What is a complex sentence in Russian. Simple and compound sentences

Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.

The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).

Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.

Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).

Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).

In some places the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).

The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).

Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.

Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.

4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.

Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.

However, when parsing, it is not this specific meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).

Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, for example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.

There are many difficult topics in the Russian language, but complex sentences occupy a special place among them. You need to be able to distinguish between their types in order to correctly punctuate them later. A student in grade 11 needs to master the topic well in order to pass the exam for a high score.

Types of complex sentences: characteristics and examples

First you need to study the table with examples “Types of complex sentences”:

From the table it is clear that in a complex sentence there is more than one basis, the nature of the relationship between them can be very different. They are divided into two large groups - with and without unions, and allied sentences, in turn, are divided into complex and complex, depending on the nature of the connection and the unions used. And since everything is not so simple in the Russian language, there is another group - complex sentences in which simple ones are interconnected by different types of connections.

A complex sentence, regardless of the type of connection, can consist of not only two simple ones, but more. To correctly determine the type of such a sentence, you need to find the grammatical foundations and determine the boundaries of simple sentences, and then find out the nature of the connection between them.

The nature of the connection in different sentences

In non-union and compound sentences, the parts are equal to each other, and in a complex sentence there is a main part and a subordinate clause (or clauses). These are their main differences.

By analogy with the phrase, from the main part to the subordinate clause, you can ask a question. At the same time, the main part is not always at the beginning of the sentence, and the subordinate part follows it, and vice versa is often the case. In addition, several subordinate clauses can be attached to one main part - they can answer the same questions and different ones.

Relative clauses are divided into several types, depending on their meaning. So, they are explanatory, attributive, adverbial and adjunctive.

Punctuation in complex sentences

Within a sentence with an allied connection, parts can be connected not only with commas, but also with a dash and a colon, less often with a semicolon. In complex and complex sentences, the main punctuation mark is a comma.

What have we learned?

Depending on the nature of the connection between the parts of a complex sentence (there may be two or more), they are divided into non-union and allied, and the latter, in turn, are divided into sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection. There is also a separate type of complex sentences - with different types of communication, where they are combined in different variations. Complex sentences in Russian have a main part, which is joined by one or more subordinate clauses. Depending on what kind of connection it is, several varieties of subordinate clauses are distinguished.

Do you know the scientific name that begins with the word complicated...

Words that form two roots are called compound words.

For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), a vacuum cleaner(the roots are dust- and sos-, the letter e is a connecting vowel).

Proposals are also difficult. In them, as in words, several parts are connected.

Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions".

Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?

1) The bell rang.

2) The children entered the classroom.

3) The first lesson has begun.

4) The bell rang, the guys went into the classroom, the first lesson began.

Let's find the grammar.

A sentence with one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.

1, 2 and 3 offers simple, because in each of them on one basis.

4 offer complicated, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its main members, its own basis.

A sentence with two or more grammatical bases is a compound sentence. Compound sentences are made up of several simple sentences. How many simple sentences, so many parts in a complex sentence.

The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple ones joined together.

Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, turn different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, on the border of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation of the end of each thought.

Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.

Determine if the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (bases) of the sentences and count how many bases are in each.

1) At the edge of the forest, the voices of birds are already heard.

2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed fields will be exposed, streams will murmur, rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)

1) At the edge of the forest you can already hear the voices of birds.

2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.

Who? tits, what are they doing? chant - the first basis.

Who? dude what is he doing? taps - the second basis.

This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.

3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be barethawed patches , brooks murmur, rooks will welcome.

What? the sun, what will it do? warm - the first basis.

The roads will turn black - the second basis.

thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.

Streams murmur - the fourth basis.

Rooks welcome - the fifth base.

This is a compound sentence with five parts.

Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?

1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.

Parts 1 of a complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.

2) The sun was warm during the day , a at night frosts reached five degrees.

3) Wind calmed down , and the weather has improved.

4) Sun just got up , but its rays were already illuminating the tops of the trees.

Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The union is preceded by a comma.

Each of the unions does its job. The union connects the words, and the unions a, but also help to oppose something.

When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are joined by unions (and, but, but), a comma is placed before the union.

The sentences of our language are very diverse. Sometimes with one subject there can be several predicates, or with one predicate there can be several subjects. Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the scheme, we will circle each homogeneous member.

What conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of these schemes?

The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line - diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).

In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same unions are used: and, but.

Remember!

1. Before alliances ah, but always put a comma.

2. Union and requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not put; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.

Let's practice. Let's put in the missing commas.

1) At night, the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.

2) People were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)

3) The pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give up. (According to K. Paustovsky)

4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter. (M. Prishvin)

1) At night, the dog crept up to the cottage and lay down under the terrace.

The sentence is simple, since one stem, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union and connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not put.

2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.

The proposal is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union and connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the union.

3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give into hands.

The proposal is simple, since one stem, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, shouted, did not give up. before the union but always put a comma. We put commas between homogeneous predicates.

4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.

The proposal is complex, since there are two foundations - spring is shining, the forest is covered. before the union but always put a comma.

Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones are simple ones with homogeneous members; in which of them you need to put punctuation marks.

The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since the union connects homogeneous subjects and. In 2 and 3 schemes, commas should be placed. 4 scheme corresponds to a complex sentence. It should also include a comma between parts of a complex sentence.

Sentences that include words that, that, therefore, because, are most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.

Let's give examples.

We saw, what the she-wolf crawled along with the cubs into the hole.

what a comma is placed.

All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to trees dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)

This is a complex sentence, before the word to a comma is placed.

Birds able to communicate everything with their voice , that's why they sing.

This is a complex sentence, before the word that's why a comma is placed.

I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.

This is a complex sentence, before the word because a comma is placed.

1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and grumbling a new song under his breath.

2. Winnie the Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.

3. Winnie quietly reached the sandy slope.

(B. Zakhoder)

3.

Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since this is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).

Scheme 1 corresponds to sentence 2, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was engaged). A comma separates parts of a sentence.

Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since this is a simple sentence with one base (Winnie got it).

In the lesson, you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical bases - complicated sentence. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions. a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.

1. M.S.Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

1. School-collection.edu.ru ().
2. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().
3. Zankov.ru ().

• Find the main clauses in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is complex - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining proposal?

At the top of an alder tree a bird sat and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen neck fluttered, but I did not hear the song.

(According to V. Bianchi)

• Insert two missing commas in sentences.

Winter hid in the dense forest. She looked out of the shelter and millions of little suns are hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and covered the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions are now flaunting in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Find an offer with an alliance and. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words you need to answer.

• Write unions and, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous members and put commas where necessary.

The ball climbed into the water _ Uncle Fyodor soaped it _ combed the wool. The cat walked along the shore _ sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)

The cat stole fish meat sour cream _ bread. Once he tore open a tin can of worms. He did not eat them _ chickens ran to the jar of worms _ pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that has in its composition at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation.

For example: In front of us, the brown, clayey shore sloped steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.

Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonation-semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.

Difficult sentence closely related to a simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.

Therefore, to determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.

The structural difference is obvious: A complex sentence is a grammatical combination of sentences (parts) somehow adapted to each other, while a simple sentence is a unit that functions outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonational interconnectedness, as well as the interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the amount of messages they convey.

A simple, uncommon sentence reports one single situation.

For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading Evening; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.

Difficult sentence reports several situations and the relationship between them, or (in a specific case) one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the person speaking.

For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I am afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.

In this way, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and about the relationship between them.

Depending on the method of linking simple sentences as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: unions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).

Allied sentences are divided into compound and compound sentences.

In compound sentences, simple sentences are joined by coordinating conjunctions. and, but, or, then ... then and others. Parts of a compound sentence are, as a rule, equal in meaning.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions. what, to, how, if, since, though etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where and others, which express different meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.

As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses are distinguished (or, which is the same, the main and subordinate clauses).

subordinate clause that part of the complex sentence is called, which contains a subordinating union or an allied pronominal word; the main clause is that part of the complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or to which it is correlated).

In the schemes of non-union and compound sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence as part of a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. The diagrams indicate the means of communication and punctuation marks.

For example:

1) Gulls were circling over the lake, two or three longboats could be seen in the distance.

, . - non-union complex sentence (BSP).

2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.

AND . - compound sentence (CSP).

3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to harvest rye.

, (what...). - complex sentence (CSP).

A special group of complex sentences are sentences with different types of connection.

For example: Painting is poetry seen and poetry is painting heard(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and submission.

The scheme of this sentence:, (which ...), but, (which ...).

Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to the coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.

Main differences come down to the following.

In a complex sentence, a sharp boundary cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be framed by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.

The writing and subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of discovering the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (the composition) conveys these relations in a less dissected form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.

So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessive, causal or conditional relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of unions though, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be framed by the same connecting union and.

For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and light, The winter dream was blown away, And the spring buzzed in the forest.(Block); Winter is like a magnificent wake. Get out of the house, Add currants to the twilight, Pour wine over - that's kutya(Parsnip); The child was not messed with - and he does not know music(V. Meyerhold).

Likewise, adversarial conjunctions a and but can form a concessive relationship: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity.(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he has a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm can cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know that you are saying all this in annoyance, and therefore I am not angry with you.(Chekhov); comparative-comparative: It would be necessary to laugh until you drop over my antics, and you are the guard(Chekhov).

When prompted, disjunctive unions can form a conditional meaning, which, within the framework of a subordinating relationship, is expressed by the union if (not) ... then: You marry or I will curse you(Pushk.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relations expressed, composition and subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, a close interaction is revealed between them.

2)The coordinative connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence, it is associated with an expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purpose of expanding, complicating the message; in a complex sentence, a composition is one of two types of syntactic connection that organizes such a sentence itself.

3) Composing and subjugation are correlated with non-union in different ways.

The writing is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of the composition are weaker in comparison with the possibilities of subordination, and from this point of view, the composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.

The composition is both a syntactic and lexical way of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.

Further concretization and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union - based on the general semantics of the combined sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are taken over by the ratio of species, temporal forms and moods.

So, the conditional-investigative meaning in sentences with the union and comes to light more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily - perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense - in the second: Experience constancy in good deeds, and then only call a person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).

If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable allied compounds with them ( and here, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then the subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relations between sentences.

4) However, the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less unambiguous than in a phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences in the complex remains outside the revealing possibilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.

So, for example, in complex sentences with the union when, if there is a message in the main sentence about emotional reactions or states, against the background of the actual temporary meaning, elements of the causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] Rudeness excites and offends me, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, not soft enough, amiable enough.(Chekhov); A native railway station painted with ocher appeared. My heart skipped a beat when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).

If the content of the subordinate clause is evaluated from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporal meaning is complicated by the target: Such cute things are said when they want to justify their indifference.(Chekhov). In other cases, with the union when comparative values ​​are found ( No one got up yet, when I was already completely ready.. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is here, when is he just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).

As the third type of connection in a complex sentence, it is often distinguished unionless connection .

However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between asyndically connected sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite ratio of predicate forms ( If I didn't invite him, he would be offended; If there was a real friend nearby, trouble would not have happened), non-conjunction is not a grammatical connection.

Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union turns out to be impossible, although in the semantic plan, a well-defined correlation is established between different types of non-union, compound and complex sentences.

So, for example, by the nature of the relationship, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor in the other ( I hear: somewhere they are knocking), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, in terms of certain accompanying circumstances ( What was the snow, I was walking!, i.e. (when I walked)). Relations that develop between sentences during non-union can receive a non-grammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of allied types, especially compound ones.

The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex one do not have intonational, and often meaningful (informative) completeness; such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.

As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:

firstly, here the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which already refers the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole to the plane of reality or unreality;

secondly, conjunctions (primarily subordinating) can take an active part in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;

thirdly, finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings that are very often found in the unions themselves and in their analogues are found.

A feature of the sentences that make up a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first one), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. The mutual adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex one can manifest itself in the order of words, mutual restrictions of types, forms of tense and mood, in the restrictions of the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means for indicating this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of a complex sentence.

The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language; syntax is involved in its study. It is no secret that people communicate with each other with these units. Logically complete sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit; detailed constructions give special dynamism and at the same time richness to the narrative. An assignment consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written exams. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

Compound sentence: definition and types

The sentence - as the main structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features by which it can be distinguished from a phrase or just a set of words. Every sentence contains a statement. It can be a factual statement, a question, or a call to action. The sentence must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonation complete.

Sentences are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. is built according to the number of predicative bases. For example:

1. It snowed in the morning. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell (predicate).
2. In the morning snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to be covered with a fluffy blanket. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis is snow (subject), fell out (predicate); the second is the earth (subject), covered (predicate).

The types of a complex sentence are distinguished depending on how the constituents are combined. They can be compound, compound or non-union. Let's analyze these types of complex sentences with examples.

Compound sentence

Used to connect parts of a compound sentence. It is worth noting that the parts in such a sentence are equal: no question is asked from one to the other.

Examples

The clock struck three in the morning, but the household did not sleep. This is a compound sentence, its parts are connected by a coordinating union "but" and with the help of intonation. Grammatical bases: the clock (subject) struck (predicate); the second - the household (subject) did not sleep (predicate).

The night was falling and the stars were getting brighter. There are two grammatical bases here: the night (subject) was approaching (predicate); the second - the stars (subject), became brighter (predicate). Simple sentences are connected with the help of a coordinating union and, as well as intonation.

Conjunctions in a compound sentence

Since coordinating unions are used to connect sentences within a compound, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Offers with connecting unions (and, yes, yes and, a (and), too, also). As a rule, these unions are used to denote events in time (simultaneity or sequence). Often they have circumstances indicating the time. For example:

The cloud grew as large as the sky, and a few minutes later it began to pour. The connecting union is also strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).

2. Offers with (a, but, yes, but, etc.). In them, two events are opposed to one another. For example:

This year we were not at sea, but the parents were pleased with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such sentences, the particle can take over the function of the adversative union.

For example: We managed to jump into the last carriage, while Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Proposals with divisive unions (or, or, so-and-so, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:

Either the magpie chirps, or the grasshoppers click.

Punctuation marks in compound sentences

The punctuation rule in a compound sentence is as follows: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:

The leaves on the trees barely hold on, and gusts of wind carry them away, laying them in a carpet. The grammatical foundations of a complex sentence are as follows: the leaves (subject) are held (predicate); impulses (subject) carry away (predicate).

This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance) - a comma is not needed. For example:

In the summer, people need movement and do not need the blues. The circumstance at the time refers both to the first part with the grammatical basis need (predicate) movement (subject), and to the second, the basis of which is the melancholy (subject) is not needed (predicate).

The earth was covered with a snow-white blanket of snow and dried frost. Here, both parts have a common addition - the earth. The grammatical bases are as follows: the first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); the second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish compound sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is enough to highlight the predicative stem (or stems). Let's look at two examples:

1. It was a sunny winter day, and in places red rowan berries could be seen in the forest. This sentence is complex. Let's prove it: two grammatical bases are traced: the day (subject) stood (predicate), the second - berries (subject) were seen (predicate).
2. The red rowan berries were visible in the forest and shone in bright clusters in the sun. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's take a look at the grammar. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - could be seen, shone; comma is not required.

Complex sentence: definition and structure

Another complex sentence with an allied connection is a complex one. Such sentences consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and secondary members of the main sentence, they include a subordinating conjunction. The parts are connected to each other with the help of subordinating unions. Structurally subordinate clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main clause. Let's look at examples:

We'll go for a walk when the torrential rain stops. This proposal is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (predicate); the grammatical basis of the subordinate clause is the rain (subject) will stop coming. Here the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

To be able to express yourself eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence has a main part and a subordinate part. The basis of the main one is to read (predicate); the basis of the subordinate clause - you (subject) could speak (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

We were surprised when the results of the exam were announced to us, and anxious about the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause "breaks" the main clause. Grammatical bases: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; announced (predicate) - in the subordinate part.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words: how to distinguish?

Unions are not always used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one, sometimes their role is played by the so-called allied words - pronouns homonymous to them. The main difference is that conjunctions are used solely to connect parts of a sentence to each other, they are not members of a sentence.

Another thing is allied words.

Their role is played by relative pronouns, respectively, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which subordinating conjunctions can be distinguished from allied words:

1. Most often, the union in the sentence can be omitted without losing the meaning. Mom said it's time to go to bed. Let's change the sentence by omitting the union: Mom said: "It's time to go to bed."
2. Union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, your memory gets better. is replaced only by another allied word, or by a word from the main sentence, from which we ask a question to the subordinate clause. Let us remember the years that (that) we spent in Naples. union word which can be replaced with an addition years from the main sentence Remember the years: those years we spent in Naples).

Subordinate clause

Relative clauses can be attached to the main clause in different ways, depending on which part of the main clause they explain. They can refer to one word, to a phrase, or to the entire main sentence.

To understand what type of attachment is in a particular case, it is necessary to ask a question and analyze from which part of the main sentence it is put.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and the question that we ask from the main part to the secondary. Subject, predicate, attributive, additional or adverbial - there are such subordinate clauses.

In addition, a lexically subordinate clause can have several meanings (be polysemantic). For example: It's wonderful when you can just walk down the street without thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate clause is both the condition and the time.

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences with a subordinating relationship and several subordinate clauses are distinguished: with homogeneous, heterogeneous and sequential subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.

• With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to the same word from the main one. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that there are princes and princesses, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main one - to tell.
• Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination takes place if the subordinate clauses answer different questions. For example: When we go camping, friends will help each other, although it will not be easy for them themselves. Here two subordinate clauses answer questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).
• Consistent submission. The question in such sentences is asked in a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he will see the beauty of the soul, who does not look at appearance, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence: we ask a question to the first who?, to the second - what?

Punctuation in a complex sentence

The parts of a complex sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is placed before the union. Polynomial complex sentences with a subordinate relationship may not have a comma. This happens if homogeneous subordinate clauses are used, connected by non-repeating unions and, or. For example:

I said that today is a beautiful day and that the sun has long since risen. Here are homogeneous subordinate clauses with the basics day (subject) beautiful (predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (predicate). No comma is required between them.

Unionless proposal

In the Russian language, there are such sentences where the connection between the parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called non-union. It rained and the last leaves fell from the trees. This complex non-union sentence has two parts with grammatical foundations: the first has rain (subject) passed (predicate); the second one has fallen (predicate) leaves (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between the parts is carried out by their order and species-temporal characteristics of verbs-predicates and their mood. Here two subordinate clauses answer questions when?(first), and no matter what?(second).

Types of unionless proposals

Union-free proposals are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.

The first ones are those where the predicates, as a rule, have the same form; their meaning is a comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble compound ones, it’s just that the union is omitted from homogeneous homogeneous ones. For example:

Autumn began, the sky was covered with lead clouds. Compare: Autumn began, and the sky was covered with lead clouds.

Unionless with a heterogeneous composition gravitate more towards complex subordinates. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, which contains the main meaning of the statement. For example:

I love winter: nature dresses beautifully, magical holidays are coming, it's time to get skis and skates. In the presence of an union-free connection and equality of parts, the main meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent ones reveal it.

Punctuation in a non-union sentence

The non-union connection suggests that the signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The placement of a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, here is a table:

When one of the parts is complicated by any constructions, we use a semicolon. For example:

Singing a song, Marat walked through the puddles; children were running nearby, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated and the second part is a separate definition.

It is easy to make a sentence with an allied connection: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often, the types of a complex sentence are concentrated in one syntactic construction, that is, there is both an allied and an allied connection between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of connection.

Let's look at examples.

Although he was still dozing, there was a flurry of activity around the household: they darted from room to room, talking, cursing. The first part is a subordinating connection, the second is a coordinating one, the third is an allied one.

I know a simple truth: you will stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection of the first and second parts is unionless, then - subordinating.

As a rule, such sentences are two blocks that are connected by coordinating conjunctions or completely unionless. Each block may contain several simple sentences with a subordinating or coordinating connection.