Types of subordination in Russian. The most important types of syntactic connection

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Syntactic connection - a connection that occurs between the components of a complex sentence.

The generally recognized types of syntactic connection are the compositional connection (composition) and the subordinating connection (submission), as well as the non-union connection.

A writing connection is a connection between syntactically equal units (words or sentences). Factories and plants. Not in the morning, but in the evening.

Subordinating connection - This is the connection between the main sentence. and subordinate clauses. He said that (what?) would come.

Practical work No. 17

The beginning is in the notebook :D

Language kinship

In order to concretely imagine how the concept of language kinship was formed, let us schematically depict the path along which linguistics moved from collecting various linguistic factors to constructing a theory explaining them. Researchers have long noticed that there are common features in the structures of many Euro-Asian languages, for example, Polish woda, Russian water, English water, German wasser, but Japanese mizdu, Chinese shui, or Old Russian eye, Polish eye, German auge, Lithuanian akis, but Japanese me, Chinese yangjing. Thousands of such facts form the overall picture. At the same time, it turned out that it is important to compare precisely ancient words and morphemes. This is due to the fact that the words from the so-called international dictionary coincide in very distant languages, for example, Russian radio-Japanese radzio (5 identical sounds out of 6), Russian radio-Belarusian glade (3 sounds out of 6 do not match). Such words have spread in connection with recent achievements in science and culture, so they do not need to be taken into account when determining the most ancient relationships between languages. Only a comparison of the original (original) words, roots, service affixes will be reliable.

The concept of the comparative historical method

Comparison of languages; highlighting common words, roots, etc.; establishment of regular phonetic correspondences between languages; establishing temporal correlation and sequence of phonetic changes; restoration of the alleged sound of common words, roots and affixes in antiquity - these are the tasks for the solution of which at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. it was necessary to create a new branch of the science of language - comparative historical linguistics.

Comparative-historical linguistics (linguistic comparative studies) is a field of linguistics devoted primarily to the relationship of languages, which is understood historically-genetically (as a fact of origin from a common proto-language).

6. Typology on a general scientific scale is a method of studying complex objects by comparing them, identifying their common or similar features and combining similar objects into certain classes (groups, types). The typology of languages, or linguistic typology, studies the main, essential features of languages, their grouping, the derivation of general patterns observed in a number of languages, and the establishment of types of languages.

Common features may be due to the common origin of languages, i.e. their kinship or genealogy, as well as long-term geographical and/or cultural contact. In the first case, as a result of commonality, languages are systematized into “language families” (groups, macrofamilies, etc.), in the second case, they form “language unions”. In cases where the commonality of the structural features of languages is not due to either their primary genealogical relationship or secondary areal affinity, it is possible to identify common features due to the actual combat capabilities of the language, which are based on the physiological, cognitive, mental and emotional capabilities of a person as its carrier. Only in the study of such commonalities and differences in linguistics is the idea of a type used as a certain union of objects (in this case, languages) taking into account their common features.

7. Morphological classification

Morphological classification of languages

a classification based on similarities and differences in linguistic structure, as opposed to a genealogical classification of languages (See Genealogical Classification of Languages). As long as linguistic typology set as its goal the creation of a typological classification of languages (see Classification of Languages), all typological classifications were almost exclusively morphological, since morphology has long been the most developed area of linguistics. However M. to. I. initially it was not thought to be associated exclusively with the morphological level of the language (see Levels of language), but got its name due to the fact that the focus of its creators was the formal aspect of the language. Basic concepts of M. to. I. - morpheme and word

Compound sentences always include two or more simple ones (they are also called predicative parts) that are connected by various types of connection: allied coordinating, non-union and allied subordinating connection. It is the presence or absence of unions and their meaning that make it possible to establish the type of connection in the sentence.

Definition of a subordinate relationship in a sentence

Subordination, or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinate, and the other is dependent, subordinate. Such a connection is transmitted through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, the subordinating connection (unlike the coordinating one) implies a syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.

For example: In geography lessons, we learned (about what?) why there are ebb and flow, where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebb and flow- subordinate clause, why - subordinating conjunction.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words

The predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.

Simple unions include: what, to, how, when, barely, while, if, as if, as if, exactly, for, although and others. We want all nations to live happily.

Compound conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. Once The sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.

Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how much(in all cases); where, where, from where, when, how, why, why and others. Allied words always answer a question and are one of the members of a subordinate clause. I brought you there, where even the gray wolf did not run!(G. Rosen)

You need to know: what is it, its examples in the literature.

Types of subordination in a complex sentence

Depending on the means linking predicative parts, the following types of subordinations are distinguished:

allied subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex unions. He opened the doors wider to let the procession pass freely.
relative subordination - there is an allied word between the predicative parts. After death, people return to the same place from where they came.
interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by means of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. In the subordinate part, a member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or a noun is explained, which has the meaning of an utterance, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).

Often, one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent on the main one. Concerning There are several types of submission:

This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.

Based on which member of the main sentence is explained or extended by the dependent, subordinate clauses in some sources are subdivided subject, predicate, attributive, complementary and adverbial.

Each, whom he met here, offered him help. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause each.
Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
You should never regret what can no longer be changed. In this case, the subordinate part answers the question of the prepositional case.

A more common classification is that, depending on the questions they answer, adjuncts are divided as follows:

Complex sentences with different types of connection- this is complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.

To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.

Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.

For example:

1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected asylum-free; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.

2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences and gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).

This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.

In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.

These include:

1) composition and submission.

For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).

(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

2) composition and non-union communication.

For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).

(But - a coordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

3) subordination and non-union communication.

For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).

(When - subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.

For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.

(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)

Schematic of this offer:

In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.

For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.

(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)

Schematic of this offer:

Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection

In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.

As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.

For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].

Sometimes two, three or more simple suggestions most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.

For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible also comma , dash and colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.

For example: [The sun has long since set] , but[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)

[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.

For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.

Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing and subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.

In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.

For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.

You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.

I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.

4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (union-free or coordinative).

5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).

6. Draw up a proposal scheme.

A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION

[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall he me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I I decided

Allied and allied coordinating communication is one of the ways to build. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are able to contain two or more sentences that tell about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by an allied connection (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech), or by an allied one.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

Compound sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky darkened sharply, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, nailing the dust and washing away the city's smog.
Constructions that combine elements with a subordinate relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice..
Compound sentences with subordinating and non-union types of connections: No matter how he hurried, but his help was too late: the wounded were taken away by another car.
In polynomial constructions, subordinating, unionless and allied coordinating communication can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, Mom answered it, but only heard the voice of a robot saying that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, there are several grammatical bases in the syntactic lexical unit, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Unionless constructions

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 or more simple sentences can be combined, which are interconnected by intonation and meaning. They can be related to each other in the following ways:

The sentences are linked by an enumeration. The evening gradually faded away, the night fell to the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposing fragments. The weather was as ordered: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun shone brightly, a light breeze blew over the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
Binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose over the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

An allied, like an allied coordinating connection, in an integral connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. The comma and semicolon are used in enumeration relations:

The parts are small in size and related to one another in meaning. Silence fell after the thunderstorm, followed by a light whisper of rain.
When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is put. Daisies and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers chirped somewhere below.

Associative constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.

Dividing characters in non-union compounds

These signs are used for the following types of relations between the elements of a syntactic construction:

Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about the readiness to die.(In a similar construction with an allied, as well as an allied coordinating connection between the parts, I would like to put the union "but").
When the first part tells about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the conjunctions “if” or “when” are suitable in meaning.
The same sign is put if the second part contains a conclusion about what was said in the first. I had no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such allied constructions, "therefore" is usually inserted.
When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is told in the first. He gives a speech - breathes hope into people. In these constructions, you can add "as if" or "as if".
In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I will tell you in essence: you can not let your friends down.

Sentences with an allied, as well as an allied, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Compound constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinative connection is used, carried out with the help of coordinating unions. In this case, between their parts can be:

Connecting relationships connected by unions and, yes or, particles also, too, and neither ... nor. Birds don't chirp, mosquitoes don't chirp, cicadas don't chirp.
Unions are used in separating relations what and, or, particles whether ... whether, not that ... not that and others. Whether the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, then he himself is approaching us.
Sentences with both unionless and allied coordinating relations with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of unions namely and that is. Everyone was happy for him, that is, that is what he read on their faces.
Explanatory relations tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, therefore and others. A blizzard was rampant outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often, it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single compound structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions, where there is an allied and allied coordinating connection at the same time, are quite common. Separate blocks can be distinguished in them, each of which contains a few simple sentences. Inside the blocks, some elements are connected with others in meaning and separated by punctuation marks with or without unions. In a complex sentence with a non-union and allied coordinative connection, the line between them is separating signs, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.