The message is a simple and complex sentence. What is a complex sentence

Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that has in its composition at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation.

For example: In front of us, the brown, clayey shore sloped steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.

Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonation-semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.

Difficult sentence closely related to a simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.

Therefore, to determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.

The structural difference is obvious: A complex sentence is a grammatical combination of sentences (parts) somehow adapted to each other, while a simple sentence is a unit that functions outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonational interconnectedness, as well as the interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the amount of messages they convey.

A simple, uncommon sentence reports one single situation.

For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; Evening; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.

Difficult sentence reports several situations and the relationship between them, or (in a specific case) one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the person speaking.

For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I am afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.

In this way, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formed combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and about the relationship between them.

Depending on the method of linking simple sentences as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: unions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).

Allied sentences are divided into compound and compound sentences.

In compound sentences, simple sentences are joined by coordinating conjunctions. and, but, or, then ... then and others. Parts of a compound sentence are, as a rule, equal in meaning.

In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions. what, to, how, if, since, though etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where and others, which express different meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.

As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses are distinguished (or, which is the same, the main and subordinate clauses).

subordinate clause that part of the complex sentence is called, which contains a subordinating union or an allied pronominal word; the main clause is that part of the complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or to which it is correlated).

In the schemes of non-union and compound sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence as part of a complex sentence is also indicated, while subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. The diagrams indicate the means of communication and punctuation marks.

For example:

1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three launches could be seen in the distance.

, . - non-union complex sentence (BSP).

2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped off.

AND . - compound sentence (CSP).

3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to harvest rye.

, (what...). - complex sentence (CSP).

A special group of complex sentences are sentences with different types of connection.

For example: Painting is poetry seen and poetry is painting heard(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and submission.

The scheme of this sentence:, (which ...), but, (which ...).

Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to the coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.

Main differences come down to the following.

In a complex sentence, a sharp boundary cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be framed by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.

The writing and subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of detecting the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (the composition) conveys these relations in a less dissected form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.

So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessive, causal or conditional relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of unions though, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be framed by the same connecting union and.

For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and light, The winter dream was blown away, And spring hummed in the forest.(Block); Winter is like a magnificent wake. Get out of the house, Add currants to the twilight, Pour wine over - that's kutya(Parsnip); The child was not messed with - and he does not know music(V. Meyerhold).

Likewise, adversarial conjunctions a and but can form a concessive relationship: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity.(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he has a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm can cool, and then everything is lost(Aksakov); investigative: I know that you are saying all this in annoyance, and therefore I am not angry with you.(Chekhov); comparative-comparative: It would be necessary to laugh until you drop over my antics, and you are the guard(Chekhov).

When prompted, disjunctive unions can form a conditional meaning, which, within the framework of a subordinating relationship, is expressed by the union if (not) ... then: You marry or I will curse you(Pushk.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relations expressed, composition and subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, a close interaction is revealed between them.

2)The coordinative connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence, it is associated with an expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purpose of expanding, complicating the message; in a complex sentence, a composition is one of two types of syntactic connection that organizes such a sentence itself.

3) Composing and subjugation are correlated with non-union in different ways.

The writing is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of the composition are weaker in comparison with the possibilities of subordination, and from this point of view, the composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.

The composition is both a syntactic and lexical way of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.

Further concretization and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union, based on the general semantics of the combined sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are taken over by the ratio of species, temporal forms and moods.

So, the conditional-investigative meaning in sentences with the union and comes to light more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily - perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense - in the second: Experience constancy in good deeds, and then only call a person virtuous(Griboedov, correspondence).

If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable allied compounds with them ( and here, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore, and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then the subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relations between sentences.

4) However, the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less unambiguous than in a phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences in the complex remains outside the revealing possibilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.

So, for example, in complex sentences with the union when, if there is a message in the main sentence about emotional reactions or states, against the background of the actual temporal meaning, elements of causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] Rudeness excites and offends me, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, not soft enough, amiable enough.(Chekhov); A native railway station painted with ocher appeared. My heart skipped a beat when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).

If the content of the subordinate clause is evaluated from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporal meaning is complicated by the target: Such cute things are said when they want to justify their indifference.(Chekhov). In other cases, with the union when comparative values ​​are found ( No one got up yet, when I was ready at all. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is here, when is he just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).

As the third type of connection in a complex sentence, it is often distinguished unionless connection .

However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relationship between asyndically connected sentences (conditional) is expressed by a completely definite ratio of predicate forms ( If I didn't invite him, he would be offended; If there was a real friend nearby, trouble would not have happened), non-conjunction is not a grammatical connection.

Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union turns out to be impossible, although in the semantic plan, a well-defined correlation is established between different types of non-union, compound and complex sentences.

So, for example, by the nature of the relationship, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor in the other ( I hear knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, in terms of certain accompanying circumstances ( What was the snow, I was walking!, i.e. (when I walked)). The relations that develop between sentences during non-union can receive a non-grammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of allied types, especially compound ones.

The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex one do not have intonational, and often meaningful (informative) completeness; such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.

As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:

firstly, the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions here, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which already refers the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole to the plane of reality or unreality;

secondly, conjunctions (primarily subordinating) can take an active part in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;

thirdly, finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings that are very often found in the unions themselves and in their analogues are found.

A feature of the sentences that make up a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. The mutual adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex one can manifest itself in word order, mutual restrictions of types, forms of tense and mood, in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means for indicating this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when they are combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of a complex sentence.

It turns out that simple sentences are not so simple, and complex ones are not so complex, if you know well what they are. Why is it impossible to use only simple sentences or combine all of them into complex ones? What are allied and non-union proposals? How to distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, and an allied one from a non-union one? You will learn about all this in the lesson and will be able to answer the questions asked. If you complete all the exercises and tasks, you will feel more confident.

Subject: Compound sentence

Lesson: The main types of complex sentences

A complex sentence differs from a simple one in the number of grammatical bases. A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex one has two or more. But two simple sentences are not the same as a complex one consisting of the same simple ones. Between simple sentences in complex there is a semantic and intonational connection. There is more information in a complex sentence than in two simple ones.

2. Reference and information Internet portal "Russian language" | Dictionaries... ().

Literature

Russian language: Textbook for 9 cells. educational institutions / S. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Cheshko. M.: Education, 2011.

Russian language. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvov, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Drofa, 2011.

Unified State Exam in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Demonstration version of the control measuring materials for the Unified State Exam in 2013 in the Russian language, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS.

A demonstration version of control measuring materials for the state (final) attestation (in a new form) in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE in 2013 of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education was prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS".

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are simple or complex. Both of them perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

As part of a complex, two or more simple sentences are distinguished, interconnected by conjunctions or only intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. As a means of communication, coordinating unions are used, which are divided into three groups. On their basis, the following types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection are distinguished.

1. With connecting unions: AND, ALSO, YES (= AND), ALSO, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, HOW ... SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound unions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I too went home. Soon Anton Not only read all the books in the home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of compound sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( And thunder rumbled, and the sun broke through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled and a dump truck followed him) or one follows from the other ( It's already quite dark and had to disperse).

1. With opposing unions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), ZATO, SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandpa seemed to understand everything. but Grigory had to convince him of the need for a trip for a long time.) or matching ( Some fussed in the kitchen a others began to clean the garden) between its parts.
2. With dividing unions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, THAT ... THAT, OR ... OR. The first two unions can be single or repetitive. It was time to get to work, or he was going to be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Whether Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( Her whole day then covered melancholy, then suddenly approached an inexplicable fit of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting unions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

The main types of complex sentences with a subordinate relationship

The presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing between them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: the allied word, unlike the union, is always a member of the sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew exactly what(union word, you can ask a question) I should look for. Tanya completely forgot what(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The place of the adnexa is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of clauses in NGN

Traditionally, it is customary to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, three main groups are distinguished into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

NGN with multiple clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following ways of linking simple to complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the structures described).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate part depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, what this day will never end because more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the whole part) and belong to the same species. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear what it was all just a bluff and what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (of the whole part). Garden, which the sown in May, already gave the first harvest, because life became easier.

Associative compound sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationship between them comes to the fore. It is they who influence the punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused anxiety: (= namely) in the corner someone rustled insistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: there appeared someone's figure);
• indicates the reason Sveta laughed: (= since) the neighbor's face was smeared with mud).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This is manifested in the fact that:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - no one else);
• into the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got overclocked - the opponent immediately remained in the tail); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you endure); comparison ( Will look frowningly - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communication

Often there are constructions that have three or more predicative parts in their composition. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating unions, allied words, or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connection. Michael has long wanted to change his life, but something constantly stopped him; as a result, the routine dragged him more and more every day.

The scheme will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

) a complex sentence is understood as a combination, combination, chain of sentences, each of which retains its semantic and structural independence. Considering that a simple sentence, which is part of a complex one, does not lose its essential features, the supporters of this point of view come, in particular, to deny the existence of a compound sentence as a syntactic unit.

According to the second concept of the essence of a complex sentence (justified in the works of V. A. Bogoroditsky, H. S. Pospelov, V. V. Vinogradov), its components, constituting a single syntactic unit, lose their independence. This point of view is the most widespread. However, its supporters face the question of what is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one. On this issue, there has been some disagreement among linguists.

Still others believe that simple sentences become components of a complex sentence, undergoing certain changes under the influence of a syntactic connection, however, the components of a complex sentence are characterized by varying degrees of similarity to simple sentences. Some may differ both in structure and functions, others may differ only in the absence of communicative independence.

Types of complex sentences

Compound sentences are of four types, which are distinguished by the types of connection between simple sentences in complex ones.

Compound sentence

Here, a complex sentence with an allied and non-union connection consists of two blocks connected by a coordinating conjunction "and".

The first block consists of 5 parts and is in the form of an SPP with consistent and homogeneous subordination.

The second block consists of 4 parts and is an SPP with homogeneous and consistent subordination.

Notes

Links

• The main types of complex sentences (video lesson, grade 9 program)

Literature

• Barkhudarov L. S., Kolshansky G. V. On the problem of the structure of a complex sentence.// Professor Mosk. University Academician VV Vinogradov. Sat. articles on linguistics. - M.: publishing house Mosk. un-ta, 1958. - S. 40-53.
• Bogoroditsky V. A. General course of Russian grammar. - 5th ed., revised. - M.-L.: State. social economy publishing house, 1935. - 354 p.
• Vannikov Yu. V., Kotlyar T. R. Questions of sentence structure. - Saratov: publishing house Saratovsk. un-ta, 1960. - 63 p.
• Vasilyeva N. M. The structure of a complex sentence /on the material of the French language of the early period/. - M.: Higher school, 1967. - 233 p.
• Vinogradov V. V. Basic questions of sentence syntax (on the material of the Russian language). // Questions of the grammatical structure: Sat. articles. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 389-435.
• Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 767 p.
• Gulyga E. V. The theory of complex sentences in modern German. - M.: Higher school, 1971. - 206 p.
• Dzhepko L.P. Structural-semantic and functional features of non-union compound sentences in modern English: Dis. … cand. philol. Sciences. - M.: MGLU, 1993. - 250 p.
• Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - 351 p.
• Ivanova I. P., Burlakova V. V., Pocheptsov G. G. Theoretical grammar of modern English. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 286 p.
• Ilyenko S. G. Questions of the theory of complex sentences in modern Russian: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state ped. in-t, 1964. - 37 p.
• Iofik LL Is there a compound sentence in English? (on the question of the form of a complex sentence). // NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1958. - No. 2. - C. 107-119.
• Iofik L. L. The problem of the structure of a complex sentence in the New English language: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state un-t im. A. A. Zhdanova, 1965. - 41 p.
• Iofik LL Compound sentence in the New English language. - L .: Leningrad publishing house. un-ta, 1968. - 214 p.
• Kolosova T. A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence.// NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1972. - No. 5. - C. 61-72.
• Kryuchkov S. E., Maksimov L. Yu. Modern Russian language. The syntax of a complex sentence. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977. - 188 p.
• Maksimov L. Yu. Multidimensional classification of complex sentences (on the material of the modern Russian literary language): Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - M.: MGPI im. V. I. Lenin, 1971. - 29 p.
• Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - 7th ed. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 511 p.
• Peshkovsky A. M. Is there a composition and subordination of sentences in Russian.// Peshkovsky A. M. Selected works. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. - S. 52-57.
• Pospelov N. S. On the grammatical nature of a complex sentence.// Questions of the syntax of the modern Russian language: Sat. articles. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1950. - C. 321-337.
• Russian grammar. Syntax. - T. 2. / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 709 p.

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See what "Complex sentence" is in other dictionaries:

A sentence consisting of two or more parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole. The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Difficult sentence- DIFFICULT SENTENCE. A complex phrase, indicated by intonation, as a complete whole, and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features ... Dictionary of literary terms

A construction of simple sentences denoting several situations related by some kind of relationship. By the nature of the syntactic connection (see Syntax) of its parts, a complex sentence can be complex, complex, or ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

difficult sentence- A complex phrase, indicated by intonation as a complete whole and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features (unions, ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Difficult sentence- A complex sentence is a syntactic construction formed by combining several (at least two) sentences on the basis of allied connections of composition and subordination or zero allied connection of non-union. Traditionally, the term "S. P." focuses on... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Sentences are divided into simple and complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common and non-common, that is, contain or not contain, in addition to the main secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very quickly. and He came.

A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.

A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with the subject and predicate as the necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. Cloud - black, heavy outlines.
A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main member (with or without dependent words). One-part proposals are:
Indefinite-personal: I was called to the director.
Generalized-personal: You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.
Impersonal: It's getting dark outside.
Definitely personal: I sit and draw.
Infinitive: Silence! You already have to go.
Name: Night. The outside. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
An incomplete sentence is a sentence that lacks one or more members (major or minor), which are indicated by the context or situation: Truth remains true, and rumor remains rumor. We talked as if we had known each other for ages. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll wear this blue one.

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and / or with the help of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
Compound sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), grammatically independent, connected in meaning and with the help of composing unions and, but, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex composing unions neither ... no...then... then ..., or ..., or ..., not that ..., not that ... etc.: The rain stopped and the sun rose. The phone will ring, then the doorbell will ring.
Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, to, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose, etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since, etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in the subordinate clause: I know that they are friends . He doesn't want to be expected. Sergei didn't answer because he didn't hear the question.
Unionless proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always grammatically independent, but sometimes unequal in meaning; unions and allied words are absent: The sun shone, birch trees turned green, birds whistled. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - there was such a cheat with it.