Verba soft consonant

45 minutes are given to complete the work in the Russian language. The work includes 7 tasks. Write down the answers to the tasks in the work. If you want to change the answer, then cross it out and write a new one next to it. When performing work, it is not allowed to use a textbook, workbooks, grammar guides, spelling dictionaries, etc. reference materials. If necessary, you can use a draft. Draft entries will not be reviewed or graded. We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. Try to complete as many tasks as possible.

Dear Guys!

You have to write a test paper in the Russian language. Before starting the tasks, I recommend looking through the entire material with your eyes, this will help you get ready for work. When starting the task, do not rush, read carefully the entire instruction to the end. Try to complete as many tasks correctly as possible.

1. Read and write the text carefully.

For the first task, read the text carefully.

Think about whether you understand what the text is about.

Find out the meaning of words you do not understand (you can ask the teacher).

Read each word in the text. Find and underline with a pencil all the "dangerous places".

Our dog Alma has puppies. We named them Chapa and Chuk. Babies are red and fluffy. They squeak. Chapa is cheerful. Chuck is very serious.

Reread the text again.

Copy one sentence at a time, dictating words syllable by syllable, pronouncing each letter.

Check yourself: read what you wrote and compare it with the original text.

Our dog Alma has puppies. We named them Chapa and Chuk. Babies are red and fluffy. They squeak. Chapa is cheerful. Chuck is very serious.

2. Arrange alphabetically and write down these words in alphabetical order: school, class, school desk, lesson, call.

Before proceeding to the second task, try to remember the entire alphabet. Say it to yourself or in a whisper. When starting a task, do not rush. Whisper two letters in a row in the alphabet: A, B and look at the first letter in the words. If the letter of the alphabet coincided with the first letter in the word, then write it on the line, if not, then continue. Say 2 letters from the alphabet in order until you write down all the words. Take your time to avoid mistakes.

Correct word placement: call, class, desk, lesson, school.

3. Underline the words in which the first letter denotes a voiced consonant.

Performing the third task, remember all paired consonants in terms of sonority-deafness. On the tape of letters, voiced consonants are located at the top. When pronouncing voiced consonants, we use the voice.

Say to yourself or in a whisper all the paired consonants in voicing-deafness, which are solid: [b / n], [c / f], [g / c], [d / t], [g / w], [s / With].

Then all paired consonants for voiced-deafness, which are soft:

[b "/ p '], [v '/ f '], [g '/ k '], [d '/ t '], [s '/ s '].

Do not forget that there are voiced consonants that do not have a pair of voiced-deafness:

[d'/-],[l/-], [l'/-], [m/-], [m'/-], [n/-], [n'/-], [p/- ], [R' / -].

Now get on with the task. Say the word, say the first letter and say the sound that represents the letter. Define: is it a voiced or deaf sound? If it is a voiced sound, then underline the whole word. So work with other words as well.

Voicedness or deafness can be defined differently. Cover your ears with your palms and say a consonant sound. Do you hear a voice or noise? If you hear a voice, then the sound is sonorous, if the noise is deaf.

We emphasize the first word - winter, because. the first sound [h ’] is voiced - soft and the third word is a hill, because the first sound [r] is voiced-solid.

Answer: Winter, skates, sled, slide, hat.

4. Underline the words in which the first letter denotes a soft consonant sound.

Tiger, fallow deer, roe deer, squirrel, otter.

When completing the fourth task, remember that consonants are not only voiced and deaf, but also hard and soft. Also remember that there are consonants that are always soft - these are [th '], [h '], [u '].

Say the first word: tiger. Now say the fusion syllable: [t'i]. Then separately the first sound: [t ']. How do you hear and pronounce it? (we pronounce a soft sound [t ']). See what signifies his softness? (vowel i, which denotes the softness of the preceding consonant).

Draw a conclusion: if the first sound in the word tiger is soft, then this word should be underlined.

Say the second word: doe. Now say the confluence syllable:

[l a]. Then separately the first sound: [l]. How do you hear and pronounce it? (we pronounce a solid sound [l]). See what his hardness signifies? (the vowel a, which denotes the hardness of the preceding consonant).

Draw a conclusion: if the first sound in the word doe is hard, then this word does not need to be emphasized, proceed to the next word.

Say the third word: roe. Now say the first syllable: [k a]. Then separately the first sound: [k]. How do you hear and pronounce it? (we pronounce hard sound[to]). See what his hardness signifies? (the vowel a, which denotes the hardness of the preceding consonant).

Draw a conclusion: if the first sound in the word roe deer is hard, then this word does not need to be emphasized, proceed to the next word.

Say the word: squirrel. Now say the first syllable: [b'e l]. Then separately the first sound: [b ']. How do you hear and pronounce it? (we pronounce a soft sound [b ']). See what signifies his softness? (vowel e, which denotes the softness of the preceding consonant).

Draw a conclusion: if the first sound in the word squirrel is soft, then this word must be underlined.

We are working on the last word. Say the word: otter. Now say the first syllable: [vyd]. Then separately the first sound: [v]. How do you hear and pronounce it? (we pronounce a solid sound [in]). See what his hardness signifies? (vowel sy, which denotes the hardness of the preceding consonant).

Draw a conclusion: if the first sound in the word otter is hard, then this word does not need to be emphasized.

When completing this task, try to correctly isolate the first sound that you observe: word - syllable / syllable-fusion - sound;

Tiger - ti - [t ']

Doe - la - [l]

Roe deer - ko - [k]

Squirrel - white - [b ']

Otter - vyd - [in]

Highlight two words: tiger, fallow deer, roe deer, squirrel, otter.

5. Divide words into syllables. When dividing words into syllables, use a vertical line.

Flight, blow, Maria, barn .

Task 5 requires you to remember the rules for dividing words into syllables.

The syllable forms a vowel sound.

There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels.

A syllable starts with a consonant before a vowel.

A syllable may consist of one sound (vowel) or several sounds (besides the vowel, there is a consonant or a group of consonants).

The syllable can be open or closed.

After you remember the rule for dividing a word into syllables, proceed to the task.

Now carefully work on each word. Read the first word: flight. Mark all the vowels in it: flight. How many vowels were noted? (2) So many syllables should turn out. Draw a vertical line: flight / flight.

Read the second word: hit. Mark all the vowels in it: blow. How many vowels were noted? (2) So many syllables should turn out. Draw a vertical line: at / gift.

Read the third word: Maria. Mark all the vowels in it: Mary. How many vowels were noted? (3) So many syllables should turn out. Draw a vertical line: Ma/ri/ya.

Read the fourth word: barn. Mark all the vowels in it: barn. How many vowels were noted? (2) So many syllables should turn out. Draw a vertical line: sa/rai.

If you still find it difficult to divide words into syllables, then remember how we divided words into syllables in the first grade. Syllables can be sung, chanted, like in a stadium. You can “clap” the word with your hands.

Correctly divide words into syllables like this: on / flight, at / gift, Ma / ri / I, sa / paradise.

6. Write down only those words that can be divided for transfer. Designate the place of transfer with a dash (for example, not - bo).

Flight, blow, Maria, barn.

To complete task 6, let's remember the hyphenation rules that you already know:

Words are transferred by syllables.

When wrapping words, you can not leave at the end of the line and transfer one letter.

When transferring, you cannot leave and transfer the part of the word that does not constitute a syllable.

You cannot separate a consonant from the vowel that follows it.

You can not tear off the letter "y" from the previous vowel.

After you have remembered the rules of word hyphenation, find words that cannot be hyphenated by syllables. Remember why? We meet the word: blow. The word "strike" is divided into syllables as follows: y / gift, the vowel "y" forms a syllable, but according to the rules of hyphenation, one cannot transfer or leave one letter per line. Therefore, we will not write out this word. Let's look at the rest of the words. Can you translate the word "flight" into syllables? Yes, you can. In order not to forget, write down this word, dividing for transfer: flight.

Read the word Mary. Can you translate the word "Maria" into syllables? Yes, you can, only for transfer you get 2 syllables, because we cannot transfer one letter "I" to another line. In order not to forget, write down this word, dividing it for transfer: Ma-rya.

Read the last word barn. Can you translate it into syllables? Yes, you can. In order not to forget, write down this word, dividing it for transfer: sa-rai.

Correct entry: fly, Ma-rya, sa-paradise.

7. Make a sentence from these words. Write it down correctly.

in, sun, fog, rises, winter

When you complete the last task, remember what a sentence is.

(Sentence is a word or several words that express a complete thought. Words in a sentence are always related in meaning.)

Arrange the words so that they become related in meaning.

Help you complete the task action algorithm:

Think about which word to write first.

Set the sequence of words. Number the word order.

What letter do we start with?

Write down the resulting sentence, not forgetting about proper spelling.

What would you put at the end of a sentence?

Check if you wrote correctly.

Here it is possible to write the sentence in different ways:

The sun rises in the winter fog.

The sun rises in winter mist.

The sun rises in the winter mist.

The sun rises in the winter mist.

The sun rises in the winter fog.

Purpose: to update and consolidate the knowledge of students; learn to listen and understand Russian speech; develop spelling vigilance; expand students' understanding of hard and soft, voiced and deaf consonants; develop skills expressive reading; cultivate a love of literature.
Equipment: drawings with images of squirrels and butterflies; subject drawings.

During the classes
I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT
II. UPDATE OF BASIC KNOWLEDGE
1. Verification homework Pronunciation of tongue twisters from memory. Kondrat has a short jacket.
2. A minute of calligraphy (at the choice of the teacher)
3. Learning and pronunciation of tongue twisters (automation of pronunciation of soft consonants)
All lakes are mirrors of green glass.
III. MESSAGE TOPICS AND LESSON OBJECTIVES
What groups are all consonants divided into? (voiced and deaf; soft and hard)
- Name the animals shown. squirrel butterfly
- Say the first sounds in these words. How do they differ? Which word has the first consonant soft?
- Name each pair of objects.
Umbrella - mirror onion - lemon tomato - pepper
- Highlight the first sound in the words of each pair. What is the difference? What words begin with hard consonants?
- Today we will repeat the knowledge about the designation of hard and soft consonants in writing.
IV. CONSOLIDATION AND GENERALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
1. Collective execution of tasks
- Read.
Why did the house have hoo .. It immediately turned into hoo ... Carried a fire, just like that?
What sound is heard at the end of the underlined words? Hard or soft?
- Read: corner - coal. How is the softness of the consonant sound in the second word indicated? (The softness of a consonant sound can be indicated in writing by a soft sign (b).)
A soft sign is a cunning sign, Do not say it in any way;
It is not pronounced.
But the word is often asked.
K. Izmailov
- Give examples of words in which the soft sign (ь) is written.
Write down five or six of these words. Underline the letters that represent soft consonants.
- Explain the meaning of the highlighted words. Write down the words that have soft consonants.
Mother, house, lynx, steel, azure, son, doe, fence, fruit drink, beans, July, June, January, bridge.
- Compare the number of sounds and letters in words.
- Guess riddles.
What is without beginning and without end? (Ring)
I'm not a stove and I don't heat
But I can keep warm. (Coat)
- Say a soft consonant in each guess word. Explain why there are fewer sounds in the guess words than letters.
- Read. Compare the sound of paired consonants in each pair of words. A hatch is a bow, a nose is carried, a finch is a fence.
- Pay attention to how soft consonant sounds are indicated on the letter.
- Write down the words. Underline the letters that indicate the softness of the consonants.
What are the two groups of consonants? Choose the correct answer.
1) Big and small;
2) voiced and deaf;
3) uppercase and lowercase;
4) right and wrong.
Which line contains all the voiced consonants?
1) [c, g, t, s, p, m, h, n];
2) [k, p, p, s, t, f, x, w, u, c];
3) [b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p];
4) [b, c, d, e, g, h, d, w, m, n, p].
Which line contains all the voiceless consonants?
1) (c, g, t, s, p, m, h, n];
2) [b, c, d, e, g, h, d, w, m, n, p];
3) [k, p, t, s, f, x, h, w, u, c] ї
4) [k, p, p, s, t, f, x, w, u, a].
- Which word is spelled wrong?
1) Outfit;
2) flag;
3) horse;
4) notebook.
- How to check the spelling of a double consonant?
- Insert the missing letters, write down the test words next to them. rain..b
sa..
gr..
mud..ka
- To write a word without errors, repeat the rules.
Deaf sounds are fidgets. They calmly do not want to live,
They seek to stun the sonorous neighbor At all costs. If you hear paired sound, Be careful, my friend! Double check immediately. Feel free to change the word: Tooth - to teeth, ice - to ice - You will be literate too.
Physical education minute
This is the right hand. This is - left hand.

To the right is a noisy oak forest.

On the left is a fast river...

We turned around and

It became the opposite. To the left is a noisy oak forest.

On the right is a fast river. Has it become right?

My left hand?
2. Work according to the textbook (p. 26)
1) Remember the secrets of reading.
- Read the words correctly. Find a column of words in which the letter i is written, and the sound [and] is pronounced.
2) Drawing up proposals for the table.
3) Say a chain of sounds for each word. Which consonants in these words are voiced and which are deaf? Which are hard and which are soft?
Raspberry ball
4) Work on a poem by V. Bardadym. Reading a poem by a teacher.
- Find words that will cheer up the old poplar.
- What words with soft consonant sounds can you choose for a story about autumn?
V. LESSON SUMMARY
What groups of sounds were repeated?
- How is the softness of consonants indicated on the letter?
VI. HOMEWORK
P. 27. Read, insert the missing letters.

Phonetics and phonetic analysis

Written language is made up of letters, and spoken language is made up of sounds. Phonetics deals with the classification of the sound composition of a language. How can a native Russian speaker help? phonetic parsing? You don't have to look far for an example. As a rule, by pronunciation, you can immediately understand that your interlocutor is a foreigner or came from the outback. If a person distorts sounds in words, puts stresses incorrectly, then he will be considered an ignoramus or illiterate, and such a dialect is colloquial. In today's highly developed society, this looks very comical.

So why feel like an object of ridicule when it is so easy to learn how to pronounce letters and sounds in words correctly! If you are planning acting career, choose the profession of a media person, journalist, editor, PR agent, or you have far-reaching plans for a leadership position, then the right speech and knowledge of rhetoric will thoroughly help you on the way to your cherished goal.

What does language phonetics study as a branch of linguistics?

Here's what the dictionaries say about it:

• Phonetics (from phone - phoneme) is a field of linguistics that studies voice speech (what we hear), as well as norms, traditions and rules for pronouncing sound units and word forms formed by them.
• Phonetics is a section of linguistic science that studies the acoustic side of the human voice, varieties of sound combinations, and intonation. During the phonetic analysis of the word, the regularities of the merging of sound units into the syllables of the Russian language and their correct pronunciation are revealed.
• The phonetics of a language explores the properties of speech sounds, as well as the features of their formation in articulation apparatus. Otherwise, if the child does not pronounce or incorrectly pronounce any sounds and letters in phrases, he is taken to a speech therapist. The latter teaches how to position the tongue, teeth, lips, palate (organs of speech) and direct the exhalation in order to correctly pronounce a vowel or consonant.
• Russian phonetics - scientific description speech communication (acoustics and articulation). Explains the patterns of merging phonemes into a speech chain, their mutual influence, alternation, the specifics of pronunciation and changes (depending on neighboring ones). To classify sounds (vowel-consonant; voiced-deaf; stressed-unstressed; hissing, sonorous, etc.), phonetic analysis is carried out. Based on the rules of phonetics, literary norms of pronunciation are established (this section is called orthoepy) and stress settings.

Sounds in words or what is phonetics for?

Let's summarize. The phoneme is the initial unit in any language. There is no language in which there would be only one sound unit, for example: [o]. It would be possible to form such words from it: oo, oooh, oooh, oooooh, etc. As a result, it would become impossible to distinguish them from each other, even despite the different placement of stresses. Obviously, there should be a lot of phonemes in any language. Based on this, the purpose of sound is to distinguish words from each other.

The sound itself does not carry meaning, but in combination with other phonemes it forms syllables and morphemes (the minimum significant parts of words: root, prefix, suffix, ending, etc.). Further, they are combined into semantic units: words and sentences.

Imagine that you can use phonetic units as you like, in any sequence and combination. Then you would constantly form new words unknown to anyone, and Speaking would be meaningless to others. In that case, myself spoken language would have lost its purpose as a means of communication. That is why word formation, pronunciation of letters and phonemes in words obeys certain patterns.

Phonetics is a branch of the science of language that studies the laws that govern the combination and alternation of sound units. The phonetics of the Russian language analyzes the sounding speech and highlights:

• signs and differences of some phonemes from others;
• features of their pronunciation in combinations in syllables;
• and also establishes the norms of pronunciation, placement of stresses and intonation in words and sentences.

These characteristics are displayed in the sound-letter analysis of vowels and consonants. Now you know that all words are made up of sounds. Without them, people would simply not be able to communicate verbally and fully express their thoughts and emotions.

Phonetic analysis of the word

Phonetic analysis of the word

If you do not want to delve into the nuances of sound-letter analysis, use the automatic online analyzer. It will help you quickly parse the phrase by sounds online. To do this, enter the desired word in the search bar without grammatical errors and click:

Note that the correct definition of phonemes depends largely on the environment in the syllable and even on the context of the sentence. The program will automatically designate the sounds in the word and give options. Choose from them suitable for your particular case. Sound-letter analysis online will display:

• the number of syllables;
• stressed and unstressed syllables;
• total number sounds and letters;
• letter analysis of each vowel and consonant;
• phonetic characteristic in transcription.

Some orthographically identical word forms differ in sound-letter analysis, since they can be homonyms, or vary in the position of stress when changing numbers and cases. Pay attention to the context of your offer. If you want to make a phonetic analysis of words yourself, learn how to identify sounds and characterize them phonetically, the general scheme is given below.

Phonetic analysis of "tomato":

Sound characteristics

Sound letter analysis of the word: what is the difference between sounds and letters?

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can be used more letters than sounds. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [ ’ ] - an apostrophe;
• shock [ ´ ] - stress;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [ ` ] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye].
AT this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants.
There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e.
The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous
[and] - vowel, unstressed
in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound.
l [l ’] - acc., paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous
e [e ′] - vowel, stressed
n [n '] - agree, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous
and [and] - vowel, unstressed
e [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous
[e] - vowel, unstressed
________________________
In total, the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds
The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters.

There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s].
And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u.
The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform.
The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. This position can only be percussive sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: k at to at R at for, board at, at h at sya, at fishing, - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly as [y]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction.
Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m ’ at´sl’i], key [cl’ at´h’] and so on.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [k about t'ik], bell [kalak about l’ch’yk], milk [malak about], eight [in about s’im’], search engine [paisk about waya], dialect [g about var], autumn [ about syn'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka" about], patio [pa "ti about], radio [ra "di about], boa [b about a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no.

The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "yo" - [o]: turn [t' about rn], bonfire [kas't' about R].

Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya d about"ma].
• New houses [but "vye d a ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [g about"ry] - [g a ra"];
• he is online = [ about"n] - [ a nla "yn]
• certificate e t e flax \u003d [sv'id ' uh"t' and l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• vpe- re-di [fp'i r'i di];
• e-ste-stve-no [ yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-st a-ch'k a];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda].
In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• calyx a;
• goddesses I;
• with songs and;
• change a.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

In phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 SOUNDS:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of a word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [ yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [ yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [ yo´ zhyk], capacity [ yo´ mkast'];
  • - jeweler [ yuv'il'i'r], yula [ yo la´], skirt [ yu´ pka], Jupiter [ yo p'i´t'ir], agility [ yo'rkas't'];
• at the beginning of a word "E" and "I" accented only*:
  • - spruce [ ye´ l '], I go [ ye´ f: y], huntsman [ ye´ g'ir'], eunuch [ ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ ya´ xta], anchor [ ya´ kar’], yaki [ ya´ ki], apple [ ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in position immediately after a vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words.
  Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - etc iyo mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], p oyo t [payo´t], cl yuyo t [kl'u yo t];
  • - ayu rveda [a yo r'v'e'da], p oyu t [pa yo´t], melt [ta´ yo t], cabin [ka yo´ta],
• after the separation hard "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always,
  a "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [hell yo"ta´nt]
• after the separation soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu"- always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of a word:
  - interview [interv' yu´], trees [d'ir'e´v' ya], friends [friends’ ya´], brothers [brother’t’ ya], monkey [ab’iz’ ya´ on], blizzard [in ' yu´ ha], family [s'em' ya´]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [ yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is'e´y ], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [ yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz’v’i´t’], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n’iya], lamb [yign’o´nak];
  • (Exceptions are only rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´ny, European [ ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pararchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [swa yi vr’e´m’ina], trains [pa yi zda´], let's eat [pa yi d’i´m], run into [on yi f: a´t ’], Belgian [b’il’g’i´ yi c], students [students'a'sch'i yi s’a], sentences [pr’idlazhe´n’i yi m'i], vanity [su yi ta´],
  • bark [la´ yi t ’], pendulum [ma´ yi tn’ik], hare [za´ yi c], belt [by´ yi s], declare [for yi v’i´t’], I will manifest [right yi v’l’u´]
• after the separation hard "b" or soft "b" sign:
  - intoxicates [n' yi n’i´t], express [from yi v’i´t’], announcement [ab yi vl’e´n’iye], edible [with yi do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ ya´marka], but the egg [ yi egg´].

Important:

Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions).
Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing:
- nightingales [salav' yi´], on chicken legs [on kur’ yi’ x "no´shkakh], rabbit [kro´l'ich ' yi], no family [s’im’ yi´], judges [su´d’ yi], draws [n’ich’ yi´], streams [ruch’ yi´], foxes [li´s’ yi].

But:
Vowel "O" after soft sign "b" transcribed as apostrophe of softness [’] preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul’o´n], pavil yo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: mailed yo n, champagne yo n, tire yo n, company yo n, medal yo n, battle yo n, gil yo tina, pocket yo la, min yo n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 SOUND

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c.
  Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [g about light], silk [w about lx], whole [ts e´ ly], recipe [r’its e´ pt], pearl [w e´ mch'uk], six [sh e´ st '], hornet [w e´ rshen '], parachute [parash y´ t];
• Letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "AND" indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’] . Exception only for: [w], [w], [c].
  In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • yo - [o]: voucher [put' about fka], light [l ’ about hk’y], honey agaric [ap’ about nak], actor [act' about r], child [r'ib ' about nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul' e´ n '], mirror [s ' e´ rkala], smarter [smarter’ e´ ye], conveyor [kanv ’ e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [cat' a ta], softly [m ' a hka], oath [kl' a tva], took [vz’ a l], mattress [t’u f’ a k], swan [l'ib ' a zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [cl' y´ f], people [l ' y´ d’am], gateway [shl’ y´ c], tulle [t’ y´ l ’], costume [kas’t ’ y´ m].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [at e´ l ’], strap [br’it e´ l’ka], test [t e´ st], tennis [t e´ n: is], cafe [kaf e´], puree [p’ur e´], amber [ambergris e´], delta [d e´ l’ta], tender [t e´ nder], masterpiece [shad e´ vr], tablet [tablet e´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into a sound [and](excl. for [c], [g], [w]).
  Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes:
  - h e rno [s' and rno´], s e blah [h' and ml’a´], in e gray [in ' and s’o´ly], sound e nit [z'v' and n’i´t], l e sleep [l' and dreamy], m e heifer [m ' and t’e´l’itsa], n e ro [n' and ro´], prin e sla [pr'in' and sla´], in I zat [in ' and za´t’], l I walk [l' and ga´t’], n I grater [p ' and t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ']: b anan - b Christmas tree,
  • [in] - [in ']: in height - in june,
  • [g] - [g ’]: G orod - G duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: d acha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: h out - h ether,
  • [k] - [k ']: to onfeta - to yenguru,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l yuks,
  • [mm']: m agia - m dreams,
  • [n] - [n ']: n new - n ektar,
  • [n] - [n ']: P alma- P yoshik,
  • [r] - [r ']: R omashka - R poison,
  • [s] - [s ']: With uvenir - With surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
  • [f] - [f ']: f lag - f February,
  • [x] - [x’]: X orek - X searcher.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [w], [c], [w]- always solid and life, c ikl, we sh b);
  • [h '], [u '] and [th']- always soft (up to h ka, cha sch e, yours th).
• Sounds [w], [h '], [w], [u '] in our language are called hissing.

consonant may be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most voiced phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: l ev, R a th, n about l b.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant in front of you (g, b, s, etc.): h a in about d, b lu d about, and and h n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st about PC a, f and shk a, to about st yum, c irk, for sh it.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m), labial -dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x). The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases:
"Oh, we didn't forget a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs).

“Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but and[but sh], dream G[s'n'e´ to], ogoro d[agaro´ t], clu b[clo´ P];
• before deaf consonants: forget it dk a [n’izabu´ t ka], oh bh wat [a ph wat’i’t’], Tue ornik [ ft o'rn'ik], true bq a [true´ PC a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant is not combined with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: vz whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom.

If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], without ssh smart [b'i w: smart].

When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u '], [h '] and [th] by default only soft;
• always soften the sound [n] before soft consonants "З", "С", "Д", "Т": claim [pr'ite n'z’iya], review [r’icee n'z’iya], pension [pe n's' iya], ve [n'z'] spruce, face [n'z'] ya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd'] it, and [n'd'] ivid, blo [n'd'] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't'] uk, vee [n't'] ik, zo [n't'] ik, ve [n't'] il, a [n't'] personal, co [n't'] text, remo [n't'] irate;
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analyzes in composition can be softened before soft sounds[h ’], [u ’]: stack LF ik [staka'n'ch'ik], sm nsch ik [sm'n'shch'ik], by LF ik [po'n'ch'ik], kame nsch ik [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard rsh ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], bo rsh[borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: st enka [s't'e′nka], zhi zn[zhiz'n '], zd is [z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, in square brackets opposite the letter "b" is put [ - ] dash.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-deaf: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (zh, sh, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: reception zzh iy [pr’iye´ LJ ii], in ssh existence [wa shh e´stv’iye], and zzh elta [i´ LJ elta], szh cry [ LJ a'l'itz: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [ : ].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", pronounced as a double hard consonant [and:], a "ssh" - "zsh"- how [w:]: squeezed, stitched, without a tire, fit.
• Combinations "zzh", "lj" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [and:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• Combinations "sch", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch':]: check [ sch': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of a preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" transcribed as [sh'h']: no number [b'e sh'h' isla´], with something [ sh'h' emta].
• With a sound-literal analysis of the combination "tch", "dh" at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h':]: pilot [l'o´ h': ik], young dh ik [little´ h': ik], oh PM em [a h': from].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation:

• mid → [sch':]: happiness [ sch': a´s’t’ye], sandstone [p’i sch': a´n’ik], peddler [miscellanea´ sch': hic], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [sch':]: carver [r'e´ sch': hic], loader [gru´ sch': hic], narrator [raca´ sch': hic];
• zhch → [sch':]: defector [p'ir'ibe´ sch': ik], man [mu sch': i´na];
• shh → [sch':]: freckled [v’isnu′ sch': italy];
• stch → [sch':]: tougher [jo´ sch': e], sharper, rigger;
• zdc → [sch':]: buster [abye´ sch': ik], furrowed [baro´ sch': italy];
• ss → [sch':]: split [ra sch': ip’i′t ’], became generous [ra sch': e'dr'ils'a];
• tw → [h'sh']: split off [a h'sh' ip’i′t ’], snap off [a h'sh' o’lk’ivat’], in vain [ h'sh' etna], carefully [ h'sh' at'el'na];
• pm → [h':]: report [a h': o′t], fatherland [a h': izna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ h': i′ty];
• dh → [h':]: underline [pa h': o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pa h': ir'itsa];
• szh → [and:]: shrink [ and: a´t’];
• zzh → [and:]: get rid of [and and: y´t ’], ignition [po´ and: yk], leave [uyi and: a´t’];
• ssh → [w:]: bringing [pr'in'o′ w: th], embroidered [ra w: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:]: lower [n'i w: y′y]
• thu → [PCS], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [PCS]: to [ PCS o′by], ​​not for anything [n’e′ for PCS a], anything [ PCS o n’ibut’], something;
• thu → [h’t] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'i h't a´t’il’], mail [by´ h't a], preference [pr'itpa h't’e´n’iye] and so on;
• h → [sn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´ sh a′], boring [sku´ sh a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• h → [ch'n]- letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [tale ch'n th], country [yes´ ch'n th], strawberry [z’im’l’in’i´ ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of a letter combination "zhd" double pronunciation and transcription allowed [sch'] or [PCS'] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T"- in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: me stn th [m'e´ sn th], reed [tra s'n'i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words le stn ita, che stn oh, Izve stn oh, happy stn ouch, grue stn oh, teaching stn ik, ve stn ik, nena stn oh, vehemently stn th and others;
  • stl → [sl]: scha stl willow [w': a sl’and´vyy "], scha stl willow, owl stl willow, hwa stl willow (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: giga ntsk iy [g'iga´ nsk'y], yeah ntsk uh, presidency ntsk ii;
  • sts → [With:]: she sts from [she With: o´t], rise sts i [take it´ With: a], damn sts I [kl'a´ With: a];
  • sts → [With:]: turi sts cue [tour'i´ With: k’y], maxims sts cue [max'imal'i´ With: k'y], rasi sts cue [ras'i´ With: k'y], be sts eller, propaganda sts cue, expressioni sts cue, indian sts cue, quarry sts cue;
  • ntg → [ng]: re ntg en [r'e ng'e´n];
  • "–tsya", "-tsya" → [c:] in verb endings: smile to be[smile´ c: and we to be[we c: a] see tsya, please tsya, bow to be, brie to be, godi tsya;
  • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: de ts cue [d'e´ c k'y], sconce ts cue [bra´ c cue];
  • ts → [c:] / [cs]: dispute ts men [spar c: m'e´n], oh ts ylat [a tss yla´t’];
  • mall → [c:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long "tss": bra mall a [bra´ c: a], o mall to drink [a c: yp’i´t’], to about mall y [to a c: y'];
• "D"- when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: on zdn uy [by´ z'n' y], star zdn th [z’v’o´ zn th], right zdn ik [pra′ z'n'ik], without compensation zdn th [b'izvazm'e′ zn th];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mu ndsh knock [moo nsh Tu´k], la ndsh aft [la nsh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: golla ndsk iy [gala´ nsk'y], taila ndsk iy [taila´ nsk'y], norm ndsk iy [narma´ nsk'y];
  • zdc → [sc]: under y zdc s [pad y sc s´];
  • ndc → [nc]: golla NDC s [gala´ nc s];
  • rdc → [rc]: se RDC e [s’e´ rc e], se RDC evina [s'i rc yv’i´na];
  • rdc → [rf"]: se rdch ishko [s'e RF’i´shka];
  • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often at the roots, they are pronounced and, when the word is parsed, it is written as a double [c]: dts to drink [pa c: yp’i´t’], two dts at [two´ c: yt’];
  • ds → [c]: factory ds koi [zava c ko´y], ro ds yours [ra c yours´], sre ds yours [cf’e´ c tva], Kislovo ds to [k'islavo´ c to];
• "L"- in combinations:
  • lnc → [nc]: co lnts e [co´ nc e], co lnts state;
• "AT"- in combinations:
  • inv → [stv] letter parsing of words: hello vstv go away [hello´ stv uit’e], chu vstv o [w’u´ stv a], chu vstv value [ch’u´ stv'inas't'], balo vstv o [bala stv o´], de vstv enny [d'e´ stv'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student, patient , bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [ : ] during literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter. If our resource was useful to you, we will be grateful for the support in social networks.

References

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000

Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967

Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.

Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012

Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999