Depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant, styles of formal social social control are distinguished.

1. Punitive (moralistic) style of social control .

This style is intended to punish deviants who have violated the foundations of society. Moreover, the maximum punishment is provided. Applies to an offender who has committed an intentional act (most often a crime).

The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate the victim of deviant behavior. Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.

Society has the main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to a punishing action (human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed core values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies, the central values ​​are religious. Tough punitive sanctions follow for violations of taboos and family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.

In highly developed societies, there is a very large concentration of values ​​- there are many of them.

Such a social institution as the state gravitates toward a punitive style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered treason or treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.

The intensity of applying the punishing style of social control is the opposite of social distance.

social distance - the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: the frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), the intensity of relationships (the degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (relationships prescribed or unprescribed).

The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role played by moral rules. For example, the relatives of a killer tend to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.

The punishing style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the victim of the crime and the agent of social control.. If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the USA, for killing a policeman, the criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).

Social control is usually of two types - top-down and bottom-up.

Top-down social control – from top to bottom, when a group occupying a higher social position controls a group occupying a lower position.

Upward social control – bottom to top - downstream supervise superiors (public opinion system in the West de).

The punishing style of social control is always top-down.. Misdemeanors against those higher on the social ladder are punished more severely.

The punishing style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. The poorer the person, the harsher the punishment.

The punishing style of social control is subdivided in turn into several types:

1) Open punishment- the response of the authorized bodies to the act of the deviant in accordance with the rule of law.

2) Hidden Punishment(informal control) - the group itself can punish its member for any misconduct (especially common in criminal cultures).

3) Indirect response- mental illness can be a response to an insult.

4) Suicide- self-punishment (self-control).

2. Compensatory style of social control.

Compensatory style - forced style of social control : the perpetrator compensates for the damage done to the victim. Most of the time, this is financial compensation. After bringing compensation for material damage, the situation is considered settled and the deviant is punished.

In this style, the main focus is on the result of the misdeed, and it does not matter whether the offense was intent or not. The focus of this style is always the victim and it is she who is given more attention..

In the compensatory style usually involves a third party which enforces compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).

The compensatory style is not used for murder, treason, terrorism - the punishing style is always used here. Sometimes a punishing style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison term for a crime committed with an additional penalty - with confiscation of property).

Compensatory style is used for medium and long social distance. Any kind of close relationship prevents compensatory style. For example, it is rare for neighbors to pay compensation for damages, since close ties that exist between people can be broken here, and if close ties are broken, they will never be renewed, especially if a third party is involved - the court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.

With top-down control, the compensatory style is very rare, since often the violator with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, besides, compensation, as it were, equalizes the superior with the inferior, so compensation is rare, or even impossible (for example, in a feudal society, if commoner killed the feudal lord, then a punishing style was used, since compensation equalized the feudal lord with the commoner). With upward social control, compensation is paid. (A rich and famous person, going to prison, loses his social status, so he pays off).

The modern world is more prone to a compensatory style of social control than to a punitive one (lawyers of two parties to a trial tend to agree before the trial and the responsible party pays damages to the victim, if there is no serious offense, then it rarely comes to imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).

In our country, this style is very weakly effective due to the legal illiteracy of citizens and the high fees for lawyer services.

3. Therapeutic style of social control.

This style is aimed not at punishment, but at changing the deviant's personality and consists of a psychotherapy procedure - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the deviant's personality.

This style is valid only if the deviant agrees to therapy(violent therapy is a punishing style).

Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, help the individual to improve, reevaluate his behavior, return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.

Agents of the therapeutic style are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, religious figures. For example, in religion, guilt is completely removed from an individual for misconduct and this helps a person to adapt to the situation.

Within the framework of this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance.. If the behavior of a person cannot be explained, it is considered not quite normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to it. In the Criminal Code, there is such a thing as sanity: a mentally insane person at the time of the crime does not bear criminal liability.

Therapeutic social control is inversely proportional to social distance. If a father beats his family, they will think that he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist, and not invited by law enforcement agencies. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more they tend to consider the person a criminal, not a sick person.

4. Regulatory style of social control.

The purpose of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them into harmony.. It is used in violation of relations between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not give any moral or material compensation to the injured party.

Nowadays, the regulatory style is quite widespread. It operates in the field of family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between students and teachers; between employees in the enterprise, etc. It is used when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long and intersecting relationship; when both parties belong to the same kindred group (if there are no vested interests); with a long stay of a group in one place (Russian peasant community).

The action of the regulating style is directly proportional to the equality of the sides. The two parties must be equal in social status; only the positional “husband-wife, children-parents” is allowed. It is practically impossible to regulate relations between representatives of different social groups.

Regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for an organization to punish they have multiple cross-links. At the beginning of the 20th century, trade unions arose in Europe. With their advent, the regulatory style among organizations has become dominant. Business owners can connect with unions without feeling humiliated.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Sanctions - norm guards. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the fulfillment of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for deviance.

conformism represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when an individual can internally maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformism - goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

positive negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions(F+)- public approval from official organizations (government, institutions, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions(H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-)- punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, prescriptions, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, dethronement, death penalty, excommunication from churches.

Informal negative sanctions (H-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to give a hand or maintain relations, spreading a rumor, slander, an unfriendly review, a complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, an exposing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values ​​and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or hard, and non-strict, or soft.

Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

In this way, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say, fining for ticketless travel, requires the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require the presence of a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

Sociology of personality

Since ancient times, the honor and dignity of the family have been highly valued because the family is the main cell of society and society is obliged to take care of it in the first place. If a man can protect the honor and life of his household, his status rises. If he cannot, he loses his status. In a traditional society, a man who is able to protect the family automatically becomes its head. Wife, children play second, third roles. There are no disputes about who is more important, smarter, more inventive, therefore families are strong, united in socio-psychological terms. In modern society, a man in a family does not have the opportunity to demonstrate his leading functions. That is why families are currently so unstable and conflicted.

Sanctions- security guards. Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms (conformity), and punishments for deviation from them (ie, deviance). It should be noted that conformity is only an external agreement with the generally accepted. Internally, an individual may harbor disagreement with the norms, but not tell anyone about it. Conformity is the goal of social control.

There are four types of sanctions:

Formal positive sanctions- public approval by official organizations, documented with signatures and seals. These include, for example, awarding orders, titles, prizes, admission to high positions, etc.

Informal positive sanctions- public approval that does not come from official organizations: a compliment, a smile, fame, applause, etc.

Formal negative sanctions: punishments provided for by laws, instructions, decrees, etc. These are arrest, imprisonment, excommunication, a fine, etc.

Informal negative sanctions- punishments not provided for by laws - mockery, censure, notation, neglect, spreading rumors, feuilleton in the newspaper, slander, etc.

Norms and sanctions are combined into one whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it loses its regulatory function. Say, in the 19th century. in Western Europe, the birth of children in a legal marriage was considered the norm. Illegitimate children were excluded from the inheritance of their parents' property, they could not enter into worthy marriages, they were neglected in everyday communication. Gradually, as society modernized, it excluded sanctions for violation of this norm, and public opinion softened. As a result, the norm ceased to exist.

1.3.2. Types and forms of social control

There are two types of social control:

internal control or self-control;

external control - a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance with the rules.

In the process self-control a person independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. This type of control manifests itself in a sense of guilt, conscience. The fact is that generally accepted holes, rational prescriptions remain in the sphere of consciousness (remember, Z. Freud has the "Super-I"), below which is the sphere of the unconscious, consisting of elemental impulses ("It" by Z. Freud). In the process of socialization, a person has to constantly fight with his subconscious, because self-control is the most important condition for the collective behavior of people. The older a person is, the more self-control he should have. However, its formation may be hindered by cruel external control. The tighter the state takes care of its citizens through the police, courts, security agencies, the army, etc., the weaker self-control. But the weaker the self-control, the tighter the external control must be. Thus, a vicious circle arises, leading to the degradation of individuals as social beings. Example: Russia was overwhelmed by a wave of serious crimes against a person, including murders. Up to 90% of the murders committed only in Primorsky Krai are domestic, i.e., they are committed as a result of drunken quarrels at family festivities, friendly meetings, etc. According to practitioners, the underlying cause of tragedies is powerful control by the state, public organizations , parties, the church, the peasant community, who took care of the Russians very tightly for almost the entire time of the existence of Russian society - from the time of the Moscow principality to the end of the USSR. During perestroika, external pressure began to weaken, and the possibilities of internal control were not enough to maintain stable social relations. As a result, we are seeing an increase in corruption in the ruling class, violations of constitutional rights and individual freedoms. And the population responds to the authorities with an increase in crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, and prostitution.

External control exists in informal and formal varieties.

informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, public opinion, which is expressed through traditions, customs, or the media. Agents of informal control - family, clan, religion - are important social institutions. Informal control is ineffective in a large group.

formal control based on the approval or condemnation of official authorities and administration. It operates throughout the country, based on written norms - laws, decrees, instructions, resolutions. Its education is carried out by the state, parties, mass media.

Methods of external control, depending on the sanctions applied, are divided into hard, soft, direct, indirect. Example:

television refers to the instruments of soft indirect control;

racket - an instrument of direct strict control;

criminal code - direct soft control;

economic sanctions of the international community - an indirect hard method.

1.3.3. Deviant behavior, essence, types

The basis of the socialization of the individual is the assimilation of norms. Compliance with norms determines the cultural level of society. Deviation from them is called in sociology deviation.

Deviant behavior is relative. What is a deviation for one person or group may be a habit for another. Thus, the upper class considers their behavior as the norm, and the behavior of the lower social groups as a deviation. Therefore, deviant behavior is relative because it is only relevant to the cultural norms of a given group. Extortion, robbery from the standpoint of a criminal are considered normal types of earnings. However, most of the population considers such behavior a deviation.

The forms of deviant behavior include criminality, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling, mental disorder, suicide.

What are the causes of deviation? It is possible to single out reasons of a biopsychic nature: it is believed that a tendency to alcoholism, drug addiction, mental disorders can be transmitted from parents to children. E. Durkheim, R. Merton, neo-Marxists, conflictologists, and culturologists paid great attention to elucidating the factors influencing the appearance and growth of deviation. They were able to identify social causes:

anomie, or disordered society, appears during social crises. Old values ​​disappear, there are no new ones, and people lose their life orientation. The number of suicides, crimes is growing, the family, morality are being destroyed (E. Durkheim - a sociological approach);

anomie, manifested in the gap between the cultural goals of society and socially approved ways to achieve them (R. Merton - a sociological approach);

conflict between cultural norms of social groups (E. Sellin - cultural approach);

identification of an individual with a subculture, the norms of which contradict the norms of the dominant culture (W. Miller - cultural approach);

the desire of influential groups to put the "stigma" of a deviant on members of less influential groups. So, in the 30s in the South of the USA, Negroes were a priori considered rapists only because of their race (G. Becker - the theory of stigmatization);

laws and law enforcement agencies that the ruling classes use against those who are deprived of power (R. Quinney - radical criminology), etc.

Types of deviant behavior. There are many classifications of deviation, but, in our opinion, one of the most interesting is the typology of R. Merton. The author uses his own concept - deviation arises as a result of anomie, a gap between cultural goals and socially approved ways to achieve them.

Merton considers the only type of non-deviant behavior to be conformity - agreement with goals and means to achieve them. He identifies four possible types of deviation:

innovation- implies agreement with the goals of society and the rejection of generally accepted ways to achieve them. The "innovators" include prostitutes, blackmailers, creators of "financial pyramids". But great scientists can also be attributed to them;

ritualism- associated with the denial of the goals of a given society and an absurd exaggeration of the significance of the means to achieve them. So, the bureaucrat demands that each document be carefully filled out, double checked, filed in four copies. But at the same time, the goal is forgotten - but what is all this for?

retreatism(or flight from reality) is expressed in the rejection of both socially approved goals and ways to achieve them. Repeaters include drunkards, drug addicts, homeless people, etc.

riot - denies both goals and methods, but seeks to replace them with new ones. For example, the Bolsheviks sought to destroy capitalism and private property and replace them with socialism and public ownership of the means of production. Rejecting evolution, they strove for revolution, and so on.

Merton's concept is important primarily because it considers conformity and deviation as two bowls of the same scale, and not as separate categories. It also emphasizes that deviation is not the product of an absolutely negative attitude towards generally accepted standards. The thief does not reject the socially approved goal - material well-being, but can strive for it with the same zeal as a young man who is preoccupied with a career. The bureaucrat does not abandon the generally accepted rules of work, but he executes them too literally, reaching the point of absurdity. However, both the thief and the bureaucrat are deviants.

In the process of endowing an individual with the stigma of a “deviant”, one can distinguish between primary and secondary stages. Primary deviation - the initial action of the offense. It is not even always noticed by society, especially if norms-expectations are violated (say, at dinner, not a spoon is used, but a fork). A person is recognized as a deviant as a result of a kind of processing of information about his behavior, carried out by another person, group or organization. Secondary deviation is a process during which, after an act of primary deviation, a person, under the influence of social reaction, takes on a deviant identity, that is, he is rebuilt as a person from the standpoint of the group to which he was assigned. Sociologist I.M. Shur called the process of “getting used to” the image of a deviant by role absorption.

The deviation is much more widespread than the official statistics suggest. Society, in fact, is 99% deviant. Most of them are moderate deviants. But, according to sociologists, 30% of society members are pronounced deviants with a negative or positive deviation. Their control is not symmetrical. Deviations of national heroes, outstanding scientists, artists, athletes, artists, writers, political leaders, leading workers, very healthy and beautiful people are approved to the maximum. The behavior of terrorists, traitors, criminals, cynics, vagabonds, drug addicts, political exiles, etc. is highly disapproved.

In the old days, society considered undesirable all strongly deviant forms of behavior. Geniuses were persecuted as well as villains, they condemned the very lazy and super-hardworking, the poor and the super-rich. Reason: Sharp deviations from the average norm - positive or negative - threatened to disrupt the stability of a society based on traditions, ancient customs and an inefficient economy. In modern society, with the development of industrial and scientific and technological revolutions, democracy, the market, the formation of a new type of modal personality - a human consumer, positive deviations are considered as an important factor in the development of the economy, political and social life.

Main literature

Personality Theories in American and Western European Psychology. - M., 1996.

Smelzer N. Sociology. - M., 1994.

Sociology / Ed. acad. G. V. Osipova. - M., 1995.

Kravchenko A. I. Sociology. - M., 1999.

additional literature

Abercrombie N., Hill S., Turner S. B. Sociological Dictionary. - M., 1999.

Western sociology. Dictionary. - M., 1989.

Kravchenko A. I. Sociology. Reader. - Yekaterinburg, 1997.

Kon I. Sociology of personality. M., 1967.

Shibutani T. Social psychology. M., 1967.

Jerry D., Jerry J. Big explanatory sociological dictionary. In 2 vols. M., 1999.

Similar abstracts:

The main elements of the system of social control. Social control as an element of social management. The right to use public resources on behalf of the public. The function of social control according to T. Parsons. Preservation of values ​​existing in society.

Topic №17 Concepts: "person", "personality", "individual", "individuality". Biological and social in man. Personality and social environment. Deviant behavior of the individual.

Forms of deviant behavior. Laws of social organization. Biological and psychological interpretations of the causes of deviation. Sociological explanation of deviation. The state of disorganization of society. Conflictological approach to deviation.

Determination of the causes of deviant behavior in connection with the functioning and development of society. Identification of the causes of such a dangerous social phenomenon as crime and methods of its prevention. Sociology of law and law enforcement agencies.

The concept and structure of the social role. The meaning of the term "status". Varieties of social status. Inborn and ascribed statuses. Concept and elements, types and forms of social control. Types of social norms. Various classifications of social norms.

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Almost the entire life of any society is characterized by the presence of deviations. Social deviations, that is, deviations, are present in every social system. Determining the causes of deviations, their forms and consequences is an important tool for managing society.

Relations between society and the individual. The concept of social control. Elements of social control. Social norms and sanctions. The mechanism of action of control.

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal is the regulation of public life, the preservation of the given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. The sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, considers questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the individual is formed. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is carried out by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends. While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

Sanctions sociology of personality refers to the punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Feature of positive sanctions (encouragements)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, a fine, official reprimand, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior. It contains the criteria related to the norm, the list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as the punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing types of sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior.
By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values ​​that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms.

Sanctions are the guardians of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to comply with norms. Norms are protected from two sides - from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions - an extensive system of rewards for the implementation of norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviating from them, i.e. for deviance.

Conformity is an external agreement with generally accepted norms, when an individual can internally maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformity is the goal of social control. However, conformism cannot be the goal of socialization, because it must end with internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

positive negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal Positive Sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, a smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, deprivation of bonuses, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, deposition from throne, the death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to lend a hand or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unfriendly feedback, complaint, writing a pamphlet or a feuilleton, a revealing article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values ​​and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or hard, and non-strict, or soft.

Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like the implementation of sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that for an outstanding scientific discovery an official award awaits, and for a serious crime - imprisonment. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm lacks an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a judgment is issued. Bringing to administrative responsibility, say, fining for ticketless travel, requires the presence of an official transport controller, sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require the presence of a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is committed by the person himself, directed at himself and occurs inside, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

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examples. Sociology of Personality:: BusinessMan.ru

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The essence of social control

Self-control and dictatorship

Good intentions...

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Formal negative sanctions: concept, examples:: BusinessMan.ru

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin. Literally means "rule of conduct", "sample". We all live in a society, in a community. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This united collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of conduct in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions make it possible to enforce them.

Types of social norms

Rules of conduct in society are divided into subspecies. It is important to know this, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

• Customs and traditions. Pass from one generation to another for many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
• Legal. Enshrined in laws and regulations.
• Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
• Aesthetic. Based on a sense of beauty and ugliness.
• Political. They regulate the political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other rules. For example, the rules of etiquette, medical standards, safety regulations, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is erroneous to assume that social sanctions only apply to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live according to generally accepted rules. Otherwise, chaos and anarchy will ensue. But some individuals sometimes cease to obey generally accepted laws. They break them. Such behavior is called deviant or deviant. For this, formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As it has become clear, they are called upon to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That it's something bad. In politics, this term is positioned as a restrictive tool. There is a wrong concept, meaning a ban, a taboo. One can recall and cite as an example the recent events and the trade war between Western countries and the Russian Federation.

In fact, there are four types:

• Formal negative sanctions.
• Informal negative.
• Formal positive.
• Informal positive.

But let's take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

They got this name not by chance. They are characterized by the following factors:

• Associated with a formal manifestation, in contrast to the informal, which have only an emotional connotation.
• They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to encourage an individual for exemplary fulfillment of social norms.

Let's take a concrete example from labor law. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. In the course of labor relations, Ivanov violates the terms of the labor contract concluded with employees and delays their wages, arguing this with the crisis phenomena in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have declined sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough money to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not guilty and can detain money with impunity. But actually it is not.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks in carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and start appropriate procedures. This is provided for by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the day of payment arrives, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated in this case (each employee has financial plans for vacation, social security, and possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with the state labor protection inspectorate. The entrepreneur violated in this case the norms of labor and civil codes. The inspection bodies confirmed this and ordered to pay wages soon. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations of labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was severely reprimanded for being late to the office. The formality in this case consists in a specific action - entering into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, made a remark to him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But not only in labor relations they are applied. Mostly negative formal social sanctions prevail in almost all spheres. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Their violations are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking a mother with a baby as a fellow traveler. Although society may react negatively to this. A flurry of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But do not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for their violation it is possible, in addition to informal ones, to receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It is ugly to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions relied on this. For example, a grandmother may be critical of a violator. Today, smoking bans are a legal norm. For its violation, the individual will be punished with a fine. This is a vivid example of the transformation of an aesthetic norm into a legal plane with formal consequences.

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Informal positive sanctions: definition, features :: BusinessMan.ru

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal is the regulation of public life, the preservation of the given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

Such a phenomenon as social control takes place in all types of society. For the first time this term was used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling it one of the most important means of correcting criminal behavior. Later, social control began to be considered by him as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the instruments of social control are called formal and informal incentives and sanctions. The sociology of personality, which is a branch of social psychology, considers questions and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how the individual is formed. This science under the term "sanctions" also understands encouragement, that is, this is a consequence of any act, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), while informal control is carried out by members of the family, collective, church community, as well as relatives and friends. While the former is based on state laws, the latter is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups have a huge number of people (up to several million), so informal control is untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

Sanctions sociology of personality refers to the punishment or reward used in social groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to the individual's going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Given the types of social control, there are formal positive and negative ones, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Feature of positive sanctions (encouragements)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, the issuance of diplomas, awards, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily provide for the conformity of the individual to whom they are applied to certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements to merit informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal punishments are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, a fine, official reprimand, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punishments and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires a specific prescription that regulates the individual's behavior. It contains the criteria related to the norm, the list of actions (or inaction) that are considered as violations, as well as the punishment for the act (or lack of it).

Types of punishments that are not fixed at the official level become informal negative sanctions. It can be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unfriendly reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing types of sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The former are applied after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or encouragement depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an act. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to the behavior that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school system are designed to develop the habit of “doing the right thing” in children.

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of "disguise" of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of the individual's behavior. By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values ​​that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

businessman.ru

Formal positive sanctions: what is it, definition

The team of the company is a small social group, which means that the concepts of sociology, including sanctions, are applicable to it. This article will answer the question of what formal positive sanctions are and how they help regulate relations among employees.

What is a sanction

A sanction is a term that has already become rather hackneyed and, as a rule, is associated with something bad. This word is of Latin origin: sanctio means "the strictest decree."

A sanction is a part of a legal norm that provides for bad consequences for those who violate the established rules.

The term "social sanction" has almost the same meaning. Only the meaning of social sanctions includes not only punishment, but also encouragement. Social sanction controls a person not only with a “stick”, but also with a “carrot”. Consequently, social sanctions are an effective mechanism of social control. The goal is to subordinate a person to a social group so that he follows established norms and rules.

Types of social sanctions

Social sanctions are divided into formal and informal, positive and negative.

Negative social sanctions provide for punishment for a person who has committed undesirable actions, deviated from the norms generally accepted in a particular team. Positive sanctions, on the contrary, are aimed at supporting the individual in his desire to follow the rules.

Formal social sanctions operate at the official level, come from the management of the company. In contrast, informal sanctions are the reaction of members of the social group itself.

At the “crossing” of positive and negative, formal and informal, we get 4 more types of sanctions:

• formal positive;
• informal positive;
• formal negative;
• informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions

Formal positive sanctions are the encouragement of human actions by the company's management. For example, promotion, bonuses and certificates.

The main driving force behind formal positive sanctions is material.

Each worker is interested in increasing his wages. You work better, you fit into the team, which means that you move up the social ladder faster, you get recognition and respect from others. Formal positive sanctions work best when combined with informal ones.

Other types of sanctions

If the boss praises the employee in front of everyone, gives him a compliment - this is already an informal positive sanction. Of course, the same elements of communication between the employees themselves should be attributed to informal positive sanctions.

For compliance with established norms and rules, a person should be encouraged, and for non-compliance, on the contrary, punished. Negative sanctions, both formal and informal, are responsible for punishment.

Formal negative sanctions that can be applied to an employee are a fine, a reprimand with and without entry in the work book, and, of course, dismissal from work under the article. Negative sanctions “put pressure” on a person’s fear of losing their job.

Informal negative sanctions include a complaint, ridicule, remarks, etc. Informal negative sanctions cause discomfort in a person, up to a feeling of guilt. Following such negative experiences comes the desire to improve, to follow the norms and rules adopted in the team.

Summarizing the above, we come to the conclusion that the team of a firm or organization is, to some extent, a self-regulating system that rejects from its “body” individuals who “swim against the current”, not fitting into the generally accepted framework.

bizjurist.com

Informal negative sanctions: examples. Sociology of personality

Most social groups function in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones were developed at the state or regional levels, and their observance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and are irrelevant for modern man, although they still have considerable weight for the inhabitants of the periphery.

Conformity as a way of adaptation

The preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. Children from an early age are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:

• Restrain the manifestations of the vital activity of the body.
• Do not annoy people with loud speech and bright clothes.
• Respect the boundaries of personal space (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on acts of violence.

When a person lends himself to education and develops appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, easy to communicate with. When an individual's behavior differs from the generally accepted pattern, various punishments are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw the attention of a person to the nature of his mistakes and correct the model of behavior.

Psychology of personality: a system of sanctions

In the professional lexicon of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types of punishments are used to implement the normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards encourage adherence to existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types of punishments: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, condemnation).

What is "punishment" and "reprimand"

The application of certain negative sanctions is due to the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. In modern society they use:

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The former are expressed in the fact that a fine, an administrative penalty may be imposed on the violator, or access to socially valuable resources may be restricted.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of censure become a reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may cease to maintain relations with the person, express public disapproval of him and point out the peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to lecture with and without it, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

In the implementation of all these types of sanctions, except for the guilty person, other people take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

For the implementation of most types of social punishment, the presence of unauthorized persons becomes mandatory. For example, a person who breaks the law must be convicted in accordance with the law (formal sanctions). The trial may require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by absolutely any number of people and also have a huge impact on the violator. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant for him. After a certain resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing to its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions matter: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deep in the subconscious, the need for external punishment is greatly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that deals with the study of various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations are remorse and a painful sense of guilt. They testify to the successful socialization of the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for the well-being of the group

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from the norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is the judge, the jury, and the executioner.

Of course, if the offense becomes known to other people, public censure can also take place. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is carried out with the help of self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Correctly designed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions allow you to achieve impressive discipline with minimal time and effort spent on control measures.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, suspension, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. Using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members and at the same time minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control should be the tougher, the worse self-control is developed.

The reverse side of excessive control and petty guardianship of a person is the inhibition of the development of his consciousness, the muting of the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of the state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

Good intentions...

There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its goal was called restoring order. However, the existence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development of internal control.

As a result, they were waiting for a gradual degradation. These individuals, not accustomed to and unable to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, the dictatorship becomes necessary for them.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society and the less it needs any sanctions. In a society whose members are characterized by a high capacity for self-control, democracy is more likely to be established.

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Formal and informal positive sanction

One way or another, each of us depends on the society in which he exists. Of course, this is not manifested in the complete conformity of certain individuals, because everyone has their own opinion and view on a particular issue. However, very often the public is able to influence the behavior of the individual, to shape and change his attitude to his own actions. This phenomenon is characterized by the ability of certain representatives of society to respond to something with the help of sanctions.

They can be very different: positive and negative, formal and informal, legal and moral, and so on. To a large extent it depends on what exactly the act of the individual consists of.

For example, for many of us, the most enjoyable is an informal positive sanction. What is its essence? First of all, it is worth saying that both informal and formal sanctions can be positive. The first take place, for example, at the place of work of a person. The following example can be given: an office worker made several profitable deals - the authorities issued a letter for this, promoted him and raised his wages. This fact was captured in certain documents, that is, officially. Therefore, in this case, we see a formal positive sanction.

Actually, an informal positive sanction

However, in addition to official approval from the authorities (or the state), a person will receive praise from his colleagues, friends, relatives. This will manifest itself in verbal approval, handshakes, hugs, and so on. Thus, an informal positive sanction will be given by society. It does not find a material manifestation, but for most of the individuals it is more significant than even an increase in wages.

There are a huge number of situations in relation to which informal positive sanctions can be applied. Examples will be given below.

Thus, it can be traced that this type of encouragement for the actions of one or another individual is most often manifested in simple everyday situations.

However, as with wage increases, formal positive sanctions can coexist with informal ones. For example, a person received a medal for bravery during combat operations. Along with official praise from the state, he will receive approval from others, universal honor and respect.

So, we can say that formal and informal positive sanctions can be applied to the same act.