Bank of arguments in the Russian language. Problem: the need to respect nature

Speech culture is a problem that is often raised by the authors of texts found in Unified State Exam forms In Russian. We have identified the most popular aspects of this problem and selected arguments for each of them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the article.

1. M. A. Bulgakov in “ Heart of a Dog» raised the problem of neglect of speech culture. Sharikov, transformed from a dog into a man, expressed himself ugly. He was rude and ill-mannered: he was rude to people, distorted his speech, made up offensive nicknames. The man constantly argued with the professor who transformed him and insulted him. He also lied about his origins to the woman he wanted to marry. But the most terrible consequence of such an attitude towards language is a complete loss of mutual understanding with the world. Good people turned away from Sharikov, and those who only used him for their own greedy purposes became his interlocutors.
2. In the play “The Thunderstorm” by A. N. Ostrovsky the image of the wealthy merchant Wild is presented. This is a grumpy and ill-mannered person who cannot live a day without a quarrel. In addition, he is a coward: he insults only those who are weaker than him and lower in position, not daring to contradict those who are more significant. At the same time, the man torments his family, with whom he is always dissatisfied. Wild - shining example a person who has problems with speech culture. Because of this, he also faces misunderstanding and becomes a lonely person whose only salvation is money. Without them, no one needs him.

Lack and enrichment of vocabulary

1. The issue of speech culture was touched upon Jack London in the novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who fell in love with a girl from high society. He wanted to be like her and her family, but at first he didn't know how to behave or express himself. The people Martin met spoke abstruse words that he had only encountered in books or did not know at all. His new environment was engaged in intellectual work and considered it necessary to receive an education. Martin Eden followed suit and learned to express himself beautifully, intelligently and politely, in which he succeeded, and later became a writer and journalist. Reading books helped him a lot in self-development.
2. In the work of I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov” main character Ilya, who was distinguished by a passive character and lack of activities, fell in love with Olga, a beautiful and talented noblewoman. The desire to please her forced him to begin self-education. The man began to read books, walk around the city and go to balls, where he gained smart words and improved the culture of his speech. For some time, Ilya Oblomov even became a completely different person for the sake of the woman he loved: competent, active, polite and well-spoken. Two things helped him succeed: communication with interesting people and reading.

Clogging speech with jargon

1. The work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” filled with prison slang. This is due to the fact that people are in their own special world, separated from the rest of society. Instead of “inform” they say “knock”, instead of “chief of operational communications” they say “godfather”. Prisoners are also called in slang - by number, not by first and last name. Thus, the atmosphere that reigned in the prison is shown: the lack of rights of prisoners and disrespect for them. After all, the attitude towards speech is a reflection of the attitude towards oneself. Prisoners are fundamentally broken and degraded people who find no reason to respect themselves or their surroundings. Therefore, any person who gives himself credit should not pollute his speech, otherwise society will treat him as if he himself is not needed, and even more so for him.
2. Jargons can be found in the works of V.V. Mayakovsky. For example, in the poem “About Rubbish”. The author, who is a supporter of revolutionary ideas, uses words such as “murlo”, “scum”, “figure”. This indicates the level of his speech culture. Despite his high intelligence and creative talent, V.V. Mayakovsky considers the use of jargon acceptable. This creates a certain atmosphere of the work, and also accurately expresses the thoughts and feelings of the author. Thus, slang vocabulary can find application in art, but still in life, in communication with family and friends, colleagues and passers-by, this manner of expression can have a detrimental effect on relationships.

Problems with diction

1. One of the problems of speech culture is poor diction. In the book by M.N. Botvinnik and M.B. Rabinovich "Biographies of famous Greeks and Romans" written about the ancient Greek orator Demosthenes. In his youth, he had a weak voice, lisped, stuttered and did not know how to behave in front of an audience. However, after a series of failures in performances, I got the idea to correct my shortcomings. Demosthenes worked hard and after some time trained his voice, and his performances became successful.
2. In JK Rowling's Harry Potter and philosopher's Stone» There is such a character - Professor Quirrell. He faked a stutter so that no one would suspect him of evil wizard Voldemort. At the same time, Quirrell tried to set the main character, a schoolboy, and his company against another teacher. A man who stuttered was considered weak and worthless until they learned that behind the feigned problems with diction and self-doubt there was calculation and betrayal. Thus, a disadvantage can become a weapon in the hands of a person, it all depends on perception and abilities.

Illiteracy in writing and reading

1. L. B. Geraskina in the story entitled “In the Land of Unlearned Lessons” raises the issue of illiteracy. Loser student Viktor Perestukin found himself in a place where he needed knowledge from school curriculum in order to pass the tests. One of them was the famous sentence: “Execution cannot be pardoned,” where a comma had to be inserted. The boy's fate depended on its location. He solved this problem and survived, realizing how important literacy is.
2. In the comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “The Minor” there is a heroine, the feudal lady Prostakova. She is not trained to read and write, therefore, accusing Sophia of the fact that her letter is amorous, she cannot verify the correctness of this statement. Prostakova's son Mitrofanushka is just as illiterate. His mother hired him teachers, but only for prestige. In fact, little is done in his education and upbringing. Besides, it doesn't make any sense. The boy plays the fool all the time. That is why the ignorant heroes are deprived of their privileged position in the finale.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

In the texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading on our list. Matched to them literary arguments from foreign and domestic books. All of them are available for download in table form, link at the end of the collection.

1. IN modern world the tendency of selfishness is gaining momentum. However, one should not say that this problem did not exist before. One of classic examples may be Larra - the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil”. He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. His behavior shows disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and expelled. As time passes, the hero, isolated from society, begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it is too late and they do not accept him back. Since then, he has been wandering the earth as a lonely shadow, because God punished the proud man eternal life in exile.
2. IN Jack London's novella "In a Far Land" selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells the story of Wetherby and Cuthfert, who by chance were left alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and were forced to wait harsh winter together in an old hut. Over time, real natural egoism begins to appear in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival by succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in the fiercest struggle for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness is like a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of egoism. Eugene Onegin is the main character novel of the same name, written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative people suffering from “Russian blues”. He is not interested in the opinions of others, he is bored by everything that happens around him. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it is already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering for the rest of his days. Even his desire to become the lovers of the married and respected Tatiana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease; it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is central character V novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to his heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. By imagining himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby isolates himself from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other with the tragic death of his beloved girl. The man understands this, regrets, but cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.

Self-deprecation of an egoist

1. A striking example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his friends, lives poorly and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman, a pawnbroker, in order to take her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from their debt obligations to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his actions. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, just for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check what type of people he can classify himself as: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” Still, having violated one of the commandments because of a selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental torment. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov get back on the right path. Without her help, he would probably have gone crazy from pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, it is common for us to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” realized he was wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free sibling from conscription duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. Fairy tale heroine A.S. Pushkin “About the Fisherman and the Fish” not happy with her life in poverty. When her husband catches " goldfish", the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and ultimately the old woman wants to become the mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals cloud the old woman's reason, which is why she ultimately loses everything and ends up again with broken trough. Magic power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of satisfying her pride, did not value either her husband or the benefits that she received.
2. Women are often called selfish because they like to spend a lot of time taking care of themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was beautiful girl and had many admirers, nevertheless, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does not do this out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she takes a lover. Over time, her impudence reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of war, when she needs to worry about the fate of her homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.

The ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the traits that are characteristic of egoists. It is not for nothing that they say that such people are ready to do the most terrible things for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" The lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises him, and takes care of him. However, the puppy irritated the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim fulfills the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish man, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. Obeying selfishness, people lose control of themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of A. S. Pushkin “ Queen of Spades» learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees a win in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only keeper of the secret - the elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens to kill the old woman, and she actually dies. After this, she comes to Hermann in a dream and reveals the secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he miserably loses the decisive game. An ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his crimes. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Love to motherland

1) Ardent love for the Motherland, We feel pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
Subject heroic feat in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland also sounds in the poem “Borodino” by M. Yu. Lermontov, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the “harsh, formidable years” - every Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the homeland: But most of all. Love to native land

3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

4) Outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

5) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.

6) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.

7) The most terrible Punishment in ancient times was considered to be the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.

8) To an outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a higher salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The famous athlete's answer confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.

10) One day the wind decided to fell the mighty oak tree that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak tree: “Why can’t I defeat you?”

11) Oak answered that it’s not the trunk that’s holding him up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible.

12) When over England When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.

13) Turks during During their military campaigns they captured boys and young men as prisoners. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state.

School time is the most wonderful time. But after completing the training, no one can escape. It sounds quite scary, but if you prepare for it for more than one last night, then it will seem easy, simple and even interesting.

The most difficult part of the exam, according to students, is creative work, since it requires arguments for an essay from classical literature. During the exam, the atmosphere is heavy, thoughts instantly fly out of your head. It is for this reason that it is necessary to become familiar with the main clichés and learn the arguments for the most common topics.

If the above conditions are met, then there will be no problems with writing at all.

The relationship between nature and man

Let's consider the arguments for an essay on the topic "The relationship between man and the world around us" or "People's attitude towards nature as a mother." The topic may sound different, but the meaning is the same.

For this topic, good examples would be the following works:

• "The Tale of Igor's Campaign." If you remember, throughout the entire duration of the action nature helped the heroes, gave signs, and warned of danger. In general, it was endowed human qualities, tried with all her might to protect her from danger.
• The work of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov “The Steppe”. This work is about a nine-year-old boy, Yegorushka, who was in love with the steppe, revived it in his thoughts, rejoiced and yearned with it.
• “War and Peace” is a novel written by the greatest author Leo Tolstoy. Here we can find two examples at once. Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky.
• The arguments for writing on this topic are numerous; let us cite one more work - “The Fish Tsar” (Astafiev). This is a story about a poacher whose meeting with one of the fish radically changes his worldview.

Family and family relationships

Topics of this kind are very common; now we will present the arguments for the essay. If it is necessary to highlight the role of childhood, then the best example would be the work “War and Peace”. Let's remember how Petya Rostov showed all his best features, purchased in home. Shortly before his death, he expressed both kindness and a desire to help towards his comrades.

Another good example- This " Last bow" Katerina Petrovna put the best and most valuable feelings and traits into her beloved grandson.

If the topic sounds different, for example, “The role of the family in the formation of personality,” then the following arguments are suitable for the essay:

• "War and Peace". Comparison of the Rostov and Kuragin children.
• "Iron and ice cream." Rita's illness and sister's cruelty.

If it is necessary to highlight the role of the mother:

• “Tales of Italy”, where the author clearly and accurately expressed his position on the role of the mother. The mother is everything; she gives everything that is best and most valuable.
• "The Young Guard", where there is a digression dedicated to the mother.
• “Participating in all living things...” - the author appeals to his readers with a request to take care of their mothers.

Teacher

Arguments for an essay in Russian, dedicated to teachers and their role in our lives, can be found among the following works:

• "Ballroom pianist".
• “French Lessons”, where an incredible teacher taught not only within her subject, but also taught valuable moral qualities.
• The well-known “Little Prince”, here the teacher is the Fox, who taught The Little Prince see good qualities in people.

Personal traits

Arguments for an essay on the Russian language for the exam can be selected on absolutely any topic. The subject of this section is no exception. The most terrible examples of heartlessness are given in the works “Jump into the Coffin” and “Telegram”. Yu. Mamleev described a picture where relatives buried a sick old woman alive in order to relieve themselves of the burden of caring for her, and Paustovsky tells the story of Nastya, who forgot about her loving and only mother.

A striking example of meanness is given in “ The captain's daughter", the personification was Shvabrin, who spoke badly about Masha, who rejected him, and dealt a vile blow to Grinev in the back during a duel.

The power of a word

In A. S. Pushkin’s work “Dubrovsky,” Masha, who loved the main character so much, could not break her oath and leave with her beloved. Or the work of the same author “Eugene Onegin”, in which Tatyana Larina was the image of fidelity and sincerity, and showed her strong character. She was able to reject the feelings of her beloved Onegin and remained faithful to her husband.

Art

Arguments for an essay on Russian Unified State Exam on this problem numerous:

• If we highlight music specifically, then “Dome Cathedral” is a good and striking example. Here the author (V. Astafiev) is convinced that only music can save a person from decay.
• “The Old Cook”, where K. Paustovsky narrated a story about a blind cook, whom music helped him return to the past and remember beautiful paintings nature.
• Two works by L.N. Tolstoy at once - “Albert” and “War and Peace”. First about talented musician, who had a special gift: to warm the souls of listeners with his music, they felt something indescribable. In the second work, the object of influence on a person is Natasha Rostova, who amazed everyone with her singing.
• The role of reading and literature in our lives is reflected in the works of R. Bradbury “Fahrenheit 451” and “Memoirs”. The first says that you can see little in life, but know a lot, because we get ninety-nine percent of our knowledge from books. In the second, the hero admits that he received his education not in college or university, but in the library.