Russian Navy (Navy of the Russian Federation listen)) is one of the three branches of the state's armed forces.

It is intended for the armed protection of the interests of the Russian Federation, the conduct of hostilities in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Russian Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and at bases, disrupting enemy ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting the Ground Forces in landing amphibious assaults, and participating in repelling enemy landings.

Modern Russian Navy is the assignee of the USSR Navy, and that, in turn, was created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The time of the birth of the Russian regular navy is considered to be 1696, when the boyar Duma issued a decree “There will be sea vessels”. The first ships were built at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. During its 300-year history, the Russian fleet has gone through a glorious military path. 75 times the enemy lowered his flags in front of his ships.

Russian Navy Day celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This holiday was established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939.

OPPORTUNITIES AND TASKS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The importance of the Navy in the modern world can hardly be overestimated. This type of armed forces is best suited for the global projection of military power to any region of the globe. The specific capabilities inherent only in the Navy are:

1) Mobility and high autonomy, with the ability to go to any point of the World Ocean through neutral waters. While the mobility of the Ground Forces, as a rule, is limited by the borders of their own country, and the autonomy of the Navy aircraft does not exceed a few hours of flight, ship groups can operate for months at any distance from their bases. High mobility makes it difficult to deliver strikes, including nuclear strikes, against a deployed enemy ship grouping, because during the time it takes to prepare a strike, it can move significantly, and not always in a predictable direction.

2) High firepower and range of modern naval weapons. This allows the navy to hit targets located at a distance of several hundred and even thousands of meters from the coast. Thus, the Navy is an important instrument of "non-contact" warfare. In combination with mobility and autonomy, this property makes it possible to exert military pressure on almost any (albeit with some restrictions) state in the world.

3) Short response time to a crisis situation. Ability to quickly relocate to a crisis region without long-term political and infrastructural costs.

3) Secrecy of the actions of the submarine forces of the Navy. No other branch of the armed forces has such an opportunity. It is the strategic missile submarines on combat duty that are the factor that can significantly limit the actions of a potential aggressor. After all, the exact location of strategic submarines is unknown, some of them may be very close to the shores of a potential enemy, and in the event of aggression against Russia, they are capable of inflicting a monstrous retaliatory strike.

4) Universality of application. The navy can be used in operations of various kinds:

• demonstration of strength
• combat duty,
• sea ​​blockade and protection of communications,
• peacekeeping and anti-piracy actions,
• humanitarian missions,
• transfer of ground troops
• coast protection,
• conventional and nuclear war at sea,
• strategic nuclear deterrence,
• strategic Missile Defense,
• landing operations and combat operations on land (independently or in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces).

Let us dwell on some aspects of the use of the Navy. What a show of force is, it was shown quite recently, when a squadron of the Russian Navy, led by the TAVKR "Admiral Kuznetsov", entered the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the possibility of an external invasion of Syria was prevented. Since that time, a series of military successes of the B. Assad regime in the fight against the "rebels" began. But the United States has the greatest potential for a show of force. It can be said that they are constantly demonstrating strength in all key points of the globe, and this is an integral part of American foreign policy.

The United States is also currently leading the way in creating a naval component of anti-missile defense (ABM). The fleet is considered here as a naval component of the global missile defense system. The interception of ballistic missiles is carried out by specially designed interceptor missiles launched from sea carriers under the control of the Aegis system. It is very likely that in the foreseeable future the Russian Navy will receive its own analogue of the Aegis. The media reported on the plans of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in 2016 to start building six destroyers equipped with anti-missile and anti-space defense elements.

The navy, as a global military instrument, must have its own air and ground components. This is what we see in the US Navy. Well-equipped expeditionary divisions of the US Marine Corps, with armored vehicles, aircraft and logistic support units, are able to arrive anywhere in the world in the shortest possible time and land on the coast in order to conduct humanitarian, counterinsurgency operations, or full-scale military operations. This is the essence of US colonial policy, and the Navy is its universal tool. Russian sailors also had to fight a lot on land, but in a different way. The sailors went to the front in a critical situation and, as a rule, on their own land. And this is not only the Civil War and the Second World War. In such purely land wars of modern Russian history, as the First and Second Chechen wars, sailors were not involved.

In peacetime, the Russian Navy performs the following tasks:

• deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against the Russian Federation;
• protection of the sovereignty of the country, extending beyond its land territory to internal sea waters and territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom of the high seas;
• creation and maintenance of conditions for ensuring the safety of maritime economic activity in the World Ocean;
• ensuring the naval presence of Russia in the World Ocean, demonstration of the flag and military force, official visits;
• ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the state;
• ensuring the personal safety of Russian citizens staying in foreign coastal states in the event of conflict situations arising in them.

In peacetime, the tasks of the Russian Navy are solved by carrying out the following activities:

• combat patrol and combat duty of strategic missile submarines (RPLS) in the established readiness to strike at the designated objects of a potential enemy;
• combat support of the RPLSN (ensuring the combat stability of the RPLSN) on routes and in combat patrol areas;
• search for nuclear missile and multi-purpose submarines of a potential enemy and tracking them on routes and in mission areas in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• monitoring aircraft carrier and other naval strike groups of a potential enemy, tracking them in their combat maneuvering areas in readiness to strike at them with the outbreak of hostilities;
• opening and hindering the activity of enemy reconnaissance forces and means in the seas and ocean areas adjacent to our coast, observing and tracking them in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
• ensuring the deployment of fleet forces during a threatened period;
• identification of communications and equipment of ocean and sea theaters in strategically important areas of the World Ocean;
• study of probable areas of combat operations and conditions for the use of various branches of the forces of the Navy, the use of weapons and technical means;
• monitoring the activities of foreign fleets;
• protection of civil navigation;
• implementation of foreign policy actions of the country's leadership;
• protection and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the underwater environment;
• protection and protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and control of its use;
• protection of the State Border of the Russian Federation on land and sea by military methods;
• assistance to the Border Troops of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the protection of the State Border, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
• assistance to the internal troops and internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring public security and the state of emergency in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• defense of the sea coast;
• assistance to the civil defense troops and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes, fires and natural disasters.

The tasks of the Russian Navy in wartime are as follows:

• ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines;
• the defeat of the strike naval groups of the enemy navy and the conquest of dominance in the near sea (ocean) zone, the creation of favorable conditions for operations in the coastal direction;
• protection of vital sea lanes;
• landing of amphibious assault forces and ensuring their operations on the coast;
• inflicting fire strikes on the aggressor troops from sea directions;
• protecting your coast;
• blockade of the enemy coast (ports, naval bases, economic coastal areas, strait zones);
• in the case of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy - the destruction of ground facilities on its territory, participation in the first and subsequent nuclear strikes.

It should be added that the World Ocean is both a colossal source of resources and a global transport artery. In the future, the importance of control over the ocean, apparently, will only increase. An urgent problem for Russia is the growing rivalry for control over the resources of the Arctic Ocean, which today looks more and more promising from an economic point of view. And a strong navy is for Russia the key to the riches of the North.

STRUCTURE AND COMBAT COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The structure of the Russian Navy includes the following forces:

• surface;
• underwater;
• naval aviation;
• coastal troops.

Separate forces are special forces, logistic support and the hydrographic service.

Let us consider in more detail each of the above types of forces of the Russian Navy.

surface forces

They provide access to combat areas for submarines, their deployment and return to bases, as well as the transportation and cover of landing forces. The surface forces are given the main role in protecting communications, laying and eliminating minefields.

The surface forces of the Russian Navy have the following classes of ships:

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser(TAKR) project 11435 - 1 ("Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov") as part of the Northern Fleet. The cruiser was put into operation in 1991. The main strike weapons of the TAKR are 12 Granit anti-ship missile launchers and an air wing consisting of Su-25UTG carrier-based training aircraft and Su-33 fighters, as well as Ka-27 and K-29 helicopters. Currently, the air wing actually includes 10 Su-33 fighters. These aircraft are deprived of strike capabilities, their task is the long-range defense of an aircraft carrier group. After the planned large-scale modernization, the TAKR air wing will increase to 50 aircraft, of which 26 are MiG-29K or Su-27K fighters. It is also planned to replace the current unreliable boiler-turbine power plant with a gas turbine or nuclear one.

Heavy nuclear missile cruisers(TARK) Project 1144 "Orlan" - 4. These are the largest and most powerful non-aircraft-carrying attack ships in the world. Their main armament is 20 PU anti-ship missiles "Granit". At the moment, the Russian Navy has only one combat-ready cruiser of this project - "Peter the Great" as part of the Northern Fleet. The rest - "Kirov", "Admiral Lazarev", "Admiral Nakhimov" - for various reasons, are not combat-ready and have been in the sludge for a long time. Currently, work has begun on their repair and modernization. The commissioning of these ships is planned for 2018-2020.

missile cruisers project 1164 "Atlant" - 3, of which one ("Marshal Ustinov") is under repair until 2015. The main armament is 8x2 anti-ship missiles P-1000 "Vulcan". There are two cruisers of this type in service - the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet GRKR "Moskva" and the flagship of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy RKR "Varyag".

All the cruisers described above have extremely high strike power. They are intended primarily for delivering strikes against large surface ships of the enemy, providing air defense and combat stability of ship groups, and providing fire support for landing forces. By the way, cruisers pr.1164 are sometimes referred to as "aircraft carrier killers", but this is an exaggeration. Supersonic P-1000 anti-ship missiles really have no analogues in the world, and hitting several of these missiles can send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, but the problem is that the range of American carrier-based aircraft is much greater than the range of Russian (and any other) anti-ship missiles .

Large anti-submarine ships (BOD) - 9. This is a specific class of ships in the Soviet and Russian fleets. In the Western fleets, these ships could be classified as destroyers. Currently, the Russian Navy has 7 BOD pr. 1155 "Fregat", 1 BOD 1155.1 and 1 - 1134B. As the name implies, BODs are mainly intended for anti-submarine warfare. Priority weapons are anti-submarine, including Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. Guided missile weapons are represented by SAMs. There is no anti-ship missile armament. True, recently information appeared in the media that the BOD pr. 1155 will be modernized. The modernization of the BOD will include equipping it with modern A-192 guns, Caliber missiles and the latest air defense and missile defense system with S-400 Redut missiles. To control the new weapons, shipborne electronics will also be replaced. Thus, BODs will gain versatility and, in terms of their combat capabilities, will actually be equal to destroyers.

One of the BOD pr.1155 "Sharp-witted" in the course of modernization was converted into a TFR of the far sea zone.

Destroyers (EM) project 956 "Sarych", in the combat composition of the fleet - 7, one more - is being repaired and modernized. At present, the destroyers of Project 956 are obsolete and cannot compete with the American destroyers of the Arleigh Burke type. The advantage of American destroyers is their versatility (their Mk 41 launchers house the entire range of anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles) and the presence of the Aegis system. There is nothing like this in the Russian fleet yet. It must be admitted that if in other countries (USA, Japan) destroyers are the "backbone" of the military fleets, then in the Russian Navy they are extremely poorly represented. We can talk about the imbalance of the ship composition of the Russian fleet in this regard. However, at present, requirements for a promising destroyer of the Russian Navy have been formulated and its development is underway.

Corvettes project 20380 "Guarding" - 3 (5 more - in the process of construction). These are the latest multi-purpose ships of the 2nd rank of the near sea zone. They carry balanced weapons: anti-ship missile (2x4 Uran anti-ship missiles), artillery (1x100 mm A-190), anti-aircraft (4x8 Redut air defense systems, 2x6 30-mm gun AK-630M), anti-submarine (2x4 330-mm TA) and aviation (1 helicopter Ka-27PL).

Patrol ships (SKR)- 4. Of these, project 11540 "Hawk" - 2, project 1135 and 1135M - 2. Another 3 ships of project 1135M are part of the coast guard of the FSB of Russia.

Missile ships (RK)- 2, project 11661 "Gepard". According to NATO classification, these ships belong to the class of frigates, in Russia until 2003 they were considered patrol ships, however, they are distinguished from conventional TFRs by incomparably more powerful weapons: 1x76-mm guns, two 30-mm automated guns (on the lead ship of the Tatarstan series "), torpedo tubes, RBU, anti-ship missile systems (on the ship "Tatarstan" - SCRC "Uranus" with X-35 missiles, on "Dagestan" - universal SCRC "Caliber-NK", which can be used to launch several types of high-precision cruise missiles missiles; "Dagestan" became the first ship of the Russian Navy to receive this complex), anti-aircraft weapons (on "Tatarstan" - "Osa-MA-2", on "Dagestan" ZRAK "Broadsword").

Small anti-submarine ships- 28. Basically, these are ships pr. 1124 and 1124M, built in the 1970s - 1980s. last century. The main armament is anti-submarine and torpedo; there are artillery, air defense systems and electronic warfare equipment.

Small missile ships(RTOs, according to Western classification - corvettes) - 14 ships pr.1234.1 and 1234.7 "Gadfly". The ships of this series were built from 1967 to 1992. Despite their small size, RTOs have high striking power. The main strike weapons are 6 P-120 Malachite anti-ship missile launchers, or 4 P-20 Termit-E anti-ship missile launchers or 12 Onyx anti-ship missile launchers. Also, the Russian Navy has two RTOs of the latest construction of the river-sea class, pr.

Large missile boats(RKA) - 28, various modifications of project 1241 "Lightning" (1241.1, 12411T, 12411RE, 1241.7). The boats are equipped with anti-ship weapons - 4 ZM80 Moskit missiles and 1x76-mm AK-176 guns, electronic warfare equipment. Anti-aircraft weapons are purely symbolic - 1 Strela-3 or Igla MANPADS. At least one boat of this type received new anti-aircraft weapons during the modernization: the Broadsword SAM with the ability to install two quad-mounted anti-aircraft missiles.

Small artillery ships (MAK) - 4. This class includes one ship pr.12411 after modernization and 3 newest Russian ships of the “river-sea” class pr. .

Artillery boats (AKA)- 6. Of these, project 1204 "Bumblebee" - 3, and project 1400M "Vulture" - 3. Designed for operations on rivers and lakes, as well as in coastal shallow areas of the sea. Currently, 5 out of 6 AKAs in service are serving in the Caspian Flotilla. Project 1204 boats have armor and fairly powerful weapons: a 76-mm tank gun, a BM-14-7 rocket launcher, a 14.5-mm anti-aircraft machine gun and mine weapons. Boats pr.1400M are designed for patrol and border service. Their armament is a 12.7 mm machine gun turret.

Sea minesweepers (MTSH)- 13, of which project 12660 - 2, project 266M and 266ME - 9, project 02668 - 1, project 1332 - 1. The main armament of sea minesweepers is anti-mine and anti-submarine. MTShch are designed for setting minefields, searching for, destroying sea mines and escorting ships through minefields. Minesweepers are equipped with contact, acoustic and electromagnetic trawls, as well as special mine detection sonar. For self-defense, minesweepers have artillery and missile weapons: 76-, 30-, 25-mm gun mounts, Strela-3 air defense systems, etc.

Basic minesweepers (BTSH)- 22, all ships - project 1265 "Yakhont" of the 70s. the buildings.

Raid minesweepers (RTShch)- 23, of which project 1258 - 4, project 10750 - 8, project 697TB - 2, project 12592 - 4, radio-controlled river mine breakers project 13000 - 5.

Large landing ships (BDK)- 19. Of these, 15 are BDK pr. 775, which are the basis of the Russian landing fleet. Each ship is designed to carry 225 paratroopers and 10 tanks. In addition to transporting troops, BDKs are designed to provide fire support. For this, the BDK pr. 775 has the MS-73 Groza MLRS with a firing range of 21 km and two twin 57-mm AK-725 gun mounts. The ship's air defense is made up of a 76-mm AK-176 gun mount and two six-barreled 30-mm AK-630 gun mounts. They can also be used for ship self-defense against enemy light surface forces. The remaining 4 BDKs are represented by the older Project 1171 Tapir. The ships of this project can transport 300 paratroopers and 20 tanks or 45 armored personnel carriers. Their armament is 2 MLRS A-215 "Grad-M", and a twin 57-mm gun mount ZIF-31B.

Small landing craft hovercraft (MDKVP)- 2 ships pr.12322 "Zubr". These ships were created in the 80s. of the last century and still have no analogues in terms of carrying capacity in this class of vessels. Each ship can carry three tanks or 10 armored personnel carriers and 140 troops. The design of the ship allows you to move on land, swampy terrain and land troops in the depths of enemy defenses. The armament of the ship consists of 2 launchers of the A-22 "Fire" system with 140-mm unguided rockets and two AK-630 gun mounts; for air defense, the ship has 8 Igla MANPADS.

Landing craft (DKA)- 23, of which 12 - project 1176 "Shark", 9 - project 11770 "Cherna", 1 - project 21820 "Dugong" and 1 - project 1206 "Kalmar". Landing boats are designed for landing troops on an unequipped coast. Boats of projects 11770 and 21820 are the latest. During their movement, the principle of an air cavity is used, which makes it possible to minimize the resistance of water, and due to this, to develop a speed of more than 30 knots. The carrying capacity of boats pr. 11770 is 1 tank or up to 45 tons of cargo, boats pr. 21820 - 2 tanks or up to 140 tons of cargo.

submarine force

The main tasks of the submarine forces are:

• defeating important ground targets of the enemy;
• search for and destruction of submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships of the enemy, his landing units, convoys, single transports (vessels) at sea;
• reconnaissance, ensuring the guidance of their strike forces and the issuance of target designation to them;
• destruction of offshore oil and gas complexes, landing of reconnaissance groups (detachments) for special purposes on the coast of the enemy;
• setting mines and others.

They include a strategic nuclear component (which is an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad) and general-purpose forces.

Strategic submarine forces of the Russian Navy designed to carry out combat duty with atomic ballistic missiles on board and, in the event of a command, deliver nuclear strikes against enemy ground targets. These include 14 strategic nuclear-powered missile submarines (SSBNs; sometimes they are also referred to as SSBNs - "nuclear ballistic missile submarine"). The main part of the SSBN - 10 units. - focused on the Northern Fleet, 3 more SSBNs are part of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.

True, not all of these ships are in combat-ready condition. Two ships of Project 941 "Shark" due to the lack of ammunition (the R-39 ballistic missiles used on them were removed from service) were put into reserve and are planned for disposal. The lead ship of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, was upgraded in 2008 for the new Bulava missile system and after the upgrade received the designation 941UM.

Of the three submarines pr.667BDR Kalmar (all in the Pacific Fleet), two are in service, one is under repair and modernization. These submarines are equipped with R-29R ICBMs. Currently, the submarines of the Kalmar project are largely morally and physically obsolete and are planned for decommissioning.

SSBN pr.667BDRM "Delfin" is so far the main naval component of the strategic nuclear triad of the Russian Federation. The Russian Navy has seven submarines of this project, of which five are actually in service. The Yekaterinburg submarine is under restoration after a severe fire that occurred on December 29, 2011. The BS-64 submarine is being re-equipped into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles to perform special tasks, that is, it will no longer be used as a missile cruiser.

It should be noted that all of the above submarines were built back in the USSR and belong to the third generation of SSBNs.

They should be replaced by fourth-generation SSBNs pr.955 Borey, armed with Bulava missiles, but so far the Russian Navy has received only the lead ship of this series, Yuri Dolgoruky. The latter became generally the only strategic missile submarine built in Russia from the collapse of the Soviet Union to the present. True, the current Borey SSBN construction program provides for the construction of 10 ships by 2020.

Thus, at present, the Russian Navy has only nine SSBNs in combat-ready condition. True, if we take into account that the US Navy has 14 SSBNs, we can talk about relative parity for ships of this class.

General purpose submarine forces include cruise missile nuclear submarines, utility nuclear submarines, diesel-electric submarines, and special-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines.

They have the following ship composition:

Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles (SSGN or APK- nuclear submarine missile cruiser) - 8, project 949A "Antey". Of these, 5 are in service, 1 is under repair, 2 are in reserve. These submarines are armed with 24 ZM-45 supersonic anti-ship P-700 "Granit" anti-ship systems and are designed primarily for unexpected strikes against enemy naval formations. They are considered, along with naval missile-carrying aircraft, one of the main means of countering the AUG of the US Navy. The secrecy of reaching the missile launch line and unprecedented striking power - more than any of the surface missile cruisers - give a formation of two SSGNs a real chance of destroying an aircraft carrier. At one time, an anti-aircraft division was created in the USSR Navy, which included 2 groups of 2 SSGNs and one submarine, project 671RTM. The division successfully conducted a tactical exercise on a real AUG "America".

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines (PLA)- 19. Of these: project 971 "Pike-B" - 11, project 671RTMK - 4, project 945 "Barracuda" - 2, project 945A "Condor" - 2. The main task of the submarine is tracking strategic submarines and AUG of a potential enemy and their destruction in the event of a war.

Submarines pr.971 "Pike-B" are the basis of the multi-purpose submarine forces of the Russian Navy. They are armed with a missile-torpedo system that allows the use of various types of ammunition: torpedoes, rocket-torpedoes, underwater missiles, anti-submarine guided missiles (PLUR), cruise missiles S-10 grenades with nuclear warheads for strikes against AUGs, high-precision cruise missiles for strikes against ground targets .

Submarines pr.945 "Barracuda" are the first Soviet submarines of the third generation, and "Condor" is a development of this project. Armament - torpedoes and rocket torpedoes. A distinctive feature of project 945A is the level of unmasking signs (noise and magnetic fields) is significantly reduced. This submarine was considered the quietest in the Soviet Navy.

Project 671RTMK submarines are largely obsolete and should be decommissioned in the future. Currently, two of the four available submarines of this type are combat-ready.

Diesel submarines (DPL)- 19, of which pr.877 "Halibut" - 16, pr.877EKM - 1, pr.641B "Som" - 1 (was under overhaul, at present the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined), pr. .677 "Lada" - 1.

Project 877 submarines have an extremely low noise level and universal weapons: torpedo tubes and Club-S missile systems. In the West, this submarine was nicknamed the "Black Hole" for its stealth.

The only submarine pr.641B "B-380" remaining in the fleet was under overhaul for a long time; at present, the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined.

DPL project 677 "Lada" is a development of the "Halibut" project. However, due to a number of technical shortcomings in 2011-2012. the project was sharply criticized by the command of the Russian Navy. In particular, the power plant was able to develop no more than half of the power specified by the project. It was decided to finalize the project. At present, the lead ship of the B-585 series "St. Petersburg" has been built and is in trial operation. After the deficiencies are eliminated, the construction of the series is likely to continue.

Nuclear submarines for special purposes (PLASN)- 9, of which pr.1851 - 1, 18511 - 2, pr.1910 - 3, pr.10831 - 1, pr.09787 - 1, pr.09786 - 1. All PLASN are part of the 29th nuclear submarine brigade special boats. The activities of the brigade are strictly classified. It is known that PLASN are equipped with special equipment and are designed to work at great depths and at the bottom of the oceans. The brigade is part of the Northern Fleet, but is directly subordinate to General Directorate of Deep Sea Research ( GUGI) General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Diesel submarine for special purposes (PLSN)- 1, project 20120 "Sarov". Designed to test new types of weapons and military equipment. In 2012, the media reported that the Sarov submarine was equipped with an experimental hydrogen power plant, which, in case of successful tests, would be installed on the Project 677 submarine.

In addition to warships, the Russian Navy includes various types of auxiliary vessels:

• intelligence : large nuclear reconnaissance ship, large, medium and small reconnaissance ships, communication ships, aerial surveillance ship, underwater lighting ships, search and rescue ship;
• rescue : rescue vessels, fire-fighting and rescue boats, raid diving boats, rescue sea tugs, ship-lifting vessel, etc.
• transport : complex supply ship, dry cargo and tankers, sea ferries, combined arms self-propelled ferry;
• mother ship : submarines, technical and rocket-technical;
• floating workshops ;
• hydrographic ships ;
• ships of degaussing, hydroacoustic and control of physical fields .

Naval aviation

Includes aircraft and helicopters for various purposes. Main goals:

• search and destruction of the combat forces of the enemy fleet, landing units, convoys;
• covering their ship groups from air strikes;
• destruction of aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles;
• air reconnaissance;
• aiming at the ship forces of the enemy of their strike forces and issuing target designation to them;
• participation in mine laying, mine action, electronic warfare (EW), transportation and landing, search and rescue operations at sea. Naval aviation operates both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces or formations of other branches of the Armed Forces.

Naval aviation is subdivided into carrier-based and shore-based aviation. Until 2011, the naval aviation of the Russian Navy included: missile-carrying, assault, fighter, anti-submarine, search and rescue, transport and special aviation. After the military reform of 2011, the state and prospects of naval aviation are vague. According to available information, at present its organizational structure includes 7 air bases and the 279th naval aviation regiment assigned to the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

About 300 aircraft remain in the naval aviation. Of them:

• 24 Su-24M/MR,
• 21 Su-33s (not more than 12 in flight condition),
• 16 Tu-142 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 4 Su-25 UTG (279th naval aviation regiment),
• 16 Il-38 (in flight condition no more than 10),
• 7 Be-12s (mainly in the Black Sea Fleet, will be decommissioned in the near future),
• 95 Ka-27s (no more than 70 are operational),
• 10 Ka-29s (assigned to the Marines),
• 16 Mi-8,
• 11 An-12 (several in reconnaissance and electronic warfare),
• 47 An-24 and An-26,
• 8 An-72,
• 5 Tu-134,
• 2 Tu-154,
• 2 Il-18,
• 1 Il-22,
• 1 Il-20,
• 4 Tu-134UBL.

Of these, technically sound, capable of performing combat missions in full, are no more than 43% of the total number.

Before the reform, the naval aviation had two fighter regiments, the 698th OGIAP with Su-27 fighters and the 865th IAP with MiG-31 fighters. Currently, they are transferred to the Air Force.

Assault and naval missile-carrying aircraft (Tu-22M3) were eliminated. The latter looks more than strange, given that the MRA has long been considered one of the main and most effective means of combating the AUG of a potential enemy near our maritime borders. In 2011, all Tu-22M3 missile-carrying bombers of the naval missile-carrying aviation, consisting of three squadrons, were hastily handed over to the Long-Range Aviation of the Air Force. Thus, all Tu-22M3 missile carriers are now concentrated in the Air Force, and the Navy has lost an important part of its combat potential.

Apparently, such a decision was dictated not so much by military considerations as by the realities of today. Due to the long-term catastrophic underfunding, the combat training of naval aviation pilots was carried out at a more than modest level, only one 1/3 of the crews could be considered combat-ready; Tu-22M3 aircraft have not been upgraded for a long time. In fact, in the 1990s and early 2000s, only those who learned how to fly in Soviet times were able to fly in naval aviation. At the same time, the combat effectiveness of Long-Range Aviation in modern Russia continues to be somehow supported. The missile carriers were transferred to where they are still able to serve and can fly on them. In addition, the collection of all Tu-22M3 aircraft in one structure, in theory, should reduce the cost of their maintenance. Currently, out of 150 aircraft of this type that Russia has, only 40 are combat-ready. It is reported that thirty Tu-22M3s will undergo a deep modernization with the replacement of all electronics and will receive a new high-precision Kh-32 missile.

The rest of the Tu-22M3, for various reasons, are in non-flying condition and are "on conservation." Judging by the photo, the condition of these far from old cars is not very good. If we talk about the fulfillment of such a task as the destruction of at least one Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, then this will require at least 30 Tu-22M3, that is, almost all available combat-ready vehicles. If we divide 40 missile carriers between two structures, it turns out that the fight against the AUG is beyond the power of the missile-carrying units of either of them.

In general, after the reform, naval aviation was deprived of most of its strike power, and is currently concentrating on the tasks of anti-submarine defense (ASD), patrolling and search and rescue operations, while maintaining in its structure the only regiment of ship-based fighters and limited capabilities for performance of strike missions from land airfields.

Patrolling carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft in the Pacific region and the Arctic is a demonstration of military presence and is of great political importance. In connection with the serious political and economic interests of Russia in the Arctic, patrol aircraft of naval aviation monitor the ice situation and the movements of foreign ships in this region.

Another important function of naval aviation is anti-submarine. It is also carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft. The anti-submarine function in peacetime includes "offensive" and "defensive" combat patrols. The first one includes monitoring the areas of possible location of SSBNs of a potential enemy, primarily American submarines. In the second case, Russian anti-submarine aviation covers the likely patrol areas of its strategic missile carriers, observing the activity of enemy submarines, which may pose a threat to Russian SSBNs when they are on combat duty.

The Russian Navy also has specialized Ka-27PL anti-submarine helicopters. These are reliable machines that still have a significant resource, as well as helicopters of the search and rescue version of the Ka-27PS. The Black Sea Fleet has 8 Mi-8 helicopters equipped with electronic warfare equipment.

The coastal strike aircraft of the Russian Navy is represented by the only 43rd Naval Assault Squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, consisting of 18 Su-24 front-line bombers and 4 Su-24MR reconnaissance aircraft. It is based in the Crimea at the Gvardeyskoye airfield. The squadron was not transferred to the Air Force, as this could not be done without international complications.

Also equipped with the Su-24, the 4th Separate Naval Assault Aviation Regiment (OMSHAP), stationed in Chernyakhovsk (Kaliningrad region), became the 7052nd air base in 2009, but was transferred to the Air Force in March 2011.

The transport aviation of the Navy has at its disposal An-12, An-24 aircraft and one An-72 short takeoff and landing aircraft.

The Black Sea Fleet has three to four Be-12PS amphibious turboprops, which are mainly used for search and rescue and patrol operations. These machines are significantly outdated and exhausted.

The moral and physical obsolescence of the flight fleet is a serious problem for the aviation of the Russian Navy. So far, it has only been partially resolved. Thus, new Ka-52K helicopters will be purchased for the acquired Mistral UDC, Ka-31 AWACS helicopters and MiG-29K carrier-based fighters for the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier. Su-33 fighters are also being upgraded.

Naval aviation pilots of the Russian Navy are trained by the 859th Naval Aviation Training Center in Yeysk on the Sea of ​​Azov. It carries out both the retraining of pilots for new types of aircraft and the training of ground personnel.

For the training of carrier-based aviation pilots of the Russian Navy, the unique NITKA training ground, located in the Crimea and owned by the Ukrainian Navy, is used. In 2008-2010 due to international complications caused by the "Five-day war" with Georgia, the Russians were deprived of the opportunity to train at the complex. Accordingly, for three years, the training of young pilots of the 279th naval air regiment was very difficult, since pilots are allowed to fly from the deck of the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier only after successful training on the NITKA. In 2013, Russia abandoned the use of the Ukrainian NITKA, as it is actively building its own, more advanced NITKA in Yeysk. In July 2013, the first test flights of the Su-25UTG and MiG-29KUB aircraft were successfully carried out on it.

Coastal troops

Designed for the defense of the coast, bases and other ground facilities and participation in amphibious assaults. Includes coastal missile and artillery troops and marines.

Coastal missile and artillery troops of the Russian Navy include:

• 2 separate coastal missile regiments;
• 1 Guards Rocket Brigade;
• 3 separate coastal missile and artillery brigades;
• 3 anti-aircraft missile regiments;
• 2 electronic warfare regiments;
• 2 motorized rifle brigades;
• 1 motorized rifle regiment;
• a separate marine road engineering battalion;
• communication nodes.

The firepower of the Coastal Forces of the Russian Navy is based on the Redut, Rubezh, Bal-E, Club-M, K-300P Bastion-P anti-ship missile systems, and the A-222 Bereg self-propelled artillery system. There are also standard samples of artillery weapons and military equipment of the ground forces: 122-mm MLRS 9K51 "Grad", 152-mm howitzers 2A65 "Msta-B", 152-mm self-propelled guns 2S5 "Gyatsint", 152-mm towed guns 2A36 "Gyatsint- B", 152-mm D-20 gun-howitzers, 122-mm D-30 howitzers, up to 500 T-80, T-72 and T-64 tanks, more than 200 armored personnel carriers BTR-70 and BTR-80.

Marine Corps includes:

• 3 MP brigades;
• 2 MP regiments;
• two separate MP battalions.

Marines are armed with T-80, T-72 and PT-76 tanks, BMP-2 and BMP-3F infantry fighting vehicles, BTR-80, BTR-70 and MTLB armored personnel carriers, Nona-S and Nona-SVK gun mounts "on the floating chassis of the armored personnel carrier and" Gvozdika ". Currently, a new tracked infantry fighting vehicle is being developed specifically for the fleet.

The Marine Corps of the Russian Navy is considered a special elite branch of the fleet, however, unlike the US Marine Corps, which, in fact, is a full-fledged army, the Russian Marine Corps can only solve tasks of a tactical nature.

In addition to the indicated coastal forces, the Russian Navy includes separate naval reconnaissance points () and detachments to combat underwater sabotage forces and means (OB PDSS).

OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy are:

Baltic Fleet with headquarters in Kaliningrad. Ship composition: 3 diesel submarines, 2 destroyers, 3 corvettes, 2 patrol ships, 4 small missile ships, 7 small anti-submarine ships, 7 missile boats, 5 base minesweepers, 14 raid minesweepers, 4 large landing ships, 2 small landing ships on VP, 6 landing craft. Total: submarines - 3, surface ships - 56.

Northern Fleet with headquarters in Severomorsk. Ship composition: 10 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles, 3 nuclear submarines with cruise missiles, 14 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 9 special-purpose nuclear submarines, 1 special-purpose diesel submarine, 6 diesel-powered submarines, 1 heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, 2 heavy nuclear missile cruisers, 1 missile cruiser, 5 BODs, 1 destroyer, 3 small missile ships, 1 artillery boat, 6 small anti-submarine ships, 4 sea minesweepers, 6 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 43, surface ships - 39.

Black Sea Fleet with headquarters in Sevastopol. Ship composition: 2 diesel submarines, 1 missile cruiser, 2 BODs, 3 TFRs, 7 MPKs, 4 RTOs, 5 missile boats, 7 sea minesweepers, 2 base minesweepers, 2 raid minesweepers, 7 large landing ships, 2 landing boats. Total: submarines - 2, surface ships - 41.

Pacific Fleet with headquarters in Vladivostok. Ship composition: 3 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 5 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 5 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 8 diesel submarines, 1 heavy nuclear missile cruiser, 1 missile cruiser, 4 large anti-submarine ships, 3 destroyers, 8 small anti-submarine ships, 4 small missile ships, 11 missile boats, 2 sea minesweepers, 7 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing craft. Total: submarines - 21, surface ships - 50.

Caspian flotilla with headquarters in Astrakhan. Ship composition: 2 patrol ships, 4 small artillery ships, 5 missile boats, 5 artillery boats, 2 base minesweepers, 5 raid minesweepers, 7 landing craft. Total: surface ships - 28.

The Northern and Pacific Fleets are full-fledged ocean-going fleets. Their ships can carry out all types of naval operations in the far ocean zone. Only these two fleets of the Russian Navy have submarines and SSBNs. Also, all Russian missile cruisers are concentrated here, except for the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet of the RKR Moskva.

The Baltic and Black Sea Fleets are predominantly maritime zone fleets. Their ships can also make exits to the oceans, but only in the conditions of a global world, to carry out expeditionary operations against an obviously weaker enemy.

GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

Russia has the longest maritime borders in the world - 43 thousand km, and therefore the importance of the Navy for it is very great. At the same time, no country in the world has such an inconvenient strategic location of access to the sea. All fleets of the Russian Navy are isolated from each other, and in the event of a war in one of the directions, the transfer of forces from others is extremely difficult.

The peak of the power of the Soviet Navy came in the 80s of the last century. According to Western experts of that time, a formation of three US Navy AUGs, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities in the area of ​​​​responsibility of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy, most likely would have lasted no longer than a day.

With the collapse of the USSR, the rapid degradation of the fleet began. According to some estimates, compared to the USSR in the 80s, Russia has lost up to 80% of its naval power. Nevertheless, in the world ranking of fleets in terms of combat power, the Russian fleet still ranks second (after the American one), and sixth in terms of the number of ships.

According to some estimates, the Russian Navy is more than one and a half times inferior to the US Navy in terms of combat capabilities. The advantage of the Americans is in the number of nuclear submarines, the number and quality of URO destroyers and, of course, the presence of 11 nuclear aircraft carriers in the fleet. However, there has recently been a trend towards a revival of the Russian Navy, while the US is at the peak of its naval power, which is likely to decline in the future.

The basis of the combat strength of the Russian navy is made up of Soviet-built ships. At the same time, in recent years there has been an active construction of new ships.

First of all, there is a desire to build up the capabilities of the Russian Navy in the near sea zone. This is necessary to protect the country's economic interests on the continental shelf, and at the same time is not as ruinous as the construction of large warships in the far ocean zone. Surface ships under construction and planned for construction are: 8 frigates of the far sea zone pr. 22350, 6 frigates of the far sea zone pr. 10 small missile ships pr.21631, four helicopter carriers "Mistral", at least 20 small landing ships "Dugong" and a series of basic minesweepers pr.12700 "Alexandrite". Of course, these ships are not designed to compete with the United States for dominance at sea. Rather, they are suitable for confronting lower-ranking fleets, such as Swedish or Norwegian, in the struggle for the resources of the Arctic, or participating in international missions, for example, against Somali pirates.

At the same time, attention is paid to the renewal of strategic submarine forces. Three SSBNs pr.955 "Borey" are under construction. In total, eight of them should be built. As for the general-purpose submarine forces, first of all it should be noted the construction of eight newest fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines, project 885 Yasen, for the Russian Navy. Also, 6 diesel submarines pr.636.3 "Varshavyanka" will be built, which are a further development of the submarines pr.877EKM.

In recent years, the media has been discussing the topic of creating a Russian nuclear aircraft carrier, similar to the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. According to some reports, up to five AUGs are planned to be created as part of the Russian Navy. Currently, the domestic aircraft carrier is at the design stage. The problem is that some of the technologies available to the Americans are simply not available in Russia, in particular, the electromagnetic catapult, which will be equipped with the latest American aircraft carriers of the Gerald Ford series. In addition, the aircraft carrier needs modern escort ships designed to operate as part of the AUG. Among them, an important role is played by destroyers, which are now practically absent in the Russian Navy. Tentatively, the commissioning of the first domestic aircraft carrier is planned for 2023, but, apparently, these are still the most optimistic dates.

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Smyslova Olya

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History of the Navy of the Russian Federation.

1. Russian Navy. 2. How it all began ... (The fleet of the Old Russian state, the fleet under Ivan IV, the fleet under Peter I). 3. Fleet of the Russian Empire. 4. Soviet Navy Plan:

The Russian Navy is the power, beauty and pride of our state. The development of the navy contributed to the assertion of Russia's authority in the international arena. And how many victories were won thanks to our navy! And there is no doubt that the Navy is an important component of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. But before the Navy became so powerful and strong, politicians, admirals and other public people of our country spent a lot of effort on its creation and development. So, my presentation is devoted to the history of the Russian Navy, the history of its creation, development and victories.

The ancient Russian state already in the 9th century had a semblance of a navy, which is proved by a successful sea campaign against Constantinople in 860. However, the fleet was irregular and was built, probably, only for the purpose of raids. Due to feudal fragmentation, even the irregular naval forces of the ancient Russian principalities were absent. The only possible exception was Novgorod land, which has access to the Baltic and White Seas. How it all began...

In 1570, Ivan the Terrible, to protect Russian shipping on the Baltic Sea, created a flotilla that lasted about a year. In the 16th century, the Cossacks fought for free access to the Black Sea, using the fleet to fight the Turks.

In the middle of the 17th century, a pilotage service was established on the White Sea. In 1636, the first three-masted vessel was built according to the western model - Frederick (sank in the same year). The first Russian ship of the Western European type - the frigate Orel - was built in 1667 (Frederik was built in Russia, but belonged to Holstein). In 1669, the captain of the "Eagle" created the first brief naval charter.

The creation of a regular Russian fleet was associated with the name of Peter I. In 1688, he discovered a boat presented to his father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. After repairing and equipping the boat, Peter tested it, and then in Pereslavl-Zalessky, on Lake Pleshcheyevo, he laid the first shipyard for the construction of ships. The "amusing" fleet, created by Peter in 1688-1693, was the forerunner of the Russian regular fleet.

Peter I's interest in the only Russian seaport at that time - Arkhangelsk - arose simultaneously with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbuilding a fleet. The tsar spent more than two months in Arkhangelsk, got acquainted with shipbuilding and ordered the construction of the first state shipyard in Russia on Solombala Island. From the middle of the 17th century, the shipyard became known as the Arkhangelsk Admiralty. Later, Peter I himself laid the foundation of the merchant sea ship “St. Paul".

The regular fleet was also laid down at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. The campaign of the Russian army to the Turkish fortress of Azov in 1695 ended in failure. The complete blockade of Azov failed because the Russians did not have a fleet. Only in the winter of 1695-1696 were the first ships and vessels built. Finally, after the conquest of the fortress of Azov and the successful completion of the Second Azov Campaign, the Boyar Duma adopted a resolution "Sea ships to be ...", as if approving the plan of Peter the Great.

The official date of birth of the Fleet of the Russian Empire is 1696. But in the post-Petrine period, a noticeable decline occurred in the development of shipbuilding. Only on January 21, 1731, at the direction of Tsaritsa Anna Ioannovna, the construction of large ships was resumed and the 66-gun sailboat and the 110-gun ship "Empress Anna" were laid down. In total, during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, about 100 ships and vessels were built for the Baltic Fleet, including 20 battleships and 10 frigates. Fleet of the Russian Empire.

The Russians in 1778 at the mouth of the Dnieper laid the new port of Kherson with stocks for the construction of battleships and frigates. The Kherson first-born, the 60-gun battleship St. Catherine, was dismantled right on the slipway due to the protracted construction time. But the 66-gun "Glory of Catherine" became the first battleship of the Black Sea Fleet.

Emperor Alexander I created the establishment of the Naval Ministry, which developed the staffing and substantiated classification of the ships of the predecessor of the current Navy. Sails completely supplanted combat rowing ships, although rowing gunboats were built before 1854 to protect the skerries and approaches to St. Petersburg.

Sailing shipbuilding acquired an unprecedented scale during the reign of Nicholas I. 22 battleships, 20 frigates, 12 brigs were built, the Sevastopol Admiralty was created and the Nikolaev Admiralty was significantly expanded, other shipyards also found a second wind. But over the expanses of the sea, which previously knew only the whiteness of sails and the resinous gilding of the wooden decks of majestic sailing ships, clouds of smoke were already rushing from the chimneys of the first frigate steamers.

In 1826, the first military steamship armed with 8 guns was built. In 1836, the first steamboat-frigate Bogatyr was built (displacement - 1340 tons, power - 117 kV (240 hp), armament - 28 guns). Between 1803 and 1855, Russian navigators made more than 40 round-the-world and long-distance voyages, which played a significant role in the development of the Far East, various oceans and the Pacific operational region.

The Navy of the Russian Empire continued after the coming to power of Tsar Nicholas II. Despite the fact that Russian industry developed rapidly, it could not support the ever-increasing needs of the fleet, and some ships were ordered from other countries. There was also the practice of purchasing the lead ship abroad, then building a series based on it at their own shipyards, sometimes to the detriment of the development of their own shipbuilding.

Navy of the USSR. The civil war in Russia led to a sharp reduction in the ship composition of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF). General degradation affected almost all the forces of the fleet. The course taken by the Soviet government to reduce the fleet led to the fact that the number of personnel of the RKKF, the amount of appropriations for military shipbuilding and ship repair were reduced. In 1940-1941, a system of operational readiness for fleets and flotillas was developed and put into effect. By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a navy was created, capable of performing the most important tactical and strategic tasks both jointly with the ground forces and independently in the adjacent seas in order to defend the coast and disrupt maritime transport.

In the 80s of the twentieth century (strategic and general purpose) the composition of the forces of the USSR fleet included more than 100 squadrons and divisions, and the total number of personnel of the USSR Navy was about 450,000. In 1991, shipbuilding enterprises of the USSR built: two aircraft carriers (including one nuclear), 11 nuclear submarines with ballistic missiles, 18 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, seven diesel submarines, two missile cruisers (including one nuclear), 10 destroyers and large anti-submarine ships, etc.

This is such a long and thorny path that the Russian Navy has gone through before becoming as powerful, as strong as it is at the present time. Glory to the Russian Navy!

Sources - Internet resources: www.wikipedia.ru/ www.yandex.ru/ and others Buturlinka Smyslova Olga.

The Russian Imperial Fleet is one of the very first and official names of the Russian Navy. The name existed until 1917 - I think it’s not worth specifying why it was in this year that the word “imperial” was “cut out” from the official name. Nevertheless, let's turn to more important things - to the history of the creation of Russia's naval power.

Today, the era of the reign of Peter the Great is condemned in the most natural and familiar way. Many of his reforms are controversial even centuries later, and all of them are based on a Europeanized version of Russia. After all, it was he, the Russian Emperor Peter, who took the European model of Russia's development as a basis.

It would be absurd and stupid of me to talk about whether the great emperor was right or wrong in his decision. For me, it's not a bad idea to learn from those who are more and better at some things. And in this context, it would be right to ask the most important questions - under Peter, was Russia built and developed, or did it degrade for all political and economic reasons?

It is unequivocal that Peter I developed the country, strengthened and made it more powerful, even taking into account the fact that European touches and the borrowed experience of neighboring countries were very frankly looming. I repeat, the main thing is the development of the state, and it would be absurd to reproach Peter for the opposite. The most important argument in support of the above is creation of the Imperial Navy- the pride of Peter the Great!

October 30, 1696 is considered the official date, when the Boyar Duma, at the insistence of Peter I, decided to create a regular Russian navy: "Sea ships to be."

Azov Fleet of Peter I

The emperor's military failures served as prerequisites for the creation, in particular, the first Azov campaign* clearly showed Tsar Peter that the seaside fortress could not be taken without any strong fleet.

The very idea of ​​Peter I to build a fleet on land, in Voronezh, 1,200 miles from the sea, was considered ambitious by all standards, but not for Peter. The task was completed in one winter.

Azov campaigns of 1695 and 1696 - Russian military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire; were a continuation of the war started by the government of Princess Sophia with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimea; taken by Peter I at the beginning of his reign and ended with the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov. They can be considered the first significant accomplishment of the young king.

This gigantic enterprise alone could have been the glory of man, and only later, even more glorious deeds somehow obscured in our memories this famous emergence of the navy on land.

When Peter I was pointed out the almost impossible difficulties of keeping the fleet on a completely alien sea, where there was not a single harbor of its own, he replied that "a strong fleet will find a harbor for itself." One can think that Peter, having mastered Azov and decided to build large ships in Taganrog, expected to talk with the Turks about the world not on the Prut (constrained by their hordes), but on the Bosphorus, where his ships would threaten the Sultan's palace with their guns.

True, foreign envoys reported to their governments that most of the ships of the Azov fleet were good only for firewood. The ships of the first construction, cut down in the middle of winter, from a frozen forest, in most cases by inexperienced and poor shipbuilders, were really not important, but Peter I did everything so that the Azov fleet was a real sea power, and, admittedly, he achieved this.

The king himself worked tirelessly. “His Majesty,” wrote Kruys, “was vigilant in this work, so with an ax, an adze, a caulk, a hammer and anointing ships, he was much more diligent and working more than an old and highly trained carpenter.”

Almost immediately at that time, military shipbuilding began in Russia, ships were built in Voronezh and St. Petersburg, on Ladoga and in Arkhangelsk. In the second Azov campaign against Turkey in 1696, 2 battleships, 4 fireships, 23 galleys and 1300 plows built in Voronezh on the river participated. Voronezh.

In order to gain a foothold on the Sea of ​​Azov, in 1698 Peter began the construction of Taganrog as a naval base. During the period from 1695 to 1710, the Azov fleet was replenished with many battleships and frigates, galleys and bombardment ships, fire ships and small ships. But he did not last long. In 1711, after an unsuccessful war with Turkey, according to the Prut peace treaty, Russia was forced to give the Turks the shores of the Sea of ​​​​Azov and pledged to destroy the Azov fleet.

The creation of the Azov Fleet was an extremely important event for Russia. Firstly, it revealed the role of the navy in the armed struggle for the liberation of coastal lands. Secondly, the much-needed experience in the mass construction of military ships was acquired, which made it possible to quickly create a strong Baltic Fleet in the future. Thirdly, Europe was shown Russia's enormous potential to become a powerful maritime power.

Baltic Fleet of Peter I

The Baltic Fleet is one of the oldest Russian navies.

The Baltic Sea washed the shores of Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Russia. It makes no sense to dwell on the strategic importance in controlling the Baltic Sea itself - it is large and you need to know this. Peter the Great also knew this. Should he not know about the Livonian War, launched in 1558 by Ivan the Terrible, who already at that time was striving in every possible way to provide Russia with a reliable outlet to the Baltic Sea. What did it mean for Russia? I will give just one example - in 1558, having captured Narva, the Russian tsar made it the main trading gate to Russia. The turnover of Narva grew rapidly, the number of ships entering the port reached 170 per year. You need to understand that such a combination of circumstances cut off a significant part of other states - Sweden, Poland ...

To gain a foothold in the Baltic Sea has always been one of the fundamentally important tasks of Russia. Attempts were made by Ivan the Terrible, and very successful, but the final success was secured by Peter the Great.

After the war with Turkey for the possession of the Sea of ​​Azov, the aspirations of Peter I were directed to the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea, the success of which was predetermined by the presence of military force at sea. Knowing this very well, Peter I set about building the Baltic Fleet. At the shipyards of the Syaz, Svir and Volkhov rivers, river and sea warships are being laid down, seven 52-gun ships and three 32-gun frigates are being built at the Arkhangelsk shipyards. New shipyards are being created, and the number of iron and copper foundries in the Urals is growing. In Voronezh, the casting of ship cannons and cores for them is being established.

In a fairly short time, a flotilla was created, which consisted of battleships with a displacement of up to 700 tons, a length of up to 50 m. Up to 80 guns and 600-800 crew members were placed on their two or three decks.

For a confident exit to the Gulf of Finland, Peter I concentrated his main efforts on mastering the lands adjacent to Ladoga and the Neva. After a 10-day siege and a fierce assault, with the assistance of a rowing flotilla of 50 boats, the Noteburg (Nutlet) fortress was the first to fall, soon renamed Shlisselburg (Key City). In the words of Peter I, this fortress "opened the gates to the sea." Then the Nyenschanz fortress was taken, located at the confluence of the Neva river. Oh you.

In order to finally block the entrance to the Neva for the Swedes, on May 16 (27), 1703, at its mouth, on Hare Island, Peter I laid the foundation for a fortress called Peter and Paul, and the port city of St. Petersburg. On Kotlin Island, 30 versts from the mouth of the Neva, Peter I ordered the construction of the Kronstadt fort to protect the future Russian capital.

In 1704, on the left bank of the Neva, the construction of the Admiralty shipyard began, which was destined to soon become the main domestic shipyard, and St. Petersburg - the shipbuilding center of Russia.

In August 1704, Russian troops, continuing to liberate the Baltic coast, stormed Narva. In the future, the main events of the Northern War took place on land.

On June 27, 1709, the Swedes suffered a serious defeat in the battle of Poltava. However, for the final victory over Sweden, it was necessary to crush its naval forces and establish itself in the Baltic. It took another 12 years of stubborn struggle, primarily at sea.

In the period 1710-1714. By building ships at domestic shipyards and buying them abroad, a fairly strong galley and sailing Baltic Fleet was created. The first of the battleships laid down in the fall of 1709 was named Poltava in honor of the outstanding victory over the Swedes.

The high quality of Russian ships was recognized by many foreign shipbuilders and sailors. So, one of his contemporaries, the English Admiral Porris wrote:

“Russian ships are in all respects equal to the best ships of this type that are available in our country, and, moreover, are more fairly finished”.

The successes of domestic shipbuilders were very significant: by 1714, the Baltic Fleet included 27 linear 42-74-gun ships, 9 frigates with 18-32 guns, 177 scampaways and brigantines, 22 auxiliary ships. The total number of guns on the ships reached 1060.

The increased power of the Baltic Fleet allowed its forces on July 27 (August 7), 1714 to win a brilliant victory against the Swedish fleet at Cape Gangut. In a naval battle, a detachment of 10 units was captured along with Rear Admiral N. Erenskiold, who commanded them. In the battle of Gangut, Peter I fully used the advantage of the galley and sailing and rowing fleet over the enemy's linear fleet in the skerry region of the sea. The sovereign personally led the advance detachment of 23 scampaways in battle.

The Gangut victory provided the Russian fleet with freedom of action in the Gulf of Finland and Bothnia. She, like the Poltava victory, became a turning point in the course of the entire Northern War, which allowed Peter I to begin preparations for an invasion directly into the territory of Sweden. This was the only way to force Sweden to make peace.

The authority of the Russian fleet, Peter I as a naval commander became recognized by the fleets of the Baltic states. In 1716, in the Sound, at a meeting of the Russian, English, Dutch and Danish squadrons for joint cruising in the Bornholm area against the Swedish fleet and privateers, Peter I was unanimously elected commander of the united Allied squadron.

This event was later commemorated by the issuance of a medal with the inscription "Reigns over four, at Bornholm". In 1717 troops from northern Finland invaded Swedish territory. Their actions were supported by large amphibious assault forces landed in the Stockholm area.

On August 30, 1721, Sweden finally agreed to sign the Treaty of Nystad. The eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, its southern coast with the Gulf of Riga and the islands adjacent to the conquered shores, departed to Russia. The composition of Russia included the cities of Vyborg, Narva, Revel, Riga. Emphasizing the significance of the fleet in the Great Northern War, Peter I ordered that the medal, approved in honor of the victory over Sweden, be stamped with the words: “The end of this war by such a world was received by nothing else than the fleet, because it was impossible to achieve this by land.” The tsar himself, who had the rank of vice admiral, "as a sign of the labors incurred in this war," was promoted to admiral.

The victory in the Northern War strengthened the international prestige of Russia, promoted it to the ranks of the largest European powers and served as the basis for being called the Russian Empire since 1721.

Having achieved the approval of Russia on the Baltic Sea, Peter I again turns his gaze to the south of the state. As a result of the Persian campaign, Russian troops, supported by the ships of the flotilla, occupied the cities of Derbent and Baku with adjacent lands, which went to Russia under a treaty concluded with the Shah of Iran on September 12 (23), 1723. For the permanent deployment of the Russian flotilla on the Caspian Sea, Peter founded a military port and the Admiralty in Astrakhan.

To imagine the enormity of the accomplishments of Peter the Great, it is enough to note that during his reign, more than 1,000 ships were built at Russian shipyards, not counting small ships. The number of teams on all ships reached 26 thousand people.

It is interesting to note that there is archival evidence dating back to the reign of Peter I, about the construction by a peasant Efim Nikonov of a “hidden vessel” - a prototype of a submarine. In general, about 1 million 200 thousand rubles were spent on shipbuilding and maintenance of the fleet by Peter I. So, by the will of Peter I in the first two decades of the eighteenth century. Russia has become one of the great maritime powers of the world.

Peter I came up with the idea of ​​creating "two fleets": a galley fleet for operating jointly with the army in coastal areas and a ship fleet for predominantly independent operations at sea.

In this regard, military science considers Peter I an expert in the interaction between the army and the navy, unsurpassed for his time.

At the dawn of the domestic state shipbuilding for operations in the Baltic and Azov Seas, Peter had to solve the problem of creating ships of mixed navigation, i.e. those that could operate both on rivers and at sea. Other maritime powers did not need such military vessels.

The complexity of the task lay in the fact that navigation along shallow rivers required a small draft of the vessel with its relatively large width. Such dimensions of ships when sailing at sea led to a sharp pitching, which reduced the effectiveness of the use of weapons, worsened the physical condition of the crew and the landing force. In addition, for wooden ships, the problem of ensuring the longitudinal strength of the hull was difficult. In general, it was necessary to find a "good proportion" between the desire to obtain good driving performance by increasing the length of the vessel, and to have sufficient longitudinal strength. Peter chose the ratio of length to width equal to 3:1, which guaranteed the strength and stability of the ships with a slight decrease in speed.

In the 2nd half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The Russian Navy in terms of the number of warships came out on the 3rd place in the world, the tactics of military operations at sea were constantly improved. This allowed the Russian sailors to win a number of brilliant victories. The life and exploits of admirals G.A. Spiridova, F.F. Ushakova, D.N. Senyavina, G.I. Butakova, V.I. Istomina, V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimova, S.O. Makarov.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet fleet withstood severe tests and reliably covered the flanks of the fronts, crushing the Nazis at sea, in the sky and on land.

The modern Russian navy has reliable military equipment: powerful missile cruisers, nuclear submarines, anti-submarine ships, landing craft and naval aircraft. This technique works effectively in the capable hands of our naval specialists. Russian sailors continue and develop the glorious traditions of the Russian Navy, which has more than 300 years of history.

Russian Navy TODAY

The Russian Navy (Russian Navy) includes five operational-strategic formations:

1. The Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, the headquarters of Kaliningrad, is part of the Western Military District
2. The Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Severomorsk, is part of the Western Military District
3. The Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Sevastopol, is part of the Southern Military District
4. The Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Astrakhan, is part of the Southern Military District
5. The Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Vladivostok, is part of the Eastern Military District

Targets and goals

Deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against Russia;

Protection by military means of the sovereignty of the country, extending beyond its land territory to internal sea waters and the territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom of the high seas;

Creation and maintenance of conditions for ensuring the safety of maritime economic activity in the World Ocean;

Ensuring the naval presence of Russia in the World Ocean, demonstration of the flag and military force, visits of ships and vessels of the Navy;

Ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the state.

The Russian Navy consists of the following forces:

• surface forces
• submarine force
• Naval aviation
• Coastal
• deck
• strategic
• Tactical
• Fleet Coastal Troops
• Marines
• Coastal Defense Troops

Navy today is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.

It is very important to remember and know about such an important event for the history of Russia as the creation of the Russian Navy on October 30, 1696, as well as to feel a sense of pride in the achievements and successes of the Russian Navy in the light of today's events in the world.

NAVAL FLEET (Navy), a type of armed forces (AF) designed to solve strategic and operational tasks in ocean and sea theaters of operations; in a number of states - the naval forces (Navy). In terms of its combat capabilities, the modern Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes against important enemy ground targets, destroying the forces of its fleet at sea and at bases, disrupting (disrupting) ocean and maritime transportation, gaining dominance in maritime (ocean) areas, and assisting ground forces (SV) in conducting operations in the continental theater of operations, to defend their sea (ocean) transportation, to land amphibious assault forces. The Navy conducts operations and conducts combat operations independently or jointly with other branches of the Armed Forces. The main properties of the Navy are: high mobility, great autonomy, the ability to operate in any areas of the World Ocean, constant combat readiness and high combat stability of its submarine forces and aircraft carrier groups.

The development of the fleet began in ancient times. In ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Rome and China, merchant ships were originally built, and later military rowing ships. In the Greek navy in the 5th century BC, the main class of warship was the trireme. The most common types of ships of the Roman fleet in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC were the trireme (the same as the trireme) and the pentera (a large ship with 5 rows of oars). In the 1st century BC, in Rome, along with these types of ships, liburns appeared - small ships with a single row of oars and greater maneuverability. The main methods of armed struggle at sea were ramming and boarding. Later, throwing machines began to be used as weapons - ballistas and catapults, which were installed in the bow of the ship and fired stones and incendiary projectiles. In the 7th century AD, the Venetians, based on the Roman liburna, created an improved type of rowing ship - the galley, which gradually replaced other types of rowing ships and by the end of the Middle Ages became the main warship. In the 10-12 centuries, sailing ships appeared in a number of Mediterranean countries, as well as among the Anglo-Saxons, Normans and Danes. The transition from rowing to sailing ships was completed by the middle of the 17th century. Artillery becomes the main weapon of sailing ships. In the 16th and 17th centuries, permanent military fleets were created in England, France, Spain and Holland. By the beginning of the 18th century, ships, depending on the displacement, the number of guns and the number of crew, began to be divided into classes and ranks. At the same time, the combat organization of the sailing fleet was formed - squadrons appeared. The tactics of naval combat by sailing fleets was to, having built their ships in a wake column, take a windward position in relation to the enemy ships and, approaching them, destroy them with the fire of their own artillery. If the artillery duel did not lead to success, the battle ended in a boarding battle.

The creation of a regular military fleet of Russia began in 1696, when, by decree of Peter I, the Azov flotilla was built on the Voronezh River in order to fight for access to the Azov and Black Seas. During the Northern War of 1700-21, the Baltic Fleet was created, which promoted Russia to the ranks of major maritime powers. Already at the beginning of its formation, the Russian fleet won the first victory over the Swedish fleet in the Gangut naval battle of 1714 and subsequently wrote many heroic pages in Russian history.

In the second half of the 18th century, the development of industry, science and technology made it possible to significantly improve the design of ship hulls, their sailing and artillery weapons. The displacement of battleships increased from 1 to 4 thousand tons, the number of guns increased to 135, naval artillery was improved (bronze guns were replaced with cast-iron guns, the rate of fire increased to 1 shot per 3 minutes, the firing range - from 300 to 600 m). The sailing fleet has reached its pinnacle.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the first steam warships appeared. After the Crimean War of 1853-56, all states switched to the construction of steam armored ships. The transition to the construction of a steam fleet coincided with the introduction of rifled naval artillery, which had a greater range and accuracy of fire. The appearance in the 1870s of mines, and then torpedoes, led to the creation of minelayers and destroyers. Rapid technological progress led to the creation of three main types of ships in the fleet: squadron battleships for artillery combat; cruisers for patrol service, reconnaissance and destruction of merchant ships; destroyers to complete the battle with a mine-torpedo attack of damaged ships. The increasing role of the Navy at the end of the 19th century (the theory of "sea power", the founders - the American Rear Admiral A. T. Mahan and the British Vice Admiral F. H. Colomb) was associated with the active colonial policy of the leading states of the world.

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, battleships appeared in the fleets, which became the decisive force in the armed struggle at sea. They were constantly improved: the number of main caliber artillery barrels, its range and rate of fire (up to 2 rounds per minute), armor, and speed increased. In connection with technical improvement, the role of torpedo weapons in naval combat increased, and destroyers (destroyers) equipped with artillery and torpedo weapons appeared in fleets instead of destroyers. Light cruisers were built in many states for reconnaissance, combating enemy destroyers and operations on sea lanes. The improvement of internal combustion engines, electric motors, batteries and periscopes created the prerequisites at the beginning of the 20th century for the construction of submarines (submarines), which in most states were originally intended to combat enemy surface ships in coastal waters and reconnaissance. In a number of states, the construction of seaplanes began.

In the 1st World War, hundreds of surface ships, submarines, and at its last stage, aircraft took part in battles at sea. Battleships were used extremely limitedly due to the sharply increased mine danger, the threat from submarines and other military means. Light cruisers were widely used, the displacement of which by the end of the war increased to 8 thousand tons, and the speed - up to 30 knots (55.5 km / h) and more. Destroyers proved to be universal ships, which became the most numerous in the fleets of the warring states; their displacement was increased to 2 thousand tons, speed - up to 38 knots (70 km / h). Minelayers were further developed. Special types of minesweepers appeared: squadron (high-speed), basic and minesweeper boats. Submarines began to play an important role in combat operations at sea, which took shape as an independent branch of the Navy, capable of successfully solving not only tactical, but also operational tasks. During World War I, aircraft carriers, patrol ships, and torpedo boats appeared. For the first time, naval aviation began to be used, whose aircraft carried out reconnaissance, bombed ships and fleet bases, and corrected the fire of naval artillery. Along with bombs, torpedoes became weapons of naval aircraft. The Navy began to turn into a branch of the Armed Forces, uniting formations and units of surface ships, submarines, aviation and marines, with the dominant role of surface ships.

In the period between the 1st and 2nd World Wars, preference was given to the construction of battleships. Ships of other classes - aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, etc. - were intended to support the actions of battleships. In 1937-38, Great Britain, Japan and the USA switched to the serial construction of aircraft carriers. Cruisers, destroyers, submarines, torpedo boats were intensively built. The fleets included bomber, mine-torpedo, reconnaissance and fighter aircraft. The ships were equipped with improved artillery and torpedo weapons, non-contact mines, new anti-submarine weapons appeared, and radar and sonar began to be used.

In World War II, the scope of military operations at sea increased significantly. During the war, battleships gave way to aircraft carriers as the main strike force. Naval aviation (deck-based and ground-based) has received intensive development. The role of submarines, which were used mainly to combat surface ships, increased. Aviation, submarines and mine weapons were used to combat enemy submarines. Air defense ships began to be used as part of the fleets. The war confirmed the conclusion that the goals of armed struggle at sea are achieved by the combined efforts of the diverse forces of the fleet.

In the post-war period, in the construction of the navies of many foreign states, and primarily the United States, the main efforts were directed to the creation of nuclear submarines armed with ballistic missiles, as well as aircraft carriers. There was a qualitative update of the fleet of naval aircraft. Surface ships began to be equipped with anti-ship, anti-submarine and anti-aircraft missiles, and nuclear submarines - with strategic missiles. The saturation of ships and aircraft of the naval aviation with various radio-electronic means has sharply increased. Anti-submarine and landing helicopter carriers, ships and boats on hydrofoils, hovercraft, etc. appeared.

In Russia, after 1917, the Navy was created and developed as an integral part of the Armed Forces of the RSFSR (since 1924 - the USSR). The decree on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (RKKF) was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars on 29.1 (11.2).1918. During the years of the Civil War of 1917-22, the RKKF formed over 30 sea, lake and river military flotillas, mainly from ships of the Baltic Fleet. Most of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in connection with the threat of their capture by the German invaders on June 18, 1918, were flooded in the Novorossiysk region, some of the ships went into the Sea of ​​Azov and formed the core of the Azov military flotilla. The ships operating on the side of the White movement were withdrawn to Tunisia in November 1920. After the end of the Civil War, only a few ships remained from the Russian Imperial Fleet that needed repairs.

In 1926, the first Soviet military shipbuilding program was adopted. By 1929, a significant part of the ships was repaired, destroyers and partly battleships were modernized, and naval bases were restored. In 1929-40, due to the construction of new ships, the Baltic and Black Sea were strengthened, the Pacific (1935) and Northern (1937) fleets were created. For the direct management of the Navy, the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR was formed (December 1937). At the same time, the People's Commissariat for the Shipbuilding Industry of the USSR was separated from the People's Commissariat for the Defense Industry of the USSR. In 1938, a program for the construction of a large sea and ocean fleet was adopted. At the same time, new forms and methods of conducting combat operations at sea, and directions for the development of naval forces were actively explored. By the beginning of World War II, the USSR Navy included about 1 thousand warships of various classes (including 3 battleships, 8 cruisers, 54 destroyers and leaders, 212 submarines, 22 patrol ships, 80 minesweepers, 287 torpedo boats), more than 2, 5,000 naval aviation aircraft and 260 coastal artillery batteries. The system of basing forces of the Navy has been significantly improved.

During the Great Patriotic War, the USSR Navy conducted combat operations to destroy the forces of the enemy fleet, disrupted its sea communications, guarded its sea, lake and river transportation, and assisted the coastal groupings of Soviet troops in defensive and offensive operations. The Northern Fleet, together with the Allied Navy (Great Britain, the USA), provided communications connecting the northern ports of the USSR with the ports of these states, and conducted active operations on enemy sea lanes. To ensure the safety of ship traffic in the Arctic, and in particular along the Northern Sea Route, the White Sea Military Flotilla was created. In 1942, the defense of the Sredny and Rybachy peninsulas was entrusted to the Northern Fleet. The Baltic Fleet participated in the defense of Liepaja, Tallinn, the Moonsund Islands, the Hanko Peninsula, the Oranienbaum bridgehead, the islands of the Vyborg Bay and the northern coast of Lake Ladoga, and also played an important role in the heroic defense of Leningrad. The Black Sea Fleet, together with the SV, defended Odessa, Sevastopol, Kerch, Novorossiysk, and participated in the defense of the North Caucasus. On high-water rivers and lakes, river and lake flotillas were used together with the NE to create defensive lines: Pinskaya, Chudskaya, Ladoga, Onega, Volga, a detachment of ships on Lake Ilmen. Detachments of ships were allocated from the Azov military flotilla for operations on the Don and Kuban rivers. The Ladoga military flotilla provided communications across Lake Ladoga (Road of Life) with the besieged Leningrad. The sailors of the Volga military flotilla made a great contribution to the defense of Stalingrad and to the provision of important national economic transportation along the Volga. In 1943, the Dnieper military flotilla was recreated, and in 1944, the Danube military flotilla. The ships of the Dnieper flotilla, relocated to the Oder river basin, took part in the Berlin operation of 1945. The Danube Flotilla participated in the liberation of Belgrade, Budapest and Vienna. The Pacific Fleet and the Amur Flotilla in August - September 1945 participated in the defeat of the Japanese Kwantung Army, the liberation of Korea, Manchuria, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The Navy sent about 500,000 sailors and officers to the land fronts. Military sailors fought near Odessa, Sevastopol, Moscow, Leningrad. Over the years of the war, the Soviet Navy carried out over 100 operational and tactical naval operations. For military merits in the Great Patriotic War, 78 ships were awarded the title of guards, about 80 formations and units were awarded honorary titles, over 240 ships, units and various formations of the Navy received state awards. More than 350 thousand sailors were awarded orders and medals, over 500 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 7 of them twice.

In the postwar period, the USSR Navy developed taking into account the experience of the Great Patriotic War on the basis of the achievements of science and technology. Diesel and nuclear submarines for various purposes, missile ships and boats, anti-submarine ships capable of successfully combating modern submarines were created. Naval aviation received jet aircraft capable of carrying missiles over long distances and hitting ships of various classes, replenished with anti-submarine aircraft and helicopters. Missile systems entered service with the Navy. The marines received military equipment necessary for the landing of amphibious assault forces on an unequipped coast.

The Navy of the Russian Federation is the successor to the Russian Navy and the Navy of the USSR, designed to ensure military security from sea and ocean areas, protect the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies in the World Ocean by military methods, and maintain military-political stability. In addition, the Navy creates and maintains conditions for ensuring the safety of the Russian Federation's maritime activities in the World Ocean.

The Navy of the Russian Federation consists of naval strategic nuclear forces and naval forces (troops) of general purpose. Includes: submarine forces, surface forces of the fleet, naval aviation and air defense, coastal troops, which are the branches of forces (troops) of the Navy, as well as special troops (reconnaissance, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, marine engineering, ship repair, hydrographic, etc.) and rear. Coastal troops, in turn, are divided into types of troops: marines, coastal missile and artillery troops and coastal defense troops. In organizational terms, the Navy includes the Baltic, Northern, Pacific and Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian military flotilla and formations, units, institutions of central subordination. The main striking force of the Navy is strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear submarines and naval missile-carrying aircraft.

The US, British, French and Chinese navies include: strategic nuclear forces (nuclear missile submarines) and general purpose forces (aircraft carriers, battleships, multi-purpose submarines, escort ships, fire support ships, various landing ships, etc.), as well as aviation Navy and Marine Corps. The navies of Italy, Germany, Canada, Turkey, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and other NATO member countries, as well as Sweden, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, the Arab Republic of Egypt, India, Israel, Pakistan, Japan, etc. include diesel submarines, surface ships, naval aviation, marines and auxiliary vessels (for more details, see the articles about these states).

Lit .: Combat chronicle of the Russian fleet. Chronicle of the most important events in the military history of the Russian fleet from the 9th century to 1917. M., 1948; Gorshkov S. G. Sea power of the state. 2nd ed. M., 1979; Battle path of the Soviet Navy. 4th ed. M., 1988; Vyunenko N.P., Makeev B.N., Skugarev V.D. Navy: role, development prospects, use. M., 1988; Armed forces of the main capitalist states. M., 1988; Firsov I. I. Peter's creation: To the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet. M., 1992; Berezovsky N.Yu., Berezhnoy S.S., Nikolaeva 3. V. Combat annals of the Navy, 1917-1941. M., 1992; Military encyclopedia. M., 1994. T. 2; Gribovsky V. Yu., Razdolgin A. A. History of the Russian fleet. SPb., 1996; Russian science - to the Navy. M., 1997; Kostev G. G. The country's Navy, 1945-1995: Ups and downs. SPb., 1999.

| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Navy

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I made an attempt to seize the Azov fortress occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, as the Turkish fleet, which dominated the Sea of ​​Azov, provided great assistance and support to the garrison of the fortress.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipbuilding yards were laid in Voronezh. As a result of the energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first in the history of Russia connection of military and transport ships, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, the ground army (about 75 thousand people) and the naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20, a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. Don and did not allow the Turkish fleet, which arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the coast and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of foundation of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

• General Command of the Navy
• surface forces
• submarine force
• Naval aviation
• Coastal troops:
  • Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops
  • Marines

Navy- a type of the Armed Forces designed to strike at industrial and economic regions (centers), important military targets of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and in bases, disrupting its ocean and maritime communications and defending its own, assisting ground forces in conducting operations, landing amphibious assaults and repulsing enemy amphibious assaults, transporting troops, material funds and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal troops. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special forces and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.

The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups in the sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assault forces, participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace at conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, defeat strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from carrying out large-scale naval operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

Navy (Navy) consists of the following types of forces (Fig. 1):
• underwater
• surface
• naval aviation
• Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
• It consists of:
  • ships and vessels
  • special purpose parts
  • units and divisions of the rear.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Submarine nuclear powered ships, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed mainly at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear-powered torpedo submarines are used to disrupt the enemy's underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against an underwater threat, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters make it possible to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines in the areas of hostilities and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on his territory and to cover their coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of responsible combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, associations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation Designed for confrontation with groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as for bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the aircraft carrier formations of the Navy. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle on the sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, the conduct of tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

The combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat operations all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal Defense Troops, As a branch of the Navy forces, they are designed to protect the bases of the Navy forces, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of ships and amphibious landings of the enemy. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Units and divisions of the rear are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.