Abstract art painting. School Encyclopedia

For me, the style of abstract art is primarily a confrontation with the logic of civilization. The whole history of civilization of the last century is built on formulas, algorithms, principles, equations and rules. However, it is human nature to strive for balance and harmony. In this connection, at the dawn of the century of the scientific and technological revolution, such an art movement appears that does not obey the classical canons of drawing, but, on the contrary, serves as its goal to give freedom to the unconscious and chaotic, at first glance devoid of meaning, but thereby giving a person the opportunity to free himself from the influence of norms and dogmas and maintain internal harmony.

Abstractionism(from the Latin abstractus - remote, abstract) is a very broad trend in the art of the 20th century, which arose in the early 1910s in several European countries. Abstractionism is characterized by the use of exclusively formal elements to display reality, where imitation or an accurate display of reality was not an end in itself.

The founders of abstractionism are Russian artists and Dutchman Piet Mondrian, Frenchman Robert Delaunay and Czech Frantisek Kupka. Their method of drawing was based on the desire for "harmonization", the creation of certain color combinations and geometric shapes in order to evoke various associations in the contemplator.

In abstractionism, two clear directions can be distinguished: geometric abstraction, based mainly on clearly defined configurations (Malevich, Mondrian), and lyrical abstraction, in which the composition is organized from freely flowing forms (Kandinsky). Also in abstractionism there are several other major independent trends.

Cubism— an avant-garde trend in the visual arts, which originated at the beginning of the 20th century and is characterized by the use of emphatically conditional geometric forms, the desire to “split” real objects into stereometric primitives.

Rayonism (Luchism)- a trend in abstract art of the 1910s, based on the shift of light spectra and light transmission. The idea of ​​the emergence of forms from the "crossing of the reflected rays of various objects" is characteristic, since a person actually perceives not the object itself, but "the sum of the rays coming from the light source, reflected from the object."

neoplasticism- designation of the direction of abstract art, which existed in 1917-1928. in Holland and united artists grouped around the magazine "De Stijl" ("Style"). Characterized by clear rectangular shapes in architecture and abstract painting in the layout of large rectangular planes, painted in the primary colors of the spectrum.

Orphism- a trend in French painting of the 1910s. Artists-orphists sought to express the dynamics of movement and the musicality of rhythms with the help of "regularities" of the interpenetration of the primary colors of the spectrum and the intersection of curvilinear surfaces.

Suprematism- a direction in avant-garde art, founded in the 1910s. Malevich. It was expressed in combinations of multi-colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines. The combination of multi-colored geometric figures forms balanced asymmetric Suprematist compositions permeated with internal movement.

Tachisme- a trend in Western European abstractionism of the 1950s and 60s, which was most widespread in the United States. It is a painting with spots that do not recreate images of reality, but express the unconscious activity of the artist. Strokes, lines and spots in tachisme are applied to the canvas with quick hand movements without a premeditated plan.

abstract expressionism- the movement of artists who paint quickly and on large canvases, using non-geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint onto the canvas, to fully reveal emotions. The expressive method of painting here is often as important as the painting itself.

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Just don't panic. It's simple.

For some, abstract paintings are “daub” and not art at all, for some, an incomprehensible amazing world, some love it, and some don’t. In any case, if you do not consider yourself a connoisseur of this, we offer you some tips on how to make friends with this beast. And the next time you meet him, don't get confused.

There is no encrypted code or message.

It is human nature to look for problems and hidden meanings where there are none. And abstract art is just such a place. Take a deep breath, let go of the desire to associate each color with the artist's biography, and find an explanation for each stroke. Guessing a riddle, you get pleasure for a moment, immersion in a mystery is a long-term pleasure.

You need to get used to the picture.

They say abstract art slows down perception. This is not surprising, it takes time to comprehend such a work. How long do you have to look at the work to feel it? Watch until you get bored. If it interests you, you will return to it more than once, constantly discovering something new for yourself.

Don't think about the meaning, focus on the feelings.

Everything is clear in the classics: canvas, oil; paper, watercolor. And here it is much more interesting. Look at what the painting is made of, what colors are used, what is the texture. Feelings of peace or chaos, lightness or tension, etc. will immediately arise.

When you don't like it, that's okay.

Not every job can capture. There is nothing strange about this. Feel free to choose what you really like. Who can prove that these red circles are worse than those colored stripes?

The title is a clue.

Okay, let's say the title "Painting #7" or "Untitled" isn't all that useful. But it's worth trying. And information about the time and place of the creation of the picture will tell you the atmosphere and mood in which the work was created.

Where there is no meaning, you will not find it.

Some artists didn't care at all what their paintings meant. So you shouldn't care either. Once, during an interview, a famous abstract artist was asked about the deep meaning of a series of his paintings, written in 1972. “It's hard to remember. I am impressed with them myself. It's a mystery to me." Now you understand why abstraction is not a puzzle?

Abstract painting is so different, it often baffles, disgusts, but also delights. No need to rack your brains or think that you do not understand anything here. You don't have to understand, but you have to feel. And if the picture does not cause emotions, then God bless her. Find one that you like and enjoy, because you can look at it endlessly.

Abstract art abstract art

(abstractionism), a direction in the art of the 20th century, refusing to depict real objects and phenomena in painting, sculpture and graphics. Appeared in the 10s, in the late 40s - early 60s. belonged to the most widespread currents of art. Some currents of abstract art (Suprematism, Neoplasticism), echoing searches in architecture and the art industry, created ordered structures from lines, geometric shapes and volumes, others (Tashism) sought to express the spontaneity, unconsciousness of creativity in the dynamics of spots or volumes.

ABSTRACT ART (abstractionism, non-objective art (cm. NON-OBJECTIVE ART), non-figurative art), a set of trends in the visual arts of the 20th century, replacing the direct reproduction of natural reality with pictorial-plastic signs and symbols, or with a “pure” play of artistic forms. “Pure” abstraction should be taken conditionally, since even in the most abstract images from a specific nature one can always guess certain subject-figure motifs and prototypes - still life, landscape, architectural, etc.
The art of ornamentation has always served as a permanent reservoir of such forms. Important historical anticipations of abstract art were also the artist’s passion for anamorphoses (or, as it were, “random” images) that could be guessed in natural textures (for example, in cuts of minerals) since ancient times, as well as the principle of non-finito that was born in the Renaissance. (cm. NON-FINITO)(external incompleteness, allowing you to admire the play of lines and colors, regardless of plot forms). The predominantly ornamental art of Islam, as well as the Far Eastern calligraphy, which freed the brush from the need to constantly imitate external nature, developed throughout the Middle Ages in a non-objective way. In Europe, in the era of romanticism and symbolism, that is, in the 19th century, artists sometimes - usually at the stage of a sketch, but sometimes in finished things - went into the world of non-figurative visions (such are some of the fantasies of the late J. M. W. Turner (cm. TURNER William) or sketches by G. Moreau); but these were only individual exceptions, and the decisive change occurred only in the early 1910s.
The art of "great spirituality"
The first actually abstract paintings were created in 1910-1911. V. V. Kandinsky (cm. KANDINSKY Vasily Vasilievich) and Czech F. Kupka (cm. KUPKA Frantisek), and already in 1912 the first of them substantiated his creative discoveries in detail in the program essay “On the Spiritual in Art”. In the next 12 years, other landmark events took place: around 1913 M. F. Larionov (cm. LARIONOV Mikhail Fedorovich) and N. S. Goncharova (cm. GONCHAROV Natalia Sergeevna) they switched to abstract art from futurism (Larionov called the new method "Rayonism"); at the same time, a similar shift occurred in the work of the Italian J. Balla (cm. BALLA Giacomo). In 1912-1913. the non-objective "orphism" of R. Delaunay was born (cm. Delaunay Robert), and in 1915-1917. - a more rigorous, geometric version of abstract art, created by K. S. Malevich (cm. MALEVICH Kazimir Severinovich) in Russia (Suprematism), and then P. Mondrian (cm. MONDRIAN Pete) in the Netherlands (neoplasticism). As a result, an experimental field was formed, where almost all the avant-garde styles of that time intersected, from Futurism to Dadaism.
Three directions of abstract creativity were immediately identified: 1) geometric; 2) sign (i.e., focusing on symbols or pictograms); 3) organic, following the rhythm of nature (in Russia, P. N. Filonov was the largest supporter of such abstract organics (cm. FILONOV Pavel Nikolaevich)). Such a classification, however, concerns only external, formal features, since all variants of early abstract art were symbolic in one way or another and all were inspired in one way or another by the "cosmic rhythms" of nature. Delaunay's Orphism, proceeding from the scale of pure colors, constituted a special direction, which can be conditionally called "chromatic".
Behind the formal differences was the kinship of the inner content. Having experienced the strong influence of Theosophy and similar mystical currents (i.e., the influence of authors such as H. P. Blavatsky (cm. BLAVATSKAYA Elena Petrovna) and her followers, as well as P. D. Uspensky (cm. USPENSKY Petr Demyanovich) in Russia and M. Schoenmeckers in the Netherlands), Kandinsky, Kupka, Malevich and Mondrian were convinced that their paintings, where the former world visually disappears into the cosmic “nothing”, represent an artistic apocalypse or, in other words, show the viewer that threshold beyond which opens a new “epoch of great spirituality” (Kandinsky) and “enters into world flowering” (Filonov). The advent of the period of wars and revolutions only strengthened these romantic-idealistic convictions.
Design and lyrics
In the 1920s abstract art, retaining its utopian background (but not so "apocalyptic") became more practical and less mystical. "Bauhaus (cm. bauhaus)”in Germany actively mastered its creative potential (primarily in its geometric version) to update the design, and with it the social life in general. Abstractionism began to take root in life, including fashion (for example, S. Delaunay-Turk (cm. DELAUNE Sonia) used the motifs of her husband's paintings for the design of fabrics, interiors and even cars). It was abstract art that powerfully contributed to the formation of what began to be called the "modern style" of decorative art. In turn, non-objectivity was actively mastered in sculpture, both easel and monumental and decorative (H. Arp (cm. ARP Hans (Jean)), K. Brancusi (cm. Brancusi Constantine), N. Gabo (cm. GABO Naum Abramovich), A. Pevzner and others). The activities of the French association "Abstraction-creation" ("Abstraction-creation") contributed to the transition of abstract art from philosophical utopias to more contemplative and lyrical images.
However, the finally new, fourth direction of this art, the so-called. "lyrical abstractionism" (which became personal, confessional in its own way, self-expression of artists) took shape somewhat later, in the 1940s. in New York. It was abstract expressionism, dominated by a very large, textured brushstroke, as if spontaneously thrown onto the canvas (J. Pollock (cm. Pollock Jackson), W. de Kooning (cm. KUNING Willem), and etc.). The dramatic tension inherent in many of these things acquired in Western Europe in the 1940s and 1950s. even more tragic in the so-called. "informele (cm. INFORMEL)"(Wols, A. Tapies, J. Fautrier), while in tachisme (cm. TASHISM), on the contrary, the major-epic or impressionistic-landscape beginning prevailed (J. Mathieu, P. Tal-Coat, H. Hartung and others); Initially, the focus of both these areas (whose names are sometimes used synonymously) was Paris. In the same period, there were also points of convergence between abstract art and Far Eastern calligraphy (for example, in the work of the American M. Toby and the Chinese Zao-Wooki, who worked in France).
Between underground and glory
The official recognition of abstract art in the West occurred in the middle of the 20th century, at the time of the dominance of the international style in architecture (non-objective - pictorial or sculptural - forms greatly enlivened the monotony of glass-concrete structures). Parallel to this, a fashion arose for “color field painting”, which explores the expressive possibilities of large, evenly (or with slight tonal variations) painted color surfaces (B. Newman, M. Rothko (cm. ROTKO Mark)), and in the 1960s. - on a sharp-contour “hardedge” (Hard-Edge) or “painting of clear edges”. Later, abstract art, as a rule, no longer separated itself stylistically, merging with pop art, op art and other postmodernist movements.
In Soviet Russia, abstract art for a long time (since the 1930s) actually developed underground, since it was officially considered the focus of "reactionary-formalist influences of the West" (it is characteristic that the words "abstractionism" and "modernism" in the Soviet press were often used as synonyms). During the thaw period, architecture served as a kind of outlet for him, often including abstract or semi-abstract compositions in its design. Coming to the public during the years of perestroika, the new Russian abstract art demonstrated a rich range of diverse trends (mainly in painting and graphics), continuing the beginnings of the early Russian avant-garde in an original way. Among his recognized masters (1960-1990s) - E. M. Belyutin (cm. Belyutin Eliy Mikhailovich), Yu. S. Zlotnikov, E. L. Kropivnitsky (cm. KROPIVNITSKY Evgeny Leonidovich), M. A. Kulakov, L. Ya. Masterkova, V. N. Nemukhin (cm. NEMUKHIN Vladimir Nikolaevich), L. V. Nusberg (cm. NUSBERG Lev Valdemarovich), V. L. Slepyan, E. A. Steinberg (cm. STEINBERG Eduard Arkadyevich).

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "abstract art" is in other dictionaries:

- (from Latin abstractus abstract), abstractionism, non-objective art, non-figurative art, a modernist movement that fundamentally abandoned the depiction of real objects in painting, sculpture and graphics. Program… … Art Encyclopedia

Abstract art- Abstract art. V.V. Kandinsky. Composition. Watercolor. 1910. National Museum of Modern Art. Paris. ABSTRACT ART (abstractionism), a trend in avant-garde (see Avant-gardism) art of the 20th century, refusing to ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (non-objective, non-figurative) direction in painting of the 20th century, which refused to depict the forms of reality; one of the main vanguard trends. The first abstract the works were created in 1910 by V. Kandinsky and in 1912 by F. Kupka ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

- (abstractionism), a direction in avant-garde (see Avant-gardism) art of the 20th century, refusing to depict real objects and phenomena in painting, sculpture and graphics. It arose in the 10s, belonged to the most common ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (abstractionism non-objective art, non-figurative art), a set of trends in the art culture of the 20th century, replacing naturalistic, easily recognizable objectivity with a more or less free play of lines, colors and forms (plot and subject ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 abstractionism (2) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

abstract art- a trend in painting, sculpture and graphics of the 20th century, Kandinsky's abstract art especially loves the comparison of painting with music, and therefore abstract art is, from his point of view, the extraction of pure sound (Reinhardt) ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Abstractionism, non-objective art, non-figurative art, a trend in the art of many, mainly capitalist, countries, which fundamentally abandoned any signs of depicting real objects in painting, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

National Museum of Modern Art. Paris... Collier Encyclopedia

Abstractionism (lat. “abstractio” removal, distraction) is a direction of non-figurative art that has abandoned the representation of forms close to reality in painting and sculpture. One of the goals of abstractionism is to achieve "harmonization" ... Wikipedia

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• Gleb Bogomolov , Non-figurative, "abstract" art - which is well known to professionals and serious viewers - is partly a myth. Any artist paints only reality. However, there is reality and reality.… Category:

Abstraction in art!

Abstractionism!

Abstractionism- This is a direction in painting, which is highlighted in a special style.

Abstract painting, abstractionism or abstract genre, implies the rejection of the image of real things and forms.

Abstractionism aims to evoke certain emotions and associations in a person. For these purposes, abstract style paintings try to express the harmony of color, shapes, lines, spots, and so on. All forms and color combinations that are in the perimeter of the image have an idea, their own expression and semantic load. No matter how it seems to the viewer, looking at the picture where there is nothing but lines and blots, everything in abstraction is subject to certain rules of expression, the so-called "abstract composition".

Abstraction in art!

Abstractionism, as a direction in painting, arose at the beginning of the 20th century simultaneously in several European countries.

It is believed that abstract painting was invented and developed by the great Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky.

The recognized founders and inspirers of abstractionism are the artists Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Frantisek Kupka and Robert Delaunay, who in their theoretical works formed approaches to the definition of "Abstractionism". Different in goals and objectives, their studies were united in one thing: Abstractionism, as the highest stage in the development of fine art, creates forms that are unique to art. An artist “freed” from copying reality thinks in special pictorial images of the incomprehensible spiritual principle of the universe, eternal “spiritual essences”, “cosmic forces”.

Abstract painting, which literally blew up the world of art, became a symbol of the beginning of a new era in painting. This era means a complete transition from limits and restrictions to complete freedom of expression. The artist is no longer bound by anything, he can paint not only people, everyday and genre scenes, but even thoughts, emotions, sensations and use any form of expression for this.

Today, abstraction in art is so wide and varied that it is itself subdivided into many types, styles and genres. Each artist or group of artists is trying to create something of their own, something special, which could better reach out to the feelings and sensations of a person. To achieve this without the use of recognizable shapes and objects is very difficult. For this reason, the canvases of abstract artists, which really evoke special sensations and make one marvel at the beauty and expressiveness of an abstract composition, deserve great respect, and the artist himself is considered a real genius from painting.

Abstract painting!

Since the appearance of Abstractionism, two main lines have been outlined in it.

The first is a geometric or logical abstraction that creates space by combining geometric shapes, colored planes, straight and broken lines. It is embodied in the Suprematism of K. Malevich, the neoplasticism of P. Mondrian, the orphism of R. Delone, in the works of masters of post-painting abstraction and op art.

The second one is lyrical-emotional abstraction, in which compositions are organized from freely flowing forms and rhythms, represented by the works of V. Kandinsky, the works of masters of abstract expressionism, tachisme, and informal art.

Abstract painting!

Abstractionism, as a painting of a special personal expression, at first was in the underground for a long time. Abstractionism, like many other genres in the history of painting, has been ridiculed and even condemned and censored as art that does not make any sense. However, over time, the position of abstraction has changed and now it exists on a par with all other forms of art.

As an artistic phenomenon, Abstractionism had a huge impact on the formation and development of modern architectural style, design, industrial, applied and decorative arts.

Recognized masters of abstractionism: Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Frantisek Kupka. Paul Klee, Piet Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg, Robber Delaunay, Mikhail Larionov, Lyubov Popova, Jackson Polok, Josef Albers.

Modern abstract art in painting!

Abstractionism has become an important language of deep emotional communication between the artist and the viewer in contemporary fine art.

In modern abstractionism, new interesting trends appear, using, for example, special images of various color forms. So in the works of Andrei Krasulin, Valery Orlov, Leonid Pelikh, the space of white - the highest tension of color is generally filled with endless variative possibilities that allow using both metaphysical ideas about the spiritual and the optical laws of light reflection.

In modern abstractionism, space begins to play new roles and forms different semantic loads. For example, there are spaces of signs, symbols, arising from the depths of archaic consciousness.

In modern abstractionism, the plot direction is also developing. In this case, while maintaining the non-objectivity, the abstract image is constructed in such a way that it evokes specific associations - different levels of abstraction.

Modern abstractionism is infinite within its boundaries: from the objective situation to the philosophical level of figurative abstract categories. On the other hand, in modern abstract painting, the image may look like a picture of some fantasy world - for example, abstract surrealism.

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How often people who are far from art do not understand abstract painting, considering it incomprehensible scribbles and a provocation that brings discord into the minds. They make fun of the creations of authors who do not strive to accurately depict the world around them.

What is abstractionism?

Opening up new opportunities for expressing their own thoughts and feelings, they abandoned the usual techniques, ceasing to copy reality. They believed that this art accustoms a person to a philosophical way of life. Painters were looking for a new language to express the emotions that overwhelmed them, and found it in colorful spots and clean lines that affect not the mind, but the soul.

Having become a symbol of a new era, it is a direction that has abandoned forms that are as close to reality as possible. Not everyone understands, it gave impetus to the development of cubism and expressionism. The main characteristic of abstractionism is non-objectivity, that is, there are no recognizable objects on the canvas, and the audience sees something incomprehensible and beyond the control of logic, which is beyond the bounds of the usual perception.

The most famous abstract artists and their paintings are a priceless treasure for humanity. Canvases painted in this style express the harmony of shapes, lines, color spots. Bright combinations have their own idea and meaning, despite the fact that it seems to the viewer that there is nothing in the works, except for bizarre blots. However, in abstraction, everything is subject to certain rules of expression.

"Father" of the new style

Wassily Kandinsky, a legendary figure in the art of the 20th century, is recognized as the founder of the unique style. The Russian painter with his work wanted to make the viewer feel the same as he does. It seems surprising, but an important event in the world of physics inspired the future artist to a new worldview. The discovery of the decomposition of the atom seriously influenced the formation of the most famous abstract artist.

“It turns out that everything can be decomposed into separate components, and this sensation echoed in me, like the destruction of the whole world,” said Kandinsky, who was an outstanding singer of the time of change. Just as physics opened up the microcosm, so did painting penetrate into the human soul.

Artist and philosopher

Gradually, the famous abstract artist in his work moves away from the detailing of his works and experiments with color. The sensitive philosopher sends light into the very depths of the human heart and creates canvases with strong emotional content, where his colors are compared with the notes of a beautiful melody. In the first place in the works of the author is not the plot of the canvas, but feelings. Kandinsky himself considered the human soul to be a multi-stringed piano, and compared the artist to a hand that, by pressing a certain key (color combination), vibrates it.

The master, who gives people hints to realize his creativity, is looking for harmony in chaos. He paints canvases where a thin but clear thread can be traced that connects abstraction with reality. For example, in the work "Improvisation 31" ("Sea Battle") in color spots, you can guess the images of boats: sailing ships on canvas resist the elements and rolling waves. So the author tried to tell about the eternal battle of man with the outside world.

American student

Famous abstract artists of the 20th century who worked in America are students of Kandinsky. His work had a huge impact on expressive abstractionism. The Armenian emigrant Arshile Gorki (Vozdanik Adoyan) created in a new style. He developed a special technique: he laid out white canvases on the floor and poured paint on them from buckets. When it hardened, the master scratched lines in it, making something like bas-reliefs.

Gorka's creations are full of bright colors. "The Aroma of Apricots in the Fields" is a typical canvas where sketches of flowers, fruits, insects are transformed into a single composition. The viewer feels the pulsation emanating from the work, done in bright orange and rich red tones.

Rotkovich and his unusual technique

When it comes to the most famous abstract artists, one cannot fail to mention Markus Rotkovich, a Jewish immigrant. The talented student of Gorka influenced the audience with the intensity and depth of colorful membranes: he superimposed two or three color rectangular spaces one above the other. And they seemed to pull the person inside so that he experienced catharsis (purification). The creator of unusual paintings himself recommended that they be viewed at a distance of at least 45 centimeters. He said that his work is a journey into an unknown world, where the viewer is unlikely to prefer to go on their own.

Genius Pollock

At the end of the 40s of the last century, one of the most famous abstract artists, Jackson Pollock, invented a new paint splatter technique - drip, which became a real sensation. She divided the world into two camps: those who recognized the author's paintings as brilliant, and those who called them daubs, unworthy of being called art. The creator of unique creations never stretched the canvases on the canvas, but placed them on the wall or floor. He walked around with a can of paint mixed with sand, gradually plunging into a trance and dancing. It seems that he accidentally poured a multi-colored liquid, but his every movement was thought out and meaningful: the artist took into account the force of gravity and the absorption of paint by the canvas. The result was an abstract confusion, consisting of blots of different sizes and lines. For his invented style, Pollock was dubbed "Jack the Sprinkler".

The most famous abstract artist gave his works not names, but numbers, so that the viewer had freedom of imagination. "Painting No. 5", which was in a private collection, was hidden from the eyes of the public for a long time. A hype begins around the masterpiece shrouded in a veil of mystery, and finally it appears at Sotheby's auction, instantly becoming the most expensive masterpiece at that time (its cost is $ 140 million).

Find your own formula to understand abstractionism

Is there a universal formula that will allow the viewer to perceive abstract art? Perhaps in this case, everyone will have to find their own guidelines based on personal experience, inner feelings and a great desire to discover the unknown. If a person wants to discover the secret messages of the authors, he will definitely find them, because it is so tempting to look behind the outer shell and see the idea, which is an important component of abstractionism.

It is difficult to overestimate the revolution in traditional art, which was made by famous abstract artists and their paintings. They forced society to look at the world in a new way, to see different colors in it, to appreciate unusual forms and content.