of NIO: implementation of the marketing concept; high capital-labor ratio, information security of the work of researchers; compliance of working conditions with international standards; freedom of creativity; high culture.

• 2. Design organizations (PKO) - special design bureaus (SKB) organizations engaged in design development, design of already proven R&D, experimentation and testing of new product samples in order to ensure their competitiveness. Distinctive features of the PKO, SKB: very high capital-labor ratio and information security of the labor of designers; high technical level of the experimental and testing base; use of computer-aided design systems (CAD); development of international cooperation.
• 3. Design and technological organizations (PTO) - organizations involved in the development and manufacture of technological systems for the production of goods with minimal resources and high quality. Distinctive features (PTO): high capital-labor ratio, information security of the work of technologists; availability of an automated system for technological preparation of production (AS CCI); application of methods for typification of technological processes, unification of equipment, modern economic methods for processing manufactured objects.
• 4. Science parks (SP) - innovative organizations that are formed around large scientific centers (universities, institutes). Distinctive features of the NP: the presence of an innovation center or university, a university with high scientific potential; high level of R&D novelty. Science parks are of three types:
  • in the narrow sense of the word, engaged only in research;
  • research parks, in which innovations are brought to the stage of technical prototype;
  • incubators (in the USA) and innovation centers (in Western Europe), within which universities “give shelter” to newly emerging companies, providing them with land, laboratory equipment, etc. for a moderate fee.

Large innovative projects are developed and implemented within the framework of associations of organizations, which can be expressed in various forms, by creating corporations, financial-industrial groups, holdings, consortiums, transnational corporations.

• 5. Corporation - a voluntary association of independent industrial enterprises, scientific, design, engineering and other organizations in order to increase the efficiency of any type of activity on the basis of collective entrepreneurship. Distinctive features of corporations: participants are responsible for the results of the corporation's activities with the property that they voluntarily transferred to collective use; the corporation is not responsible for the results of the activities of the organizations included in it, unless this is specifically provided for in the charter; high demands on themselves and each other (the quality of work of each affects the commercial success of all); availability of a well-established corporate management system.
• 6. Financial and industrial group (FIG) - an organizational structure that unites industrial enterprises, banks, trade organizations interconnected by a single technological cycle to increase the competitiveness of goods and services. Distinctive features of FPG: the group is headed by a management company that forms the technological chain, determines the composition of the participants, and distributes the total profit among them; legal independence of the organizations included in the FIG; the main income of a bank that is part of a FIG is dividends from improving the efficiency of enterprises, and not interest on a loan; high quality requirements for all components of the FIG management system due to the complexity of this system; high level of technological and economic integration for the implementation of innovation and investment projects.
• 7. Holding (holding company) - a form of organization of financial and industrial groups, involving the creation of a parent company and subsidiaries, where the first owns a controlling stake in the second (subsidiaries). Distinctive features of holdings: economic dependence of its subsidiaries, the possibility of obtaining income through participation in the share capital of other firms.
• 8. Consortium - a temporary association of large firms (companies) within the framework of interfirm cooperation, involving joint financing, strategic research, development of technologies and standards over a certain period of time. Distinctive features of consortiums: economic independence; obligatory dissemination of research results and know-how among participants for further independent production; participation in the consortium of universities and other universities; the possibility of participation of one participant in several projects of the consortium; a large number of companies and firms included in the consortium.
• 9. Transnational Corporation (TNC) - a company with subsidiaries and branches in different countries. Distinctive features of TNK: in addition to paragraph 5, a high level of concentration of production and differentiation of products; great specialization of production; flexibility in resource management; achievement of optimal transport costs for the sale of products; high competitiveness of firms and products, a high degree of diffusion of innovations.
• 10. Marketing organization (MO) - an organization engaged in market segmentation, development of competitiveness standards, implementation of the concept of marketing departments of the IO, definition of sales, advertising and promotion of accelerated sales of goods. Distinctive features of MO: orientation of all activities to the prospects of the consumer; high level of capital-labor ratio; progressive system of information support for research, professionalism, sociability, mobility and comparative youth of the staff; high culture of work with clients.
• 11. Small innovative enterprise (SIE) - an organization that develops innovations in those areas that seem to large firms either unpromising or too risky. Distinctive features of the MIP: flexibility, mobility, quick adaptation to changing market conditions, low need for initial capital, high efficiency.
• 12. Venture (risk) enterprises - organizations mainly engaged in search and applied research, design development with significant risk. Distinctive features: the main sphere of their functioning is knowledge-intensive industries, venture (risk) capital is used.