Honor and dishonor in the old woman Izergil. Composition on the topic: Honor and dishonor in the story of the Old Woman Izergil, Gorky

During the period of romanticism Maxim Gorky creates a story Old Woman Izergil - about a woman who lived with feelings, who was not afraid of change and change of fate. Her love, sometimes reckless and merciless, guiding her, soon turned into a conscious choice - Izergil got married, because she realized that feelings alone cannot be lived.

The heroes of her stories are Larra, an arrogant person who lives only by his own whims and passions. He does not know what honor, dignity, compassion are, and therefore he is punished for this. Another feeling is guided by Danko - saving people, he gives them his heart, forgetting about himself. And he is dear to the author, despite the fact that in his act, it would seem, there is no logic, reason - why risk yourself like that, if your act is forgotten, your heart is stepped on?

Thus, the writer shows that, despite the endless sharpness of feelings, the mind also does not interfere.

Conventionally, this story (first published, by the way, in 1895) is divided into 2 parts for me personally: I separately perceived the legend about Larra (the bird-man) - there was more human in nm than bird: I did not endure human punishments; the girl chose the human race; outwardly he was a man; and accepted the rejection as a person.

Although, he himself, in his soul for himself, was more than a man - an eagle, like his father.

The second legend is about Danko, who led people through a terrible and dark forest: when people doubted nm, he took out his heart and lit the way for them - this is how he led people out of the terrible forest. And after that, his heart was trampled by one of these people.

The third is the old woman herself, who has been with men all her life and was not afraid to leave them. And old age is not lonely.

If I did the essay, then in the first case I would illuminate the topic from the side of the victory of human feelings over reason.

In the second, the sincerity of feelings and self-sacrifice for the sake of good, which were not appreciated because the heart Extinguishedquot ;, like a match simply.

In the third case, I see an intelligent woman who knew how to use the feelings of others for her; but did not appreciate them. Then (at the age of 40) she was repaid in the same manner - it hurt her and the realization that her time had passed ( I have grown old). This feeling came from the fact that she ceased to interest men as a woman.

Now she was already telling this without feelings and with empty eyes - only the body remained, which had completely dried up from the absence of emotions in nm.

I would think so, but everyone has their own conclusions.

What is more important reason or feeling? Heroes of the story Old Woman Izergil often live by feelings. For example Danko. He rips out his heart and lights the way for them to get out of the forest. Why did he do this? Of course, this is a fairy tale. And in fact, a person cannot tear his heart out of his chest. And what did M. Gorky want to tell us in this parable? Is it worth sacrificing yourself for other people? For example, a firefighter saves a child, although he knows that he himself will burn and die. Will he do it? Will he accomplish the feat? Yes, this is his job. But he also has a family and children at home, too. All these are questions of honor and dignity.

Someone will sacrifice their life, like Danko. Yes, of course, he was guided by feeling. He did not think about whether people would appreciate his act or not.

It seems to me that one cannot live by feeling. There must also be a mind. Like, for example, the old woman Izergil. She, of course, lived with feelings, loved and was loved, perhaps. But her mind told her that enough was enough, it was time to start a family. Some people don't have the intelligence to stop their dishonorable deeds.

In an essay on the topic of Reason and Feeling in the work of the Old Woman Izergil, I would briefly write about each hero from this story and then indicate how they were guided in their life choice: some by reason, some by feeling:

In Gorky's work Old Woman Izergil you need to consider three main characters: Larra, Danko, the old woman Izergil. These three characters are opposed to each other.

The legend about Larra, the son of a woman and an eagle, speaks of an extremely selfish and cruel person. Larra considered himself the first on earth and lived only for his desires and the fulfillment of his desires. When Larra was punished with loneliness for killing a girl, he laughed. But over time, the young man realized that loneliness is worse than death. He seeks death, but death does not take him. Larra is doomed to eternal suffering for his selfishness and cruelty.

The second hero is a handsome young man Danko, who sacrifices his life for the sake of people. Danko rips a heart out of his chest to light the way for people and lead them out of the forest. The realization that people would die without him made Danko perform his feat and sacrifice himself. People have put together a legend about his immortal feat, that his heart crumbled into millions of blue sparks that appear before a thunderstorm.

The third hero of the story is the old woman Izergil. The young beautiful Izergil lived with love for men. She threw herself into the pool with her head for a new feeling. Izergil drove men crazy, ruined them and abandoned them, then did not remember them. Izergil could be generous and capable of self-sacrifice, but on the whole she lived for herself.

Three completely different heroes who have been given more in life than other people. They have similar qualities: beautiful, young, strong, capable of decisive action. Each of them managed his life in his own way. Larra's life is tragic and consigned to oblivion. Danko's life is immortal and his heart still shines on people.

What did Gorky want to say in his work? He says that the value of human life is measured by his actions. For the writer, the ideal of a person is Danko, a person who lives among people and for people. Danko, Larra, Izergil live not by reason, but by feelings. If the heroes turned on their minds, then there simply would not be such heroes and there would not be these beautiful legends.

In the essay, it is necessary to consider three short stories by Maxim Gorky, each of which reveals a new facet of one problem. In the name of what we live, what should guide our actions - these questions should be in the center of our attention. Both young men - romantic heroes of short stories - live only by feelings, but Danko personifies altruistic feelings, and the image of his proud flaming heart is a symbol of selfless service to people, and Larra, cursed by people, rejected by heaven and not accepted by the earth, is a vivid example of selfish feelings. The only real character is the old woman Izergil. E story helps to understand that feelings should be illuminated by the light of love.

In each short story there are feelings, everywhere there is an image of the heart. Where is the mind? It carries the deep Gorky idea that the meaning of human life lies in the ability to fill it with service to people, then living human feelings will proudly glow, and not smolder.

The theme of Reason and Feeling can be well revealed using the example of the work of the Old Woman Izergil.

In the essay, it is necessary to disassemble the three heroes Larra, Danko, and the old woman Izergil herself, and these heroes must also be opposed to each other.

Larra is a selfish bang who does not know the feelings of compassion, living only more with whims and passions.

Danko is a man with a kind heart, a feeling of compassion in him will prevail over reason.

Old Izergil is a woman who lives with feelings.

The story Old Woman Izergil refers to the early, romantic period of creativity M. Gorky. The romantic hero acts under the influence of feelings, emotions. These are the heroes of each of the three legends of the story, who by their actions help to solve questions about the meaning of life and the true destiny of man.

Driven by a feeling of love and compassion for his fellow tribesmen, weakened in spirit in a dense and dark forest, Danko undertakes to save them. In a fit of despair, he tears out his heart and, like a torch, lights the way for people. However, his feat was not appreciated, and one cautious person trampled on his heart, but sparks scattered across the steppe, reminiscent of the feat of a brave young man. Yes, he did not have enough intelligence to set up people who would support him, but the author once again speaks with admiration about the madness of the brave and strong in spiritquot ;.

The hero of another legend, Larra, the son of a woman and an eagle, was punished for his arrogance by loneliness and immortality. People rejected him for arrogance and pride, and he did not try to find his place among them.

The very same old woman Izergil, who tells about these people, also tells her story. She loved a lot and indulged in passions, until she realized that it was time to start a family, as we would say take up the mindquot ;.

Reason and feelings must be in harmony, otherwise the result may not meet expectations. The writer himself was attracted by people with a warm heart, capable of crazy deeds for the sake of people.

I think that the essay on the story Old Woman Izergil you need to write starting with this catchphrase of the story In life, you know, there is always a place for exploitsquot ;.

Of course, this is a phrase about the fate of Danko, a man who always went to meet people.

Such a character in Danko was formed because he understood the feelings of other people, sympathized with them, because he felt their feelings.

Another character, Larra, went away from this into his own world, lived only for himself, listened only to himself, others were simply not interesting to him.

It is this, on the one hand, that such reasonable behavior led to loneliness.

It's like that in life too.

It seems right to live intelligently, but living with feelings is much more interesting.

Composition Reason and Feeling in the work of the Old Woman Izergil, like any other essay, it will consist of an introduction, the middle of the work, where clarifying details and endings are used.

In the introduction, you can write about the writer Maxim Gorky, when this work was created, about which it is brief. After all, this work is written according to the structure of a story in a story, mark it. Next, reflect on the mind and feelings in the work. The fact that you can not live only emotions and feelings. tell us about Danko's act, about Larro, the old woman Izergil and her stories. Think and put on a piece of paper what she wanted to say with her stories. Everything must be consistent.

* "Experience is the best teacher, only tuition fees are too high" T. Carlyle Download

The list of works of a small volume, most of them are software works that can be quickly re-read and remembered. Download

List of references for writing the final essay 2016-17

Mind and feeling

• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza"
• I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
• A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
• I. S. Turgenev "Asya"
• A. I. Kuprin "Olesya"
• I. A. Bunin "Dark alleys", "Natalie", "Sunstroke", "Easy breathing"
• M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
• Shakespeare "Hamlet"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wise Gudgeon"
• A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
• F.I. Tyutchev "Oh, how deadly we love ..."
• L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych", "The Man in the Case"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• J. Austin "Sense and Sensibility" (Eleanor's mind and Marianne's feelings);
• A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Onegin's mind and Tatyana's feelings),
• A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" (everything in the Prince - both mind and feelings);
• V. Zakrutkin "The Human Mother" (feelings that conquered the mind);
• A. and B. Strugatsky "Roadside Picnic" (work and relationships by Redrick Shewhart)
• F. Iskander "Dream of God and the Devil"
• L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara" (Bukhara, mind and feelings together, feelings that move the mind)
• J. Moyes "Me Before You" (Will's Mind and Louise's Feelings)

Honor and dishonor

• A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "The Stationmaster"
• Jack London "White Fang"
• L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Student"
• Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin "French Lessons", "Fire", "Women's Conversation", "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother"
• Viktor Petrovich Astafiev "The Sad Detective"
• Oleg Olegovich Pavlov "The End of the Century"
• N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"

victory and defeat

• E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
• B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
• EM. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
• V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
• Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"
• Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov "The White Guard"
• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
• A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino"
• M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

Experience and mistakes

• Jack London "Martin Eden"
• A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
• M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
• Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
• Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco"
• Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
• M. A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita", "Heart of a Dog"
• I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Friendship and enmity

• M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• EM. Remarque "Three comrades"
• Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"
• V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
• Nadezhda Borisovna Vasilyeva "Gagara"
• Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov "Oblomov"
• Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"
• Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev "Defeat"
• Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
• Daniel Pennak "Eye of the Wolf"
• Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
• F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Arguments from short stories for writing

Direction "EXPERIENCE AND ERRORS"

V. Oseeva. Grandmother (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

N.D. Teleshov. White Heron (abridged, read in 7 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Why? (read in 6 minutes)

B.Ekimov. Speak, mother, speak. (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Holidays on Mars. October 2026 (abridged, read in 3 minutes).

Go to. Red apples (read in 5 minutes).

K. Simonov. The major brought the boy on a gun carriage ... (read in 3 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. Mole (abbreviated, read in 4 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Red cat (abridged, read in 10 minutes).

K.G. Paustovsky. Telegram (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

R. Bradbury. Veld. (abbreviated, read in 10 minutes).

V. Oseeva. Magic word. (read in 3 minutes).

Y. Drunina. Zinka (read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. In the meantime, somewhere (abbreviated, read 10 meters

A. Mass. Trap (abbreviated, read in 8 minutes).

B.Ekimov. Night of Healing (abridged, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (abbreviated, read in 3 minutes).

V.Rasputin. French lessons (abridged, read in 8 minutes).

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (abridged, read in 6 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of man (abbreviated, read in 5 minutes).

Direction "MIND AND FEELING"

A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

A. Aleksin. Meanwhile, somewhere (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

A. Mass. Trap (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

B.Ekimov. Night of Healing (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

A. Mass. Difficult exam (fragment, read in 3 minutes).

N.V. Gogol. Taras Bulba (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Labyrinth (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

V.Rasputin. French lessons (fragment, read in 8 minutes).

A.P. Chekhov. In a pharmacy (fragment, read in 4 minutes).

Direction "HONOR AND DISCORD"

V.P. Aksenov. Breakfasts of the forty-third year (fragment, read in 6 minutes).

A.S. Pushkin. Captain's daughter (fragments, read in 12 minutes).

V. Bykov. Sotnikov (fragment, read in 7 minutes).

M.Yu.Lermontov. A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

M.A. Sholokhov. The fate of man (fragment, read in 5 minutes).

A. Likhanov. Pure stones (fragment, read in 10 minutes).

Direction "Friendship and enmity"

V.G. Korolenko "Children of the Underground"

The story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin "I forgot to ask Lyoshka ..."

EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTS BY DIRECTIONS 2016

"Mind and Feeling"

N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"

Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she kills her father-in-law and husband with his help, and then little Fedya, her husband's relative.

B. Ekimov "Night of Healing" Teenager Grisha, the hero of the story, came on vacation to his grandmother, who often screams, cries, and begs for help at night: she dreams every night that she has lost her cards and her children will remain hungry. Grisha does not shout to his grandmother: “Be silent!”, as his mother advised him to do, he acts with reason: with compassion and love, he cured her of terrible memories.

A. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet" For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheyna became the meaning of life, and the beloved woman became the one in which "all the beauty of the earth was embodied." This feeling helped him become morally superior to Bulat-Tuganovsky, Vera's brother, who decided that with the help of the authorities, love could be forbidden.

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Either an act is performed by a person guided by a feeling, or an act is performed under the influence of the mind of a character. The acts committed by Raskolnikov are usually generous and noble, while under the influence of reason the hero commits a crime (Raskolnikov was influenced by a rational idea and wanted to test it in practice). Raskolnikov instinctively left the money on the Marmeladovs' windowsill, but later regretted it. The opposition of feelings and rational spheres is very important for the author, who understood personality as a combination of good and evil.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

On the pages of world fiction, the problem of the influence of feelings and the mind of a person is raised very often. So, for example, in Leo Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other hand, haughty and prudent Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatole. Many conflicts in the novel come precisely from the excess of feelings of the characters, whose ups and downs are very interesting to watch. A vivid example of how a burst of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth influenced the fate of the heroes is the case with Natasha, because for her, funny and young, it was incredibly long to wait for a wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpectedly flashed feelings for Anatole the voice of reason? Here, a real drama of mind and feelings unfolds in front of us in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: leave her fiancé and leave with Anatole, or not succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrei. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only chance prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn the girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.

Heroes: Master, Margarita

Literary example: Love between the Master and Margarita flared up as soon as they saw each other: “Lightning strikes like that! This is how the Finnish knife strikes! The heroine loves the master with all her heart, breathes life into his apartment. She gives her inner strength and energy to the novel of her lover. The characters are very different. The master is calm, thoughtful. Margarita is strong and sharp. The master embodies reflection, thought, Margarita - action. They are so close spiritually that they simply cannot exist separately. Being insanely lonely before their meeting, the heroes gain understanding, support, sincerity and warmth.

For example, in drama Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" the main character inside is a struggle of soul and mind. Katerina is madly in love with Boris Wild and is looking forward to meeting him. This tells us about the manifestation of feelings, but the mind screams at her that they cannot be together, because she has a husband. When Boris leaves, Katerina realizes that their relationship is hopeless and jumps off a cliff into the water. The heroine performs an act provoked by a high feeling - love. The thoughtlessness of her absurd desire (it is not clear which one?) led her to the creation of irreparable stupidity.

"Honor and dishonor"

Honor is that high spiritual force that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens in the choice of an act, when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act honorably and take a blow, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to gain benefits and get away from trouble or even death. A person always has a choice, and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor, is even more painful. Disgrace is always punished. So, apparently, higher powers dispose of.

Moral decay, the fall of moral principles leads to the collapse of both the individual and the whole nation. Therefore, the importance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation and helper for many generations of people, is so enormous. Bright images created by writers with love and vitality seem to acquire materiality. They live among us and are an example of morality and honor.

The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. So in the story of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see how this happens and what results it leads to.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin Alexei Ivanovich is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and having been refused, he takes revenge, speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social treason: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better, cleaner. Reading the lines of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we, together with Pyotr Grinev, go through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age." Reading the great lines, I want to follow this rule.

"The Death of a Poet" M.Yu. Lermontov. Another brilliant poet, M.Yu. Lermontov, speaks of Pushkin, who fell victim to dishonorable and malicious envious people. Defending the honor of his wife and his own honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, who, with dubious behavior, could discredit the good name of the Pushkin couple. Alexander Sergeevich could not live “slandered by rumors” and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life.

The poet's soul could not bear

The shame of petty insults,

He rebelled against the opinions of the world

Alone, as before ... and killed!

But the "wonderful genius" of Pushkin illuminates with his radiant light the lives of many and many generations of descendants, and the "empty heart" of Dantes did not find happiness on earth and good memory after death. And as Lermontov said, “The executioners of Freedom, Genius and Glory” will not be able to wash away the righteous blood with their “black blood of the Poet!”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Literary example: Raskolnikov decides to commit a crime for the sake of his loved ones, driven by a thirst for revenge for all the destitute and poor people of that time. He is guided by a great idea - to help all the humiliated, destitute and desecrated by modern society. However, this desire is not realized quite noble. The solution to the problem of immorality and lawlessness was not found. Raskolnikov became a part of this world with its violations and dirt. HONOR: Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a mental breakdown. This is the most important thing for an author. You can get lost and confused. But getting on the right path is a matter of honor.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" The duel between Pierre Bezukhov and Dolokhov, described by L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace", also deserves attention.

Pierre Bezukhov is a purely civilian person, prone to philosophical reflection, far from worldly fuss and strife. He didn't know how to handle weapons at all. But he wounds Dolokhov, a fearless warrior, in a duel. Here Tolstoy, as it were, confirms the idea that justice is done and vice must be punished. At first, Pierre sincerely trusted Dolokhov, because, being an honest man, he could not assume dishonor in others. He brought him into his house, helped him with money in memory of an old friendship, and Dolokhov disgraced Bezukhov by seducing his wife. Pierre Bezukhov stood up for his honor, but, realizing that the stupid and cruel Helen does not deserve to be killed because of her, he repents of what happened. He thanks God for not killing the man. He is ready to repent before the duel, but not out of fear, but because he is sure of Helen's guilt.

Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor, drawing images of two commanders, Kutuzov and Napoleon - the defender of the Fatherland and the invader. An invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his act is the seizure of someone else's, which does not belong to him, as well as murder. Napoleon is depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, haughty and arrogant. He wanted to enslave the Russian people and claimed world domination. The figure of Kutuzov is opposite to Napoleon. He is depicted as the leader of a just people's war, connected with the people by close spiritual ties. This was his strength as a commander. Kutuzov's deep patriotic feelings, his love for the Russian people and hatred for the enemy, his closeness to the soldier distinguished him as a man of honor and high morality.

Tolstoy sees in the people a source of spirituality and morality, necessary for the whole society. According to Tolstoy, those nobles who stand closer to the people are moral and honest. They have a stronger patriotic feeling. Conversely, those nobles who distance themselves from their people and abhor them are callous and soulless.

Honour: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolai Rostov

Infamy: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helen, Ippolit and Anatole

Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin strove for this goal. For the sake of her, young Petya Rostov gives his life. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that owned both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete lack of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. By no means love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) is guided by Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the army. The first is studying "unwritten chain of command" to make a career. The second tries to distinguish himself in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. Military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the inhabitants, buys things at a cheap price...

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Woland, Master, Margarita

literary example. Lies, fear and dishonor permeate the novel through and through. Everyone lies, is afraid and cunning. Woland and his retinue bring the deceived townspeople "to clean water", but immediately deceive all those gathered in the variety show, skillfully playing on their passions. He also deceives the Master and Margarita, not allowing them to live even a day of the promised happy life in the basement. A deal with the devil is a grandiose deceit, crowned with death. Both heroes, having rendered service to the unclean and having received from him a promise of fulfillment of desires, were poisoned on his instructions on the same day, they did not have time to enjoy freedom.

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"(As you know, A. S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." The quarrel, which was caused by the offended honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death of the greatest writer. However , Alexander Sergeevich retained his honor and good name in the memory of people. In his story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin portrays Petrusha Grinev with high moral qualities. Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. It was worthy of respect and pride, a highly moral person. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander on Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death).

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man"(In a short story, Sholokhov touched on the topic of honor. Andrey Sokolov, a simple Russian man, had a family, a loving wife, children, his own home. Everything collapsed in an instant, and the war was to blame. But nothing could break the real Russian spirit. Sokolov managed endure all the hardships of the war with his head held high. One of the main episodes that reveal the strength and steadfast character of a person is the scene of the interrogation of Andrei Muller. A weak, hungry soldier surpassed the fascist in strength of mind. Refusal of the offer to drink for the victory of German weapons was unexpected for the Germans: "Yes, so that I, a Russian soldier, would drink for the victory of German weapons?" The Nazis appreciated the courage of the Russian soldier, saying: "You are a brave soldier. I am also a soldier and respect worthy opponents." Sokolov's firmness of character earned the respect of the Germans and they decided that this man deserves life. Andrey Sokolov personifies honor and dignity. For them, he is ready to give even his life.))

M. Lermontov. Novel "A Hero of Our Time"(Pechorin knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed a dishonorable act by offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel).

M. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich ...". (Lermontov tells about the permissiveness of people in power. This is Kiribeevich, who encroached on his married wife. Laws are not written for him, he is not afraid of anything, even Tsar Ivan the Terrible supports him, so he agrees to fight with the merchant Kalashnikov. Merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov is a man of truth, a faithful husband and a loving father. And even despite the risk of losing to Kiribeevich, he challenged him to a fistfight for the honor of his wife Alena. Paramonovich could have yielded to the tsar, avoided his death, but for him the honor of the family turned out to be more precious.Using the example of this hero, Lermontov showed the real Russian character of a simple man of honor - strong in spirit, unshakable, honest and noble.)

N. Gogol "Taras Bulba". (Ostap accepted death with dignity).

6. V. Rasputin "French Lessons". (The boy Vova with honor passes all the tests in order to get an education, to become a man)

A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".(Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost dignity. He is the complete opposite of Grinev. This is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself for the sake of his momentary desires. Popular rumor says: "take care dress again, and honor from youth. "Once having tarnished honor, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.)

"Experience and Mistakes"

A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" Dr. Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth,

gradually getting richer, he becomes important and rude, he has only one passion in life - money.

B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak…” Old Katerina's daughter lives in the city.

It's hard for a mother on a farm, but her daughter bought her a mobile phone. Katerina wanted to tell her daughter a lot, but she, saving money, got off with only a request to speak specifically about her health. But the little things in the life of a mother, the closest person, are also important. Fortunately, the daughter realized her mistake in time, and Katerina immediately felt how much her daughter loves, how much she needs to communicate with her.

V. Tendryakov "Nakhodka"

The gloomy, stern fish inspector Trofim Rusanov found an abandoned, newborn child in a remote forest hut. The inspector failed to save the baby, but this incident and subsequent events made him reconsider his attitude towards people, sympathize with them.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov

Literary example: Raskolnikov's theory is anti-human in its essence. The hero reflects not so much on the possibility of murder as such, but on the relativity of moral laws; but does not take into account the fact that the "ordinary" is not capable of becoming a "superman". Thus, Rodion Raskolnikov becomes a victim of his own theory. The idea of ​​permissiveness leads to the destruction of the human personality or to the generation of monsters. The fallacy of the theory is exposed, which is the essence of the conflict in Dostoevsky's novel.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.

Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart. Marriage with Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in the female field. Tired of a wild life, Pierre is eager to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.

Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long journey of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and ridiculous, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. We can say that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he originally pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: Pilate does not dare to go against the will of the Sanhedrin, with a feeling of committing an irreparable mistake, he announces his decision to the crowd. After this fatal act, terrible thoughts flash through the hegemon's head: "Immortality... Immortality has come... Whose immortality has come?" The hero was doomed to eternal suffering. After the execution of the innocent Yeshua, Pilate is tormented by terrible remorse. He clearly feels his mistake, but is no longer able to correct anything: "It was clear to him that this afternoon he had irrevocably missed something, and now he wants to correct what he missed by some small and insignificant, and most importantly, belated actions" .

"Victory and Defeat"

V.G. Korolenko "Paradox" (victory over yourself)

Jan Załuski is a cripple, but he believes that "man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight." The innate misfortune of the hero made him learn to masterfully, paradoxically control his body, surprising others and making them believe that every person is the creator of his own happiness.

A.P. Chekhov "Jumper"(victory over the disease) Doctor Dymov, saving a boy who fell ill with diphtheria, sucks out diphtheria films from him through a tube, becomes infected himself, and then dies.

B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet"(victory in the battle with the Germans, at the cost of the lives of anti-aircraft gunners who were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. The Great Patriotic War is a glorious and at the same time tragic page in the history of Russia. How many millions of lives it claimed! How many people became heroes defending their Motherland!

The war does not have a woman's face - this is the leitmotif of B. Vasiliev's story "And here they are quiet." A woman whose natural destiny is to give life, to be the guardian of the family hearth, to personify tenderness, love, puts on soldier's boots, a uniform, takes up arms and goes to kill. What could be scarier?

Five girls - Zhenya Komelkova, Rita Osyanina, Galina Chetvertak, Sonya Gurvich, Liza Brichkina - died in the war with the Nazis. Everyone had their own dreams, everyone wanted love, and just life. ("... all nineteen years she lived in a sense of tomorrow.")

But the war took all this away from them. (“After all, it was so stupid, so awkward and implausible to die at nineteen.”)

Heroines die differently. So, Zhenya Komelkova accomplishes a true feat, leading the Germans away from her comrades, and Galya Chetvertak, simply frightened by the Germans, screams in horror and runs from them. But we understand each of them. War is a terrible thing, and the fact that they went to the front voluntarily, knowing that death could await them, is already a feat of these young, fragile, tender girls.

Yes, the girls died, the lives of five people were cut short - this, of course, is a defeat. It is no coincidence that Vaskov, this battle-hardened man, is crying, it is no coincidence that his terrible, hatred-filled face terrifies the Nazis. He, alone, took several people prisoner! But it is still a victory, a victory for the moral spirit of the Soviet people, their unshakable faith, their steadfastness and heroism. And the son of Rita Osyanina, who became an officer, is a continuation of life. And if life continues, this is already a victory - a victory over death!

B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" Pilot Alexei Maresyev, the hero of the story,

only thanks to his will and courage he survived even after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled to our rear of the enemy. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron again, proving to everyone that he was in control of his own destiny.

E. Hemingway "Undefeated" The old matador, for the sake of a piece of bread and out of professional feeling, does not want to recognize himself as an invalid. He enters the arena and even seriously wounded by the bull remains undefeated to the end.

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea" Old fisherman Santiago from a breed of people inflexible. "Man is not made to fail," he says. His duel with a big fish is an example of unbending courage, steadfastness, invincibility.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova

Literary example: In the novel, Dostoevsky leaves victory not for the strong and proud Raskolnikov, but for Sonya, seeing in her the highest truth: suffering cleanses. Sonya professes moral ideals, which, from the point of view of the writer, are closest to the broad masses of the people: the ideals of humility, forgiveness, and humility. "Crime and Punishment" contains a deep truth about the intolerability of life in a capitalist society, where the Luzhins and Svidrigailovs win with their hypocrisy, meanness, selfishness, as well as the truth that causes not a feeling of hopelessness, but implacable hatred for the world of hypocrisy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian one. One hundred thousand against thirty-five. The Russian army led by Kutuzov won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to save themselves. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, without waiting for the reinforcements of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, capitulated. Kutuzov, on the other hand, had to retreat, because the unevenness of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russian road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as best he could, detained the enemy. And here chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that this was the entire Russian army, and proposed a truce for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When Bagration's vanguard retreated, Tushin's small battery, which stood near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.

Defeat: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. Weyrother did not consider it necessary to take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else.

The military council before the battle of Austerlitz does not resemble advice, but an exhibition of vanities, all disputes were not conducted with the goal of reaching a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: “... it was obvious that the goal ... of objections consisted mainly in the desire to make one feel General Weyrother, so self-confidently, as to schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not only with fools, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. Having made several futile attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov overslept the entire time the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much all this pomposity and complacency disgusts Kutuzov, the old general is well aware that the battle will be lost.

Conclusion: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to the Russian troops, the battle of Shengraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied mainly with narcissism, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The Battle of Austerlitz in Tolstoy's War and Peace was the decisive battle in the War of the Three Emperors. Tolstoy shows the two emperors at first as pompous and self-satisfied, and after the defeat as confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. Emperors fled the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Pontius Pilate

Literary example: In a dream, the procurator gives the impression of a completely different person. Pilate agrees with Yeshua's thought that they will always be together now. The procurator ceases to experience the disgust that arose in him in relation to everything that was connected with the teachings of Jesus.

As soon as a person acquires wealth, he immediately begins to fear losing it.

Sleep allows Pilate to do what he could not decide in life. Often, literary critics evaluate Pilate's dream, his walk along the "moon road" as the highest victory of man over himself.

"Friendship and enmity"

Friends are always ready to help, save. (Example: friendship of A. S. Pushkin with lyceum students. The poet in the poem "October 19" wrote:

My friends, our union is beautiful!

He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal ...)

Friendship of Pushkin and Pushchin / Analysis of Pushkin's poem “I. I. Pushchin»

Among his lyceum friends, Alexander Pushkin especially singled out Ivan Pushchin, with whom the poet had a very warm and trusting relationship. The last time the friends met was just on the eve of these tragic events, in the winter of 1825. Ivan Pushchin came to him in Mikhailovskoye to brighten up loneliness and distract the author from gloomy thoughts about his own fate. At that moment, the best friend morally supported Pushkin, who was on the verge of despair, believing that his career was ruined, and his life was hopeless. Therefore, when Pushchin found himself in a similar situation, the author considered it his duty to send him an encouraging verse message, in which he confessed: “I pray to holy providence.” By this, the poet wanted to emphasize that he not only worries about the fate of his friend, but also believes that his sacrifice was not made to society in vain, and future generations will be able to appreciate this selfless act.

Pushkin was very upset by the separation from his friend, and subsequently addressed him a few more poems. H

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba,"The central character of the story, believed that partnership is higher than the family, higher than kinship by blood, higher than everything earthly.

D. London "In a distant land", "Love for life". Comradely support is, according to the writer, the decisive condition for victory over nature. The morality of the North is based on trust and mutual honesty. Harsh conditions reveal the true value of a person. A coward, an insignificant person, according to the author, is more likely to die than a brave one. This is how gold diggers who lost their self-control die in the novel “In a Faraway Land” and Bill, who abandoned his comrade, in the story “Love of Life”

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Heroes: Rodion Raskolnikov, Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin

Literary example: FRIENDSHIP: Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful comrade at the university, who supports him. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted with the help of their speaking surnames (“mind” - “split”) according to the principle of attitude to life. These friends also have something in common that brought them together: they are smart, educated, deep, noble, young people capable of sincere feelings.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values, only Pierre needs time to understand this. Andrey is sure of his own, special purpose, and the empty, unchanging life is not for him. He is trying to convince Pierre, who is the only one he respects in that environment due to the contrast with the empty elite, to stay away from this life. But Pierre is nevertheless convinced of this on his own, from his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, is difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of self-seeking in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a guideline for any of them either in their relationships or in the life of each separately. This is what should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.

Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these characters found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost even by a minority of people.

M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"

Heroes: Master, MASSOLIT members

literary example. Due to the fault of the MASSOLIT members - representatives of the literary elite - the Master's novel was not published. Because of them, he burned the work that he had been creating for so long. And it is they who are guilty of the fact that the Master is in a clinic for the mentally ill. He had nothing left after futile attempts. Ivan Bezdomny is a typical representative of the elite literary world. And this world is hated not only by the hero of the novel, but also by the author himself. Apathy seizes the master, and, hating the manifested enemies, he does not seek to resist the essential enemies, he is completely possessed.

In the novel Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Dubrovsky"We see two old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrey Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Once they were comrades in the service. Dubrovsky was distinguished by pride and decisiveness of character, for which he was valued and respected by Troekurov. Andrey Gavrilovich was an interesting conversationalist, and Kirila Petrovich was bored when there was no colleague nearby. The author explained their friendship by the fact that both of them were the same age, had the same upbringing, were widowed early and raised one child each. All this brought them closer. All the neighbors-landlords envied their harmony and friendship.

But one day, in their friendly relations, a time of discord and terrible cruel enmity came. This happened when Paramoshka, a servant of the landowner, while inspecting Troekurov's favorite kennel, insulted

Dubrovsky, humiliated his dignity. "An accident upset and changed everything." Leaving Pokrovskoye, Andrei Gavrilovich demanded that the servant appear in court. But the wayward rich man did not want to seriously look into this, but began to mercilessly take revenge on Dubrovsky, humiliating him even more. Why did this friendship turn out to be fragile? Why is there such a gap between former friends? The wealth and nobility of Troekurov, his arrogance and arrogance did not allow him to stop and reflect on

everything that happened. And the temper and ardor of the landowner added fuel to the fire. And a murderous revenge began ... Satisfied with a thirst for revenge, Troekurov understands what he has done. Coming to his senses, Troekurov wanted to correct this situation. But it was too late. He drove a friend to madness and death. Reading the novel by A. S. Pushkin, we are once again convinced that any enmity does not do good.

In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time""We also see an example of friendship-enmity in the relationship between Pechorin and Grushnitsky. They are peers, colleagues. Pechorin declares: "In friendship, one is the slave of another." Slave relations cannot maintain friendship, this is humiliating. In their hearts, heroes do not have warm relations with each other. Pechorin is ruthless towards Grushnitsky, cannot

forgiving weaknesses, confident, judicious, selfish, caustic. He sees through Grushnitsky and laughs at him. Is this a friendly relationship? “I understood him, and he dislikes me for it, although

Outwardly, we are on friendly terms. And we are once again convinced that friendship really needs the manifestation of good human feelings and qualities, in sincerity. And Grushnitsky? A completely different person:

enthusiastic, soft-bodied, does not have bright features, envious, conceited, spiteful, verbose. "He speaks quickly and pretentiously." Grushnitsky Junker, he is twenty-one years old. How can we call the relationship of these characters?

Their confrontation M.Yu. Lermontov shows in the chapter "Princess Mary". The abyss in the relations of young people becomes wider, hostility increases when Princess Mary became interested in Pechorin. The duel is

denouement in relationships. Pechorin kills his former friend. What's the matter? What is the reason for such a sad outcome? There can be no slave relationship in friendship. We understand that a person must first of all be a friend himself. But Pechorin does not have this understanding, so he did not have real friends. Only warm human relations strengthen friendship, and do not turn it into enmity.

A.I. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night”

War. This is the hardest test for people, especially for children. It is the children who are the main characters of the work by A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night”

The reason for any war is enmity. It is she who makes people cruel, soulless, and it is in war that many of the moral qualities of a person, the beauty of his soul, are often revealed.

The main characters of the story are Kuzmina Kolka and Sashka, brothers, pupils of the orphanage. Their orphanage was moved to the North Caucasus, which had just been liberated from the Germans. Mass resettlement of peoples was carried out during the war years, in 1943-1944.

The reader sees what is happening through the eyes of a child. Children value people according to whether food was taken from them or not; it is not clear to them why, from a passing car, children stretch out their hands and ask for something, and there are tears in their eyes. They cannot understand why people are so cruel. Let us recall the terrible picture when Kolka saw his executed brother.

There is no division of people by nationality for children. Good means one's own, evil, cruel, the enemy. It is no coincidence that Kolka and the eleven-year-old Chechen boy Alkhuzor become friends. Both of them are lonely and unhappy, they found spiritual intimacy and support from each other. And what does it matter that one is Russian and the other Chechen. They became friends. Grief brought them closer. In the orphanage where the children ended up, there were the Crimean Tatar Musa, and the German Lida Gross “from the big river”, and the Nogai Balbek. All of them were united by a common terrible fate. They were drawn into the whirlpool of problems of adults, witnesses of the extermination of peoples, enmity between them, it was they who experienced all the horrors of this struggle of adults.

The world of hostility is terrible. He destroys the lives of people. It is necessary to stop hostility, to be tolerant towards people, not to allow the destruction of one's own people - this is what the author calls for. “There are no bad peoples, there are only bad people,” the teacher Regina Petrovna will say.

Children's souls are so pure and innocent, like "golden clouds", they are able to understand each other. It is terrible if these "clouds" break on the top of the cliff - about the indifference and cruelty of people.

Adults could learn from children the desire to live in friendship, to understand how terrible enmity is. “I think that all people are brothers,” Sashka will say, and they will swim far, far away, to where the mountains descend into the sea and people have never heard of the war, where brother kills brother.

A.M. Gorky "Childhood"

Alexey Peshkov - the main character of A.M. Gorky's story "Childhood" - was left without parents early. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. "A strange life" here began to remind him of a "harsh tale", "well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius." Constant hostility surrounded the boy in the house. “Grandfather's house is filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity of everyone with everyone.” Relations between adults - Alyosha's uncles - and between their children were far from being related and friendly. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they always quarreled, and the children did not lag behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt another, the pleasure experienced from the fact that someone feels bad - this is the situation in which the hero lived. There was no question of any friendship with cousins.

However, even here there were people to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is the blind-sighted master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely regrets, and the apprentice Tsyganok, to whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died when he carried an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy’s grandfather’s wife), and the Good Deed, who taught him to read.

A true friend for Alyosha was his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, despite her hard life, despite the fact that she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes burned with an “unquenchable, cheerful and warm light.” He seemed to be sleeping before her, “hidden in the dark”, and she woke up, brought to the light, immediately became a lifelong friend, the closest, most understandable and dear person.

There was a lot of hostility around the boy. But a lot of kindness and understanding. It was friendly relations with people that did not allow his soul to harden. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.

Everything starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because in many respects it depends on them how the child will grow up. This conclusion leads the reader to this conclusion.

DIRECTIONS OF THE FINAL ESSAY - 2016-2017

1. "Mind and Feeling"
2. "Honor and dishonor"
3. "Victory and Defeat"
4. "Experience and Mistakes"
5. "Friendship and enmity".

1. "Mind and Feeling". The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components of a person’s inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in complex confrontation, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality.
The theme of reason and feeling is interesting for writers of different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often face a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.

2. "Honor and dishonor." The direction is based on polar concepts related to the choice of a person: to be true to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers focused on depicting various manifestations of a person: from fidelity to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, up to a deep moral decline of the individual.

3. "Victory and defeat". The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.
Literary works often show the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations.

4. "Experience and mistakes." Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

5. "Friendship and enmity." The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of enmity between them.
The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or the hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to appreciate friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sows enmity.

When compiling topics for the final essay, the following requirements are observed:

• compliance with open thematic areas;
• ensuring the supra-subject nature of the final essay (themes should not aim at the literary analysis of a particular work);
• ensuring the literary-centric nature of the final essay (the topics should provide an opportunity for a wide choice of literary material for argumentation);
• focus on reasoning (the presence of a problem in the wording);
• compliance with the age characteristics of graduates, the time allotted for writing an essay (3 hours 55 minutes);
• clarity, literacy and variety of formulations of essay topics.

The heroes of Gorky's early works are proud, strong, courageous people who single-handedly enter the fight against dark forces. One of these works is the story "Old Woman Izergil".

The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko, who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko is a real hero - courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people - he is capable of a feat. When the tribe, seized with fear, exhausted by a long wandering through the impenetrable forest, already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him their freedom as a gift, Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and followed him.

But tired of the hard way, people again lost heart and stopped believing in Danko, and at this turning point, when the embittered crowd began to surround him more densely in order to kill him, Danko tore his heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation for them.

The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a person of great spiritual beauty, capable of self-sacrifice in order to save other people. This hero, despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because his feat is higher than such feelings. Respect, admiration, admiration - this is what the reader feels when he imagines a young man with a fiery gaze, holding a heart sparkling with love in his hand.

Gorky contrasts the positive, sublime image of Danko with the "negative" image of Larra - the proud and selfish Larra considers himself chosen and on the...

(According to the early stories of M. Gorky)

The early works of M. Gorky reveal the foundations of the young writer's worldview, his philosophical thought, his understanding of man and human qualities.

The central image of the romantic works of this period is the image of a heroic man, ready for a selfless feat in the name of the people.

"Makar Chudra" and "Old Woman Izergil" are a clear example of what attracted Gorky in a person, what character traits he wants to see in him, what qualities he welcomes

In a person, and which, on the contrary, condemns. In all the stories told by Makar Chudra and the old woman Izergil, there is the concept of "love", and each Gorky hero reveals its essence in his own way.

Danko - a brave, noble young man - loved his people with pure sincere love. He did not represent him in grief and torment, therefore he sacrificed his bright heart, his life for the sake of the happiness of others, even being sure that no one would thank him. Danko is courageous and fearless, he is attracted to a feat by a noble goal - to be useful to the people. Singing Danko's disinterested deed, Gorky seems to be calling:

"People! If there are those among you who love you and help you with all the generosity of the soul, do not forget their good deeds and reciprocate them!" The image of Danko embodies the ideal of a humanist and a personality of great spiritual beauty.

The following story of the old woman Izergil is the opposite of the story about Danko. Describing the actions of the son of an eagle - selfish and selfish, Gorky denounces all those who flatly refuse their friends, their people, raise their heads so high that they do not see their own mistakes. Naturally, such egoists are doomed to eternal suffering, and the realization of guilt will no longer save them. “It was not in vain that M. Gorky used the image of an eagle. After all, an eagle is a bird that always lives on its own in the mountains, far from civilization; hunts itself, and dies on its own. Life outside of society gives rise to a feeling of inexpressible longing in Larra. “In his eyes,” he says Izergil, - there was so much anguish that it would be possible to poison all the people of the world with it. "Larra was doomed to loneliness and considered only death to be happiness.

The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the image of the old woman Izergil. Her memories of her life path are also a kind of legend about a brave and proud woman. The old woman Izergil values ​​freedom above all else. She proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil speaks with admiration of love for a feat: "When a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible."

And the love of two gypsies, Radda and Loiko, is not an ordinary love between a man and a woman. In this case, a great feeling fades into the background. For people of hot blood living in the steppes, will and freedom are the most sacred and important things in life. Falling in love with each other, the gypsies realize that they can lose it all. They remain true to the traditions of their ancestors, preferring the eternal freedom of earthly love.

Gorky draws exceptional characters, glorifies proud and strong-willed people, for whom freedom is above all.

In his early works, Gorky comes to the following axiom: man is a creature with great potential, he can create great things on Earth, bringing happiness and joy to people; but it can also destroy everything in an instant, plunging humanity into the abyss of suffering.

The final essay is an exam format that allows you to evaluate several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express one's point of view in writing. In a word, this format makes it possible to assess the student's general knowledge of both the language and subject knowledge.

1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In 2016, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.
The purpose of the essay is reasoning, a competently and clearly built point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of an oversubject nature.

Topics of the final essay on literature 2016-2017

Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the composition - these are more specific topics.
An open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Mind and Feeling",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.

The literature recommended for successful essay writing is published online along with an open list of topics. It includes not only works from the school curriculum, but also other masterpieces of world classics. An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay 2016-2017:

1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "The Stationmaster"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".

Argument to the topic "Honor and dishonor"

The point of view must be justified. In order to properly formulate the arguments, one should involve literary material relevant to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is one of the evaluation criteria. So the argument should be:
1. Relevant to the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be inscribed in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be communicated through quality writing
5. Be well-designed.
To the theme of "honor and dishonor" one can take arguments from the works of M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", A. A. Likhanov "Clean Stones".

Examples of final essays

There are a number of essay templates. They are evaluated according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "What does it mean to walk the path of honor?"
What is honor, how to follow the "road of honor"? To do this, you need to figure out what “honor” means: according to the explanatory dictionary, “Honor is the moral qualities of a person worthy of respect and pride.” Every person has moral principles for which he must fight and defend them. This is what it means to choose the right path, to live according to one's conscience, and therefore to follow the path that honor suggests. This means that a person who does not neglect principles, even in the most difficult life situation, walks the path of his honor. This is not an easy path, sometimes, in order to remain honest with yourself and your conscience, you have to endure many difficulties and hardships, but it is important to remember what leads along this path: your will, honor, dignity.
Such a moral choice is reflected in the work of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrei Sokolov, was captured. Even in such conditions, he is not depressed in spirit, he expresses his point of view. For carelessly spoken words, they were going to shoot him. He could beg for mercy, humiliate himself before his enemies. But the hero is ready to defend his honor even in the face of death. The next moral choice was made by the prisoner when the commandant Muller called him to his place for interrogation - Muller tried to provoke Andrey, exhausted by hunger and the hardships of imprisonment: this gives me and says: “Before you die, drink, Russian Ivan, for the victory of German weapons.” Even in conditions of captivity and deprivation, the hero makes a choice in favor of honor: “So that I, a Russian soldier, should start drinking for the victory of German weapons?! Is there anything you don't want, Herr Kommandant? One hell for me to die, so go to hell with your vodka! The German commandant recognized the moral victory of the Soviet soldier and saved his life. The author wants to convey to the reader the idea that honor and dignity are more important for a person than anything else.
But the question of honor is not only in time of war, even in simple life, in everyday worries, a person should not forget about it. It is necessary, regardless of circumstances or age, to defend your rights and interests. So, in the story "Clean Pebbles" A. A. Likhanov tells about a boy who was not afraid to repulse the hooligan Savvatey. Zadira chose elementary school students for his pranks, every day he was on duty at the building, robbed and beat the students. But everything did not end with beatings and robbery, he still did not miss the opportunity to humiliate the kids. After several attacks, the student Mikhaska could not stand the humiliation and decided to fight back, grabbed a stone and swung at Savvatea, but the fight did not take place. Savvateya stepped back, because he did not expect that his victims were able to fight back, he saw the strength of Mikhaska, not the brute force of the blow, but the inner one, the courage that he had not encountered before. The moral victory went to an elementary school student, a boy who showed courage beyond the strength of adults and other children of his age. This is the moral victory.
Thus, we can say that every person is obliged to feel his own way of honor, defend his interests and help people who need help.

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