Speech redundancy- this is a problem, born largely due to the author's unwillingness to spend time and effort on polishing his own text. That is, instead of denoting his thought with a couple of precisely formulated phrases, the writer indulges in long explanations, which give us verbal redundancy.

Speech redundancy in the text can manifest itself in various forms.

Sometimes you can observe an obsessive explanation of already known truths: Daily consumption of milk is a healthy habit, not only children, but also adults eat milk, the habit of milk can persist until old age. Can this habit be called bad? Should it be abandoned? Of course no!

Speech redundancy also occurs when the same thought is retransmitted. For example: Russian athletes arrived at the Olympic Games in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also many foreign athletes will participate.

In some cases, the manifestation of speech redundancy can border on the absurd: The body was obviously dead and showed it with all its appearance.. In literary theory, such examples are called lapalissiades. The name of the term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis La Palis, who died in 1525. The fact is that the soldiers composed a song about the deceased commander, which contained the following words: Our commander was alive 25 minutes before his death. Lapalissiades give speeches an inappropriate comedy, asserting obvious truths. And inappropriateness, as a rule, is expressed in the fact that such turnovers emerge in situations associated with the most tragic circumstances.

Pleonasm.

Pleonasm (from gr. pleonasmos - excess) - this is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary words ( anticipate, speak aloud, dark night, etc..). Pleonasms arise mainly due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example, when combining synonyms: dull and boring; helped and contributed; nevertheless, however; for example.

However, in addition to obvious errors and oversights, there is the concept of " imaginary pleonasm", which the writer uses consciously as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech: Not will come back the time when the history of our country was rewritten to please someone's petty interests. Such a deliberate discrepancy attracts the reader's attention, enhancing the expressive effect.

It would not be superfluous to mention that the use of pleonastic combinations is very characteristic of folklore. As is known, expressively colored pleonasms have long been used in oral folk art, such as lived-were, sea-okiya, path-track and others.

Tautology.

A special case of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology(from Gr. tauto - the same, logos - word) occurs as when repeating words with the same root ( make a riddle, stop at a bus stop), and when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning ( young child prodigy, first debuted, interior design). The second case is often called hidden tautology, and often this indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed word.

In general, tautology - and in fact, the unintentional use of combinations of words with the same root - is a very common mistake. And even with careful proofreading of the text, it is not always possible to find all the tautological links. However, I believe that such repetitions should not always be considered as errors. After all, in many cases it is simply impossible to avoid tautology, and the exclusion of a single-root word from a sentence, replacing it with a synonym does not always give the desired effect - very often this leads to a distortion of the meaning or impoverishment of speech. We can assume that a pair of cognate words in a close context is stylistically justified if such words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and cannot be replaced by synonyms ( edit - editor; cook - jam, etc..)

Exceptions should also include the use of terminological vocabulary, which also often gives rise to tautological combinations ( dictionary of foreign words, investigation of investigating authorities, etc..)

12. Correlation between the concepts of "clericalism", "stamp", "standard".

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called bureaucracy. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style ( presence, in the absence of, to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; There is currently a shortage of teaching staff.).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative side in the activity of the enterprise if you can say: It is bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given verbal nouns formed with suffixes -eni-, -ani- and etc. ( revealing, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed ( tailoring, theft, day off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by prefixes not-, under- (undetected, failure). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such clericalisms [ The case of gnawing the plan thereof by mice(Hertz.); The case of flying in and breaking glass by a crow(Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her non-sticking of the sixty-kopeck mark ...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, the following sentence is inaccurate: From the farm manager V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of voice by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(Professor claims or his claim?), love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of the participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [ At the end of the sightseeing tour, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them.(better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person have nothing to do with clericalisms ( teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with an action value ( running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral meaning, name, excitement), many of them -tion changed in -ne, and they began to designate not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet biscuits, sour cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes ( acceptance, rejection, rejection). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language ( drilling, spelling, joining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusing accounting and increased costs., but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. The following combinations are often used in book styles: took part instead of participated, instructed instead of indicated etc. Verb-nominal combinations are fixed in the official business style to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, commend inappropriate), etc. In the scientific style, such terminological combinations are used, such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc. Expressions function in a journalistic style workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister etc. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, a combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical assistance). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

The influence of formal business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in a section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the area, in plan, at the level, due to and others. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase- the accumulation of verbal nouns, a lot of identical case forms made the sentence heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's make an edit like this: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Construction has been suspended due to lack of materials.(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Speech stamps become widely used words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Muse Petrovsky has a permanent residence in the hearts; Aphrodite entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out formulaic turns of speech: at this stage, in this period of time, to date, emphasized with all sharpness etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog the speech: In this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings ( question, event, series, conduct, deploy, separate, specific etc.). For example, a noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked ( Of particular importance are nutrition in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of tax from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word be, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps are pair words, or companion words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - held, scope - wide, criticism - sharp, problem - unresolved, overdue etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy. Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. locale are called ready-made, reproduced in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." The language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector employees, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, - phrases like household service (nutrition, health, recreation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in state institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

13. Literary editing as one of the components of the profession of a journalist: the concept of literary editing; the place of literary editing in the process of preparing a manuscript for publication; literary editing tasks

Literary editing - the search for the most accurate verbal expression of formulations, certain ideas, specific judgments or concepts, as well as arguments proving the author's position. Literary editing - this is such a reading of the text, which may require not only the correction of individual errors, but also the alteration of individual fragments of the text, the restructuring of sentences, the removal of unnecessary repetitions, the elimination of ambiguity, etc., so that the form of the text best matches its content.

Literary editing involves correcting stylistic flaws. Stylistic errors are understood as various kinds of errors associated with a violation of style and, in general, the Literary norm, including the wrong choice of the form of a word, the choice of an inappropriate stylistic variant that does not correspond to the general style of the text, etc.

Tasks lit. editing:

Evaluation of the manuscript in terms of relevance of the text to the goal

Identification of substantial advantages and disadvantages, verification of the accuracy and reliability of facts

Evaluation of the literary qualities of the text: compositional, genre, stylistic and logical

Lecture 10 Speech redundancy as a lexical error

The lecture discusses the main types of errors associated with speech redundancy and ways to overcome them.

Speech redundancy as a lexical error

The lecture discusses the main types of errors associated with speech redundancy and ways to overcome them.

Lecture plan

10.1. Speech redundancy

10.2. Tautology

10.3. Pleonasm

10.1. Speech redundancy

The French scientist, philosopher and writer Pascal once remarked: "I write long because I don't have time to write short." This paradoxical statement has a deep meaning: negligence when creating a text usually turns into verbosity, and brevity and clarity of speech are achieved as a result of hard work with the word. Everyone knows the famous saying of A.P. Chekhov: “Brevity is the sister of talent,” but not everyone and not always manages to find the most accurate words in order to simply and clearly express a thought.

A typical lexical error that lies in wait for the speaker and writer is speech redundancy.

Speech redundancy - the presence of superfluous words in the statement, verbosity.

Maxim Gorky, reading the manuscripts of young writers, always paid attention to verbosity. For example, he did not like the passage: “We worked silently, without words. In the course of two hours of digging trenches, the soldiers working nearby did not exchange a single word. In the margins, Gorky remarked: "What is the point of writing 'silently, without words', when it is clear that if a person is silent, he does not speak."

The most well-known are two types of manifestations of speech redundancy:

- tautology,

- pleonasm.

10 .2. Tautology

Tautology 1. Identity, repetition of what was said in other words, not introducing anything new: Author's words are the words of the author.

2. Repetition in a sentence of single-root words: Payroll payments must be made on time.

Let's look at some examples.

From a lecture on cultural studies, we learned many useful knowledge. tautological combination learn… knowledge can be avoided: learned a lot of useful.

We are every month we pay subscription fee per phone. Correctly: we pay a fee.

In the collection proposed task options, proposed in entrance exams to leading Russian universities in recent years. Correctly: … options are given (collected) ...

There are many tautological combinations in the language, the use of which is inevitable, since they use terminological vocabulary: a dictionary of foreign words, a foreman of the fifth brigade, to suffer from Graves' disease, etc.

Many words related by origin in the modern language have lost word-formation connections, therefore, combinations of the type black ink, white linen, red paint are not tautological.

training exercise

Find tautological combinations of words in the given examples.

1. A torrential downpour turned a small stream into a raging stream.

Torrential downpour. Correctly: pouring rain or shower.

2. The project of an ultra-modern hotel was designed by a young architect.

Designed the project. Correctly: developed (created) a project.

3. In their free time, children are engaged in circles.

From classes ... are engaged. Correctly: in my spare time from class...

4. This funny incident that we want to talk about happened five years ago.

The incident happened. Correctly: the incident happened.

5. The plant has developed new instruments and scientific developments in the field of anti-corrosion coating.

Designed… developments . Correctly: new devices have been created and developments have been made ...

10 .3. Pleonasm

Pleonasm - verbal redundancy arising from the misuse of words, one of which duplicates the meaning of another: memorable souvenir, local aborigines, unexpected surprise.

Consider examples.

With success, a garbage truck could serve most of the city. But instead she spends hours uselessly idle in the garage. Word stand idle already contains in its meaning an indication of inaction, the useless use of working time, therefore, combining it with words useless, useless, useless, useless, in vain are wrong. Correctly: … idle for hours in the garage.

Andrew came back speaking loudly and vigorously gesturing with hands. There are two incorrect combinations in this sentence: verb return implies a backward movement and therefore does not need an adverb back; word gesticulate means "to make gestures, movements of the hands", which means that the noun arms redundant. Correctly: Andrei returned, speaking loudly and gesticulating vigorously.

Life in this town stopped for a while to be reborn, in a new quality. According to one of the meanings of the prefix air-( cf. recreate, restore) verb revive already contains an indication of the appearance of an action, a process again, therefore word again with this verb it is redundant, unnecessary.

The only concert of the Spanish guitarist Pepe Romero took place at full house. One of the meanings of the word full house -"An announcement that all tickets for a spectacular event have been sold." This word is also used in the expression with a full house (go, pass). It is a mistake to use the word full house with an adjective full, since its meaning is already included in the content of the word full house. Correctly: … passed with a buzz.

Unfortunately, speech redundancy is often found in oral and written speech. In the following phrases, extra words are in italics: first premier, electorate voters, all color elite, summit top notch, free vacancy, success victories, aggressive extremism, its autobiography , immunity privacy, positive success, on the the very front front, urban mayor, main a priority, the first leader, longing for nostalgia anterior proscenium, employment on work, advanced vanguard, a joint cooperation, complete fiasco, one hundred rubles of money, price-list prices, marginal limits, in September month, hour time ordinary everyday life, enter the annals history, theatertrawl role, printed press.

Despite the fact that we can meet these expressions in speech quite often, they remain speech errors.

A grammatical variety of pleonasm is errors in the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. For example, forms like more better because the word better is already a form of comparative degree, so the word more unnecessarily. There is a similar error in the expression the very best, where two forms of the superlative degree of the adjective are mixed: simple - the best and composite the best

Some pleonastic combinations have become entrenched in the language. For example, exhibition exhibit (exhibit -"exposed" ) .

Tautology, like pleonasm, can be a stylistic device that enhances the expressiveness of speech. So, speech redundancy underlies many phraseological units: eating, seeing the views, shaking, sitting by the side, all sorts of things, etc. In artistic and journalistic speech, tautological repetitions become a source of speech expression, for example, in the headings of articles: "Extremes of the Far North", "Is it an accident", "The green shield asks for protection."

training exercise

Find pleonastic expressions. Decide which word is redundant.

1. The first debut of the young singer was very successful.
2. The young child prodigy was known throughout the country.
3. He foresaw the danger that threatened him.
4. The time when the history of our country was altered for the sake of a false ideology will not return back.
5. This is a new door design that has no analogues in the world market.

Er.I.KHAN-PIRA

Pleonasm and tautology. Different fates of pleonasms

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pleonasm is a linguistic term. He has a competitor tautology. The correlation of these terms is understood by linguists in different ways. Here are some examples. " Pleonasm< ...> 1. Expression redundancy as a permanent property of a linguistic unit. (The author does not illustrate the interpretation with examples. - E.Kh.) 2. A figure of speech, consisting in the accumulation of synonymous expressions; ... stylistic redundancy. ¦ Russian. It is necessary to finish, complete, carry out the work begun. Pleonasm grammatical <...>Accumulation of synonymic grammatical means. ¦ Russian. Ta handsome and I, young and I woman..." ( O.S. Akhmanova. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966).

« Tautology <...>Unjustified redundancy of expression; cf. pleonasm. ¦ Russian. simple. the best, the more beautiful” (ibid.). So, unlike tautology, pleonasm is justified redundancy.

Let us turn to the “Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms” by D.E. Rosenthal, M.A. Telenkova (M., 1985, ed. 3rd), addressed to the teacher: “ pleonasm <...>Verbosity, an expression containing unambiguous and thus redundant words (unless it is connected with a stylistic task, for example, in a gradation built on synonyms). Every minute of time(a minute is always associated with the concept of time); in the month of April(in the word April the concept of a month has already been concluded); industrial industry (industry- the same as industry); step back (retreat- means "to step back, move back"); his autobiography(in the word autobiography already contains the concept of "one's own"); meet for the first time (meet means exactly the first meeting), etc.».

Word unambiguous has three meanings. Here it is used in the first of them: “having the same or identical meanings” (by the way, these meanings should be distinguished: the carriers of the first ones are absolute synonyms, doublets, triplets, etc.: linguistics, linguistics, linguistics; the carriers of the latter are denotative synonyms (synonyms by denotation, by the object of naming), the concepts designated by them have the same scope, but differ in content: skyscraper and clouds; Old Church Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian). Use of the word unambiguous in the first of its values ​​is inaccurate in this case: minute and time to retreat and back, industry and industrial and others like. not synonyms. Tautology in this dictionary is interpreted as follows: “1. Identity, repetition of what was said in other words, not introducing anything new. Author's words are the words of the author. 2. Repetition in the sentence of single-root words. The following features of the work should be noted. <...>3. Unjustified redundancy of expression. Better position(in the shape of the best already enclosed value compare. degrees). The highest peaks(in the shape of highest already concluded value is excellent. degrees). In my opinion, the mention of the third meaning (“unjustified redundancy”) could, as is customary in lexicography, be accompanied by the indication: the same as pleonasm. Therefore, in this dictionary the term tautology understood as generic, and the other (pleonasm)- as a species.

In the encyclopedia "Russian language" (M., 1997, 2nd ed., revised and additional) about pleonasme It is said: “a figure of speech based on the use of semantically close, often logically redundant words in a phrase or sentence. P. is sometimes considered as a kind of repetition. The peculiarity of P. in relation to certain types of repetition and the extreme form of P. (i.e. repetition? - E.Kh.) - tautologies - in the lexical, root or sound non-identity of the repeated components.<...>With a broad interpretation, P. is often understood as verbosity, bordering on the "vice of style." Redundancy appears in P. as a constant property of a linguistic unit, since it is motivated by the transfer of an already expressed meaning (highlighted by me. - E.Kh.): me personally, my autobiography, industrial industry (industry and there is industry) legacy of the past (heritage- a phenomenon received from previous eras), full face (full face from the French en face- in the face), foreign lands etc. Combinations built on the basis of P. can acquire a stable character: to beat around the bush. The boundary between P. as a lack of speech, an error, and P. as a stylistic figure of adding unsteadiness is determined by the general style of the era<...>". From the cited it follows that pleonasm and tautology are varieties of repetition. As if picking up the thought of O.S. Akhmanova about the constant property of the redundancy of a language unit, the author of the encyclopedic article explains the presence of this property by being motivated by the proximity to another language unit. But after all, neighborhood arises in speech, and not in language: words I and personally no redundancy, just like its and autobiography. The article "Tautology" in this encyclopedia was written by another author. Apparently, because of this, examples of pleonasms got here: memorable souvenir, resume again, salary amount, satirical caricature, which leads to the conclusion: pleonasm is a kind of tautology.

"Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" (M., 1990) presents pleonasm as "redundancy of expressive means used to convey the lexical and grammatical meaning of the statement." Here the mention of "expressive means" confuses. When they talk about the expressive means of a language, they usually mean, for example, emotionally expressive vocabulary. It is doubtful that such linguistic means are necessarily used in every pleonasm. This is confirmed by the dictionary entry itself: “By its nature, speech can be: 1) obligatory - determined by the system or language norm, 2) optional, stylistic - determined by the expressive goals of the utterance. Required P. is widely represented in the grammar decomp. languages, for example, in the agreement system (duplication of grammatical meanings of a noun in the form of words dependent on it), in some constructions of verbal control (duplication of spaces. meanings of verbal prefixes in prepositions, cf. come down from the tree<...>) or double negation (Never was) etc.<...>The concept of tautology is closely connected with the concept of P., which is sometimes considered a kind of P.. O tautologies in the same dictionary it is said that it is “a meaningful redundancy of the statement, manifested in the semantic duplication of the whole and its part.” Tautology "always belongs to speech (usus), is not included in the system and norm of the language,<...>is optional and indicates a lack of logic. and language literacy of the speaker, allowing T. unconsciously (not as a stylistic device). T. can be explicit, lexical, i.e. expressed in the repetition of the same or close words (cf.<...>at A.P. Chekhov drowned corpse of a dead person), and hidden, propositional, i.e. manifested in the semantic identity of logic. subject and predicate of the sentence (ex.: an unstable person often changes his beliefs and inclinations; here the predicative part duplicates the meaning of the subjective part). Sometimes T. is fixed in phraseological. expressions<...>, cf. Russian path-roads". Mentioning "in Russian. lang. constructions with the so-called. tautological infinitive (cf. I haven't read it, but I know) or tautological. gerund (lying down), the dictionary reports that “such cases of T. are characteristic of colloquialism. and folk-poetic. speech and differ from colloquial errors - T. type more warmer- his stylistics. coloring." Let me note: the belonging of any fact to vernacular already gives the fact a certain stylistic coloring.

In the "Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" by J. Maruso (translated from French, M., 1960) pleonasm explained as follows: “The redundancy of words in a phrase, redundant from the point of view of an accurate transmission of thought; There are several types of pleonasm called periphrase, perissology, dittology, tautology. J. Maruso names cases when words with the same root that are close in meaning are used “to emphasize a certain thought in a statement: Le carrosse foot verse and renverse“The carriage was overturned and overturned.” BUT tautology J. Maruso understands it as a "pleonastic expression", consisting of the repetition of "the same thing, either by literal or by approximate repetition." The translator's note is made to this: “Cf. Russian to this day or completely". As you can see, J. Maruso considers tautology to be one of the types of pleonasm.

In the "Concise Linguistic Dictionary" G.A. Nechaev (Rostov-on-Don, 1976) there is no article "Pleonasm", but about tautology it is written: “redundant, superfluous expression or word, for example, biography of life, patriot of the motherland, free vacancy, the most profitable". There are examples of a superfluous word, but where are the superfluous expressions?

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words" L.P. Krysina (M., 1998, further TSIS) pleonasm- “a figure of speech in which words are repeated that are the same or close in meaning (for example, patriot of the motherland, had a dream). P. is widely represented in folk poetry (sadness-longing, bitter grief, path-path), often used as a stylistic device. Reinforcing meaning: But without fear, without fear, Shengibis went to battle(“The Song of Hiawatha”, translated by I.A. Bunin<...>)". BUT tautology The dictionary treats as a two-valued term: 1. lingua. The repetition of the same thing in other words, which does not clarify the meaning and is usually a speech error. Examples: dead corpse, longer. "2. philosophy. In logic: a logical error in the definition of a concept, consisting in the fact that the definition is replaced by a change in the verbal form of the concept being defined. Example: A circle is a geometric figure of a round shape..

What is the difference between tautology dead corpse from pleonasm dreamed in a dream? In modern language dead body= dead body, and dreamed in a dream = dreamed about, i.e. sema dead included in the meaning of the word dead body, and the seme dream- in meaning dreamed. In both cases, the phrases are physically present, but semantically absent words (dead, sleep). And in both cases, this is not a "repetition of the same", but an unnecessary doubling of one of the fam.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (edited by D.N. Ushakov, hereinafter TSU) about pleonasme it is said: “A figure of speech containing unambiguous words, expressions, for example: the dispute was long and protracted; I kissed and kissed him; finish, complete, finish work". Perhaps it would be more accurate to say about the above words equivalent or close in meaning: equivalent long, lengthy; to kiss, to kiss(the latter is stylistically colored); finish, complete(both of these words refer to an action leading to the end of what has been started). BUT execute– relative synonym (quasi-synonym) to finish, complete(he needs a word started, but they don't). Dictionary shows tautology as a term of two disciplines - literary criticism and logic: “1. A kind of pleonasm is the repetition of the same thing in other words, and therefore unnecessary (lit.). 2. In logic, a judgment in which the subject is identical with the predicate (philosophical)". "Repetition of the same in other words" means the repetition of a thought. It is not always an overkill to be avoided. For example, the repetition of even absolute synonyms in a text helps to avoid its monotony (cf. of course, of course, of course, naturally). Or let us recall those found in scientific works, for example, by M.V. Panov, repetitions of the essence of an already expressed thought, beginning with words in other words, in other words and help to better understand this idea.

In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" (in 4 volumes, further MAS): " Pleonasm <...> Lit. A figure of speech in which words of the same meaning are combined, which are redundant from the point of view of logical meaning ( run away, dreamed in a dream etc.)". questionable combination words of the same meaning. The relationship of meanings is that the meaning of one of the combined words is included in the meaning of the other? " Tautology. Lit. Re-designation of an already named concept by another word or expression that is close in meaning. Note: Dictionary ed. D.N. Ushakova has a different attitude to different pleonasms: some of them are a flaw, a mistake, others are not. The MAC understands pleonasm more narrowly than TSU, and points to the unnecessary duplication of TSU contained in it, considering the second meaning of the tautology as belonging to logic, thereby considering the tautology to be a logical error. And the IAU, seeing the term of literary criticism in tautology, allows us not to consider it a mistake.

In the "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (St. Petersburg, 1998, further BTS) pleonasm -“verbal excess in terms of the semantic completeness of the statement, stylistic expressiveness, expressed in the accumulation of words close or identical in meaning ( dream in a dream, the best, a crowd of people, his autobiography etc.)". Among the examples, I don’t see a single one where there would be words identical in meaning, but in the interpretation itself it is found expressiveness expressed, which can hardly be called a pleonasm or a tautology both according to the TSU and the MAC, but can be considered a tautology according to the reference dictionary by D. Rosenthal and M. Telenkova ( tautology in the 2nd value). In pleonasm credited the best, and in the article "Best" among examples of correct combinations with best(as superlatives good): The best runner in the world. Which rehabilitates the line in the famous song: "After all, you are rightfully supposed to walk in the best shoes."

Tautology in BTS: “1. Repeating the same thing in other words, not clarifying the meaning (no examples. - E.Kh.). 2. Log. A judgment in which the object being defined is determined through itself. The article ends with an adjective from tautologies and examples of its combinations with nouns: "T. epithet. T phrase. T-th definition. T speech. T. text". If it is clear which of the two meanings tautologies an adjective derived from it is used, standing next to speech, text(apparently, in the 1st) and in which near definitions(in the 2nd), there is no clarity in the remaining two examples. Are we not dealing here with tautology, but with pleonasm as BTS understands it?

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova (M., 1997, further secondary school) pleonasm marked "special." and is understood as “a figure of speech in which words are repeated unnecessarily, partially or completely coinciding in meaning (for example, twenty people), or such, in which the meaning of one word is already part of another (for example, own autobiography, patriot of the motherland, work colleague)". Unfortunately, there is no example of the words "partially coinciding in meaning." Tautology marked "book" interpreted as "the repetition of the same thing in other words, without specifying the meaning" (no examples).

Before the fact of such terminological disagreement, I am forced to specify my understanding of the terms pleonasm and tautology. I accept understanding pleonasm in SOSH with some clarifications: a phrase in which words are used that completely match in meaning (twenty people), or those in which the meaning of one word is already included in the meaning of another (twenty man soldiers, folklore, joint agreement).

Noteworthy are cases in which we are talking about an indefinite, approximate number of people, money: About forty soldiers entered the room; Soldiers entered, forty people(cf.: about forty soldiers, about forty soldiers, about forty soldiers, forty soldiers entered) or: He had forty rubles in money; It was forty rubles. This usage seems to be acceptable in colloquial style.

Tautology- repetition of the same thought in other words that do not clarify and / or clarify it. Let's take two sentences . A people that oppresses other peoples cannot be free. Only a people oppressed by an authoritarian or totalitarian government and infected by it with xenophobia and the idea of ​​superiority over other peoples, only such a people can oppress other peoples. There is no tautology here.

PLEONASMA GENUINE AND IMAGINARY

1. Written record keeping

By clarifying the terms, we can talk about real and imaginary pleonasms, limited by time and eternal.

I have come across a strange combination in the works of archival historians: written office work. I asked some of them: “What else can there be office work? What could be office work without written documents a hundred or more years ago? They agreed that it could not be otherwise. Probably, they subtracted this phrase from the works of archivists of the past. But why did they write like that? The Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries published today. does not register this word. It is also not in the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, which was published in the first edition during the life of Catherine II. The answer, it seems, is offered by the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century. Here are the meanings of the word office work then: "1. Doing something, deed, action. Made up my mind<он>the first in Russia to start a fleur factory<...>For twenty years, not sparing his labor and his dependence, he practiced<...>in this business<...>Chemical business. Through chemical mixing, melting, burning, dissolving, souring and other chemical office work<...> 2. Kants. The beginning of any office work is a petition. Radishchev. For some reason, the compilers of this volume of the dictionary refused to interpret office work in its second meaning, limiting itself to the label “clerical” and providing an example from Radishchev. Let me remind you: a petition is a written document.

Apparently, the second value is the result of a narrowing of the first. And, perhaps, in order to clearly distinguish in the text office work in the second meaning, the authors of the past wrote office work, writing. Let's look at the 2nd edition of the Dictionary of V.I. Dahl. Here is his interpretation office work: “official paper correspondence” (with all due respect to the author, I note that in Dahl’s time, correspondence in institutions was only on paper, therefore paper correspondence then and later - pleonasm). Almost 80 years have passed - and in TSU: “ office work <...> (canc.). Management of clerical affairs. The office is doing business". Litter stationery“means: characteristic of a clerical, business style” (TSU).

For a long time already the first meaning of this word is semantic archaism, and therefore written office work turned into pleonasm. Already in the 19th century, the use of this phrase was, I believe, a tribute to tradition and inertia. However, today, in the era of computerization, when computers invade office work, the term may arise (if it has not yet arisen). computer office work (machine office work) and resuscitation is possible, the rebirth of the term written office work, which today will no longer be pleonasm, but will be the name of the traditional form of office work. Thus, the phrase written office work(becoming pleonastic due to the action of intralinguistic processes that led to archaization, to the transition to the passive semantic stock of the first meaning of the word office work) as a result of the action of extralinguistic factors can return to the active vocabulary. At the same time, in the semantic composition of the word office work there will be (has been?) the loss of the seme "written documents", the place of which will be (taken?) by the seme "documents". Consequently, the meaning of the word office work will again expand, but not to the previous volume inherent in it in the 18th century. word fate office work and phrases written office work recalls what Hegel called the negation of negation.

2. Government official

If at the very beginning of the 20th century someone wrote or said government official contemporaries would be quite surprised. They would take this phrase for a mistake, pleonasm. After all, what at that time and a hundred years before him meant the word official? IN AND. Dahl explained: “an employee of the sovereign and a favored rank, chief or staff officer or general, although senior officials are more called dignitaries.” Redundancy (pleonasticity) of phrases government official at that time would have arisen due to the presence in the lexical meaning of the word official seme "state".

In TSU official interpreted as follows: "1. State employee (pre-revolutionary, loaded), 2. trans. A person who treats his work with official indifference, without active interest, is a bureaucrat. (reproach.), 3. Hierarchal Missal, a book according to which the bishop serves (church.)". (In the third sense, this is a homonym for the word official in the first two meanings, although etymologically these words are relatives.)

It seems to me that, interpreting the first meaning, the dictionary erroneously omitted the seme “rank”. IAS did the same with the first meaning: "civil servant in pre-revolutionary Russia and in bourgeois countries." More precisely, the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language": "a person who is in some rank in the public service (in pre-revolutionary Russia and abroad)." And secondary school: "in Russia until 1917 and in some countries abroad: a civil servant with a rank, official rank." No one called a janitor or a cloakroom attendant in the public service, say, in the Imperial Academy of Artists, officials, but the painter M.V. Nesterov had the rank of court adviser, and letters to him from the Academy were addressed to "His Honor Mikhail Vasilievich Nesterov", and letters to Repin - "His Excellency Ilya Efimovich Repin."

All four dictionaries mark the figurative meaning of the word official. The IAU interprets it most precisely: “An official who performs his work formally, following the instructions, without active participation in the case.” The seme "official" is not mentioned in the interpretations of the figurative meaning of this word in other dictionaries, where it is replaced by the seme "man". But a worker, an actor, a teacher, a collective farmer, “carrying out their work formally”, “without interest, indifferently”, were hardly called officials in a figurative sense: after all, they were not officials, i.e. did not have administrative functions. And the figurative meaning itself, apparently, appeared after 1917, when this word ceased to be used in its direct meaning in relation to our post-revolutionary reality.

An interesting question is about the occurrence of the second meaning of the word official. This is a metaphor. Here the transfer of the name by similarity: the qualities of the worst part of the bureaucracy, found in the officials of the new time. At the same time there was an expansion of meaning.

Official in a figurative sense - a word stylistically marked (marked), emotionally colored, and therefore not used and not used in scientific and official business texts. I remember the bewilderment of attentive readers of Pravda when, at the very beginning of the 1950s, an official report appeared there that due to the negligence of "Foreign Ministry officials", "American intelligence agent" Anna Louise Strong proceeded through the territory of the USSR to the PRC. It was not clear in which of the two meanings the word was used. If in the first, then this is a signal for the return of the naming of civil servants with service ranks as officials (the Foreign Ministry members had them). If in the second, then this is the presence in the official text of an emotionally expressive assessment of the performance of employees (by the way, the American journalist was personally acquainted with Mao Zedong and visited China more than once).

Recently, the word official a new meaning appeared: "a person appointed to a non-elected administrative, administrative, managerial post." None of the dictionaries mentions this meaning. There was an expansion of the meaning: the seme "public service" disappeared, and the seme "rank" was replaced by the seme "official".

In the twenties and thirties of the XX century, they said apparatchiks, party apparatchiks. Now they say government officials, trade union officials, party officials. B.N. Yeltsin remarked about the discussion with Gennady Zyuganov: “I have nothing to discuss with him<...>I know all these former and current party officials well.<...>"(Izvestia. 1996. June 12). Tatyana Khudobina in the TV program "Vesti" (1996. July 12) said that "party officials have privatized their beautiful apartments." Mikhail Lyubimov asks: “Can a government official or an elected person go to Nice at the invitation of a certain concern?” (Moscow News. 1995. No. 22). In the "Political Dictionary" (Ch. 1. M., 1994. P. 116) we read: "The growing economic and financial opportunities of underground and legal business dealers lead to an increase in the scale of bribery of government officials." Fazil Iskander in Izvestia (December 30, 1995) said: “I would issue such a first decree: to reduce the wages of all state officials just enough so that no miners, no teachers go on strike.” In the book "Political Science: Encyclopedic Dictionary" (M., 1993. P. 113) we find: "People, groups, classes, society as a whole are considered as passive objects of activity of an ideologist and a state official." However, in the article “Officer”, this dictionary interprets the title word “civil servant” in this way. But with this understanding, the phrase is pleonastic government official, used in the already cited place from another entry in the same dictionary. And the phrase loses its meaning party official. Or it does not get the meaning that is put into it: after all, when using this phrase, they do not mean a civil servant who is a member of the party ...

It's interesting that official(in a new meaning) is used in our press and in materials about other states: “<...>one fact shocked ordinary Japanese taxpayers - it turned out that throughout the country, local bureaucrats spend a colossal amount on appeasement of "central" government officials<...>"(Izvestia. 1995. October 5); “In recent weeks, the Chinese press has begun to castigate the morally decomposed element among the officials of the party state apparatus” (Izvestia, 1995. September 26); "Kim Jong Il<...>places the responsibility for the difficult food situation on government and party officials” (Izvestia, 1997, March 21). And here I want to draw attention to the presence in Lenin's work "State and Revolution" (1917) of the phrase government officials. First, this combination appears in a quotation from an article by K. Kautsky (in Lenin's translation): “... we cannot do without officials in both the party and trade union organizations, not to mention state administration. Our program requires not the destruction of government officials, but the election of officials by the people" ( Lenin V.I. Op. Ed. 4. T. 25. S. 456). Lenin himself uses the combination government officials: “lowering the pay of senior government officials” (p. 392), ““specific bossing” of government officials”, “<...>we will reduce government officials to the role of simple executors of our instructions, responsible, replaceable, modestly paid “overseers and accountants”<...>"(S. 397). Lenin uses in this work the word official in the meaning of "official": "<...>in our political and professional organizations the officials are corrupted (or tend to be corrupted, to be more precise) by the conditions of capitalism and tend to become bureaucrats, i.e. isolated from the masses, in privileged persons standing above the masses” (p. 457), “Especially remarkable<...>the measure of the Commune emphasized by Marx: the abolition of all issuance of money for representation, all monetary privileges for officials, the reduction of the payment of all officials in the state to the level of the “wage of a worker” ”(p. 391). See also pp. 398, 458.

Word official in the new meaning stylistically neutral. It has not become an administrative-legal term, just as the word has not yet become governor, which in unofficial texts is called the head of the regional (territorial) administration.

Thus, as a result of expanding the meaning of the word official it became possible to combine it with the words state, party, trade union.

Sometimes you can read or hear how the president is called official, government official. This is hardly legal. The office of the president is elective, he himself is the highest elected official. BUT government official is a non-elected (appointed) official in the public service.

An established phrase government official in today's language (in synchrony) - an imaginary pleonasm. But in no case should this combination be used in relation to pre-revolutionary times: it is anti-historical, it will be a speech anachronism, i.e. “the use of a word or expression that does not correspond to lexical, phraseological, etc. the norms of this era" ( Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966). Here is an example of such an anachronism. The author writes about tsarist Russia:<...>simplified management structure, minimum number of civil servants, institution of jury trials, guaranteed freedom of movement of citizens, absence of a humiliating propiska rule<...>"(Centaur. 1995. No. 4. S. 23). Everything is correct except government officials.

Discussing this article with colleagues, I came across two considerations regarding the phrase government official. First, it is believed that it is used only by newspapers of a certain direction. Secondly, they believe that it has not become the property of the language.

As for the first consideration, it is easily refuted by the facts of everyday multi-channel radio and television speech, as well as the presence of this phrase in newspapers of various orientations. The second consideration that deprives the phrase of the status of a linguistic fact does not take into account the reproduction of this phrase for more than nine years by different authors in different publications, not to mention its constant use in daily radio and television speech. The phrase itself was the motivating basis for the word government official, which also indicates the linguistic status of the phrase.

Official in the new meaning, it is included as a generic name (hyperonym) in the lexico-semantic group consisting of the following specific names (hyponyms): government official, government official, party official, trade union official.

I emphasize: all the cited dictionary interpretations official do not give him the right to combine with state(pleonasm would have turned out) and with trade union, party(it would be what logic calls a contradiction in terms). Only the meaning, which has not yet been reflected in dictionaries, allows official match with the above adjectives. Against this background, the history of words is interesting. dignitary and bonze in the Russian language of the XX century according to the indications of dictionaries.

Dignitary: « (pre-revolutionary, loaded) An influential person with a high rank, a high position in the state; grandee." Bonze: "Buddhist priest in Japan and China" (TSU). In the Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov (1981) no bosses, a dignitary- this is " (outdated) A major influential official in a high position. Of course, with such dignitary and bonzoi you won't connect . Dictionary S.I. Ozhegov (1989, 2nd ed.): bonze: « (book) A swaggering official, an arrogant official," and dignitary(litters outdated. no) - "a high-ranking official in a high position." All four editions of the secondary school repeat what was said in the 21st edition of the Ozhegov Dictionary. MAC: bonze: "one. Buddhist priest, monk in Asian countries. 2. trans. with a definition. Razg. An arrogant, arrogant official who has become detached from the masses”; dignitary: “A person with a high rank, dignity in pre-revolutionary Russia. 2. Iron. About an arrogant worker occupying a high position. BTS: bonze: "one. In Asian countries: Buddhist priest, monk. 2. Razg. about a high-ranking official, public figure (usually arrogant, swaggering). Union Bosses»; dignitary: "one. An important official in a high position. Royal dignitaries. City dignitaries. 2. iron. About an arrogant worker holding a high position. Executive committee, ministerial dignitaries". TSIS: bonze: "one. The European name for Buddhist worshipers in Japan. 2. trans. disapproved. An arrogant, arrogant official. High-ranking bosses».

TSU does not register a figurative value bosses and dignitary, and in Ozhegov's Dictionary even in 1981 there is no bonzes, a dignitary has only one meaning, direct and obsolete. Since 1989 bonze in the Ozhegov Dictionary and in the secondary school only in a figurative sense, and dignitary devoid of litter obsolete, receives a residence permit in sync. Beginning with the MAC (2nd ed.), dictionaries show bonzu with metaphorical and extended meaning. It may well be that this is a semantic tracing paper. It's curious that bonze figuratively known to the Italian language already at the end of the 19th century.

MAC is the first to register a figurative (metaphorical and extended) meaning dignitary. Both of these words in figurative meanings can be combined with adjectives. state, party, trade union. In other words, what was impossible in diachrony (the case with bonzoi), became possible in synchrony, and what would have been pleonasm in diachrony (the case with dignitary), normally in sync.

3. Miscellaneous differences

So, government official- an imaginary pleonasm in today's language. But sometimes found in print and radio and television speech folklore- pure pleonasm: the seme "folk" was and is in the lexical meaning of the word folklore. And, of course, just as sterile pure pleonasm are the notorious illegal gangs, flashed in the texts of our media since 1994. And who saw the legal ones? Banditry is a criminally punishable act, i.e. pursued by law. How can formations of bandits, i.e. people engaged in banditry, be legal? But they write and say:<...>units of the 58th army and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs can already quite cope with illegal bandit formations ”(Izvestia. 1996. June 26). It is possible that illegal gangs- the fruit of combination contamination illegal armed formations and words gangs. This is a possible explanation, but not a rehabilitation of pleonasm.

The defenders of the totalitarian regime allowed themselves to express themselves in this way: “<...>this is no longer just philistine spitefulness, but a real deliberate slander on the Soviet state, our economic policy<...>»; «<...>it is also deliberate slander»; “The story of G. Vladimov (we are talking about the work “The General and his army.” – E.Kh.) is quite conscious, deliberate slander <...>"(From someone else's voice. M., 1985. S. 83, 86, 95). This is how the author, speaking in his own voice, understood slander, not knowing that the seme "deliberate, conscious, deliberate" is already in the lexical meaning of this word next to the semes "lie" and "defaming someone or something".

Folklore, illegal gangs, deliberate slander both in the past and in the present remain pleonasms, as well as clogging the speech of journalists joint meeting, joint agreement, joint alliance, joint cooperation, mutual cooperation. Just one example from this mournful series: "Vuk (Drashkovic. - E.H.) <...>achieved<...>signing of a joint agreement between the SDO, the Democratic Party and the Civil Union<...>"(Izvestia. 1997. March 25).

phrase dead corpses, which is mentioned in TSIS in the article on tautology, pleonasm. And today, and a hundred years ago, and in the time of Pushkin. But in the last scene of "Boris Godunov" we read: "People! Maria Godunova and her son Fedor poisoned themselves with poison. We saw them dead corpses". Did Pushkin overlook pleonasm, and together with the author, those who listened to the drama in his reading? Unfortunately, the "Pushkin's Dictionary of Language" in the article "Corpse", giving the explanation "dead body", simply gives the combination dead corpse and a quote from Boris Godunov. So, according to the dictionary, we have pleonasm. This is impossible to believe. And here the book of V.V. Vinogradov "Language of Pushkin", published long before the mentioned dictionary. Viktor Vladimirovich wrote about "techniques of stylistic unification" in "Boris Godunov" of "Church Slavonicisms and Old Russianisms with the norms of literary expression of the 1920s." He noted: “Church Slavonicisms, along with the words and phrases of the ancient Russian chronicle language, serve as forms of projecting persons and events into the everyday context of the reproduced era.” To the place where Viktor Vladimirovich spoke about “digressions”, “stylizing the speech life of antiquity”, he made the following note: “The fact that Pushkin used many monuments of Russian medieval literature for “Boris Godunov” only in the amount of quotations from them in the notes to Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" does not change the essence of the matter. It is important that the language material of Old Russian writing from the “Notes” is transferred to the text of the drama itself.”

If the combination put into the character's mouth dead corpses not pleonasm, then, therefore, here dead body in a meaning obsolete by Pushkin's time. Let's turn to dictionaries. In the "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" P.Ya. Chernykh, after pointing to the modern meaning of this word, we find: “Cf. Bulgarian dead body- “corpse”, as well as “torso”, “body (of a person or animal) without a head and limbs”<...>s.-horv. tr Z pack- “trunk”, “body” (for example, of a ship), “deck”, “block”<...>Slovenian trup– “trunk”, “hull”, “fuselage” (“corpse” – mrtvola, mrtve body) <...>Other Russian (since the 11th century) corpse- “dead body”, “corpse”, as well as “stump”<...>St.-sl. troupe- "dead body"". In the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by M. Fasmer we read that "other Russian. corpse– “tree trunk, corpse, carnage””. In the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" N.M. Shansky and T.A. Bobrov says that dead body- the word is common Slavic and that in Proto-Slavic it meant "stump, trunk, tree", and then - "trunk" and "corpse". "Complete Church Slavonic Dictionary" G. Dyachenko in the article "Corpse, corpse" cites the phrase corpse is dead and explains: "the bodies of the dead." And in the article “Corpse” indicates the meaning of this word: “belly, stomach; bodily camp. In "Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language" I.I. Sreznevsky among examples of the use of the word dead body there is also this one: “When they saw their naked and beaten lying, the corpse of Novgorodtsev was also dead, and soon ran away” (an example from the Pskov Chronicle). Volume "Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries." with a letter t not yet out of print, but in a volume on m , in the article "Dead" we find "Dead corpse, corpse - corpse, corpses(1380): And many ... fell dead corpses and many Christians were beaten from Tatars, and Tatars from Christians. Moscow years. And the corpses of their dead ones were swept up by ships and sunk in the sea. The life of Al. Nevsky.

There is a tale about how the king ordered the peasant to divide the chicken between the king, the queen and their children, and how the peasant did it: “The peasant scratched the back of his head and said to the king:“ You are the head of everything - you have a chicken head. Your queen - a homebody - her chicken tail. Daughters will get married and fly away - they each have a wing. Sons will not sit at home either - they have chicken legs. And I'm a stupid man - I have a sheepskin coat. There is a variant of the ending: "And I'm a stupid man - I have a corpse." M. Vasmer in his dictionary in the article "Torso" resembles the Old Russian body, Ukrainian toulub, Bulgarian tulub, tulobishche, Polish tulow, tulub, and in the article "Tulup" writes: "It is difficult to tear off from the words given on torso: Ukrainian toulub, blgr. sheepskin coat(“trunk, skin”)<...>In view of the fam. Tulubiev Sobolevsky<...>considers the form to -b- more ancient and connects it as primordial Slav. With torso<...>Others see in the name fur coats, sheepskin coat loans. from the Turks. Story sheepskin coat names the body. A variant of the fairy tale corpse also names the body, i.e. body without head and limbs.

dead corpses in "Boris Godunov" dead bodies. Pushkin stylizes the character's speech, archaizes it. To the place will again refer to V.V. Vinogradova: “... it is necessary to distinguish between the neutral system of the verse language of “Boris Godunov”, which is, as it were, the background of the characterological stratification of the styles of dramatic speech, from the individual characteristics of speaking assigned to individual characters in the drama. This “neutral” system of dramatic language in “Boris Godunov” determines the author’s manner of reproducing historical reality, introduces the listener and viewer into the style of the era depicted.” And even if we assume that Pushkin did not know about the ambiguity of the word dead body and perceived dead corpses in chronicle texts as pleonasm, he understood the archaism of this imaginary (as I believe) pleonasm and its archaic role in the speech of the character.

I consider it a pleasant duty to express my deep gratitude to Vera Alexandrovna Robinson (Plotnikova) and Mikhail Nikolaevich Lukashev, who supported me in the assumption of the imaginary pleonasticity of the combination dead corpses in "Boris Godunov" and gave some practical advice.

So, once a combination dead corpse was not pleonasm. But over time in a word dead body the meaning "body" added to itself the seme "dead" (perhaps this is the result of the operation of the law of economy of linguistic means), making duplication of semes unnecessary and turning the combination into a univerb. This is the reverse case of official.

Finally, I will dwell on the well-known and often recognized pleonastic combinations: in May(January etc.) month. The authors of popular advice on correct speech urge not to use the word in these combinations month. K.I. Chukovsky found these combinations arising from the desire for a warehouse and harmony in speech and did not call for the elimination of the word from them. month. Perhaps the matter here is not in harmony and warehouse. Perhaps the "extra words" in these combinations first appeared in written official speech. But be that as it may, they are present in the language and, in my opinion, are on the border of the literary language and vernacular. And there seems to be a touch of archaism and obsolescence on them.

Korney Ivanovich in the book “Living like life” (chapters 9 and 10) called the phrases “wild”, “inadmissible” price list, memorial monument, timing of time, memorable souvenir, industrial industry, folklore, biography of life, patriot of the motherland. He wrote: “Only dark people who do not know what emotion and feeling- synonyms, allow yourself to speak emotional feelings. And form moral and ethical could only be put into use by ignoramuses who do not know that moral and that means ethical". At the same time, Korney Ivanovich rightly defended the combinations: shame and disgrace, completely and completely, look back, today, neither light nor dawn, life-being, if yes, if only, for the time being, to age forever, to do business, sob sobbing, lying down, white-white, full -full: “Language creator - the people, the great artist of the word, is not enough with one rationalistic side in the language. He needs speech to be coherent and harmonious, so that there is rhythm in it, there is music and, most importantly, there is expressiveness. In combination shame and disgrace Chukovsky heard poetic meter (anapaest). And the fact that two words here “begin with a single sound [s], ... plays an important role.” This phrase is "so expressive, so flawless in rhythm and sound writing."

Lexical redundancy is the common name for two stylistic phenomena: pleonasm and tautology, associated with the presence of two words instead of one word in a sentence.

Lexical redundancy is used as a stylistic device of amplification: to see with one's own eyes, to hear with one's own ears.

PLEONASM (Greek - excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya. Also, this tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotions, assessments: In fact, it is extremely strange! - said the official, - the place perfectly smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably smooth! (N. Gogol, "The Nose"); The old fear gripped him again. everything from head to toe(F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"); - I didn't see you the whole week I didn't hear you so long. I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak up. (A. Chekhov, "Ionych").

2. A kind of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise, the definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. The author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad - Sergei Mikhailovich is pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to Dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, because more important means "more important"), first premiere (premier is enough - "the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work"), atmospheric air (enough air - "a mixture of gases that forms the atmosphere of the Earth"), eventually (correctly in the end or enough in the end), return back (the verb return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (enough import - "to import from abroad").

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, a period of time, an exhibit (Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy (democracy in Greek means "power of the people").

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: - Here you are laughing and bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - but I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly welcome you love and I love(M. Zoshchenko, "Love").

TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - the word) - a kind of pleonasm; the use of single-root words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: friendship friendship, a service by service; life to live– not a field to go; free will; in phraseological turns: walk shaking, crowded, eat by eater.

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon fairy tale affects, but not soon the deed is done; sit down sit, bitter grief.

The intentional use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “Gorky with fur mine laugh"(N. Gogol); "How mind is smart, how business is efficient, // How terrible fear, how darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young youth!" (Z. Ezrohi), “ Law there is law" (from the newspaper).

A tautology is a lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic goals and is random: to put together, to dance a dance, to treat sports in a sporty way, to confirm the statement. Usually they say about an unintentional tautology like this: butter oil.

Sometimes our speech is clogged tautology and pleonasm .

Tautology(from Greek tauto- the same and logos- word) is the repetition of the same words or case forms of one word within a small text, or a paragraph in written speech, or a fragment of a speech, or even within a single phrase.

An example from a student's review of a journal article by Professor L.I. Skvortsov "What threatens the Russian literary language?":

Author articles are categorically against the clogging of the Russian language with foreign words. Author is of the opinion that if we use "foreign" words, then our culture will no longer be purely Russian. Author writes that the extinction of Russia is already being felt.

An example from a student's response to a questionnaire question: "What role does the culture of speech play in the legal profession?"

Everyone needs to improve the culture of speech people but this is especially important for of people, who work with people: for lawyers, journalists, teachers, doctors, sellers.

To avoid tautology in your speech, it is enough to replace one of the identical words with another word or some pronoun. So, in the second example, the genitive form of the noun (for people) should be replaced by a similar form of the demonstrative pronoun (for those).

Pleonasm(from Greek pleonasmos- overabundance) is a verbal excess, when one of the two words carries redundant, duplicating information.

Such an episode from the biography of A.M. Gorky. While reading the manuscript of a short story by an aspiring writer, he came across the following phrase: Don't poke his nose where it doesn't belong. A.M . Gorky underlined this phrase and made the following note in the margin of the manuscript with a pencil: "How can you poke someone else's nose?"

Other examples with pleonasm:

in December month (because december is the name of the month)

One hundred rubles of money (because the ruble is the name of the banknote)

twenty five student man (one of the last two words is redundant)

belyashi with meat (there are no whites without meat)

my autobiography(this foreign word itself, literally translated into Russian, means “my biography”)

price-list prices (literally translated into Russian, the word price list means "current price").

A variation of pleonasm is the use in one phrase of the pronoun of the 3rd person (he, she, it, they) after the noun in the role of the same member of the sentence (most often the subject).

For example:

Studies, she is requires a lot of effort. Legend, she is created during the life of the artist Malevich(from the TV show).

Pronoun 3rd person here it is possible only in a new phrase.

For example:

It was a legend, it was created during the life of the artist Malevich.