Types of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity. State regulation of foreign trade
Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus
Department of International Economic Relations
COURSE WORK
Organization of foreign economic activity
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Completed by: 4th year student of the Faculty of Management gr.MEO-1
Solonovich A. I.
Checked:
Volk L.I.
Introduction …………………………………………………………3
1. regulation of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Belarus…….……..5
2. The role of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the modern economy
…………………………………6
3. methods of regulation of foreign economic activity ………………………….... 7
3.1. Tariff methods of regulation of foreign economic activity …………….7
3.2. non-tariff methods of regulation of foreign economic activity …………12
4. state regulation of the foreign exchange market as a method of regulating foreign economic activity
………………………………..19
5. international trade policy - the world system of regulation methods
FEA ……………………………...22
5.1. trade barriers ………………………………………22
5.2. protectionism ………………………………………….24
5.3. economic integration …………………………..34
Conclusion ……………………………..……………….……38
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Foreign economic activity is becoming an increasingly important factor in the development of the national economy and the economic stabilization of the republic.
Now there is practically no industry in industrialized countries that would not be involved in the sphere of foreign economic activity.
At all historical stages of the development of the state, foreign economic activity influenced the solution of economic problems at various levels: the national economy as a whole, individual regions, associations, and enterprises. As part of the general structure of the national economy, foreign economic activity affects the improvement of intra-economic proportions, the distribution and development of production forces.
No country has yet managed to create a healthy economy by isolating itself from the world economic system.
The development of foreign economic activity plays a special role in modern conditions, when the process of integration of the republic's economy into the world economy is taking place. Belarus is pursuing a policy of consistent development of mutually beneficial trade with all foreign countries that are ready for this. The development of foreign economic activity is very important both for the whole republic and for each enterprise individually.
Belarus has export-import relations with more than 100 countries of the world. The main foreign trade partners of the republic are Russia, Germany,
Poland, USA, UK and others.
Today it is impossible to imagine the activity of any large enterprise without its participation in foreign economic activity. The efficiency of any enterprise involved in the sphere of foreign economic activity directly depends on the efficiency of the work of the department of foreign economic relations.
That is why this topic is relevant today, when an increasing number of enterprises are involved in foreign economic activity and many problems arise on their way. In this topic, I gave preference to our republic. For me, the greatest interest, when choosing a topic, presented its relevance in relation to
The Republic of Belarus.
International economic relations are one of the most dynamically developing areas of economic life. Economic relations between states have a long history. For centuries, they existed mainly as foreign trade, solving the problems of providing the population with goods that the national economy produced inefficiently or did not produce at all. In the course of evolution, foreign economic relations outgrew foreign trade and turned into a complex set of international economic relations - the world economy. The processes taking place in it affect the interests of all states of the world. And, accordingly, all states must regulate their foreign economic activity in order to achieve their interests in the first place. Therefore, consideration of the system of methods for regulating foreign economic activity in my work seems relevant to me.
World experience shows that even in industrialized countries there is an objective need for state regulation of foreign economic activity. The state is called upon, first of all, to protect the interests of its producers, take measures to increase exports, attract foreign investment, balance the balance of payments, regulate foreign exchange, and, most importantly, adopt legislative acts establishing the rules for the implementation of foreign economic activity and control their strict observance. .
1. REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
The development of the foreign economic activity of the Republic of Belarus is focused on solving the following tasks:
Integration of the country into the world economy;
. Support for integration processes with the CIS countries;
. Development of economic and political union with Russia;
. Equalizing the balance of foreign trade and balance of payments;
. Improving the structure of foreign trade in commodity and geographical aspects;
. Entering new international markets and diversifying exports in established markets;
. Preservation of the economic and environmental security of the country;
. Preparation and conduct of negotiations on the accession of the Republic of Belarus to
The solution to these problems involves:
Updating monetary and financial and tariff measures for regulating export-import operations;
. shifting the center of gravity of foreign trade regulation; development of export as the main source of foreign exchange earnings;
. intensification of the processes of attracting foreign investments;
. protecting the interests of the national market and
. effective entry of the republic into world economic relations.
2. THE ROLE OF STATE REGULATION OF FEA IN THE MODERN ECONOMY.
In ensuring the normal functioning of any modern economic system, an important role belongs to the state. The state throughout the history of its existence, along with the tasks of maintaining order, legality, organizing national defense, performed certain functions in the economic sphere. State regulation of the economy has a long history - even during the period of early capitalism in Europe, there was centralized control over prices, the quality of goods and services, interest rates and foreign trade. In modern conditions, any state regulates the national economy, with varying degrees of state intervention in the economy.
The role of state regulation especially increases in the conditions of the economic crisis. World experience has shown that a way out of the crisis is possible only with the strict centralization of state power and the implementation of non-trivial measures to ensure economic growth. So it was with Western European countries in the postwar period, and with Latin American
(Chile, Argentina, Brazil) most recently.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is one of the most important and most difficult tasks of the state. A well-thought-out and properly organized policy in the field of foreign economic activity is the most important factor in the successful development of the economy of any country. One of the main reasons for the current crisis in our country is the ill-conceived policy of the state in the field of foreign economic activity.
3. METHODS OF REGULATION OF FEA.
The methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity are divided by their nature into tariff methods - those based on the use of a customs tariff, and non-tariff methods - all other methods. Non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into quantitative methods and methods of covert protectionism.
Separate instruments of state regulation of foreign economic activity are more often used when necessary, either to restrict imports or to force exports.
3.1. TARIFF METHODS OF FEA REGULATION.
Tariff regulation - a form of state regulation
FEA, used to regulate imports and exports, with the help of which the state exercises its exclusive right to establish customs duties on goods transported across the customs border of the Republic of Belarus.
The main tool in the hands of the state in the regulation of foreign trade is the use of tariff regulation. The customs tariff is the most common instrument of state regulation of foreign trade, acting through the pricing mechanism.
Among the main functions of the customs tariff, protectionist fiscal functions stand out.
The protectionist function is connected with the protection of national producers. The collection of customs duties on imported goods increases the cost of the latter when they are sold on the domestic market of the importing country and thereby increases the competitiveness of similar goods produced by national industry and agriculture.
The fiscal function of the customs tariff ensures the receipt of funds from the collection of customs duties in the revenue part of the country's budget.
In addition to the above functions, the customs tariff, influencing domestic prices, to a certain extent contributes to the development of national production and exports. Due to the rise in prices of imported goods in the domestic market of the country, the general level of prices for such goods rises and national producers receive additional income that can be used to invest in the country's economy or to compensate for losses from lower export prices, as well as to increase the competitiveness of their goods in foreign markets. markets.
The customs tariff in a number of cases can be used to develop national exports by unilaterally setting low, and in some cases zero rates for certain goods needed for the manufacture of export products.
One of the main elements of the economic reform being carried out in the country, which provides for the transition from administrative methods of management to economic ones, is the strengthening of the role of customs and tariff regulation of foreign trade.
Customs-tariff measures - a set of organizational, economic, legal measures carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law by state bodies and aimed at regulating foreign economic activity. The implementation of the customs tariff regulation is based on the application of the customs tariff.
For example, in Belarus, the Customs Tariff is a set of customs duty rates applied to goods transported across the customs border of the Republic of Belarus, systematized in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity of the CIS. Customs duty - a mandatory fee collected by the customs authorities when goods are imported into the customs territory or exported from this territory and is an essential condition for such import and export.
The main objectives of the customs tariff of the Republic of Belarus: rationalization of the commodity structure of the import of goods into the Republic of Belarus; maintaining a rational ratio of export and import of goods, foreign exchange income and expenses on the territory of the Republic of Belarus; creation of conditions for progressive changes in the structure of production and consumption of goods in the Republic of Belarus; protection of the economy of the Republic of Belarus from the adverse effects of foreign competition; providing conditions for the effective integration of the Republic of Belarus into the world economy;
The rates of customs duties are unified and are not subject to change depending on the persons moving goods across the customs border of the Republic of Belarus, types of transactions and other factors, except as otherwise provided by law.
The rates of import customs duties are determined by the Council of Ministers
The Republic of Belarus.
For goods originating from countries with which trade and political relations do not provide for the most favored nation treatment, or the country of origin of which is not established, the rates of import customs duties are doubled, except for the cases when the Republic of Belarus grants tariff privileges (tariff preferences).
In order to protect the economic interests of the Republic of Belarus, special types of duties may be temporarily applied to imported goods: anti-dumping, special, countervailing.
Anti-dumping duties are applied in cases where goods are imported into the customs territory of the Republic of Belarus at a price lower than their normal value in the country of export at the time of this import, if such import causes or threatens to cause material damage to domestic producers of such goods or prevents the organization or expansion of the production of such goods in RB.
Special duties are applied as a protective measure if goods are imported into the customs territory of the Republic of Belarus in quantities and on conditions that cause or threaten to cause damage to domestic producers of similar or directly competing goods; as a response to discriminatory and other actions that infringe on the interests of the republic, on the part of other states or their unions.
Countervailing duties are applied in cases of importation into the customs territory of the Republic of Belarus of goods, in the production or export of which subsidies were directly or indirectly used, if such import causes or threatens to cause material damage to domestic producers of such goods or prevents the organization or expansion of the production of such goods in the Republic of Belarus.
The application of special types of duties (special, anti-dumping, countervailing) is preceded by an investigation conducted in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus at the initiative of the state authorities of the Republic of Belarus.
Investigation decisions should be based on quantifiable data. The relevant duty rates are set by the Council
Ministers of the Republic of Belarus based on the results of the investigation for each individual case, and their amount should be correlated with the amount of underpricing, subsidies and damage identified by the investigation.
Speaking of import duties, it should be borne in mind that all countries protect national production with the help of customs taxation of imported goods. Customs duties are formed on the basis of the difference between world and national prices. In developed countries, the level of import customs duties is relatively low, in less developed and developing countries - at high national costs - customs duties on imported goods are quite high. In the Republic of Belarus, in conditions of economic instability, in recent years, domestic prices have been growing, while world prices have remained stable or decreased. Under these conditions, there were no prerequisites for reducing import duties, on the contrary, their increase is fully justified by the state of domestic production. We now have rather high rates of import duties, although for many goods they are insufficient to protect national producers.
In Belarus, the import tariff includes more than 820 tariff items according to the six-digit FEA Commodity Nomenclature. The tariff structure includes 11 levels of rates (from 0 to 100%), and for most goods (49.2%), tariffs from 10 to 15% apply; for 10.8% of goods - from 0 to 5%; for 22.2% - from 5 to 10%; for 14.5 - 15-20%; for 3.3% - from 25 to 100%. 25 commodity items are subject to duties in ECU per unit of goods ranging from 0.12 to
100 ECU per unit (l, kg, piece).
It should be noted that in the near future the trend towards lowering duty rates will prevail, since formally this is required by the participation of the Republic of Belarus in the international trading system, as well as success in the development of the national economy. However, it should be emphasized that this should not infringe on the interests of the national economy. When joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), it is necessary to stipulate the conditions that would allow the Republic of Belarus to protect, if necessary, domestic production. In addition, the reduction in the level of duties in the Republic of Belarus should meet with reciprocal concessions from other states.
One of the main types of customs payments are fees for customs clearance, levied on the basis of Art. 114 of the Customs Code
RB.
Customs fees for customs clearance are charged in the currency of the Republic of Belarus in the amount of 0.15% of the customs value of goods and vehicles. In addition, customs fees are charged for the provision of customs services.
Customs fees are collected before or at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration for clearance. Deferral or installment payment of customs fees for customs clearance and provision of customs services is not provided.
3.2. NON-TARIFF METHODS OF FEA REGULATION.
The world practice of a market economy has developed quite effective fundamental approaches and mechanisms for state regulation of foreign economic activity, although two contradictory trends still collide in this area: protectionism (protecting one's own production from foreign competition) and liberalism (providing the greatest possible freedom of access for foreign goods and services to domestic market). States seek to find a compromise between protectionist measures and the liberalization of foreign economic activity of residents and non-residents. In recent years, the trend towards liberalization of foreign trade has somewhat weakened; the number of new and higher government-imposed barriers to trade between countries has outpaced the number of restrictions removed and reduced.
When using administrative (non-tariff) means, the market mechanism is violated, the range of goods is reduced, the possibility of access to resources is reduced, and the choice of products or resources by the consumer in favor of domestic ones is actually forcibly predetermined.
Non-tariff methods include a wide range of instruments of modern economic and trade policy of states, various restrictive rules and procedures - up to the prohibition of trade with certain countries, the export and import of specific goods, etc.
According to the UN classification, non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into the following groups: direct restriction of imports and exports through licensing and import quotas; introduction of a system of minimum price ceilings for imported goods in the domestic market; anti-dumping measures; so-called voluntary restrictions on the export of certain goods to a specific country, etc.
This group covers more than half of all non-tariff restrictions. It also includes the restrictive measures of the Export Control Consultative Committee (COCOM) on the export of military equipment and dual-use equipment from developed Western countries to the states of the former Warsaw Pact and some other “states with totalitarian regimes” (Libya, Iraq). Recently, KOCOM has reduced prohibition notes in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe, including the CIS, and promises to generally remove restrictions on the supply of the latest technology when these countries ensure proper control over the re-export of such technology to other countries. In some cases, states may impose a complete or partial ban (an emborgo on trade with a given country), both on their own initiative (USA - Cuba), and mainly by decision of the UN Security Council (Iraq, Yugoslavia).
The above groups are the most numerous and cover more than half of all:
8. customs formalities;
9. technical standards and norms (on the safety of goods for consumers);
10. sanitary and veterinary requirements;
11. packaging and labeling standards for spilled drinks;
12. information about the country of origin of imported goods, etc.
These methods are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and are more related to administrative bureaucratic procedures, the effect of which, nevertheless, restricts trade: currency restrictions, in particular, on the transfer of profits, dividends, tax and other payments; regulation of capital inflow (maximum percentage of foreign capital and local personnel in foreign enterprises; favorable conditions for local firms participating in international tenders for the construction of facilities, etc.).
The last two groups of methods are not directly aimed at restricting imports or stimulating exports, but their action often leads to precisely this result.
Non-tariff methods require high costs, provide more opportunities for bureaucracy and red tape, for abuse than economic methods that are simpler in terms of the mechanism for their implementation.
Licenses and quotas are among the most common tools for direct regulation of imports (and sometimes exports).
Virtually all industrialized countries use these non-tariff methods.
Currently, world practice is moving towards the elimination of administrative instruments for regulating foreign trade activities.
Non-tariff regulation, as a rule, is applied only in exceptional cases, mainly in order to protect the national economy, as well as in order to fulfill international obligations.
Standards occupy a special place among non-tariff ones. Countries typically set standards for classifying, labeling and testing products in such a way that domestic products can be sold but foreign-made products are blocked from being sold. These standards are sometimes introduced under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of the local population.
Among the methods of non-tariff regulation, one should mention administrative and bureaucratic delays at entry, which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventories.
A specific method of regulating foreign trade is import deposits, which are a form of collateral that the importer must make to the bank for a certain period - an interest-free deposit in an amount equal to all or part of the value of the imported goods. Thus, his capital is deadened and his ability to pay is limited.
The defining moment in the modern development of the world economy and international economic relations is the international movement of capital. The high dynamism of the movement of capital, its transformation into an object of intense international competition, made it imperative to develop international standards and rules in this area.
At the national level, administrative regulation of the movement of capital is carried out mainly within the framework of bilateral agreements, which include a clear definition of the legal regime, the procedure for admitting investments and investors, the regime is determined (fair and non-discriminatory, national, most favored nation), the procedure for nationalization and compensation, transfer profits and capital repatriation and dispute settlement procedures.
"Voluntary restriction" of exports is the establishment of minimum import prices. The specificity of these restrictions lies in the non-traditional technique for their establishment. A trade barrier is set up at the border of the exporting country. A voluntary export restriction agreement is an obligation imposed on an exporter, under the threat of sanctions, to restrict the export of certain goods to an importing country.
Forms of stimulation and promotion of exports or financial methods of trade policy, these include:
Subsidies - This is a cash payment aimed at supporting national producers and indirectly discriminating against imports.
By the nature of payments, they are divided into: direct and indirect.
Indirect - this is a hidden dating of exporters through the provision of tax incentives, preferential insurance conditions, the return of import duties, loans at a rate below the market.
Direct payments are direct payments by the exporter after he has completed an export operation in the amount of the difference between his costs and the income he received.
Lending is a hidden subsidization of the exporter, financial incentives by the state for the development of exports by national firms.
Dumping - this method consists in promoting goods to the foreign market by reducing export prices below the normal level of prices existing in these countries.
. Technical barriers are a hidden method of trade policy that have arisen due to the fact that national technical-administrative and other rules and regulations are designed to prevent the import of goods from abroad.
Export and import are usually licensed.
Licensing is the regulation of foreign economic activity through permits called by state bodies to export or import goods in prescribed quantities for a certain period of time.
The main types of licenses are single and general.
One-time license - a written permit for up to 1 year for import or export, issued by the authorized body of state administration to a particular company for the implementation of one foreign trade transaction.
General - permission to import or export a particular product during the year without limiting the number of transactions.
Virtually all industrialized countries have this non-tariff method. The licensing system assumes that the state, through a specially authorized agency, issues permission for foreign trade operations with certain goods included in the lists of licensed imports and exports. The licensing systems used by countries are characterized by a wide variety of forms and procedures.
Quotas are the maximum volumes of certain goods that are allowed to be imported (exported) into the country within a certain period.
Quotas are: individual, restricting import (export) to one specific country; group, establishing the volume of import (export) to a certain group of countries; global, when imports (exports) are restricted without specifying the countries to which this restriction applies. export, are introduced either in accordance with international stabilization agreements that establish the share of each country, or by the government of the country to prevent the export of goods that are in short supply on the domestic market.
Export quotas can provide domestic producers with sufficient stocks of goods at low prices, and export quotas can be used to prevent the use of natural resources, as well as to increase the price of exports of these types of tariff. import quotas - introduced by the national government to protect local producers; to achieve a balanced trade balance, to regulate supply and demand in the domestic market, and also as a response to the discriminatory policies of other states.
Generally, import quota policies are easier to administer than tariff policies. Quotas are easier and faster to implement in case of emergencies than tariffs, which usually require parliamentary scrutiny.
Quotas for the export of goods are introduced when it is necessary to protect state interests for goods sold in the Republic of Belarus, to regulate supply and demand in the domestic market, in accordance with the obligations assumed under international treaties, as well as to respond to discriminatory actions of foreign states. The volume of export quotas is established and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
It also, if necessary, makes changes to quotas and lists of quota goods.
A specific type of quota that completely prohibits trade is called an embargo. It may be imposed on imports or exports of a certain type of goods delivered to specific countries, or on all goods delivered to certain countries, although the embargo is imposed for political purposes, the consequences can be economic.
4. STATE REGULATION OF THE FOREIGN MARKET AS A METHOD
REGULATION OF FEA.
The stability and strength of the national currency is a key factor in reducing inflation, achieving macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth.
Accordingly, with stable exchange rates, the security of subjects of foreign economic activity and their confidence increase. Foreign economic activity revives and develops at a faster pace. The position of the national currency is of key importance for the development and prosperity of foreign trade, the economy and society in general. The highest level of inflation is observed in countries where the determination of the national currency rate is left to “market forces”.
There are 3 main exchange rate regimes in the world: fixed, floating and limited floating.
Under the fixed exchange rate regime that dominated the last century, monetary policy institutions fix the relative price of domestic and foreign currencies. To support the parity rate, the central bank undertakes to buy or sell foreign currency at this rate. An example of a currency with a fixed exchange rate is the Argentine peso.
In the floating exchange rate regime, institutions pursuing monetary policy do not assume obligations to maintain it at a given level. Fluctuations in the supply and demand of money are reflected in changes in the exchange rate. If the central bank does not buy or sell foreign currency at all, then this regime is called “pure” floating. If the central bank carries out currency transactions, then such a regime is called limited floating.
Only 26 of the 155 countries that make up the IMF have free-floating exchange rates (although central banks continue to operate and regulate foreign exchange markets).
According to the well-known Western economist P. Krugman, “an uncontrolled market cannot use all available information and, thus, sets the exchange rate at an economically incorrect level; since this could adversely affect consumption and investment and impair economic activity, the market must be protected from itself.” Thus, it becomes clear that the absence of currency regulation necessarily negatively affects the foreign economic activity of both certain countries and in general.
Official regulation of the exchange rate is based on the belief that the authorities are better than the market at finding a long-term equilibrium value of the exchange rate.
In general, monetary policy should be aimed at solving the following problems: smoothing sharp short-term fluctuations; stop the wave of excessive speculation caused by the change in the economic situation; termination of the trend in the foreign exchange market; setting the target value of the exchange rate; resistance to currency fluctuations when they exceed a certain allowable change; stimulating the beginning of a certain price trend, justified by the economic situation.
An exchange rate is a price related to two countries, so one party's monetary policy can have serious implications for other countries. In order to prevent manipulation of its currency, the IMF has developed a number of recommendations that its members should follow when developing their monetary policy: it should avoid manipulating its currency in order to inefficiently equalize balances of payments or gain an advantage in international competition; he can intervene in the foreign exchange market only if it is necessary to smooth out short-term fluctuations in the market rate of his currency; In conducting their interventions, IMF members should take into account the interests of other members, including those whose currencies are also involved in the intervention.
There are various instruments for regulating the foreign exchange market, and the first of them is the monetary one. But, subordinating monetary policy only to the goals of exchange rate regulation can lead to the impossibility of achieving other goals, such as regulating inflation and unemployment.
Another instrument of regulation is the restriction of the movement of capital, or barriers to international trade. Such government action may be necessary to achieve stability in the foreign exchange market of those countries where the government's creditworthiness is low. The last tool for regulating the exchange rate is direct intervention in the foreign exchange market. The success of foreign exchange interventions depends on their intensity, as well as on the credibility of the official monetary authorities.
5. INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY - WORLD SYSTEM OF REGULATION METHODS
FEA.
International trade policy is a generalizing indicator of trends in the development of countries' foreign economic activity, because international trade policy, due to its global nature, is a system. A system of all possible, empirically honed and optimal methods for regulating foreign economic activity. Therefore, I would like to review these methods in the system and with some examples that shed clarity on this issue.
5.1 Trade barriers.
Duties. The duties are an excise tax on imported goods; they may be introduced for the purpose of generating income or for protection. Fiscal duties are usually applied to items that are not produced domestically (for example, for the US, these are tin, coffee and bananas). Fiscal duty rates are generally low, and their purpose is to provide the federal budget with tax revenues. Protectionist duties are designed to protect local producers from foreign competition. While protectionist duties are generally not high enough to stop imports of foreign goods, they still put the foreign producer at a competitive disadvantage when trading in the domestic market.
Import quotas. Import quotas set the maximum volumes of goods that can be imported in a given period of time. Import quotas are often a more effective deterrent to international trade than tariffs. Despite high duties, a certain product may be imported in relatively small quantities. Low import quotas completely prohibit the import of goods in excess of a certain amount.
non-tariff barriers. Non-tariff barriers are understood as a licensing system, the creation of unjustified product quality and safety standards, or simply bureaucratic prohibitions in customs procedures.
For example, Japan and European countries often require importers to obtain licenses. By restricting the issuance of licenses, one can effectively restrict imports.
Voluntary export restrictions. They are a relatively new form of trade barriers. In this case, foreign firms "voluntarily" limit their exports to certain countries. Exporters agree to voluntary export restrictions (similar to import quotas) in the hope of avoiding more stringent trade barriers. For example, Japanese automakers, under the threat of higher US tariffs or low import quotas, have agreed to impose voluntary export restrictions on their exports to the US.
Why are duties and quotas used worldwide if they are known to impede free trade and thus reduce economic efficiency? While countries as a whole benefit from free international trade, individual industries and groups of resource providers may be among the losers. It is easy to understand why groups of entrepreneurs engaged in such production try to maintain or improve their economic position by persuading the government to impose tariffs or quotas to protect them from the harmful effects of free trade. In general, these are high-performance industries, as evidenced by their comparative advantages and their ability to sell goods on world markets. In short, tariffs directly encourage the expansion of relatively inefficient industries that do not have comparative advantages and indirectly cause the shrinkage of relatively efficient industries that have comparative advantages. This means that the tariffs cause resources to be diverted in the wrong direction. This is not surprising. It is known that specialization and unfettered world trade based on comparative advantages lead to the efficient use of world resources and the expansion of the real volume of world production. The purpose and effect of protective duties (reduction of world trade. Hence, in addition to their specific consequences for consumers, as well as foreign and local producers, duties reduce the volume of real world production.
5.2 Protectionism.
The need for defense. The argument is more of a military-political than an economic nature: protective duties are needed to preserve and strengthen industries that produce strategic goods and materials that are necessary for defense and warfare. It is argued that in an unstable world, military-political goals (self-sufficiency) should take precedence over economic ones (the efficiency of allocating world resources). The strengthening of national security, on the one hand, and the weakening of production efficiency, on the other, are accompanied by a redistribution of resources in favor of strategic industries. Unfortunately, there is no objective criterion for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of this process. An economist can only draw attention to the fact that the introduction of duties to strengthen the country's defense capability is associated with some economic costs.
Although one can agree that importing missile guidance systems from
The CIS will not be the best idea, but the case for self-reliance deserves the most serious criticism. It is likely that virtually every industry contributes directly or indirectly to national security. Is it possible to name an industry that did not make at least a small contribution to the victory in the second world war? But even if we discard these criticisms, (are there really no better means than tariffs for ensuring the necessary strength of strategic industries? Achieving self-sufficiency with the help of tariffs generates costs in the form of higher domestic prices for the products of protected industries. The costs of increased defense capability are shared without fail between those consumers who buy the products of these industries Almost all economists agree that direct subsidies to strategic industries, financed from general tax revenues, would lead to a more even distribution of these costs.
Increase in domestic employment. The slogan "Save national jobs!" used in defense of tariffs is becoming more and more fashionable as the economy heads into recession. It is rooted in macroanalysis.
Total spending in an open economy consists of consumer spending, capital investment, government spending, and net exports.
Net exports equal the difference between exports and imports. The increase in aggregate spending as a result of reduced imports will have a stimulating effect on domestic economic development, as it will lead to a sharp increase in income and employment. But this policy has serious flaws.
The increase in imports leads to the reduction of some jobs in the country, but at the same time creates other jobs. Imports have contributed to the elimination of some jobs in some industries in recent years. But on the other hand, problems arose with the oversaturation of the market with imported radio and electronic equipment, which increased competition and hit employment in the respective industries. Thus, although import restrictions change the composition of employment, they may in fact have little or no effect on the level of employment.
Clearly, all countries cannot simultaneously succeed in imposing import restrictions. The export of one country is an import for another. Just as the excess of exports over imports achieved by one country can stimulate its economy, the excess of imports over exports in another economy exacerbates the problem of unemployment. It is not surprising that the imposition of import duties and quotas in order to achieve full employment in the country is called the "beggar thy neighbor" policy. With its help, the internal problems of the country are solved by ruining trading partners.
Countries hit by tariffs and quotas are likely to retaliate by triggering new increases in trade barriers that will eventually stifle trade to the point where all countries get worse.
Not surprisingly, the Smoot-Howdy Tariff Act of 1930, which imposed the highest tariffs ever in the United States, hit the country hard. This tariff law, instead of stimulating the economy, only provoked a series of responses from countries affected by these measures. This caused a further contraction in international trade and contributed to a downward trend in income and employment in all countries.
In the long run, the excess of exports over imports as a means of stimulating domestic employment is doomed to failure. It should be remembered that it is through American imports that foreign countries earn dollars with which they buy American exports. In the long run, in order to export, a country must import. Therefore, the long-term goal is not to increase domestic employment at all, but to, at best, relocate workers from export industries to protected industries oriented towards the domestic market. This movement results in a less efficient allocation of resources. Tariffs block resources from entering industries where production is so efficient as to provide comparative advantage. There is no doubt that prudent modern monetary and fiscal policy is preferable to the manipulation of duties and quotas when choosing countercyclical measures.
That is, duties only do not increase net exports and therefore do not create new jobs.
Diversify for stability. There is another argument to justify duties: the need for diversification for the sake of stability. The starting point here is that the incomes of highly specialized economies, such as Kuwait's oil economy or Cuba's sugar-oriented economy, are highly dependent on international markets. Wars, cyclical fluctuations, negative changes in the structure of industry cause large-scale and often painful processes of restructuring of such economic systems. This supposedly implies that tariff and quota protection is needed in these countries to stimulate industrial diversification and
, as a result, reducing dependence on the situation in the world markets for one or two types of products. This will help insulate the domestic economy from the influence of international political events, the decline in production abroad, from random fluctuations in the demand for one or two specific goods and their supply, thus ensuring greater domestic stability.
There are also serious limitations and disadvantages. First, this argument has little or no relevance to developed countries. Second, the economic costs of diversification can be significant; for example, in monocultural economies, manufacturing can be highly inefficient.
Protection of young industries.
Protective duties are necessary in order to enable new branches of domestic industry to establish themselves. Temporary protection of young national firms from the fierce competition of more mature and therefore currently more efficient foreign firms allows emerging industries to grow stronger and become efficient producers. This argument for protectionism rests on the dubious objection to free trade. The objection is that in the presence of mature foreign competition, no industry has had or will have the opportunity to implement long-term measures aimed at increasing production and increasing efficiency. Protecting young industries with tariffs will correct the existing misallocation of world resources, which has historically been formed due to differences in the levels of economic development of domestic and foreign industries.
While this position is logically correct, the following caveats are necessary. First, such arguments are not relevant to industrialized countries. Secondly, in underdeveloped countries it is very difficult to determine which of the industries is the newborn that is able to reach economic maturity and therefore deserves protection. Third, protective duties may not disappear, but rather tend to persist even when industrial maturity is reached. Finally, most economists believe that if nascent industries need help, there are better ways to do so than tariffs. Direct subsidies, for example, have the advantage of being more transparent about which industry is being helped and to what extent.
Recently, the argumentation for the need to help young industries has changed somewhat. Unexpectedly faced with increased foreign competition, industry representatives were able to argue that it needed protection in order to gain time for modernization and to increase the competitiveness of products. The problem, however, is that protectionism, while increasing profits and thus providing the means for modernization, also reduces the need for these changes. Instead of the expected increase in the efficiency of the industry, protectionism may cause its further decline.
Moreover, such practices can send a signal to other industries that they are also entitled to similar protection in the event of strong import competition.
Thus, all industries can equally lose interest in improving product quality and minimizing production costs.
Dumping protection. It is believed that tariffs are necessary to protect domestic firms from foreign producers who sell their excess products on the country's market at dumping prices below their cost. There are two reasons why foreign firms may be interested in selling their goods at prices below cost. First, these firms may use dumping to suppress local competitors, seizing a monopoly position in the market and then prices. Secondly, dumping can be a complex form of price discrimination - assigning different prices to different customers. In order to maximize its profits, a foreign seller may decide to sell its products at high prices in the monopolized domestic market and dump excess products at low prices on foreign markets. Excess production volumes may be necessary to reduce unit costs in large scale production.
Due to the fact that dumping is a legitimate concern, in accordance with the laws of many countries, it is prohibited. Where dumping occurs and harms domestic firms, the government imposes "anti-dumping duties" on the goods in question.
However, allegations of dumping must be carefully scrutinized to determine their validity, as some foreign firms sometimes do produce certain goods at lower costs. Abuse of anti-dumping laws can increase the price of imports and limit competition in the local market, allowing domestic firms to raise prices at the expense of consumers.
There are many arguments in favor of protectionism, but they are not solid. Under appropriate conditions, the argument about the need to protect young industries appears as a fair exception that has economic justification. The self-reliance argument can be used to justify protectionism from a military-political standpoint. However, both of these arguments deserve the most serious criticism, as they ignore the possibility of using alternative means to stimulate industrial development and military self-sufficiency. Most of the other arguments are largely emotional appeals based on half-truths and fictions. They note only the immediate and direct effects of protective duties, ignoring the simple truth that, ultimately, a country must import in order to export.
There is very strong historical evidence that shows that free trade leads to prosperity and growth, while protectionism does the opposite. Here are some examples.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits individual states from levying tolls, turning
America in a huge free trade zone. Economic historians recognize that this played an important role in the economic development of the country.
Great Britain's actions in support of freer international trade in the mid-nineteenth century were of great importance as a means of stimulating its industrialization and development.
The creation of the "Common Market" in Europe after the First World War largely contributed to the elimination of duties between counterpart countries. Economists agree that the creation of such a free trade area was an important factor in ensuring the prosperity of Western Europe in recent decades.
In general, the downward trend in duties since the mid-1930s has been a stimulus for the growth of the post-war world economy.
As already noted, high duties imposed by law
The Smoot-Howley of 1930, and the response it engendered, exacerbated the Great Depression.
Studies of underdeveloped countries overwhelmingly show that those countries that relied on import restrictions to protect their domestic industries enjoyed slower growth than those that pursued more open economic policies.
Mutual Equivalent Trade Law and GATT.
The first law to cause a downward trend in the level of duties was the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934. Being specifically aimed at lowering duties, the law included two main clauses.
Authority to negotiate. The Mutual Equivalent Trade Act empowered the President to negotiate and enter into agreements with foreign powers to reduce US tariffs to 50% of the existing level. The tariff cut depended on the willingness of other countries to make mutual concessions aimed at lowering duties on US exports.
General reduction of duties. If tariff cuts were to be achieved as a result of the inclusion of a MFN clause in these agreements, it would apply not only to a particular country negotiating with the US, but would also become universal. However, the law on mutual trade gave rise only to bilateral negotiations (between two countries).
This approach was expanded in 1947 when 23 countries, including the US, signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT is based on three cardinal principles: equal, non-discriminatory treatment for all participating countries; reduction of fees through multilateral negotiations; elimination of import quotas.
Essentially, GATT is nothing more than a forum for negotiating tariff barriers on a multilateral basis. At present, the GATT includes almost 100 countries, and there is not the slightest doubt that it has been an important factor in the development of the trade liberalization trend. Under his auspices, seven rounds of negotiations to reduce trade barriers were held in the post-war period.
In 1986, the eighth round of GATT negotiations began in Uruguay. The agenda of the "Uruguay Round" included the following proposals: elimination of trade barriers and subsidies in agriculture; removal of barriers to trade in services (services account for about 20% of international trade); the elimination of restrictions on foreign investment; implementation on an international basis of patent, copyright, trademark rights.
5.3. Economic integration.
Another decisive shift towards trade liberalization has been economic integration - the union of two or more countries into a free trade area. Examples of economic integration are the EEC and
US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement.
Common Market. The most striking example of economic integration is the EEC or, as it is also called the Common Market. Founded in 1958, the EEC includes 13 Western European countries.
Goals. The "Common Market" stands for: the gradual abolition of duties and import quotas on all goods traded between the 13 participating countries; the establishment of a common system of duties in relation to all goods received from countries not included in the "Common Market"; the ultimate achievement of the free movement of capital and labor within the "Common Market"; development of a common policy on a number of other economic issues of mutual interest, such as agriculture, transport, restrictive business practices.
Results. The motives that led to the creation of the "Common Market" were both political and economic in nature. The main economic motive, of course, was the participating countries to benefit from free trade. It is extremely difficult to determine to what extent the EEC owes its prosperity and growth to economic integration; but one thing is clear: integration creates mass markets, which are so necessary for the industries of the Common Market countries to achieve economies of scale. More efficient production, characteristic of large markets, enables European industries to achieve lower costs that have historically been unattainable in narrow, isolated markets.
The impact on third countries such as the US is less certain.
On the one hand, a peaceful and prosperous Common Market makes participating countries more profitable potential buyers of American exports. On the other hand, US firms face tariffs that make it difficult to compete in EEC markets. For example, to create
"Common Market" American, West German, French automakers dealt with the same duties when selling their products, say, in Belgium. However, by reducing free trade between EEC member countries, Belgian duties to West German
Volkswagens and French Renaults were reduced to zero. At the same time, an external tariff continues to apply to American Chevrolets and Fords. This certainly puts US firms and firms in other non-EEC countries at a huge disadvantage.
Removing this disadvantage is one of the motivations for the US to advocate freer trade through the GATT.
US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement. The second and more recent example of economic integration is the US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement signed by President Reagan and the Prime Minister
Mulroney in 1988. Although three-quarters of US-Canada trade was tariff-free by 1988, this US-Canadian agreement is critical: it creates the world's largest duty-free zone. Under the terms of the agreement, all types of trade restrictions such as duties, quotas and non-tariff barriers will be eliminated within a 10-year period. Canadian businesses will gain access to a market 10 times the size of the Canadian market, while US consumers will benefit from lower prices for Canadian goods. In turn, Canada will have to cut its tariffs more than the United States, since Canadian tariffs are higher than American ones. The reduction in Canadian duties will help Canadian consumers and US manufacturers.
Canada is the largest trading partner of the US. Likewise, the US is a major buyer of Canadian exports. Therefore, the potential benefits of the US-Canadian agreement for each country are significant.
It has been estimated that when the agreement comes into full force, each country will benefit from it in annual revenues of between $1 billion and $3 billion.
The US-Canadian agreement has global implications. Thus, it is expected to accelerate multilateral GATT tariff cuts. Simply put, countries that are not covered by free trade agreements will not want to take relatively less advantageous terms when selling their goods in the US and Canada. In this regard, the US-Canadian treaty also puts both parties in an advantageous position when negotiating lower trade barriers with Common Market countries. Access to the vast North American market is just as important for the Common Market countries as is access to the European market for the US and Canada. Finally, the agreement with Canada helped launch serious negotiations between the US and Mexico on ways to reduce or eliminate trade barriers between the two countries.
CONCLUSION
The world economy is developing. Now the trend of global integration is felt more and more strongly, the need to expand the participation of countries in international relations. To implement this, it is required: further improvement of the tariff policy; development of a system of measures of state support for exports, as well as active stabilizing actions in the field of monetary policy and the exchange rate. That is, we are talking here about the comprehensive state regulation of foreign economic activity, and this concept primarily includes a targeted mechanism for a system of measures to improve the economic well-being of the state by supporting competitive national industries in foreign markets and attracting capital to organize new efficient enterprises within the country. The importance of denationalization of all relations in the transition from a planned system to a market one gives rise to an erroneous idea about the supposed need to eliminate the state from the sphere of economic transformations. What happened in reality, in particular in the Russian transitional economy, the belittling of the role of the state in the hope of an all-powerful creative role of the market led to additional costs and difficulties in the transformation process.
In fact, the role of the state with some change in its functions in the transitional economy increases. If in the former system the all-powerful totalitarian state in the foreign economic sphere primarily performs the function of preserving the planned economy that has developed and is corroded by the growing crisis, then in the transition process it is called upon to actively contribute to the formation of a new future system by regulating foreign economic activity, one of the most important components of the economy. After all, one of the most potential ways of "salvation and prosperity" of the national economy is the integration of the national economy into the world economy and foreign trade.
Therefore, in my work, I decided to reveal the methods of regulating foreign economic activity, so that many effective measures to improve the regulation of foreign economic activity are more clearly outlined, but further steps are needed in the field of export, customs, tax policy and organizational assistance to foreign trade operations in order to form a comprehensive coordinated system. Only in this case, foreign economic activity will become a powerful catalyst for the growth of people's well-being, economic recovery, and a stimulus for scientific and technological progress from an improvised and ineffective means of reducing current and chronic deficits in many states.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kireev A. International Economics, - M .: International Relations, -1997. -
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Foreign economic activity: theory and practice: Abstracts of lectures / ed. V. K. Matyushevskaya. - Mn.: Academy of Public Administration under the President
Republic of Belarus, 1999.
Matyushevskaya V.K. and others. State regulation of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Belarus, - MN.: 1993. - 95s
Kruglov A.S. and others. Fundamentals of Customs, M.: RIO RTA, 1996. - 310s.
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“ME and MO”, 1994, No. 7,
Course of economic theory. Tutorial. Kirov, 1993.
S.Fischer., R.Dornbusch, R.Schmalenzi. Economy. M., 1993
Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Brief economic dictionary.
P. Samuelson "Economics" volume 2
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"Fundamentals of International Trade" Kyiv BHV 1995
Balakov P. "International trade relations and settlements" 1994 Moscow
S. Mocherny "Fundamentals of Economic Theory" Ternopil 1993
Goncharova O. "Trade barriers on the way to free international trade"
Russian Economic Journal №8 1994
Bandanov P.M. "The US Experience in Import Regulation" World Economy and International Relations No. 10 1991
World Economy and International Relations #6 1990
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"Financial Law" Textbook. E.Yu. Gracheva, E.D. Sokolova, Ed.
"New lawyer", Moscow, 1998
"Currency control of foreign trade activities" legal guide.
A.N. Kozyrin, Ed. "New lawyer" Moscow, 1998
Customs regulation in the Republic of Belarus // Business - Panorama. No. 14 - 1997 - April 7
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1. On the fundamentals of foreign economic activity of the Republic of Belarus Law
Republic of Belarus // Business catalog of the Republic of Belarus. - Mn., 1996.
1. On the basics of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the Republic of Belarus: Law of the Republic of Belarus // Business catalog of the Republic of Belarus. - Mn., 1996.
On the Customs Tariff of the Republic of Belarus: Law of the Republic of Belarus // National Economic Newspaper.--1998. - Jan 4
On establishing the procedure for regulating export-import and foreign exchange transactions and on increasing responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of foreign economic activity: Decree of the President of the Republic
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No. 52 // Course Handout
"Organization and technique of international trade".
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Belarusian customs // Belarusian newspaper. - 1996 - №2 - May 27 p.9
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Control work on discipline
"State regulation of the economy"
Option 19
Topic: "State regulation of foreign economic
activity"
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…….3
1. The need for foreign economic activity and its forms ... .. ... .4
2. Necessity and methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity……………………………………………………….….10
Task…………………………………………………………………………...18
Conclusion…...…………………………………………………….…….….…19
List of used sources……………………………………………20
Introduction
Foreign economic activity is an important and integral area of economic activity of enterprises, firms, all participants in market relations. The reassessment of the principles and model characteristics of economic development that has taken place in modern society has changed the idea of international cooperation.
The foreign economic activity of Russia is a set of directions, forms and methods of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation, as well as monetary and financial relations with foreign countries. Foreign economic activity occupies one of the main roles in the economic activity of any state. The share of the state in the world community, as well as its authority and position on the world stage, depends on the place occupied in world trade. It is these factors that cause the desire of the state to create the appropriate conditions for participation in the foreign economic activity of its enterprises and firms. The most effective way to achieve this goal is to actively participate in global events to create the most favorable legal regime in international economic turnover.
An essential specific feature of foreign economic relations is the integration into a single system of various relations that determine the use of various methods and means of legal regulation. There are two levels of relations: relations between states and other subjects of international law (in particular, between a state and international organizations) of a universal, regional, local nature; relations between individuals and legal entities of different states (this also includes diagonal relations - between the state and foreign individuals and legal entities). It is the relations between individuals and legal entities that play a decisive role in the implementation of foreign economic activity.
1. The need for foreign economic activity and its forms
The ever more complex structure of needs, the rarity and remoteness of resources require more and more effective means of exchange not only between regions within an individual state, but also between states themselves and world regions.
Economic development and population growth in different regions of the world are uneven, which also makes it necessary to expand international exchanges that contribute to the development of new markets (goods, services, labor, information, financial, etc.), the import of raw materials, technological and information exchange, scientific, scientific and technical, industrial, cultural and other foreign economic relations.
Foreign economic relations is a complex system of various forms of international cooperation between states and their subjects in all sectors of the economy. The subjects of the state include the bearers of the rights and obligations assigned to them by the state. These are self-governing regions, business entities (economic partnerships and companies, unitary enterprises, etc.) and individual entrepreneurs.
The subjects of foreign economic activity (FEA) include specialized foreign economic organizations, enterprises in the sphere of production and services, stock exchanges, etc., as well as organizations serving foreign economic activity and contributing to its development (banks, chambers of commerce and industry, etc.).
Foreign economic relations are a historical and economic category. As a historical category, foreign economic relations are a product of civilization; they arise with the advent of states and develop along with them. The transition from natural economy to commodity-money relations caused a sharp jump in the development of national markets of individual states and in the exchange of goods of these national markets, which led to the expansion and deepening of international exchange in the economic sphere of state relations.
As an economic category, foreign economic relations are a system of economic relations arising from the movement of resources of all kinds between states and economic entities of different states. These bilateral relations cover all spheres of the economic life of the state and, above all, its production, trade, investment and financial activities.
The essence of foreign economic relations as an economic category is manifested in their functions. These functions are:
1. Organization and maintenance of the international exchange of natural resources and the results of labor in their material and value form.
2. International recognition of the use value of products of the international division of labor;
3. Organization of international money circulation.
In the modern world economy, foreign economic relations act as factors in the growth of the national income of the state, the economy of national economic costs and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress.
The implementation of these ties makes it possible to transfer interstate cooperation from the usual exchange of goods to trade in services, the joint solution of technical and economic problems, the development of scientific and industrial cooperation and other forms of joint economic activity, including the creation of joint ventures.
Through the mechanism of foreign economic relations, the demand for goods and services of the world market is transferred to the domestic market of a particular state. This causes the need for the development of productive forces, which, in turn, contributes to the development of industry, agriculture, trade, services and financial institutions.
Forms of foreign economic activity: international investment cooperation, cooperation, etc. The main types of foreign economic activity are (Article 12 of the Federal Law "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities"):
International trade;
International investment cooperation;
International scientific and technical cooperation;
Monetary and financial transactions;
credit operations.
Foreign trade mediates almost all forms of foreign economic activity. For example, within the framework of international scientific and technical cooperation, a joint study is carried out, the result of which is patented; subsequently the patent is sold and constitutes an export of the service.
Forms and methods of international trade are diverse, but their main goal is the exchange of goods on mutually beneficial terms. The oldest type of international trade is countertrade. Countertrade includes such foreign trade operations, in the course of which firm obligations of counterparties are fixed in a single contract to make a full or partially balanced exchange of goods. In the second case, the difference in cost is covered by cash payments.
Thus, the essence of countertrade is full or partial payment for imports by counter-exports. One of the features of such trade is the expansion of the practice of counter purchases by exporters of those goods that are not used for their own country, but are intended for sale in other countries in advance. The practice of reassigning the sale of counter goods purchased by the exporter to special trading companies has become widespread.
1. Barter transactions are the most traditional type of countertrade. This is a non-currency, but valued, balanced exchange of goods. The guarantee of equivalence can be world prices calculated on the basis of evidence-based competitive materials.
A barter contract is two contracts of sale. The terms of both contracts must be completely identical. In barter transactions, mutual claims are satisfied by additional deliveries or retention of goods. For example, if the main exporter is late with the delivery, then he must supply an additional amount of goods for the amount of the fine, but the contract must indicate which goods will be additional delivery, since the goods are different both in value and in scarcity.
2. Counter purchases are a special case of barter transactions, when one of the parties, taking advantage of the scarcity of the offered product, imposes on its counterparty a partially different product.
3. Operations with tolling raw materials have signs of counter trade, being balanced, currency-free and pre-valued. According to the concluded contracts, one of the parties exports raw materials and imports processed products or finished products, the other processes this raw material (called give-and-take) with its own funds. For processing, exporters of raw materials carry out an additional supply.
4. Buying out obsolete products is one of the effective ways to increase sales in a highly competitive market. When delivering new goods, the exporter buys out obsolete models, and their residual value is included in the cost of new goods. This method of trade is most widely used in the sale of cars, agricultural machinery, computer equipment, etc.
Foreign trade is not limited only to the forms of operations associated with the movement of goods, works and services, although they occupy the main place. Special forms of foreign trade operations are represented by international economic cooperation, both industrial and scientific - technical.
Such cooperation between states and enterprises of different states is an objective necessity, the result of the international division of labor and scientific progress, in the process of which more and more new forms are being created that go beyond ordinary trade. The legislation of Russia and foreign states does not provide a general concept of international industrial and scientific-technical cooperation, since the variety and difference of its forms developed by international practice does not allow to give a single and precise definition of it.
A transaction between residents is recognized as a currency transaction if the subject of such transaction is currency values (foreign currency and external securities). A transaction between a resident and a non-resident, as well as between non-residents, is recognized as a currency transaction if the subject of such a transaction is currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities.
Operations with one participant are singled out as a special type of currency transactions: import into the customs territory of the Russian Federation and export from the customs territory of the Russian Federation of currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities; transfer of foreign currency, the currency of the Russian Federation, internal and external securities from an account opened outside the territory of the Russian Federation to an account of the same person opened in the territory of the Russian Federation, and from an account opened in the territory of the Russian Federation to an account of the same person opened outside territory of the Russian Federation.
In international trade practice, along with traditional foreign trade transactions (purchase and sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services), in recent decades, new contractual forms of foreign economic activity have appeared that reflect current trends in the development of the world economy. In particular, international financial leasing and international factoring have become widespread. These types of entrepreneurial activities, different in their content, have a common property - they are associated with attracting additional sources of financing in the production and trade sphere, being a kind of commercial lending, i.e. lending, in which credit funds are provided not under an independent loan obligation, but in pursuance of transactions for the sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services.
Leasing appeared in the early 1950s. 20th century in the USA, and in the 60s. - in the countries of Western Europe. By the beginning of the 80s. of our century, leasing began to be widely used in modern sectors of the economy, the need for investments in the conditions of scientific and technological progress could not be satisfied at the expense of enterprises' own funds and bank loans.
2. Necessity and methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
The strategy for the development of foreign economic relations is aimed at improving Russia's position in the system of the international division of labor, expanding product markets, and achieving sustainable economic and social growth. To this end, the state provides for measures to develop export potential, rationalize imports, increase the competitiveness of domestic enterprises' products on the world market, attract foreign investment for technological modernization of production, and ensure the country's economic security.
The main principles of state regulation of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation are:
· foreign trade policy - an integral part of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;
· the unity of the system of state regulation of foreign trade activity and control over its implementation;
· the unity of the export control policy implemented in order to implement the state tasks of ensuring national security, political, economic and military interests, as well as the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation to prevent the export of weapons of mass destruction and other most dangerous types of weapons;
unity of the customs territory of the Russian Federation;
· priority of economic measures of state regulation of foreign trade activities and their non-discrimination;
protection by the state of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in foreign trade activities;
· exclusion of unjustified interference by the state and its bodies in foreign trade activities, causing damage to its participants and the economy of the Russian Federation as a whole.
The state foreign trade policy is carried out through the use of economic and administrative methods of regulating foreign trade activities.
These include methods :
Customs and tariff regulation, i.е. application of import and export tariffs;
Non-tariff regulation, i.e. use of quotas, licensing, etc.
customs tariff- this is a systematized list of customs duties levied when goods cross the customs border of the state. One of the types of customs tariff are export duties.
There are two main methods of setting the level of duties in the world. According to the first, the amount of duty is determined as a fixed amount per unit of measurement of goods (weight, volume, area). Such duties are called specific. Export duties, as a rule, are specific, which are mainly levied on raw materials (standard, large in terms of commodity mass).
The second method is based on the following: the duty is set as a percentage of the value of the goods declared by the seller. As a result, such a duty is called ad valorem. This type of duty is applied to goods that are characterized by differentiation of manufactured products (engineering products).
Along with the two mentioned methods of establishing the level of customs duties, there is a third (intermediate) one, the meaning of which lies in the fact that the customs authority, which directly applies the rates of customs duties in the form of their imposition on goods, has the right to independently choose between specific and ad valorem duties, depending on whichever one is higher. As a result, this type of duty was called combined (alternative).
The specified duties, taking into account the methods establishing them, are reflected in Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the customs tariff". At the same time, the law proclaims that the rates of customs duties are unified and are not subject to change depending on the persons moving goods across the customs border of the Russian Federation.
The rates of export customs duties and the list of goods to which they are applied are established by the Government of the Russian Federation and are exclusively measures for the operational regulation of foreign economic activity on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The purpose of an export duty is to provide or increase an additional amount of currency to replenish the state treasury. The specificity of the export duty lies in the rise in the cost of goods on the world market, where competition can be significant. On the other hand, the application of export duties is caused by the restriction of supplies to the world market of raw materials for which the state has a monopoly natural advantage or in cases where the state seeks to limit the export of such goods, which entails an increase in prices for such goods and an increase in revenues in the state budget and profits of national producers.
In accordance with Section I of the Law, the main objectives of the customs tariff are:
Optimization of the commodity structure of import supplies to the Russian Federation;
Maintaining an economically justified relationship (value and physical) of exports and imports, foreign exchange earnings and expenses in the territory of the Russian Federation;
Creation of conditions for progressive changes in the structure of production and consumption of goods and services in the Russian Federation;
Protection of the Russian economy from the negative impact of foreign competition;
Assistance in creating conditions for effective integration of the Russian Federation into the world economic system
Non-tariff measures are an instrument of administrative regulation of foreign economic activity. They are statutory. Non-tariff regulation measures include:
Licensing;
Quoting;
Certification;
permit system;
Export control system;
Other restrictions on the import and export of goods and vehicles from the Russian Federation.
Licensing is a permit for the import, export or transit of goods, the free movement of which across the customs border of the Russian Federation is not allowed. Licenses are issued by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation. Certification - activities to confirm the conformity of products to established requirements.
Quotas - the introduction of quantitative and cost restrictions on the import and export of goods for a certain period of time for certain types of goods, countries or groups of countries. In the Russian Federation, export and import of goods is carried out, as a rule, without quantitative restrictions. Import quotas are used as a protective measure when there is a threat of damage to producers of similar competing goods in the territory of the Russian Federation, and also as a response to discriminatory actions of foreign trade partners. Licenses are issued on the basis of quotas for a certain quantity of goods and are valid for the periods specified in them.
The permit system is the representation to the customs authorities in the production of customs clearance and control of permits from various state authorities. A restriction on the import (export) of goods is the establishment of special requirements for the import or export of certain goods. Restrictions on the import and / or export of goods can be established in the form of quantitative restrictions or in the form of a special procedure for their registration upon import / export.
Some experts also refer to non-tariff measures the concepts of customs blockade and embargo. Under the customs blockade is understood the suspension of customs clearance, the delay of goods in customs warehouses, etc. The goal is to disrupt the foreign economic relations of the blockaded state. Embargo - prohibition or restriction of import into one's own country or export to other countries of goods, works, services. It is used as a repressive form, as a means of economic or financial pressure.
These methods are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities". Other methods of state regulation of foreign trade activities through interference and the establishment of various restrictions by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects are not allowed.
There are also regulatory methods that can be partially used in Russia.
A special form of quantitative import restrictions has become widespread - voluntary export restrictions, when the importing country sets a quota, and the exporting countries themselves assume obligations to restrict exports to this country. Of course, in reality, such export restrictions are not voluntary, but forced: they are introduced either as a result of political pressure from the importing country, or under the influence of threats to apply more stringent protectionist measures (for example, to initiate an anti-dumping investigation).
A special group of measures that the state uses to regulate the country's relationship with the world economy include the so-called active protectionism or various forms of export promotion.
To protect national producers, the state can not only restrict imports, but also encourage exports. One of the forms of stimulation of domestic export industries is export subsidies, i.e. financial benefits provided by the state to exporters to expand the export of goods abroad. As a result of such subsidies, exporters are able to sell goods on the foreign market at a lower price than on the domestic one.
Export subsidies can be direct (payment of subsidies to the manufacturer when it enters the foreign market) and indirect (through preferential taxation, loans, insurance, etc.).
Among them are: concessional state export crediting (reduction of rates and lengthening of loan terms), state insurance of export credits, direct subsidies for exports and various tax incentives for exporters. They also use various forms of information and organizational support for the export of products of national enterprises, the provision of trade and economic information, the development of transport and information infrastructure, the organization of fairs and exhibitions, etc.
In accordance with the rules of the WTO (World Trade Organization), the use of export subsidies is prohibited. If they do, importing countries are allowed to retaliate by levying countervailing import duties.
A common form of competition in the world market is dumping, when an exporter sells his goods on a foreign market at a price below normal. Usually we are talking about selling at a price lower than the price of a similar product in the domestic market of the exporting country. Dumping may be, firstly, a consequence of state foreign policy, when the exporter receives a subsidy; secondly, dumping can result from a typically monopolistic practice of price discrimination, when an exporting firm that occupies a monopoly position in the domestic market with inelastic demand maximizes income by raising prices, while in a competitive foreign market with sufficiently elastic demand it maximizes income by lowering the price and increasing the volume of sales. This kind of price discrimination is possible if the market is segmented, i.e. it is difficult to equalize the prices of the domestic and foreign markets by reselling the goods due to high transport costs or state-imposed restrictions on trade.
In accordance with WTO rules, in order to protect against dumping, the importing state may impose anti-dumping duties, which should be preceded by a special investigation in order to establish the very fact of dumping and the damage from it.
Another form of foreign trade policy associated with the monopolization of the market is international cartels - monopolistic associations of exporters, which, by ensuring control over production volumes, limit competition between sellers in order to establish favorable prices. Such cartels have been created repeatedly in commodity and agricultural markets characterized by low price elasticity of demand and a limited number of sellers.
The Federal Law "On the State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities" declares the priority of economic measures to regulate foreign trade activities. The main forms of economic regulation of export and import operations in a market economy include customs and tariff regulation, internal taxation, as well as regulation of the exchange rate of the national currency. However, the decisive role in organizing the regulation of this type of activity still belongs to customs tariffs.
The transition mainly to economic methods of regulating foreign economic activity required a deep study of the customs legislation of the Russian Federation. The first and fundamental law is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Customs Tariff", adopted on May 21, 1993. Since this law is not an act of direct action, its practical implementation is regulated by additional regulatory documents of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation. The law establishes the procedure for the formation and application of the customs tariff of the Russian Federation - an important tool of the country's foreign economic policy and state regulation of the relevant sectors of the domestic market of the Russian Federation in its interaction with the world market, as well as the rules for imposing duties on goods crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation.
A task
Determine the balance of payments on the account "Movement of capital", if:
The export of capital is 37 billion dollars;
Import of capital - 63 billion dollars;
Receipt of income from investments abroad - 3 billion dollars;
The outflow of income from foreign investments is 6 billion dollars.
Solution.
The balance of payments is an indicator that allows you to determine the degree of a country's possible participation in international trade, determine its solvency and regulate foreign economic activity. The task of the state is to bring the balance of payments into balance.
Balance of payments = export of capital - import of capital + income from investments - outflow of income;
Balance of payments = 37 - 63 + 3 - 6 = - 29 (billion dollars).
Answer: the balance of payments is -29 billion dollars (negative, fixed / redeemed)
Conclusion
The emergence and development of economic relations between states is the result of the social division of labor on an international scale. International economic relations are an important factor influencing the level and direction of the economic development of the country and its regions. The division of labor promotes the widespread use of highly productive tools of production and the introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology into production. The world economy is developing, the trend of global integration, the need to expand the participation of countries in international relations is becoming stronger and stronger. To implement this, it is required: further improvement of the tariff policy; development of a system of measures of state support for exports, as well as active stabilizing actions in the field of monetary policy and the exchange rate. We are talking about the comprehensive state regulation of foreign economic activity, and this concept primarily includes a targeted mechanism for a system of measures to improve the economic well-being of the state by supporting competitive national industries in foreign markets and attracting capital to organize new efficient enterprises within the country.
State regulation of foreign economic activity has its own specifics in comparison with the regulation of other areas of the national economy. This specificity is due to the need of each state to reckon with international norms and principles of world trade. Any state, when regulating foreign economic activity with the aim of its development, increasing the efficiency of the economy, realizing its national interests, should not infringe on the interests of other countries and is obliged to act within the framework of the rules developed by international organizations (WTO, UNCTAD, World Customs Organization, etc.).
List of sources used
1. The Customs Code of the Russian Federation (as amended on June 30, 2002) (approved by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 18, 1993 n 5221-1).
2. Federal Law No. 157-FZ of October 13, 1995 (as amended on February 10, 1999) On State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities (adopted by the State Duma on July 7, 1995).
3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 18, 1999 N 183-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2001) On Export Control (adopted by the State Duma on June 22, 1999) (approved by the Federation Council on July 2, 1999).
4. Law of the Russian Federation of May 21, 1993 N 5003-1 (as amended on July 25, 2002) On the customs tariff.
5. Avdokushin E.F. "International Economic Relations". Textbook. - M.: Jurist, 2006.
6. Elova M.V., Muravieva E.K., Panferova S.M. etc. "World Economy: Introduction to Foreign Economic Activity". Textbook for universities. - M.: Logos, 2007.
7. "Course of economic theory". Under the general editorship: prof. Chepurina M.N., prof. Kiseleva E.A. Publishing house "ASA".
8. Popov S.G. "Foreign economic activities of the company. Features of management and marketing" - M., 2005.
9. www.consultant.ru
10. www.reallib.ru
Federal Law "On state regulation of foreign trade activities"
State regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out through the use of economic and administrative, tariff and non-tariff methods of regulation. Due to the fact that the basis for the classification of methods for regulating foreign economic activity is based on different grounds, the same method can be classified as economic and tariff or as administrative and non-tariff.
It should be noted that the integration of the Russian Federation into the system of the world community involves the use of the economic method of influence as a priority method of state regulation of foreign economic activity. Economic methods of regulation include customs and tariff regulation, tax regulation. An example of an administrative method is quotas and licensing.
The classification of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity into tariff and non-tariff methods is generally accepted.
Tariff regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out by establishing customs duties and refers to economic methods of regulation.
Non-tariff regulation is the impact of the state on entrepreneurial activity in the foreign economic sphere, not related to the application of the customs tariff and using economic and administrative measures. Non-tariff regulation can use both stimulating measures and protective - restrictive ones. Non-tariff methods of regulation include: the establishment of quantitative restrictions through quotas and licensing, the establishment of a permitting (licensed) procedure for export-import operations, the introduction of direct prohibitions and restrictions on exports and (or) imports, the establishment of a state monopoly on the export and (or) import of certain types of goods , the establishment of restrictions on the implementation of foreign trade activities by granting the exclusive right to export and (or) import certain goods, the application of protective measures in relation to the import of goods, the tax regulation of foreign economic activity, the establishment of export control, currency control, quality control of imported goods, as well as the application measures aimed at stimulating exports.
Legislation establishes new ways of state regulation of foreign trade activities. These are the monitoring of export and (or) import of certain types of goods and pre-shipment inspection provided for in the Law "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation ...". Some of the methods of regulation of foreign economic activity provided for by the Law will be considered separately below.
The impact on the activities of entities conducting foreign economic activity can be direct and indirect. For example, the establishment of customs rates refers to the type of indirect impact of the state on the foreign economic activity of economic entities. Having established high customs duties on the import of any product, the state thereby does not encourage its import, although it does not restrict or prohibit it. A direct method of state influence is, for example, a ban on the export or import of a certain product or the establishment of quantitative restrictions on the export or import of a certain product.
State regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out by various methods determined by the legislation. These methods can be classified on various grounds, highlighting economic and administrative, tariff and non-tariff methods.
The methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity include customs tariff, non-tariff regulation; monitoring the export and (or) import of certain types of goods; granting the exclusive right to export or import certain types of goods; introduction of special protective measures, anti-dumping measures and countervailing measures when importing goods; introduction of prohibitions and restrictions on foreign trade in goods, services and intellectual property; export control; technical, pharmacological, sanitary, veterinary, phytosanitary and environmental requirements, etc.
Based on the above list of measures, state regulation of foreign economic activity is carried out either in order to stimulate the activities of its participants, or to establish protection for the Russian economy and individual economic entities. Therefore, among the measures of state regulation, stimulating and protective are distinguished. Let us consider the main measures of state regulation of foreign economic activity in more detail.
Customs-tariff regulation of foreign economic activity.
Customs tariff regulation - a method of state regulation of foreign trade in goods, carried out by applying import and export customs duties. Customs duties are one of the types of non-tax payments. The legal basis for tariff regulation is determined by the Law on Customs Tariff, according to which there are such types of customs duty rates as ad valorem (calculated as a percentage of the customs value of taxable goods), specific (charged in a prescribed amount per unit of taxable goods), combined. Customs tariff of the Russian Federation - a set of rates of customs duties (customs tariff) applied to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation and systematized in accordance with the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity. The commodity nomenclature is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation based on the systems of classification of goods adopted in international practice. The currently applied Customs Tariff of the Russian Federation and the Commodity Nomenclature were approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2001 No. 830 (as amended and supplemented).
There is a system of privileges in the field of tariff regulation.
In particular, import customs duties may be reduced for goods originating in states; which the Russian Federation provides the most favored nation treatment, or preferential treatment. The country of origin of the goods is confirmed by a certificate. In addition, tariff preferences can be provided in the form of a refund of previously paid duties, exemption from duties. In particular, goods imported into the customs territory of the Russian Federation as a contribution of a foreign founder to the authorized (share) capital are exempt from customs duties in the manner prescribed by Art. 34 and 37 of the Customs Tariff Law.
Quantitative restrictions on exports and imports.
As a general rule, imports and exports of goods are carried out without quantitative restrictions. In exceptional cases, the Government of the Russian Federation may establish:
Temporary restrictions or prohibitions on the export of goods for
prevention or reduction of a critical shortage in the domestic market of the Russian Federation of food or other goods that are essential for the domestic market of the Russian Federation. The list of essential goods is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation;
Restrictions on imports of agricultural products or water
biological resources imported into the Russian Federation in any form.
Quantitative restrictions on exports and imports are carried out through quotas.
When deciding on the introduction of a quota, the Government of the Russian Federation determines the method of distribution of the quota and, in the appropriate case, establishes the procedure for holding a tender or auction. The distribution of the quota is based on the equality of participants in foreign trade activities in relation to obtaining a quota and their non-discrimination based on the form of ownership, place of registration or market position. The regulation on the procedure for holding tenders and auctions for the sale of export and import quotas when the Government of the Russian Federation introduces quantitative restrictions was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 31, 1996 No. 1299.
Licensing.
Licensing is an administrative procedure for regulating foreign trade operations, carried out by issuing a document authorizing the export and (or) import of certain types of goods.
Licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods is established in the following cases:
introduction of temporary quantitative restrictions on exports or
import of certain types of goods;
· implementation of the licensing procedure for the export and import of certain types of goods that may adversely affect the security of the state, the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, the life or health of animals and plants;
granting the exclusive right to export and (or) import certain types of goods;
· Fulfillment by the Russian Federation of international obligations.
The basis for the export and import of certain types of goods in these cases is a license issued by the Ministry of Economic Development
Russia. Lack of a license is grounds for refusal to release
goods by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation.
The Ministry of Economic Development of Russia forms and maintains a federal bank of issued licenses. The regulation on the formation and maintenance of the federal bank of issued licenses was approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
dated June 9, 2005 No. 364. The Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, through its territorial bodies, issues the following types of licenses to participants in foreign trade activities:
a) a one-time license - a document issued to the applicant on the basis of
the agreement (contract) that formalized the foreign trade transaction, the subject
which is the export or import of a particular type of product in
a certain amount. The term of a single license cannot
exceed 1 year;
b) general license - issued to the applicant on the basis of
decision of the Government of the Russian Federation a document authorizing the export and (or) import of a particular type of product in a certain amount. The term of the general license cannot exceed 1 year;
c) an exclusive license - a document that grants the applicant
the exclusive right to export and (or) import a particular type of product,
determined by the appropriate federal agency.
The regulation on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2005 No. 364.
Export control.
Export control - a set of measures that ensure the implementation of the procedure established by the Law on Export Control, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation for the implementation of foreign economic activity in relation to goods, information, works, services, results of intellectual activity that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction , means of its delivery, other types of weapons and military equipment.
The range of goods subject to export control is determined by the lists approved by Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. These acts shall enter into force not earlier than three months from the date of their official publication. The procedure for the export of these goods is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Export control methods are:
· Identification of controlled goods and technologies, i.e. establishing their compliance with the goods and technologies included in the lists;
· Permissive procedure for the implementation of foreign economic operations;
· Customs control and customs clearance, currency control.
Based on Art. 21 of the Law on Export Control, in order to determine the compliance of a foreign economic transaction with controlled goods and technologies with the international obligations of the Russian Federation and state interests, interdepartmental expert councils formed under the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation conduct a state examination of transactions. The examination is carried out on the basis of documents submitted by Russian participants in a foreign economic transaction to the Ministry of Economy of Russia in order to obtain
licenses or permits provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of export control. The conclusion of the state examination is the basis for issuing or refusing to issue a license or permission to carry out foreign economic operations
with controlled goods and technologies. The rules for the state examination are determined by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2001 No. 294.
In order to comply with export control regulations, organizations may
introduce an internal export control program that includes
activities of an organizational, administrative, informational and other nature. Organizations that have created intra-company export control programs are subject to state accreditation by the Ministry of Economy of Russia, which conducts it in accordance with the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 29, 2000 No.
No. 176. State accreditation is a prerequisite for obtaining a general license to carry out foreign economic operations with goods subject to export control.
in the discipline "Russian business law"
Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Introduction
The concept and role of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
1 Classification of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
2 Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
3 Features and objectives of non-tariff and tariff regulation in the Russian Federation
Conclusion
Bibliographic list
Introduction
Relevance of the research topic. The study of the main methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation is a relevant, practically significant topic. The goal of Russia's modern foreign economic policy is effective integration into the world economy. The main task is to, on the basis of increasing the competitiveness of the domestic industry, move away from the structure of inefficient exports and ensure a breakthrough of Russian finished products, including high-tech ones, to the world market. Over the past years, certain experience has been accumulated in regulating Russia's foreign economic activity. However, the negative trends in foreign trade oblige the state to combine the policy of liberalization with the development of a set of measures to create a more effective system for regulating foreign economic activity. The study of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity is also relevant from the point of view of bringing it in line with the norms accepted in world practice, as well as analyzing the process of Russia's rapprochement with the European Union and entry into the WTO. aimwork is the study of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity. To achieve this goal, the following tasks:
) to reveal the concept and role of state regulation of foreign economic activity; ) characterize the main methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity: classifications, essence, features; ) to characterize the methods of non-tariff and tariff regulation of foreign economic activity. Object of studyis the current system of state regulation of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation. The normative basis of the study was: the Customs Code of the Customs Union, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On licensing certain types of activities", the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On export control", etc. The work used the works of Nesterova A.D., Chuvilin E.D., Artyomov, N.M., Goncharova O.A. and others. 1. The concept and role of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Foreign economic policy is inextricably linked with the domestic economic policy of the state. Therefore, its content is determined, on the one hand, by the socio-economic policy pursued by the state, and, on the other hand, by the tasks of economic growth. Hence, the objectives of foreign economic policy are: ensuring mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries; maintaining the competitiveness of domestic producers in the world market; ensuring the economic security of the country; ensuring a balanced trade and payment balance of the country. The activation of foreign economic policy is due to the internationalization of economic relations and the scientific and technical process. In the same direction, there are factors such as: aggravation of competition in the world market; destabilization of exchange rates, increased disequilibrium of balances of payments; external debts, especially of developing countries. The action of the above processes generates constant interaction in modern foreign economic policy of two trends: liberalization and protectionism. The development of integration processes has led to the emergence of collective protectionism carried out by integration groups in relation to third countries. First of all, it is characteristic of the EU. Its main trading partners fear the emergence of a "European fortress". Ultimately, protectionism can lead to excessive protection of the national economy from competition in the world market. Therefore, the eternal problem of foreign economic policy was the problem of choosing between protectionism and liberalism. State regulation of foreign economic relations is carried out with the help of a wide range of measures, the number of which is constantly growing. This is explained by the fact that the expansion of international economic relations of a country requires new tools for optimizing its participation in the international division of labor, protecting the national economy from the influence of negative phenomena in the world economy (cyclical downturns, excessive fluctuations in exchange rates, unfair competition, etc.). ), helping to strengthen the position of national producers in the world market. In the process of economic reform in the Russian Federation, a significant role is played by the foreign economic policy of the state, aimed at the effective inclusion of the national economy in the system of world economic relations and the realization of the associated economic benefits and advantages. The most important tool for achieving this goal is the development and further improvement of the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) in the direction of an optimal combination of the openness of the Russian economy with the requirements of the economic security of the state. The modern foreign trade policy is based on the state course towards further liberalization of foreign trade, the integration of the Russian economy into the world economy, the transition to the predominant use of economic methods of regulation, which makes it possible in this paper to develop the thesis that it is precisely the “improvement” of the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity that is taking place. in Russia. Foreign economic relations (FEC) is an integral part of the economic mechanism and domestic policy of the country as a whole. Modern processes in international life give rise to the constant interaction of two trends in foreign economic policy: protectionism and liberalism. Protectionism is a government policy aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competition, and often to capture the external market. In contrast, the policy of liberalization is associated with the reduction of customs duties and other barriers that impede the development of foreign economic relations (free trade). Both free trade and protectionist policies have almost never existed in their pure form. Usually, states pursue this or that policy selectively, taking into account the problems being solved within the country. In general, state regulation of wind farms is aimed at solving economic, social and political problems. Reasons for government intervention: despite the potential benefits of free trade, no country allows the uncontrolled flow of goods and services; unemployment. The problem of employment of the population - jobs; protection of "young" industries; direct impact on trade is used as a means of overcoming disturbances in the country's balance of payments; FEC regulation is used to control the prices of goods involved in international trade; in order to ensure law and order, the country's defense capability, the protection of the health and life of the population, and the environment; intergovernmental agreements, international organizations. Management of foreign economic relations is carried out by the highest state legislative bodies: parliaments, national assemblies, congresses. They determine the country's foreign economic policy, issue laws regulating foreign economic relations, and ratify international treaties. Foreign economic relations are regulated by government bodies - various ministries and departments. So, for example, in Germany, the regulation of foreign economic relations is carried out by the federal government, the ministries of foreign affairs, economy and finance. The main role in the management of Japan's foreign trade is played by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry. In the United States, the State Department, the Ministries of Commerce, Finance, and Agriculture are involved in regulating foreign trade relations. The president of the country is vested with great powers, who is given the right to single-handedly set tariffs, provide preferences, impose an embargo on certain types of products, etc. .
2. Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
2.1 Classification of methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity state tariff foreign economic administrative The methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity (hereinafter referred to as foreign economic activity) are divided by their nature into tariff methods - those based on the use of a customs tariff, and non-tariff methods - all other methods. Non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into quantitative methods and methods of covert protectionism. Separate instruments of state regulation of foreign economic activity are more often used when necessary, either to restrict imports or to force exports. M.N. Artyomov identifies the following methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity: -customs and tariff regulation; -non-tariff regulation; -prohibitions and restrictions on foreign trade in services and intellectual property; -measures of an economic and administrative nature that contribute to the development of foreign trade activities. HELL. Nesterova believes that the regulation of foreign trade relations is carried out by administrative and economic methods. Among the administrative measures, customs regulation is the most effective. A number of authors distinguish such methods as administrative methods, economic methods, international trade agreements, customs taxation, quoting and licensing, anti-dumping procedures, trade (price) preferences, technical procedures (barriers). 2.2 Methods of state regulation of foreign economic activity
Administrative Methods The administrative method of regulation is understood as a system of organizational, legal and special measures: quantitative restrictions, distribution of quotas and licenses, export control for certain types of goods, the establishment of a state monopoly on the export and (or) import of certain types of goods. In order to regulate foreign economic activity, government bodies issue acts of legal regulation of the relationship of counterparties, joint stock laws, customs codes, regulations obliging importers and exporters, on the basis of their execution, to observe the interests of states interacting in the foreign market. To regulate foreign economic activity, state bodies issue legislative acts, which may include acts of legal regulation of relations between trading partners, corporate laws, customs codes, regulations obliging importers to purchase against counter-export transactions, and many other legislative acts. International trade agreements determine the general ways of developing economic relations between states, establish a trade, economic, political regime of interaction, provide for the conditions for mutual settlements, terms of cooperation, etc. Long-term agreements of 5-10 years or more on trade and other forms of interaction. And also the conclusion of annual protocols on mutual deliveries of goods is practiced. Agreements and protocols, complementing each other, contribute to the development of sustainable mutually beneficial cooperation. The best conditions for the development of foreign economic activity are provided in cases where countries provide each other with the most favored nation regime. Under this regime, economic entities of the agreed parties are used by customs, tax and other privileges in the partner's country. In the development of agreements, countries sign long-term (for 5-10 years) agreements on trade and protocols on trade in certain types of goods. Agreements and protocols are concluded in order to promote the development of a stable mutually beneficial trade on a balanced basis. The terms of international treaties, agreements and protocols are divided into mandatory and indicative. The fulfillment of such conditions of agreements as the provision of a trade regime, the procedure for taxation, mutual settlements, etc., is ensured by legislative acts and actions of state bodies, i.e. mostly by administrative means. Customs tax It is based on the customs code approved by the legislature. The customs code is created in accordance with the customs policy of the state. It defines the general tasks and functions of the customs authorities, the procedure for developing, approving and using tariffs, the conditions for exemption from duties, sanctions for violation of customs rules, and the procedure for handling complaints. Customs formalities are one of the most effective methods of foreign trade regulation. Customs taxation is one of the most effective administrative methods for WPP regulation. Customs codes define the general tasks and principles of customs taxation, the structure, status and functions of customs authorities, the procedure for developing, approving the payment of duties, sanctions for violation of the customs regime, and the procedure for considering complaints. Customs duties are sums of money paid when goods are transported across state borders. Customs duties are calculated according to the customs tariffs in force in the country and are set for each type of goods or commodity groups. If tariffs are set as standards for the cost of goods, then the duties charged on them are called ad valorem. If tariffs are set to units of quantity, weight, volume, etc., then such duties are called specific. Tariffs are in the form of lists of goods indicating against the position of the goods or commodity group the amount of duty charged in the form of percentages or monetary amounts to the unit of measurement of goods. Lists of goods in tariff countries - members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (World Trade Organization GATT WTO) are compiled in accordance with the harmonized system of description and coding of goods introduced from January 1, 1988. Customs control is carried out in three stages. At the first stage, exporters, importers or their trade and transport agents fill out customs declarations, which indicate information characterizing the goods, the essence of trade operations and the parties involved. At the second stage, a customs inspection is carried out - checking the compliance of the actual goods with the data specified in the declaration, a decision is made on the possibility of passing the goods and the amount of duty payable is determined. The third stage involves receiving the goods from customs and paying the duty. With the help of duties, the state seeks to rationalize the structure of imports. Changes in the customs tariff, which are carried out quite often, cause an ambiguous reaction from the public. In this area, the interests of various social groups collide. Apparently, the main thing here is that the state, by its foreign trade restrictions, should not create a zone of monopoly domination of local producers in the domestic economy and at the same time should not allow the ruin of industries important from the point of view of the national economy due to imports of foreign products. Finding the optimal ratio of regulatory measures to solve these problems, to protect the country's strategic interests is one of the important goals of the state's foreign economic policy. Contingenting and Licensing Export and import quotas are quantitative or cost restrictions on exports and imports, introduced for a certain period of time for individual goods and services, countries and groups of countries. Licensing is a system of written permits issued by government agencies for the export and import of goods. Licensing is applied for certain periods of time for individual goods included in the list of products for national purposes. General licenses for up to one year are obtained by specialized foreign economic organizations in accordance with state export-import assignments. One-time licenses are issued for each individual transaction for the period necessary for its implementation, but not more than one year. The quota is carried out by establishing a regime for issuing individual licenses, while the total volume of exports (imports) under these licenses should not exceed the volume of the established quota. The following types of export (import) quotas (contingents) are used: global, group, individual. For each type of product, only one type of quota is established. Anti-dumping procedures They are legal and administrative claims brought by national entrepreneurs (national firms) against foreign suppliers, accusing them of selling goods at underpriced prices that could harm local manufacturers of similar products. Authorities and courts are obliged to suspend the movement of goods accused of dumping and investigate the merits of the claims. Trade (price) preferences They are established by law in some countries by determining the minimum difference in prices at which the importer's goods and services must be lower than the prices of national producers. For example, US energy companies have the right to place orders for imported equipment only if the prices for it are at least 6% lower than those of American manufacturers. Trade preferences - benefits in the trade and political regime, provided by one state to another on a reciprocal basis or unilaterally. They can be applied in all areas of trade and economic regulation, such as customs regime, quantitative restrictions, currency settlements, lending, insurance, standardization, etc. Preferences are granted on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements, participation in customs and economic unions, international organizations. Technical procedures (barriers) They are established by law by state organizations and represent a set of measures to verify the compliance of imported products with the requirements of international and national standards, industry standards and technical regulations. Standards occupy a special place among non-tariff ones. Countries typically set standards for classifying, labeling and testing products in such a way that domestic products can be sold but foreign-made products are blocked from being sold. These standards are sometimes introduced under the pretext of protecting the safety and health of the local population. One of the types of technical barriers is the requirement for certification of products, goods imported into the country. Why they are subjected to tests in specialized laboratories for compliance of their properties with the requirements of standards for technical, sanitary, technological, traditional indicators. This procedure can seriously complicate the sale of a number of goods if they are not certified in advance. Technical barriers - checking the compliance of imported products with the requirements of international and national standards, industry norms and technical regulations. They are established by law by government organizations, as well as industry associations. One of the most common technical barriers is the requirement to certify imported goods, i.e. obtaining special certificates and signs that these goods have been tested in specialized laboratories for compliance with their characteristics to certain standards and other regulatory and technical documentation in force in the importing country. Economic Methods Almost all countries, to one degree or another, depending on their economic capabilities, carry out economic regulation of export and import operations, creating conditions for the development of foreign trade turnover and the balance of payments. Direct financing of export production is carried out in the form of subsidies paid by companies from the budget to cover the difference between the cost of production and export prices in order to obtain guaranteed profits. The most widely practiced is state subsidization of companies' expenses for research and development in export production. Indirect financing of export production is carried out through private banks, to which governments provide special subsidies to reduce credit rates for exporters. Other methods of indirect financing are the return to exporters of duties paid on the import of raw materials. Reduction of taxes from exporters is carried out by different methods. It is quite common to directly reduce taxes on companies depending on the share of exports in their production. Many countries provide for the right of companies to make contributions to the reserve funds for the development of export production from the non-taxable part of the profits. A variation of such privileges is a tax credit-deferred payment of tax on export earnings. Export lending is one of the most common forms of export promotion. Distinguish between internal and external lending. With domestic lending, state banks provide companies with medium-term (up to 5 years) and long-term (up to 25-30 years) loans in national and hard currency for the development of export production. Other most common export support tools include export insurance, which is carried out in the form of state export credit insurance. Government guarantees, which are a significant competitive boost, enable commercial banks to provide soft loans to suppliers, as the government assumes the risk of non-receipt of payment. State export insurance is carried out at low rates, usually not exceeding 1% of the insured part of the contract, which enables exporters to receive preferential loans from commercial banks. In turn, this can significantly increase the interest of enterprises in selling goods on the foreign market. State export insurance covers not only most of the commercial risks, but also many types of political risks. 2.3 Features and objectives of non-tariff and tariff regulation in the Russian Federation
Tariff regulation is a form of state regulation of foreign economic activity used to regulate imports and exports, with the help of which the state exercises its exclusive right to establish customs duties on goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation. The main tool in the hands of the state in the regulation of foreign trade is the use of tariff regulation. The customs tariff is the most common instrument of state regulation of foreign trade, acting through the pricing mechanism. Among the main functions of the customs tariff, protectionist and fiscal functions stand out. The protectionist function is connected with the protection of national producers. The collection of customs duties on imported goods increases the cost of the latter when they are sold on the domestic market of the importing country and thereby increases the competitiveness of similar goods produced by national industry and agriculture. The fiscal function of the customs tariff ensures the receipt of funds from the collection of customs duties in the revenue part of the country's budget. In addition to the above functions, the customs tariff, influencing domestic prices, to a certain extent contributes to the development of national production and exports. Due to the rise in prices of imported goods in the domestic market of the country, the general level of prices for such goods rises and national producers receive additional income that can be used to invest in the country's economy or to compensate for losses from lower export prices, as well as to increase the competitiveness of their goods in foreign markets. markets. The customs tariff in a number of cases can be used to develop national exports by unilaterally setting low, and in some cases zero rates for certain goods needed for the manufacture of export products. One of the main elements of the economic reform being carried out in the country, which provides for the transition from administrative methods of management to economic ones, is the strengthening of the role of customs and tariff regulation of foreign trade. Customs-tariff measures - a set of organizational, economic, legal measures carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law by state bodies and aimed at regulating foreign economic activity. The implementation of the customs tariff regulation is based on the application of the customs tariff. Non-tariff barriers to free trade are understood as a licensing system, the creation of unjustified standards for product quality and safety, or simply bureaucratic prohibitions in customs procedures. The world practice of a market economy has developed quite effective fundamental approaches and mechanisms for state regulation of foreign economic activity, although two contradictory trends still collide in this area: protectionism (protecting one's own production from foreign competition) and liberalism (providing the greatest possible freedom of access for foreign goods and services to domestic market). States seek to find a compromise between protectionist measures and the liberalization of foreign economic activity of residents and non-residents. In recent years, the trend towards liberalization of foreign trade has somewhat weakened; the number of new and higher government-imposed barriers to trade between countries has outpaced the number of restrictions removed and reduced. When using administrative (non-tariff) means, the market mechanism is violated, the range of goods is reduced, the possibility of access to resources is reduced, and the choice of products or resources by the consumer in favor of domestic ones is actually forcibly predetermined. Non-tariff methods include a wide range of instruments of modern economic and trade policy of states, various restrictive rules and procedures - up to the prohibition of trade with certain countries, the export and import of specific goods, etc. According to the UN classification, non-tariff methods of regulation are divided into the following groups: -direct restriction of imports and exports through licensing and import quotas; introduction of a system of minimum price ceilings for imported goods in the domestic market; -anti-dumping measures; so-called voluntary restrictions on the export of certain goods to a specific country, etc. This group covers more than half of all non-tariff restrictions. It also includes the restrictive measures of the Export Control Consultative Committee (COCOM) on the export of military equipment and dual-use equipment from developed Western countries to the states of the former Warsaw Pact and some other “states with totalitarian regimes” (Libya, Iraq). Recently, KOCOM has reduced prohibition notes in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe, including the CIS, and promises to generally remove restrictions on the supply of the latest technology when these countries ensure proper control over the re-export of such technology to other countries. In some cases, states may impose a complete or partial ban (an embargo on trade with a given country), both on their own initiative (USA-Cuba) and mainly by decision of the UN Security Council (Iraq, Yugoslavia). The above groups are the most numerous and cover more than half of all: -customs formalities; -technical standards and norms (on the safety of goods for consumers); -sanitary and veterinary requirements; -packaging and labeling standards for bottling drinks; -information about the country of origin of imported goods, etc. These methods are not directly aimed at restricting foreign trade and are more related to administrative bureaucratic procedures, the effect of which, nevertheless, restricts trade: -currency restrictions, in particular, on the transfer of profits, dividends, tax and other payments; -regulation of capital inflow (maximum percentage of foreign capital and local personnel in foreign enterprises; favorable conditions for local firms participating in international tenders for the construction of facilities, etc.). The last two groups of methods are not directly aimed at restricting imports or stimulating exports, but their action often leads to precisely this result. Non-tariff methods require high costs, provide more opportunities for bureaucracy and red tape, for abuse than economic methods that are simpler in terms of the mechanism for their implementation. Licenses and quotas are among the most common tools for direct regulation of imports (and sometimes exports). Virtually all industrialized countries use these non-tariff methods. Among the methods of non-tariff regulation, one should mention administrative and bureaucratic delays at entry, which increase uncertainty and the cost of maintaining inventories. A specific method of regulating foreign trade is import deposits, which are a form of collateral that the importer must make to the bank for a certain period - an interest-free deposit in an amount equal to all or part of the value of the imported goods. Thus, his capital is deadened and his ability to pay is limited. The defining moment in the modern development of the world economy and international economic relations is the international movement of capital. The high dynamism of the movement of capital, its transformation into an object of intense international competition, made it imperative to develop international standards and rules in this area. "Voluntary restriction" of exports is the establishment of minimum import prices. The specificity of these restrictions lies in the non-traditional technique for their establishment. A trade barrier is set up at the border of the exporting country. A voluntary export restriction agreement is an obligation imposed on an exporter, under the threat of sanctions, to restrict the export of certain goods to an importing country. Currently, world practice is moving towards the elimination of administrative instruments for regulating foreign trade activities. Non-tariff regulation, as a rule, is applied only in exceptional cases, mainly in order to protect the national economy, as well as in order to fulfill international obligations. A unified quota and licensing regime operates on the territory of the Russian Federation, which is based on unified lists of licensed goods, a system for establishing and distributing quotas and licenses. General export quotas from Russia for certain goods are established by the Ministry of Economy in agreement with the relevant ministries. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the Sale of Export Quotas Established for State Needs” allows the MINFEC to quarterly sell, on a competitive or auction basis, export quotas not used by manufacturing enterprises in cases where they conclude contracts for the supply of products for export for state needs or if they fail to fulfill these deliveries. Products received by the regions on account of payment for the use of subsoil, water area and seabed areas can be exported within the established regional export quotas. The implementation of quotas for oil and oil products by regional government bodies is carried out through oil producing and oil refining enterprises producing these products. Conclusion
State regulation of foreign economic activity represents foreign economic policy. It refers to activities aimed at regulating and developing economic relations with other countries. Modern processes in international life give rise to the constant interaction of two trends in foreign economic policy: protectionism and liberalism. Protectionism is a government policy aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competition, and often to capture the external market. In contrast, the policy of liberalization is associated with the reduction of customs duties and other barriers that impede the development of foreign economic relations (free trade). There are several classifications of foreign economic activity methods in the literature. Allocate administrative methods, economic methods, international trade agreements, customs taxation, contingent and licensing, anti-dumping procedures, trade (price) preferences, technical procedures (barriers). Methods are also divided into tariff methods - those based on the use of a customs tariff, and non-tariff - all other methods. The protectionist function of the customs tariff is associated with the protection of national producers. The collection of customs duties on imported goods increases the cost of the latter when they are sold on the domestic market of the importing country and thereby increases the competitiveness of similar goods produced by national industry and agriculture. Its fiscal function ensures the receipt of funds from the collection of customs duties in the revenue part of the country's budget. Bibliographic list
Regulations 1.Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities” dated May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ // Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated May 6, 2011, No. 5473. .Customs Code of the Customs Union. Annex to the Agreement on the Customs Code of the Customs Union, adopted by the Decision of the Interstate Council of the Eurasian Economic Community (the supreme body of the Customs Union) at the level of heads of state dated November 27, 2009 No. 17. .Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 18, 1999 N 183-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2001) On Export Control (adopted by the State Duma on June 22, 1999) (approved by the Federation Council on July 2, 1999). .Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 14.04.1998 N 63-FZ (as amended of 24.07.2002) On measures to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation in the implementation of foreign trade in goods (adopted by the State Duma on March 20, 1998). Special and scientific literature 1.Nesterova, A.D. State regulation of the economy. Lecture course. / A.D. Nesterov. - Kaliningrad: Publishing House of the Kaliningrad University, 1997. - 63 p. .Chuvilin, E.D. State regulation and price control in capitalist countries. / E.D. Chuvilin, V.G. Dmitriev. // Finance and statistics, - M., 1998. - No. 5. - P. 49-60. .Artyomov, N.M. Financial and legal regulation of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation. / N.M. Artyomov, G.G. Yachmenev. - M.: Polygraph OPG, 2004. - 256 p. .State regulation of the economy. Textbook // G.N. Vlasov, A.M. Zheltov. - Nizhny Novgorod: VVAGS Publishing House, 1998. - 250 p. .Goncharova, O.A. Trade barriers on the way to free international trade / O.A. Goncharova // Russian Economic Journal No. 8, 2000 - pp. 49-59. .Kozyrin, A.K. Comments of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation / A.K. Kozyrin // Economy and law. - 2001. - No. 1. - p. 34-54. .Kruglov, A.S. Basics of customs business. / A.S. Kruglov - M.: RIO RTA, 2001. - 310 p. .Shimelik, K.A. International legal regulation of foreign economic activity of developing countries. / K.A. Shimelik - Minsk: BGU, 1999. - 220s. .Sergeev, P.V. World economy and international economic relations at the present stage. Textbook for the course "World Economy". / P.V. Sergeev. - M.: New Lawyer, 1998. - 236 p. .Balabanov, I.T. Currency operations. / I.T. Balabanov. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1999. - 322 p.
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