How to distinguish iambic from chorea. Poetic meters

Any poetic work can be distinguished by the size in which it is written. The dactyl examples of which are given in this article are just one of them. There are also amphibrachs, anapaest, trochaic and iambic. It is worth noting that these are only the main poetic meters, in reality there are even more of them, some of them are already outdated at the moment. Individual poets in their works adhere to only one pre-selected poetic size, it can be dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. You can find examples in this article. Others use different techniques and styles when writing their poetry.

Poetic dimensions

Examples of dactyl will allow you to visualize what kind of poetic size it is. In Russian versification, the length of the line of a poetic work most often varies. Thus, each poetic size is divided into several components. So, an iambic can be, for example, one-foot, two-foot or three-foot.

A distinctive characteristic of almost any poetic meter is the presence or absence of caesura (this is a rhythmic pause) and catalectics (cutting and shortening of the foot).

What are the meter sizes?

All poetic meters, which are widely used in Russian versification, can be conditionally divided into only three groups.

The first includes monosyllabic dimensions. A classic example of this size is the brachycolon. This is a monolithic meter, when each foot contains a word consisting of strictly one syllable. At the same time, there can be several stops in one line of the work, this is quite allowed by the rules of versification.

The second group includes two-syllable sizes. These are perhaps the most common sizes in Russian poetry, which include iambic and trochee. We will talk about them in more detail.

In poems written in trochee, the stress always falls on the first syllable in the foot. In works created with iambic, the stress necessarily falls on the last syllable in the foot.

And finally the third group is called logaed. Its fundamental difference is that if all the previously given examples of poetic meters were based on a sequence of any number of feet of the same type, then logaed is a size at which several feet can alternate in one line at once.

Yamb

Examples of iambic, chorea, dactyl will help you easily distinguish one poetic size from another. In Russian versification, iambic is a poetic meter in which an unstressed syllable constantly alternates with a stressed one.

It is still not possible to establish the exact etymology of this term. It is only known that the so-called iambic chants were well known during the ancient holidays in honor of the goddess of fertility Demeter. That is why many now associate the birth of this term with the name of the servant of King Keley, whose name was Yamba. If you recall the myth, only she managed to cheer up Demeter, who remained inconsolable for a long time due to the fact that she could not find her daughter Persephone. It is noteworthy that Yamba managed to do this with the help of obscene poems.

According to another version, the name Yamba is an echo of an ancient word that has a slang meaning. It turns out that one way or another, the term is rooted in profanity. True, there is another version according to which the word came from a consonant musical instrument that accompanied the performance of iambic songs.

Examples of using iambic

Yamb has been well known since ancient poetry. The main difference between iambic and other poetic meters is its lightness, similarity to ordinary speech. Therefore, it was most often used by poets who wrote dramatic or lyrical works. For example, tragicomedies or fables. But iambic was not suitable for epic genres.

Yamb was actively used and is used in Russian poetry. For example, it was often used by Alexander Pushkin. Yamb wrote the beginning of his famous "Eugene Onegin" ("My uncle has the most honest rules ..."). By the way, this is an example of iambic tetrameter.

In Russian poetry, iambic four-foot was used in epic and lyric poetry, five-foot iambic was used in lyrics and dramas of the 19th-20th centuries, and six-foot in dramas and poems of the 18th century. There is also a free-sized iambic, which was loved by the author of fables of the 18th-19th centuries and comedies of the 19th century.

Chorey

Examples of dactyl and chorea will help you distinguish one meter from another. So, a trochee is a two-syllable poetic size. In this case, the foot contains first a long and then a short syllable, a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. Like iambic, it is widely used in Russian versification.

Most often, poets used a four-foot or six-foot trochee. From the middle of the 19th century, the pentameter polecat became popular and received significant development.

Khorei was often used by the main Russian poet of the 19th century Alexander Pushkin, alternating it with iambic. Therefore, a clear example of a chorea is best cited from his work. For a sample, you can take the poem "Winter Evening", which begins with the line "A storm covers the sky with darkness ...".

We will find an example of a pentameter trochaic in Mikhail Lermontov's poem "I go out alone on the road ...". This line, which is also the title of the work, clearly demonstrates the features of the pentameter trochaic.

Dactyl

Dactyl examples will allow you to remember this meter once and for all, so that you no longer confuse it with any other.

This is a tripartite size, which originates in ancient metrics. In Russian versification, this meter corresponds to a foot consisting of one stressed syllable and two unstressed syllables following it.

Examples of dactyl in poems can be found in Mikhail Lermontov - "Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers ...". Interestingly, there is even a mnemonic rule for remembering the features of a dactyl. Not to be confused with other sizes, the phrase "Dug a deep hole with a dactyl" helps.

In Russian versification, examples of dactyl are most often found in the four-foot version. Two-foot was popular in the 18th century, and three-foot in the 19th century.

The name of this meter comes from the Greek word for "finger". The point is that the finger consists of three phalanges, while one of them is longer than the others. So the dactyl foot consists of three syllables, one of which is stressed, and the rest are unstressed.

Interestingly, in the 1920s there was a theory of the origin of rhythm in poetry, which compared examples of poetry with dactyls with metrical hammer blows.

Amphibrachius

The five main poetic sizes of Russian poetry are trochaic, iambic, dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest. Examples of poems written with their help help you quickly figure out how to distinguish one size from another, without getting confused.

Amphibrachium is a special size that is formed by three-syllable feet. Moreover, a strong place, that is, a stressed syllable, is the second in this case. Thus, the following alternation is formed: unstressed syllable - stressed syllable - unstressed syllable.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the four-foot amphibrach was very popular, and from the middle of the 19th century, the three-foot amphibrach came into fashion.

Examples of such poems can be found, in particular, in Nikolai Nekrasov. In the poem "Frost the Governor" there are such lines: "It is not the wind that rages over the forest, \ Not from the mountains did streams run, \ Frost the Governor patrols his possessions."

Anapaest

Anapaest is also a three-syllable meter. It is often compared to the dactyl in that it is its opposite.

In ancient tradition, this was a poetic meter, consisting of two short syllables and one long syllable.

In Russian versification, an anapaest is such a meter when the foot consists of two unstressed syllables and one stressed one.

This poetic size became popular in the 20th century. Therefore, we can find examples in Alexander Blok - "Oh, spring without end and without edge! \ Endless and without edge is a dream."

Hexameter

There are poetic meters that were actively used in ancient poetry, and now they are practically not used. This also applies to the hexameter. This was the most common meter in ancient poetry.

This is a rather complicated meter, since in a broad sense it is any verse consisting of six meters. If you go into details, then a verse of five dactyls or spondees, as well as one spondee or trochaic present in the last foot, was called a hexameter.

Hexameter was used by Homer when writing the Iliad and the Odyssey. There is also the concept of "modern hexameter", which was common in European poetry of the XIV-XVIII centuries.

Trochee and iambic - poetic meters formed by two-syllable feet (we count: one-two, one-two).
In the chorea, the stressed syllable of the poem is the first, in iambic, the second.
Those. in chorea, the stress is on odd syllables, in iambic - on even ones.
It's easier to remember with this example:

Our Tanya is crying loudly
Dropped a ball into the river

Tatiana, dear Tatiana
with you now I shed tears

Dactyl:

I met a girl Tanya on the forum
Very smart, gives advice

Amphibrachius:

Tanechka writes on the forum
gives advice on the matter

Anapaest:

Tatyana writes to me on the forum
and gives advice on the matter

Two-syllable poetic meters:

Chorea: ONE-two, ONE-two.
Yamb: one-TWO, one-TWO.

Trisyllabic meter:

Dactyl: ONE-two-three, ONE-two-three
Amphibrach: one-TWO-three, one-TWO-three
Anapaest: one-two-THREE, one-two-THREE.

One step "one-two" or "one-two-three" is called a FOOT.
How many steps - so many stops.

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In this article, we will learn about iambic and trochee, touch on the history of their appearance, give examples of the use of these sizes, and also give an exact definition of them and related sizes.

Iambic and trochee in literature (as well as supplementing them, pyrrhic and spondeus), refer to the two-syllable poetic meters of the syllabic-tonic versification, which was formed in Europe around the 16th-17th centuries, as a result of the merger of the syllabic verse of the Romance and tonic verse of the Germanic languages.

The syllabo-tonic versification and its rules in the Russian language were finally finalized by Lomonosov (who established, in particular, the meter, based on the works of Trediakovsky) by the middle of the 18th century. And, until the middle of the 19th century, two-syllable sizes were mainly used, then displaced by Nekrasov's three-syllable ones, and then, by the beginning of the 20th century, with a tendency to blur borders and frames, they were replaced by a resurgent tonic.

Definition of what a ferret is and how it is used

The smallest structural unit of a verse is the foot - a sequence of a number of unstressed and one stressed syllables, alternating in a certain order. A disyllabic meter with an accent on the first syllable of the foot is called a trochee. From other Greek. χορεῖος - "dancing".

And it is used mainly to convey expression, in dance and round dance songs, more suitable for conveying melody.

Examples of chorea in literature (poetry)

Storm haze-th not-bo cr-et,
Whirlwinds of snowy circles.
Like a beast, o-na-o-o
Then for-cry-chet, like a child.
(A.S. Pushkin)

He is with To-to-shey and Ko-ko-shey
Along the al-lea he walked.
And mo-cha-lku, words-but gal-ku,
Word-but gal-ku, prog-lo-til.
(K.I. Chukovsky)

Definition of iambic and how it is used

The definition of iambic can be given as a counterbalance to chorea - a two-syllable size with an emphasis on the second (last) syllable of the foot. Although iambic and trochee in literature have the same meter, the former has gained great popularity and distribution due to its rhythm. The term leads its name, presumably, from other Greek. ἴαμβος, meaning the name of a musical instrument. According to another version, this instrument was only accompanied by iambic chants in honor of Demeter.

According to the myth, Yamba, the servant of King Keley, amused Demeter by singing obscene verses with such a meter.

Examples of iambic spelling (poetry)

Such poems as "Eugene Onegin", "The Bronze Horseman", "Poltava", "Mtsyri" were written in iambic tetrameter.

You-with-coy passion-ty is not i-me-I
For the sounds of life, do not spare,
He could not yam-ba from ho-re-i,
No matter how we fought, from-li-chit.
(A.S. Pushkin)

Additional information on the topic

Knowing already what iambic and trochee are in literature, it is worth supplementing the information about two-syllable sizes with pyrrhic - a foot of two unstressed (short) syllables, and a sponde - a foot of two long (stressed) syllables. It is thanks to these variations that iambic tetrameter has the richest rhythmic meter.

According to Bryusov's calculations, there are… about 100,000 rhythmic variations of iambic tetrameter, taking into account male (stressed) and female (unstressed) line endings! Almost the same for the pentameter. Such a richness of rhythm, which allows the realization of any poetic idea, with any variations, made the iambic the most common size in Russian poetry.

Video: writing poems in the size of iambs and trochees.

Which contains a long and short following it (in quantitative versification) or stressed and unstressed syllables following it (in syllabo-tonic, including classical Russian versification) syllables.

The most commonly used sizes of the Russian syllabic-tonic chorea are four- and six-foot, from the middle of the 19th century - five-foot.

Examples

You ho zhu about din I on the before ro gu;
Through that man cream nis ty path glitter titus;
Night ti Ha. Pus you nya in him years Bo gu,
And stars Yes from the stars before Yu th in rit.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Horey" is in other dictionaries:

Greek choreios, from choros, chor. A foot of one long and short syllable. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865. Chorea in other words: trocheus, in the versification of a foot of two ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Chorey- CHOREI foot, consisting of two syllables, with the first stressed syllable, as, for example, "storm". Compared to iambic, the trochee is poorer in terms of hypostasis (see Hypostasis), and therefore its rhythms are not as rich as iambic ones (Valery Bryusov “The Science of ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Or choreic verse, sponde, where in each foot the first syllable is long, the second is short. | Chorey, Arkhan., Samoyed. oshtol, a pole, with which they force draft deer. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

1. CHOREI [re] and [re], I; m. [Greek. dance choreios] Lit. A two-syllable foot with an accent on the first syllable in syllabic tonic versification (for example: Rush / clouds, / wind / clouds). 2. CHOREI [re] and [re], I; m. [from Nenets. hared drive] Long ... encyclopedic Dictionary

trochee- trochee. Pronounced [horei] and [trochee] ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

- (Greek choreios lit. dancing), trochey (Greek trochaios, lit. running), poetic meter with strong places on odd syllables of the verse (I disappeared like a beast in a pen, B. L. Pasternak). The most common sizes of the Russian syllabo ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

1. CHOREI1, chorea, male. (from Greek choreios from cho reios pus choral foot, choral size (lit.). Two-syllable poetic foot (emphasis on the first syllable, for example, storm | mist | sky | covers (Pushkin). we didn't fight... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

CHOREI 1, I, m. (spec.). Two-syllable poetic foot with stress on the first syllable. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

CHOREI 2, I, m. Pole, which is controlled by riding deer, dogs. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

CHOREI, me, husband. (specialist.). Two-syllable poetic foot with stress on the first syllable. | adj. choreic, oh, oh. II. CHOREI, me, husband. Pole, which is controlled by riding deer, dogs. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

• Three Russian Folk Lyric Measures, James Bailey. The Russian reader will have to get acquainted with the theoretical foundations and methods of analysis of Russian folk verse, proposed by the American versifier, folklorist James Bailey. Based…

literature two-syllable and three-syllable sizes of verses. examples. iambic. trochee. amphibrachs. anapaest. dactyl. and got the best answer

Answer from Hanna Klokava[guru]


When I fell ill in earnest,
He forced himself to respect
And I couldn't think of a better one.

Clouds roll, clouds roll
Invisible moon
Illuminates the flying snow;
The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

Stands alone in the wild north
On the bare top of a pine

She is dressed like a robe.


Fatal news of death.

There is a desecration of happiness.

Saved in slavery
Free heart -
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
In principle, it is quite simple to distinguish them, you just need to listen to the rhythm of each

Answer from Dmitry Anatolyevich[guru]

Chorey

Leaves are falling in the garden...
In this old garden, it used to be
I will leave early in the morning

Yamb


Let the vein of life be deep:
Diamond burns from afar -

Dactyl


I pointed by candlelight;

The mirrors are amazing. (A. Fet)
Amphibrachius


I raised the shining sword


Anapaest


You are sad in a flowery meadow.
Dodder among the fields of gold

Answer from Albert gilmanov[newbie]
thank you very much saved me

Answer from Zababurina Evgenia[newbie]
THX

Answer from Inga Sofia[newbie]
Thank you very much

Answer from Ludmila Bartkiv[newbie]
help determine what size the poem is written I erected a monument to myself .. and After the thunder after the storm After the hard, gloomy days

Answer from Amriko Tamriko[newbie]
Thank you all

Answer from Ivan Pereverzev[newbie]
Thank you fry much

Answer from Player Roller[newbie]
THX

Answer from Olga Shelpyakova[active]
Lyudmila Bartkiv:
I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk trail will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria. (With)
This is iambic even-footed. Two-syllable foot with stress on the second syllable.
Cross rhyme.

Answer from Yergey Sushkov[newbie]
Iambic - two-syllable size, stress on the second syllable. Example:
My uncle of the most honest rules,
When I fell ill in earnest,
He forced himself to respect
And I couldn't think of a better one.
Chorey is also two-syllable, but the stress is on the first syllable:
Clouds roll, clouds roll
Invisible moon
Illuminates the flying snow;
The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.
Amphibrach - a three-syllable poetic foot with an emphasis on the second syllable:
Stands alone in the wild north
On the bare top of a pine
And dozing, swaying, and loose snow
She is dressed like a robe.
Anapaest - stress on the third syllable:
Is in the melodies of your innermost
Fatal news of death.
There is a curse of sacred covenants,
There is a desecration of happiness.
Well, dactyl is a three-syllable foot with an accent on the first syllable:
Saved in slavery
Free heart -
Gold, gold
The heart of the people!
In principle, it is quite simple to distinguish them, you just need to listen to the rhythm of each
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Answer from Kirill Kuznetsov[newbie]
There are quite a few types of versification size, it is customary to distinguish five main sizes - trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrach, anapaest.
Chorey
Simple two-syllable meter versification. The stresses in it fall on odd syllables (1, 3, 7, etc.):
Leaves are falling in the garden...
In this old garden, it used to be
I will leave early in the morning
And wander anywhere. (I. Bunin)
Yamb
Two-syllable meter of versification, stresses fall on even syllables (2, 4, 6). The most common are 4-, 5-, and 6-foot iambic. For example, "Eugene Onegin" is written in iambic tetrameter.
So beat, do not know rest,
Let the vein of life be deep:
Diamond burns from afar -
Fractions, my angry iambic, stones! (A. Blok)
Dactyl
Trisyllabic meter. Stress falls mainly on syllables 1,4,7, etc., that is, a three-part foot on three syllables with verbal stress on the first syllable. The two-foot and four-foot dactyls are the most common.
Mirror to mirror, with a quivering babble,
I pointed by candlelight;
Two rows of light - and a mysterious thrill
The mirrors are amazing. (A. Fet)
Amphibrachius
Trisyllabic meter. Stress falls mainly on 2, 5, 8, 11, etc. syllables. The most common four-foot amphibrach:
I could no longer listen to the madman,
I raised the shining sword
I gave the singer a bloody flower
As a reward for a bold speech. (N. Gumilyov)
Anapaest
Trisyllabic meter. Stress falls mainly on 3, 6, 9, 12, etc. syllables. The most common is the three-foot anapaest.
My beloved, my prince, my fiance,
You are sad in a flowery meadow.
Dodder among the fields of gold
I curled up on that shore. (A. Blok)