Are you here: Gift Ideas

a) Father Vasily raised his eyebrows and smoked, blowing smoke from his nose, then said: “Yes, that's how it is”, sighed, was silent and left (A.T.)

b) She said: “Today, they say, there are not enough at the university

are engaged in sciences ”- and called her dog Suzetka (L.T.)

in) When the clerk said: "It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," -

“Yes, not bad,” he usually answered (G.);

Note. Genuine expressions inserted into the text as sentence elements are enclosed in quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon: Bewildered, Ivan obeyed the jester-regent and shouted "guard!", And the regent blew him up, did not shout anything.

§ 51. Punctuation marks in dialogue

1 . If the replicas of the dialogue are given each from a paragraph, then before them

put a dash:

- Is he married?

"A bachelor," Ryukhin answered frightened.

- Union member?

-Yes.

2. If the replicas follow in the selection without indicating to whom they are

belong, then each of them is enclosed in quotation marks and separated

from adjacent dash: "Directly from here?" - "Yes".

a replica dash is omitted:

"Won't you come to your apartment?" Stravinsky asked quickly. “Yes, there is no time to call here! ..”

4. If one replica is broken by another, and then the first replica continues, then an ellipsis is placed after its first part and before the beginning of the second:

- I requested. . .

-You didn't ask for anything.

-... at least a minute of attention.

5 . If in the subsequent replica words from the previous one, belonging to another person, are repeated, and they are perceived as someone else's text, then these words are highlighted with quotation marks:

Kupavina. Ah, this is finally funny. Why a lawyer when there is nothing.

Lynyaev. How about "nothing"?

6. A special form of constructing a dialogue is expressed in the fact that punctuation marks are used as independent replicas - mainly question and exclamation marks:

a) - I will not answer.

-And what will it give you?

-Will give nothing. We will know everything.

b) - You're crazy, - said Proshkin, seeing my second author's

invention certificate.

- The boss has only one.

This peculiar use is explained by the fact that

"The meaning of exclamation and question marks is so

definitely and generally accepted, which is possible with

using these signs to express surprise, doubt, indignation and

etc. ...even without words"

Before presenting the next source, I would like to compare the previous two.

Russian language: Ref. materials: Proc. The student guide contains only basic information, concisely and accurately. And here is a guide to punctuation by D.E. Rosenthal most fully describes almost all the nuances of our issue. In my opinion, this guide is the best that can be found on the topic under study.

Finally, I will give an extract of the rules from the textbook by T.V. Shklyarova Russian language. Reference book on the Russian language for schoolchildren and applicants.

Direct speech- this is someone else's speech reproduced verbatim, introduced into the text by the words of the author.

Direct speech may consist of one or more sentences.

Direct speech can take any place in relation to the words of the author (i.e., stand in front of them, after them, the words of the author can break direct speech).

Punctuation marks in direct speech



		"P-a. - P".
		"P? - a. - P".
	"P..." - a.	"P! - a. - P". "P ... -a, -p." “P ... - a. - P".
For example:	For example:	For example:
They answered me: “To the nearest	"To the nearest village yes -	"To the village," they answered.
neck of the village far away.	easy," they answered me.	to me, -long away".
He exclaimed: "To the nearest	"To the nearest village yes-	Far from the nearest village
the neck of the village is far away!	easy!” he exclaimed.	They answered me. - In short, the road through the forest.
I asked: "Far to near-	"Far to the nearest de-	“How far is it to the nearest village? -
the nearest village?	jealous?" I asked.	I asked. “We are already so tired.”
	"To the nearest village yes-	“It’s far from the nearest village! -
Sergei muttered: "Before	"To the nearest village yes-
the nearest village away	easy ... "- muttered Ser-
to..."		he exclaimed. - In short, the road through the forest.

Dialog

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons or groups of persons. The speech of each of the participants in the dialogue is called a replica.

Dialogue punctuation marks

And write direct speech with a capital letter. At the end of direct speech with a question or exclamation point, quotation marks are placed after it, and in narrative, quotation marks are closed and a period is put.

Examples: Andrey said: "I will play now."

Example. He muttered, "I'm very sleepy," and immediately fell asleep.

Example. The captain said: “The breeze would blow now ...” - and fixed his eyes on the sea.

The dialogue can be designed in one of the following ways: All replicas are written in one line, the author's words between them are missing. A dash separates each replica enclosed in quotation marks.

Example. For several minutes they walked in silence. Elizabeth asked, "How long will you be away?" - "Two months". - "Will you call me or write to me?" - "Oh sure!"
Each subsequent replica is written on a new line, preceded by a dash. Quotation marks are not used in this case.

Are you cold, Ekaterina? asked Ivan Petrovich.

Let's go to a cafe.

Formatting quotes:

The quotation is written according to one of the methods of direct speech.

Example. Belinsky believed: "Literature is the consciousness of the people, the color and fruit of its spiritual life."

Part of the quotation is not given, and its omission is marked with an ellipsis.

Example. Goncharov wrote: "All the words of Chatsky will spread ... and produce a storm."

Example. Belinsky notes that Pushkin has an amazing ability to "make the most prosaic objects poetic."

The verse text should be quoted without quotation marks, observing the lines and stanzas.

Sources:

how is direct speech
Basic Rules for Writing Dialogues

Indirect sentences help convey other people's thoughts on their own behalf. They contain the main essence of the words said by someone, easier in construction and punctuation. When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, it is important to pay attention to the purpose of conveying thoughts (message, question or motivation), use the appropriate means of connecting parts of the sentence, and follow the exact forms of using some words.

Instruction

In our language, other people's words can be transmitted in several ways. For this purpose, direct and indirect speech are most often used. Keeping the essence, these syntactic constructions express the content in different ways, are pronounced and formatted in writing.

When conveying thoughts through direct speech, all the features of the statement are preserved: the content remains unchanged, the intonation is preserved in oral speech, which is shown in writing by the necessary punctuation marks. This is the most accurate way to convey other people's words.

Indirect speech, as a rule, contains the main essence of other people's thoughts, is reported not on behalf of the author, but the speaker without preserving intonational features. In written speech, it is drawn up without quotes in the form of a complex sentence.

When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, follow the main rules for constructing sentences, accurately use the forms of individual words. Sentences with someone else's speech represent two parts: the author and the transmitted speech. In sentences with direct speech, the place of the author's words is inconsistent: in front, in the middle or after the utterance. Indirect, as a rule, takes a position after the author's words and is a subordinate clause. To properly cope with the task of replacing such syntactic constructions, proceed according to a certain order.

First, determine the boundaries of the parts of the sentence with direct speech. The words of the author in a sentence with indirect speech almost always remain unchanged, they will represent the main part of a complex sentence.

Next, pay attention to the view of the purpose of the utterance of the sentence that is part of direct speech (it will be subordinate). If you have a declarative sentence in front of you, then the unions “what”, “as if” will be the means of communication with the main one. For example, “Eyewitnesses claimed that (allegedly)

Direct speech, i.e., the speech of another person, included in the author's text and reproduced verbatim, is drawn up in two ways.

If direct speech is in a string (in a selection), then it is enclosed in quotation marks: « I'm sorry I didn't know your father , she said after a while. -He must have been very kind, very serious, very fond of you. ". Luzhin said nothing(Nab.).

If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of it (there are no quotes):

Fedya and Kuzma were silent. Kuzma winked imperceptibly at Fedya, and they went out into the street.

– Here's what I came for: Have the Lyubavins arrived from the mowing?

– We've arrived.

– Take Yasha and wait for me here. I'll pop home for a minute(Shuksh.).

Both ways of designing direct speech can be combined if the speech of one person also includes the direct speech of another person:

– Did I say so?

– Oh, terrible fool!(Bond.).

– Have you had a dream, or what?

– Vidal. As if my father and I went to trade a horse, we both liked one horse, my father blinks at me: “Jump and jump » (Shuksh.).

§134

If direct speech is worth before introducing it author's words, then a comma and a dash are placed after direct speech, and the author's words begin with a lowercase letter: “We understand everything perfectly, Nikolai Vasilyevich,” Solodovnikov quipped to himself, sitting down on a white stool.(Shuksh.). If after direct speech there is a question, exclamation point or ellipsis, then these signs are preserved, and a comma is not put; the words of the author, as in the first case, begin with a lowercase letter: “Yes, it was necessary to say goodbye! ..” - he realized when the covered car was already climbing up to the vozvoz(Shuksh.); “My blue-eyed guardian angel, why are you looking at me with such sad anxiety?” - Krymov wanted to say ironically(Bond.).

If direct speech is worth after the words of the author, then these words end with a colon; punctuation marks after direct speech are preserved: I I tell him: "Don't cry, Egor, don't"(rasp.); Philip mechanically drove the steering oar and kept thinking: "Maryushka, Marya ..."(Shuksh.); I wanted to get to the “office” as soon as possible, to pick up the phone, to hear the familiar voice of Dolin: “Is that you? You have to, don't you?"(Sol.).

§135

1. If a at the break point turns out exclamation or question mark, then it is preserved, followed by a dash before the words of the author (with lowercase letters), these words are followed by a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “Am I giving happiness to many people now, as I did before? thought Kiprensky. “Are only fools trying to arrange the well-being of their lives?”(Paust.); “Yes, be quiet! - the attendant ordered. “Can you shut up?!”(Shuksh.).

2. If a at the break point direct speech should be ellipsis, then it is preserved and a dash is placed after it; after the words of the author, a comma and a dash are placed if the second part of direct speech is not an independent sentence, or a period and a dash if the second part of direct speech is an independent sentence; the second part of direct speech, respectively, begins with a lowercase or uppercase letter: “Probably, she had a seizure with the hostess ... - thought Mashenka, - or she quarreled with her husband ...”(Ch.); “Wait a minute…” Lyonka shouted, releasing his flaxen hair from his grandfather's clumsy, trembling fingers, brightening up a little. - As you say? Dust?"(M. G.).

3. If a at the break point direct speech should not have any punctuation mark or should be mid-sentence marks: comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the words of the author are separated by a comma and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a lowercase letter: “You can’t understand,” I whisper, having called Ruslan into the next room and shutting the door, “because we are different beings.”(Trif.); “So, withered a little, from one side,” Asya giggled in a young way, wrinkles spread across her face, “like a stale apple”(Trif.); “Suddenly you sow,” Semyon thought, “and ordinary barley will grow. Most likely it will happen.”(Sol.); “Yes, something is pecking badly,” the Fog spoke, “it hurts hot.”(T.); “But how will you play,” Darwin said in response to his thoughts, “this is, of course, a question”(Nab.).

4. If a at the break point direct speech should be dot, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, after these words - a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter: “They were dismissed before the verdict,” Dvornik said. “They will announce tomorrow at nine in the evening.”(Trif.).

5. If the author's words break apart within the meaning of into two parts, which refer to different parts of direct speech, then, subject to other conditions, a colon and a dash are placed after the words of the author: "Ehma ... - hopelesslysighed Gavrila in response to a stern orderand bitterlyadded : - My fate is lost!(M. G.); "Don't touch your uniform! -ordered Lermontovand added , not at all angry, but even with some curiosity: “Are you going to listen to me or not?”(Paust.); “Have you ever smelled copper on your hands? -asked unexpectedly, the engraver, and without waiting for an answer, grimaced andcontinued : - Poisonous, disgusting "(Paust.).

§136

If direct speech is inside the words of the author, then it is enclosed in quotation marks and preceded by a colon; direct speech begins with a capital letter. After direct speech, punctuation marks are arranged as follows:

a) a comma is placed if it was necessary at the break point of the author's introductory words: Saying "see you soon" she quickly left the room ;

b) a dash is placed in the absence of a punctuation mark at the break point of the author's introductory words: Overcome with embarrassment, he muttered a student joke: "My grandmother got measles" - and wanted to give the conversation started a casual lightness(Bond.);

in) a dash is placed if direct speech ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation point: The children expected him to praise them, but grandfather, shaking his head, said: “This stone has been lying here for many years, this is where it belongs ...” - and told about the feat of three Soviet intelligence officers(dry); Pyotr Mikhailovich wanted to say: “Please don’t get involved in your own business!” - but said nothing(Ch.); She is[dog] stops. I repeat: "What is said?" - and keep it on the counter for a long time(Shv.);

G) if direct speech is directly included in the author's sentence as its member, then it is enclosed in quotation marks, while punctuation marks are placed according to the terms of the author's sentence: Having said to Grichmar the phrase “There is no easy life, there is only an easy death”, Krymov caught Stishov’s restless, warning look(Bond.).

§137

If direct speech belongs to different persons, then each replica is separated by quotation marks separately:

a) replicas are separated from each other by a dash: "Samovar - ready?" – “Not yet…” – “Why? Someone has come." - "Avdotya Gavrilovna"(M. G.);

b) if one of the replicas is accompanied by introductory author's words, then the next one is not separated by a dash: "Are you a widow?" he asked quietly. "Third year". - How long have you been married? “A year and five months…”(M. G.);

in) a dot and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons and provided with different author's words: Passing by, he said: "Don't forget to buy tickets." "I'll try," I replied.; if the first replica contains exclamation or question marks, the period is omitted: Passing by, he shouted: "Cheer up!" "I'll try," I replied. ;

G) a comma and a dash are placed between replicas belonging to different persons, but united by a common author's sentence: When the clerk said: "It would be nice, sir, to do this and that," - "Yes, not bad," he usually answered(G.); if the first sentence contains exclamation or question marks, the comma is omitted: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” "I'm cold," he replied.; the same with a different arrangement of parts of the author's proposal: When I asked, “Why are you wearing a carpet on your back?” - he replied: "I'm cold"(Current.).

§138

At paragraph allocation dialogue lines placed before the replica dash; after the words of the author preceding the dialogue, a colon or period is put. If the author's text contains words that introduce direct speech, then a colon is placed after them; if there are no such words, then a full stop is put:

Carmen withdrew her hand; the unfinished measure froze with an interrogative ringing.

– I'll play it, she said.

– When?

– When will you be with me(Greene).

The telegraph operator, a strict dry woman, after reading the telegram,suggested :

– Compose differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

– Why? asked the Weird. I always write to her like this in my letters. This is my wife! .. You probably thought ...

– You can write anything in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is plain text.

Freak rewrote(Shuksh.).

The same with a single replica:

Shatsky paced the room.

– Suffocation, suffocation! he muttered. – Local evenings cause asthma(Paust.).

His eyes are downcast. Then he raised them to Nadya, his ordinary blue eyes, smiled and said softly:

– Excuse me. This is my fault. This is childish on my part(Sol.).

§139

Paragraph and non-paragraph (using quotation marks) selection of direct speech is used differentially. If the text alternates between external speech (addressed to the interlocutor) and internal speech (I thought to myself), then external speech is formed using indentation, and internal speech using quotation marks:

– M-yes. Well, you are right. It is impossible to change the case for idleness. Go ahead and draw your triangles.

Nadia looked imploringly into Ivan's eyes. "Well, what's so terrible -wanted to tell her . - There will be a new evening tomorrow, you can go to the White Mountains. And the day after tomorrow. But it’s not my fault if I promised two weeks ago.”(Sol.).

And after my words, he smiled from ear to ear (he has such a mouth, just from ear to ear) and joyfully agreed:

– Okay, then let's go.

"Here I'll show you" let's go ", -I thought to myself (Sol.).

Only quotes mark the inner ( thought to myself) speech in the author's text, outside the dialogue:

Kuzma looked where they pointed. There, on the slope of another slope, mowers walked in a chain. Behind them, mowed grass remained in even lines - beautiful. “Some of them is Marya,”Kuzma thought calmly (Shuksh.); Kuzma looked at her with pleasure. "What am I, a fool, looking for more?" -he thought (Shuksh.).

Quote punctuation marks

§140

Quotes are concluded in quotation marks and are punctuated in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136):

a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change this idea, throw it away, stop complaining, and the pain will disappear”(Ch.); Remember the words of L. N. Tolstoy more often: “A person has only duties!”; M. Aliger has the lines: “A person needs very little for happiness to grow to its full height”; L. N. Tolstoy has an interesting comparison: “Just as an eye has an eyelid, so a fool has self-confidence to protect himself from the possibility of defeating his vanity. And both, the more they take care of themselves, the less they see - they close their eyes. ;

b) “Whoever shoots the past with a pistol, the future will shoot with a cannon,” wrote R. Gamzatov; “He is not a writer who has not added at least a little vigilance to a person’s vision,” said K. Paustovsky ;

in) “In order to create something,” wrote Goethe, “one must be something”; “If on Nikola (December 19),” the book said, “the day is cold and clear - by the grain year”(Sol.);

G) Pascal's saying: "He who knows how to suggest that he is not very cunning, he is far from being simple" - sounds aphoristic; Picasso's words: "Art is an emanation of pain and sadness" - have a deep meaning .

§141

If the quotation is incomplete, then the gap is indicated ellipsis(at the beginning of a quote, in the middle or at the end):

a) “... If good has a reason, it is no longer good; if good has a consequence, then it is no longer good. Good is beyond effects and causes,” wrote Leo Tolstoy in his diaries; “... The poem develops into my memories, which at least once a year (often in December) require me to do something with them,” A. Akhmatova notes in “Prose about the Poem” ;

b) “The biography of the heroine ... is written in one of my notebooks,” writes A. Akhmatova in one of her letters from Komarov ;

in) “Goethe says somewhere that nothing significant can be created in a foreign language - I always thought that this was not true ...” - wrote M. Tsvetaeva in 1926 to Rilke .

§142

If the quotation precedes the author's text, then after the ellipsis the word is written with capital letter; if the quote comes after the author's words, then after the ellipsis is used lowercase letter : “... Olesha's books fully express his being, whether it's Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished little stories,” wrote V. Lidin; V. Lidin wrote: “... Olesha’s books fully express his being, whether it’s Envy, or Three Fat Men, or polished little stories” .

§143

The quotation included in the author's proposal as its component is highlighted quotation marks(but begins with a lowercase letter), punctuation marks are used only those that are dictated by the author's sentence itself: The thought of L. N. Tolstoy “time is the relation of the movement of one’s life to the movement of other beings”, expressed in his diaries, has a philosophical content .

If the quotation is not an independent sentence and ends with an ellipsis, then after the closing quotation marks a dot is placed, referring to the entire sentence as a whole: Iskander noted that "wisdom is the mind, insisted on conscience ...". Wed: Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death; nobility is the most dangerous poison" . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote that “an idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…” . – Academician I. P. Pavlov wrote: “An idea without development is dead; stereotyping in scientific thought is death…”(In the first and second cases, the dot after the closing quotation marks refers to the entire sentence as a whole; in the third, the quotation is framed as an independent sentence that has its own final sign (ellipsis), so there is no dot after the closing quotation mark.)

§144

When shortening a quotation that already has ellipsis that perform one or another function inherent to them, the ellipsis set by the author citing the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quote, is enclosed in angle brackets: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<…>. She, like all women, is dominated by feeling, and every change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will gradually pass by itself.<…>» .

§145

If there is already a quote in the quoted text, then they use quotation marks of various forms - “cutes” ( „“ ) and Christmas trees ( «» ). "Paws" (or "paws") - an internal sign; "Christmas trees" - external. For example: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said. Near this line, it seems, we have now stopped, realizing that it is impossible to step back, and not daring, but getting ready and getting ready to move forward, to true respect.(Spread).

§146

If it is necessary for the quoter to highlight individual words of the quote, this selection is specified in brackets: ( emphasized by us. – N.V.); (our italics. – N.V.); (our discharge. – Ed.). For example: “Whoever wants to study man in history must be able to analyze historical (allocated by us. – N.V.) emotions"(Yu. Lotman).

If the citing person inserts his own explanatory text into the quotation or expands the abbreviated word, then this explanation is enclosed in square or angle brackets: "Thank you for admiring Moore[son of M. Tsvetaeva] ... ”- M. Tsvetaeva writes to B. Pasternak in 1927; “The stairs must have been read! P[because] h[then] Leia read. Get it from her, correct the typos,” writes M. Tsvetaeva to B. Pasternak in 1927.

§147

References to the author and source of citation are enclosed in brackets; The dot that ends the quotation is placed after the closing parenthesis. For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to be able to see educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Azarov Yu. Learning to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. S. 242).

If a quotation ends with a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis, then these characters retain their place (before the closing quotation mark). When listing examples, the dot after the closing bracket is replaced with a semicolon: “How mysterious you are, thunderstorm!” (I. Bunin. The fields smell...); “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world ... " (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. S. 5).

If an indication of the author or the cited source is placed below the quotation, in particular with epigraphs, then the brackets are removed, as are the quotation marks in the quotation, and a sign corresponding to this sentence is placed at the end of the quotation. For example:

White rose with black toad

I wanted to get married on earth.

S. Yesenin

You don't love me, you love mine!

F. Dostoevsky

… why so often

I feel sorry for the whole world and sorry for the person?

N. Zabolotsky

Painting teaches to look and see...

A. Blok

Quoting quotation marks and "foreign" words

§148

quotation marks quotes (alien speech) are highlighted, included in the author's text, including direct speech (see § 140–145).

Without quotes poetic quotations are drawn up if they are given with the preservation of the author's stanza. The highlighting function is taken over by the position in the text:

The twelfth - the last and short - chapter of the book begins. The twelfth hour of the short life of Alexander Blok strikes.

Only in the terrible morning fog

the clock strikes for the last time...

…One thousand nine hundred and twentieth year has come, the fourth year of the new, October era(Eagle).

Not enclosed in quotation marks and direct speech when transmitting dialogue using paragraph articulation (see § 138), since the position in the text takes on the highlighting function.

§149

Quotes are allocated other people's words included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated: This happened in the spring of 1901, which Blok called"extremely important" (Eagle); Pasternak writes: "... in my individual case, life turned into artistic implementation, as it was born from fate and experience." But what is"fate and experience" in"separate case" Pasternak? This is again"artistic transformation" , with whom meetings, correspondence, conversations were connected - with Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Aseev, Paolo Yashvili, Titian Tabidze(Likh.); Jordan loved Kiprensky and called him"kind soul" (Paust.); Pasternak's struggle for"unheard of simplicity" poetic language was a struggle not for its comprehensibility, but for its originality, originality - the absence of poetic secondary, primitive traditionalism ...(Likh.).

Quoting unusually used words

§150

quotation marks words are distinguished that are alien to the writer's vocabulary: words used in an unusual (special, professional) meaning, words belonging to a special, often narrow circle of people communicating: I poked the paddle, kid"dal var" (Shv.); The grass did not fade for a long time. Only blue haze (popularly called"mga" ) tightened the reaches on the Oka and distant forests."Mga" then thickened, then turned pale(Paust.); Sasha lives"on bread" in a town house(Boon.); A solution of calcium sulfate salts from gypsum can go into the microscopic pores of ceramics and give"efflorescence" on the surface of the work there are whitish spots under the glaze. Ideally, only ceramics would take root on ceramics. Such"implant" would age in sync with the original(journal).

§151

quotation marks different style words are highlighted, the ironic meaning of the word is emphasized, an indication is given of the double meaning of the word or the meaning known only to the person to whom the words are addressed: ...Many pages of the English classic novel"break" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth(M. Urnov) (a different style word in a scientific text); ... The mystery of this mysterious acquisition, a generous gift for"services" , serves as an example of ambiguous interpretations(M. Urnov) (ironic meaning of the word); As long as it's a secret, don't say anything"there" known to you"person" (Ch.) ( there, person- the meaning of the words is known only to the addressee); I began to take exams ... when"decent persons" they were not kept(Eagle) (indication of a special, secret meaning of the word); ... And if not for this thesis, it is still unknown what the departmental"bewilderment" (Hall.) (ironically-reprehensible use of the word); And so every day"dawn" before"dawn" . BUT"dawn" - this is a special article used by the guard in the guardhouse in the morning and evening(Gil.) (double sense - generally accepted and conditional).

§152

quotation marks words are used in a special, often conditional meaning: After all, the zero cycle -"non-dusty" cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers(Hall.).

§153

The quotation marks emphasize the purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words, for example, when parts of speech or whole turns that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence: "Want?" , "let it be you" sounded in my ears and produced a kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonya(L. T.); From his friendly"I've been waiting for you" she cheered up(B.P.).

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Popular

Replicas of the dialogue are written each on a new line

Replicas of the dialogue are written in a row

A dash is placed before the replicas.

For example:

- Do you know how to spell?

-Yes.page 24

Each of the replicas is enclosed in quotation marks and separated from the adjacent dash.

For example:

"Truth?" - "Truth".page 30

Punctuation marks are placed in the same way as in direct speech.

For example:

-Who it? Pilate asked with disgust and touched his temple with his hand.

“Levy Matvey,” the prisoner readily explained.page 26

A dash is not placed between the replicas.

For example:

"He's drunk..." Varenukha said. "Who's drunk?" asked Rimsky, and again they both stared at each other.

Direct speech, including inner speech, is marked with quotation marks.
The words of the author can stand before direct speech, after it, break direct speech.

1. If the words of the author are before direct speech, then a colon and opening quotes are placed after them. Depending on the type of sentence, according to the purpose of the utterance and emotional coloring, at the end of direct speech, a period is put (before it - closing quotes), a question or exclamation mark, with interruption or understatement, an ellipsis (after them - closing quotes).

Example:

They heard that the woodpecker is hammering, and they say: “How much harm the woodpecker brings to the tree!” And we had our own learned man here, a doctor, a good man, he found that tree and asked: “Why is this tree drying up?” They answer: "The worm sharpens." (M. Prishvin)

Interrogative, exclamation marks and ellipsis are placed before quotation marks, period - after quotation marks.
Schemes: A: "P!" A: "P?" A: "P..." A: "P".

2. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then instead of quotation marks, as a rule, a dash is put.

Example:

I went up to him and said slowly and distinctly:
- I am very sorry that I ascended after you had already given your word of honor in support of the most disgusting slander (M. Lermontov)

3. If the words of the author are after direct speech enclosed in quotation marks, then a dash is placed before the words of the author, the words of the author begin with a lowercase letter. At the end of direct speech, before quotation marks, depending on the nature of the sentence, question marks, exclamation marks or ellipsis are placed; if the sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory, then a comma is placed after the quotes.

Example:

“We must live according to the law of nature and truth,” Ms. Dergacheva (F. Dostoevsky) said from behind the door;

"How old can you be?" asked Balunsky, looking at the river. (A. Kuprin)

Schemes: "P", - a. "P?" - a.

a) if there should not be any punctuation mark at the break in direct speech or there should be a comma, semicolon, colon, dash, then the words of the author on both sides are separated by commas and dashes, and the second part of direct speech is written with a lowercase letter.

Example:

“However,” I say, “there are three or four big gentlemen left for the county.” (I. Bunin)

Scheme: "P, - a, - p".

b) if there should be a dot at the place of the break in direct speech, then a comma and a dash are placed before the words of the author, and after the words of the author - a dot and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

Example:

“You have to serve,” he answered with conviction. “A double salary for our brother, a poor man, means a lot.” (L. Tolstoy)

Scheme: “P, - a. - P".

c) if there should be question marks, exclamation marks or ellipsis at the place where direct speech breaks, then these marks are preserved, a dash is placed after them, the author’s words begin with a lowercase letter, followed by a period and a dash; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

Example:

"How they call! he said, rejoicing. - Just listen to what's going on! All over the Desna. (E. Nosov)

Scheme: "P! - a. - P".

5. If in the author's words inside direct speech there are two verbs with the meaning of the statement and the first part of the direct speech refers to one verb, and the second to another, then a colon and a dash are put after the author's words; the second part of direct speech begins with a capital letter.

Seventh-graders of the Pedagogical Gymnasium No. 1505 in Moscow developed and compiled a collection of exercises for their younger fellow students (supervisor I.L. STARIKOVA). So they do project activities - one of the types of research work - in this school.
In the fall, children in grades 6-10 choose the topic of the project, and in the winter session they defend the project as an exam.

Compilers of the collection - students of the 7th grade
Nadezhda ZAVYALOVA,
Nikita FILATOV,
Ivan TRIFONOV,
Andrey YUSHIN,
Karen LALAYAN,
GOU gymnasium No. 1505,
Moscow city

Direct speech

Seventh graders make a collection of exercises

I. Linguistic phenomenon
(What is direct speech?)

Direct speech - This is the transmission of someone else's speech, preserving its content and form. It accurately reproduces someone else's statement and is accompanied by the author's words.

"Guys let's be friends!" Leopold the cat said with a smile.

Direct speech may include not one, but several sentences.

The pike began to beg Emelya: “Don’t ruin me, Emelyushka. Let go into the river. Do you want me to make you rich for this?

II. spelling aspect
(Punctuation)

Quotation marks are used to highlight direct speech. The author's words can be before, after and inside direct speech.

Sentence schemes with direct speech

"P!" - a.

"Leopold, we surrender!" the mice shouted as they floated in a glass of soda.

"P" - a.

“Frog, frog, give me my arrow,” Ivan Tsarevich pleaded.

"P?" - a.

“Do you know where you got to?” - the robber Barmaley asked Dr. Aibolit.

A: "P".

The cunning fox grinned and said: “Let me share the cheese equally with you.”

A: "P?"

The wolf licked his lips and asked: “Where are you going, Little Red Riding Hood?”.

A: "P!"

A fox rides on a wolf and slowly sings: “The beaten unbeaten one is lucky, the beaten one is lucky!”.

"P, - a, - p?"

“So you say,” said the Needlewoman, “that you are kind, but why do you keep green grass under a snowy featherbed?”

"P! - a. - P!"

“Sivka-Burka, prophetic kaurka! shouted Ivan the Fool. “Stand before me like a leaf before grass!”

"P! - a. - P".

“Show me! shouted Danila the master. “Without a flower, I have no life.”

"P-a. - P?"

“Hey, master,” Pinocchio said importantly. “Will you give us three crusts of bread?”

"P? - a. - P!"

“What kind of fool is he? people whispered. “He is cunning if he made the buckets go!”

Conventional designations.

- the easiest task
- task of medium severity
- the hardest task

Exercise #1

* In case of difficulty, see the diagrams at the beginning of the collection.

Autumn has come, and the sun is not so hot anymore. “It's time for us to think about winter,” Naf-Naf once said. But the brothers decided that they would walk and jump in the meadow. “Winter is still far away,” said Nif-Nif and rolled over his head. Nuf-Nuf lay down in a puddle and said: "When necessary, I will build a house for myself." Every day it got colder and colder. “Today we will take a walk, and tomorrow morning we will get down to business,” said the piglets. When a large puddle by the road began to be covered with a thin crust of ice in the morning, the lazy brothers decided to get to work. And only the hardworking Naf-Naf, when building a house, believed that his house should be a fortress.

(Seventh-graders gave the keys to all coherent texts. They are not in this publication. - Red.)

Exercise #1

Read the text and write out direct sentences from it.

Ole Lukoye quietly opens the door, and the eyelids of the children begin to stick together.
“Do you want to visit foreign lands at night, and return home by morning?” asked Ole Hjalmar.
The stork flapped its wide wings and flew to warmer climes.
“Tomorrow they will make soup from these chickens,” said Hjalmar and woke up in his small bed.
Ole Lukoye said: "This mouse has come to invite you to the wedding."
“But how can I get through a small hole in the floor?” the boy asked.
“What a wonderful smell! The whole corridor smells of lard! What could be better? the mouse squeaked.
"What are you going to say today?" Hjalmar asked.
He opened his beautiful umbrella over the boy and said: “There is no time today!”.