Gallery of human types based on the poem Dead Souls (Gogol N. V.)

Atamanov Dmitry, a student of the MOAU "Gymnasium No. 2" Balakovo

This material is additional for preparing for a literature lesson when studying the work of N.V. Gogol

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Gallery of landowners N.V. Gogol "Dead souls"

"Dead Souls" - a work by the Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, the genre of which the author himself designated as a poem. Originally conceived as a three-volume work. The first volume was published in 1842. The almost finished second volume was destroyed by the writer, only separate chapters in drafts survived. The third volume was conceived and not started, some information about it remained. Pushkin was allegedly told, as Colonel Liprandi testified, that no one dies in the town of Bendery (where Pushkin was twice). The fact is that at the beginning of the 19th century, quite a lot of peasants from the central provinces of the Russian Empire fled to Bessarabia. The police were obliged to identify the fugitives, but often unsuccessfully - they took the names of the dead. As a result, not a single death was registered in Bendery for several years. An official investigation began, which revealed that the names of the dead were given to fugitive peasants who did not have documents. Many years later, Pushkin, creatively transforming a similar story, told Gogol. The documented history of the creation of the work begins on October 7, 1835. In a letter to Pushkin dated this day, Gogol first mentions Dead Souls: “I started writing Dead Souls. The plot stretched out into a long novel and, it seems, will be very funny. » N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

Manilov, at the first meeting, makes a pleasant impression of a cultured, delicate person. But already in this cursory description one can hear the famous Gogol irony. This is evidenced by the book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page for two years, and the comparison of his eyes with sugar. In the guise of this hero, sugary sweetness clearly appears. Manilov's penchant for refined, florid turns of speech speaks of his desire to appear as an enlightened, highly cultured person. But these outwardly courteous manners cannot hide the emptiness of his soul. All Manilov's occupations consist in meaningless dreams, stupid and impracticable projects. This idea is also suggested by the description of his estate, which is Gogol's most important device for characterizing landowners. What is the owner, such is the estate. At Manilov, disorder and ruin reign in the village. This impression is exacerbated by the description of the landscape with a predominance of an indefinite, gray color. One involuntarily recalls the author's characterization of people like Manilov: "neither this nor that", "neither in the city of Bogdan nor in the village of Selifan". Landowner Manilov

The character of Manilov is fully expressed in his speech and in the way he behaves during the deal with Chichikov. Gogol comically describes Manilov's confusion. Realizing that the proposal of the dearest guest is clearly contrary to the law, he is unable to refuse such a pleasant person. His concern finds expression in the reflection on whether this negotiation will be inconsistent with civil regulations and future views of Russia? The comical situation lies in the fact that a person who does not know how many peasants have died from him, who does not know how to organize his own economy, shows concern for the policy of the state. And such people are the ruling class of Russia! Landowner Manilov

Another type of landowner appears before us in the form of a Box. The surname Korobochka metaphorically expresses the essence of her nature: thrifty, distrustful, timid, dull-witted, stubborn and superstitious. The name and patronymic of Korobochka - Nastasya Petrovna - resembles a fairy-tale bear and points to the "bear corner" where Korobochka has climbed, the seclusion, narrow-mindedness and stubbornness of the landowner. The pettiness of Korobochka, the animalistic limitation of her interests solely to care for her own household, is emphasized by the bird-animal entourage around Korobochka. The landowners living near Korobochka are Bobrov, Svinin. In the folklore tradition, the birds mentioned in connection with the Box (turkeys, chickens, magpies, sparrows) symbolize stupidity, senseless troubles. Unlike Manilov, she is economic and practical. She knows the price of a "penny" well. Therefore, she is so afraid to sell cheap, selling Chichikov an unusual product. All the arguments of an enterprising businessman are shattered by her indestructible "clubhead" and greed. Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna

Fear of cheating to sell cheap makes Korobochka go to the city to find out the price of "dead souls", equipping a tarantass, "rather like a fat-cheeked convex watermelon, put on wheels... colorful bags full of money. Korobochka decides to sell her “souls” out of fear and superstition, for Chichikov promised the devil to her and almost cursed her (“let the hell go with your whole village!”), especially since she dreamed of the devil in a dream: “nasty, ... and the horns are longer than those of bulls. Things in Korobochka's house, on the one hand, reflect Korobochka's naive ideas of lush beauty; on the other hand, her hoarding and the circle of domestic entertainment (fortune-telling on cards, darning, embroidery and cooking). With all her individual characteristics, she is distinguished by the same vulgarity and "dead spirit" as Manilov. Landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna

But what indomitable energy, activity, briskness, swiftness emanates from Nozdryov, this reveler, reckless driver, known in the city as a "historical man." He is not at all interested in petty worries about accumulating money. No, he has a different, opposite passion - it is thoughtless and easy to spend money on revelry, card games, and the purchase of unnecessary things. What is the source of his income? He is the same as that of other landowners - serfs who provide their masters with an idle and carefree life. It is on this fertile soil that Nozdrev's qualities such as blatant lies, boorish attitude towards people, dishonesty, and thoughtlessness flourish. This is reflected in his fragmentary, rapid speech, in the fact that he constantly jumps from one subject to another, in his insulting, swearing, cynical expressions such as "a cattle breeder of that kind", "you are a pig for this", "such rubbish". Speaking about one hero, the author at the same time gives a description of people like him. The irony of the author lies in the fact that in the first part of the phrase he attests such nostrils as "good and faithful comrades", and then adds: "... and for all that, they are very painfully beaten." For what? Of course, for their passion to spoil their neighbor. Nozdryov's estate helps to better understand both his character and the miserable condition of his serfs, from whom he beats everything he can. Therefore, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about the disenfranchised and impoverished position of the serfs of Nozdryov. Landowner Nozdrev

In Sobakevich, in contrast to Manilov and Nozdryov, everything is distinguished by good quality and strength. Sobakevich is insightful in his own way, endowed with a sober view of things. When describing the appearance of this hero, the writer compares Sobakevich with a "medium-sized bear." This allows the reader not only to visualize the appearance of the hero, but also to see his animal essence, the absence of a higher spiritual principle. The landowner is concerned only with the preservation of his wealth and the abundance of the table. Most of all, he loves to eat well and tasty, not recognizing foreign diets. If Manilov at least tried to assimilate the outward manners of an intelligent humane person, then Sobakevich does not hide his deep contempt for enlightenment, defining it with the word "fuk". Sobakevich is an ardent serf-owner who will never miss his advantage, even when it comes to dead peasants. Shameful bargaining because of "dead souls" reveals the defining feature of his character - an irrepressible desire for profit, greed, money-grubbing. When describing the image of Sobakevich, the writer widely uses the technique of hyperbolization. Suffice it to recall his monstrous appetite or portraits of commanders with thick legs and "unheard of mustaches" that adorned his office. Landowner Sobakevich Mikhail Semenovich

Irony and sarcasm in the characterization of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev and Sobakevich are replaced by the grotesque portrayal of Plyushkin. He is, of course, the most deadened among the "dead souls", since it was in this hero that Gogol showed the limit of spiritual emptiness. He even outwardly lost his human appearance, for Chichikov, seeing him, could not understand what gender this figure was. The arrogance and rudeness of Nozdrev, his desire to harm his neighbor, nevertheless, did not prevent him from appearing in society and communicating with people. Plyushkin, on the other hand, completely withdrew into his egoistic loneliness, cutting himself off from the whole world. He is indifferent to the fate of his children, all the more he is not touched by the fate of the peasants dying of hunger. All normal human feelings are completely ousted from Plyushkin's soul by a passion for hoarding. But if at Korobochka and Sobakevich the collected money went to strengthen the economy and was spent meaningfully, then Plyushkin's senile stinginess crossed all limits and turned into its opposite. Busy collecting all sorts of rubbish, like shards and old soles, he does not notice that his household is being destroyed. The fate of Plyushkin's serfs speaks particularly impressively of the tragic fate of the Russian people, ruled by greedy, greedy, empty, wasteful and out of their mind people. Therefore, Gogol's poem inevitably makes one think about what a terrible evil serfdom was in Russia for centuries, how it crippled and broke the fate of people, and hindered the economic and cultural development of the country. Landowner Stepan Plyushkin

Thank you for your attention!

Gallery of landowners

in the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

…… not audit - dead souls,

and all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs...

- dead souls

and we meet them at every step.

A.I. Herzen

Question number 1. Who prompted N.V. Gogol the plot of "Dead Souls"?

• M. Yu. Lermontov.
• A. S. Pushkin.
• L. N. Tolstoy.
• I. S. Turgenev.

A. S. Pushkin.

Portrait by V. A. Tropinin.

Question number 2. Name the genre of Dead Souls.

• Novel.
• Poem.
• Story.
• Tale.

Cover of the poem "Dead Souls". Rice. N. Gogol.

Question number 3. What technique does N.V. Gogol use in the title of the poem?

• Metaphor.
• Oxymoron.
• Epithet.
• Comparison.

Oxymoron (Greek - “sharp stupidity”) - a combination of words with the opposite meaning .

Question number 4. What is the name and patronymic of Chichikov.

• Ivan Pavlovich.
• Pavel Nikolaevich.
• Pavel Ivanovich.
• Pyotr Ivanovich.

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. P. Boklevsky.

Question number 5. Whose portrait is this?

In his eyes he was a prominent person; his features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have been conveyed too much sugar; in his manners and turns there was something ingratiating himself with favors and acquaintances. He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes.

• Plushkin.
• Nozdryov.
• Manilov.
• Sobakevich.

Manilov. Drawing by P. Boklevsky.

Question number 6. Who in the poem by N.V. Gogol is called "a hole in humanity"?

• Plushkin.
• Nozdryov.
• Manilov.
• Sobakevich.

Plushkin. Drawing by P. Boklevsky.

Question number 7. Which of the landowners seemed to Chichikov "very similar to a medium-sized bear"?

• Plushkin.
• Nozdryov.
• Manilov.
• Sobakevich.

Sobakevich. Drawing by P. Boklevsky.

Question number 8. Whose characteristic is this?

“A man of about thirty, a broken fellow, who, after three or four words, began to say to him (Chichikov)“ you ”.

• Manilov.
• Nozdryov.
• Plushkin.
• Sobakevich.

Nozdrev. Drawing by P. Boklevsky.

Question number 9. Which of the characters in the poem owns this dwelling?

“The room was hung with old striped wallpaper; pictures with some birds, mirrors with dark frames ... behind every mirror there was either a letter, or an old deck of cards, or a stocking.

• Plushkin.
• Box.
• Manilov.
• Sobakevich.

Box. Drawing by P. Boklevsky.

Question number 10. To whom do these words belong?

I know them all: they are scammers, the whole city is like this: a scammer on

the swindler sits and urges the swindler. All Christ sellers.

• Manilov.
• Nozdryov.
• Plushkin.
• Sobakevich.

Question number 11. For what purpose did Chichikov buy up "dead souls"?

B. In order to profitably marry, calling himself the owner of thousands of souls.

B. To lay them before the Board of Trustees as living.

D. To win a bet.

Question number 12. Which of the heroes of the poem N.V. Gogol does not refer to as "dead souls"?

A. Chichikova.

B. Manilova.

V. Dead peasants.

G. Selifana.

Afanasiev A.F. Two men.

“ Nice meeting".

landowner Manilov - a fruitless dreamer and dreamer.

Careless

Courteous

Manilov

idle talk

Primitive

Characteristic

ingratiating

sugary

Napaknoe

profundity

landowner Korobochka Nastasya Petrovna – a collegiate secretary who is ready to sell you even her soul at a bargain price.

stingy

stupid

rude

box

Zhadna

prudent

wary

incredulous

The landowner Nozdryov - a reveler, a gambler and a talker - with great pleasure will lose all his fortune to you in cards, then he will drink and eat at your expense in any tavern.

Kutila, talker

Burner

life

idle talk

Nozdrev

quarrelsome

Chatterbox, liar

landowner Sobakevich Mikhailo Semyonovich- a hater of education, a strong owner, uncompromising in bargaining, - he will be glad to “sling mud” at all his acquaintances at a hearty dinner in his house.

Neotesan

rough

Sobakevich

Dodger

Ruthless

Tenacious

Glutton

landowner Stepan Plushkin- a cruel serf-owner, stingy, suspicious, distrustful of everyone - does not want to see you on his estate and is not going to treat even last year's Easter cake.

Storage device

Slave of things

Plushkin

petty

suspicious

Extremely stingy

sunken

human

Spiritually and physically

degenerate

Lost

human

appearance

"Open questions"

B) sugar 2) Box

B) a bunch, a hole 3) Nozdryov

D) health 4) Plushkin

"Open questions"

Among the artistic means used by N.V. Gogol to individualize the characters of the characters, the details-leitmotifs stand out. Correlate such details with the characters of the landowners.

A) bags, boxes 1) Manilov

B) sugar 2) Box

B) a bunch, a hole 3) Nozdryov

D) health 4) Plushkin

E) pictures with fat people 5) Sobakevich

"Open questions"

A) bear 1) Manilov

B) cat 2) Box

C) bird 3) Sobakevich

D) mouse 4) Nozdrev

D) dog 5) Plushkin

"Open questions"

N.V. Gogol also uses the zoologization of characters.

Match the animal and the landowner it characterizes.

A) bear 1) Manilov

B) cat 2) Box

C) bird 3) Sobakevich

D) mouse 4) Nozdrev

D) dog 5) Plushkin

Crossword "Characters of the poem".

Horizontally: 1. "Sir, not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin, one cannot say that he is old, but not so much that he is too young."

4. “Well, the woman seems to be strong-browed”, “cudgel-headed”.

Vertically: 2. “Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan…”. 3. “This time he seemed to him like a medium-sized bear ... the tailcoat on him was completely bearish in color ...”

5. "He was as fresh as blood with milk, health seemed to squirt from his face." 6. “... is this a man or a woman”, “the dress is indefinite”, there is a cap on the head, the dressing gown is sewn from who knows what.”

Dead Souls

Game "Ladder" Restore the sequence of degradation of the landowners in the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". The ladder of degradation of the landowners in the poem

trickery, adventurism

groundless daydreaming

stupid housekeeping

Boastfulness, impudence

box

kulaks, rudeness

Greed, insatiable greed

Sobakevich

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov

Having learned from childhood to "save a penny", Chichikov is endowed with all the necessary qualities of an anti-hero.

External facelessness, chameleonism, the ability to reincarnate, depending on the circumstances. He is soulless, obsessed with only one idea - to become a "millionaire", to find peace and prosperity.

We said goodbye to our main character.

He sat down on his britzka, thought about it, and drove off.

Passed before us

“obsequious slaves of power and ruthless tyrants of their slaves, drinking the blood and life of the people with the same naturalness and innocence with which a child sucks his mother’s breast.

A.I. HERZEN.

Essay topics:

1. Features of the genre and composition of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". Artistic features of the poem.

2. “To be afraid of the ridiculous is not to love the truth” (I.S. Turgenev) (reflections on the pages of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”).

3. City NN in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".

4. Reflections on the read book.

5. Landlords - "squanderers" and landowners - "accumulators" in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"

Reflection

Fascinatingly

Interesting

Boring

Don't care

Materials used in the creation of the presentation Internet sites:

Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia http://ru.wikipedia

Illustrations for "Dead Souls":

http://az.lib.ru/img/g/gogolx_n_w/text_0140/index.shtml

http://angik.gogol.ru

http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles

Thank you for your work!

A. Laptev. A string of "dead souls".

The gallery of landlords is built on a top-down principle. Each subsequent character is “deader” than the previous one, according to Gogol, “one character follows me more vulgar than the other.” The disclosure of the image of each of the landowners occurs according to one scheme. First, the character's dwelling is described, then his appearance and manner of communicating with Chichikov. The playwright pays special attention to the scene of the deal for the sale of dead souls, because it is these episodes that denounce the landowners and demonstrate the absurdity of the world in which the characters live.

Manilov is the first representative of the Gogol gallery. He is reminiscent of the hero of sentimental novels: "... his features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness, it seemed, was too much transferred to sugar ...". Manilov's speech, like his appearance, is oversweetened, full of empty polite phrases. Chichikov's arrival is "May day ... name day of the heart." Sweetness and sentimentality are the essence of the projector's character, the "beautiful dreamer" Manilov, who spends his life in idleness and inaction. The hero's estate is absurd and uncomfortable, the economy, one might say, goes with the flow, since the landlord is not interested in the state of affairs. He is amazed by Chichikov's offer to sell dead souls, but beautiful phrases about the legality of the transaction quickly calm Manilov. Having made a deal and seeing off the guest, the hero again puts on cozy slippers and plunges into the world of sweet dreams. "... God alone could tell what the character of Manilov was. There is a kind of people known by the name: people are so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan, according to the proverb. Maybe to Manilov should also join him ... "- writes N.V. Gogol.

Chichikov's chaise goes to Korobochka, in whose estate the hero ends up absolutely by accident, he is mistaken on the way to Sobakevich. The box is “one of those mothers, small landowners who cry for crop failures, losses, and meanwhile they save up a little money, hiding them in chests of drawers.” This is a generalized image, her surname shows the essence of character, which lies in hoarding. Korobochka, unlike Manilov, has a well-groomed household. The heroine, mistaking Chichikov for a "buyer", begins to treat him with various dishes in order to appease him. But the essence of the proposed transaction is inaccessible to her understanding due to the limited mind. The “club-headed” Korobochka is afraid of only one thing: that she will not be deceived in price, and for a long time she cannot understand why Chichikov needs “bones and graves”. Only the promise to buy food from her calms the heroine. But after a while, it is she who goes to the city in order to find an answer to the pressing question about the price of dead souls.

The next is the meeting between Chichikov and Nozdrev, which also turned out to be unscheduled. The heroes clash when one goes to a tavern, and the other returns from the fair, enthusiastically boasting about how much money he lost. Nozdryova Gogol refers to the category of people who are known as "broken fellows." This hero is a scoundrel, capable of substituting even the closest comrade at any moment, without recognizing absolutely no guilt. Nozdrev's lifestyle is made up of play, fun, aimless activity, supported by the absence of any moral principles. The appearance of this hero is always symbolic, as it portends an upcoming scandal. Gogol ironically calls Nozdryov a "historical man." He tries to turn the deal on the sale of dead souls into a barter, then into a game, in the end, Chichikov hardly remains intact after this meeting. The character of Nozdrev has a unique coloring. The hero is a typical braggart, scorcher, talker, debater, brawler, reveler, who never minds drinking and playing.

After some time, Chichikov finally gets to Sobakevich, whom he promised to visit immediately after Manilov. Here is how the hero is shown in the poem: "... this time he seemed to him very similar to a medium-sized bear. To complete the similarity, the tailcoat on him was completely bear-colored, the sleeves were long, the pantaloons were long, he stepped with his feet and at random and stepped incessantly on other people's feet. The complexion was red-hot, hot, which happens on a copper penny ... " An important place in the life of Sobakevich is food, it becomes a kind of cult. The hero is an active and solid landowner. In the estate, all buildings are strong, durable and reliable. True, they look awkward, like the "hero" Sobakevich himself. The hero cares, first of all, about the convenience and durability of things, and not about beauty and grace. Chichikov's offer to buy dead souls instantly prompts Sobakevich to think about the maximum price increase, he does not care about the essence and legality of this transaction. The hero begins to praise the already dead peasants in order to "catch the profit." Sobakevich is hostile to spirituality. The main thing for him is taking care of his own well-being and a well-fed existence under any circumstances.

Completes the "gallery of landowners" Plyushkin, whose lifestyle is the apogee of necrosis, degradation and vulgarity. The appearance of the hero is not inherent in human outlines. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that Plyushkin is the only character who has his own backstory, only a semblance of life flickers on his face: “... suddenly some kind of warm ray slipped, not a feeling was expressed, but some kind of pale reflection of a feeling.” The family drama shocks the hero, he loses the meaning of life, becomes "a hole in humanity." Plyushkin - the only once "alive" - ​​appears in the most disgusting guise of a dead soul. This sixth chapter is the climax in the plot of the poem, presenting the tragic theme of change for the worse for Gogol, and it completes the plot of the journey. In that case, is it fair to judge Plyushkin as the worst? Or is it simply that the very measure of vulgarity becomes unbearable by the sixth chapter?

GALLERY OF LANDSHOPS

IN N. V. GOGOL'S POEM "DEAD SOULS"

Lesson Objectives: reveal the features of the system of images of landlords in the poem "Dead Souls"; reveal the internal logic of creating images of the local nobility; check the level of formation of the skill of analyzing a literary character; engage students in research work.

Methodical methods: repetition of known information about the characters of the local nobility in the form of a quiz, posing a question for discussion, creating a problem situation, conversation with elements of research work, student reports.

Equipment: reproductions of portraits of landowners, presentation "Portrait Opening Day of Gogol", map of Chichikov's journey, comments by critics

“Not a shadow of goodness, not a single bright thought,

there is not a single human feeling in them.”

"Gogol showed the ordinaryness of an ordinary person"

Gogol guides Chichikov through the ranks

truly Russian people, each of which

epic figure. Both Manilov and Sobakevich,

and Plyushkin - they all came from the world of fairy tales"

(P. Weil, A. Genis)

Epigraph: "Dead souls ... all these Nozdryovs, Manilovs and all the others"

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment. Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

The central place in the first volume of Dead Souls is occupied by five "portrait chapters" (from the second to the sixth). Each of them is dedicated to a specific human type. Gogol gives these chapters in a definite order, which is not at all arbitrary. Chichikov's visit to Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev, Sobakevich and Plyushkin is usually understood as the story of the adventures of an "acquirer" who buys actually dead, but legally alive, that is, not deleted from the audit lists, souls. Meanwhile, a feature of Gogol's works is the versatility of the text and the images created. Gogol's text is like an archaeological excavation: the wider and deeper the field of study, the more visual a person's life becomes, the more detailed and comprehensive the information received is.

II. Quiz "Know the character" (students read out cards prepared by the teacher with a description of the landlords, you need to put a card with a description in a pocket with the image of the character in question). At the same time, an individual game "Lotto" according to the same principle.

1. “He was of medium height, a very well-built young man with full ruddy cheeks, teeth as white as snow, and sideburns as black as pitch. He was fresh as blood and milk; health seemed to spurt from his face. (Nozdrev)

2. “... the little eyes had not yet gone out and were running from under high-growing eyebrows, like mice, when, sticking their sharp muzzles out of dark holes, pricking up their ears and blinking their mustaches, they look out for a cat or a naughty boy hiding somewhere, and sniff the very air suspiciously” (Plyushkin)

3. Of the people “known by the name: people are so-so, neither this nor that, neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan ...” (Manilov)

4. “The complexion had a red-hot, hot, which happens on a copper penny ... the strongest and wonderfully stitched image ...” (Sobakevich)

5. “... human feelings, which were not deep in him anyway, became shallow every minute, and every day something was lost in this worn-out ruin” (Plyushkin)

6. “...was in some respects a historical man. Not a single meeting where he was, did not do without a story” (Nozdrev)

7. “In his eyes he was a prominent person; his features were not devoid of pleasantness, but this pleasantness, it seemed, was too much transferred to sugar ... ” (Manilov)

8. “He thought about the well-being of a friendly life, about how nice it would be to live with a friend on the banks of some river, then a bridge began to be built across this river, then a huge house” (Manilov)

9. “... by no means and efforts it would be impossible to get to the bottom of what his dressing gown was concocted from: the sleeves and upper floors were so greasy and shiny that they looked like yuft, which goes on boots ...” (Plyushkin)

10. “In his office there was always some kind of book, bookmarked on the fourteenth page, which he had been constantly reading for two years” (Manilov)

11. “... most of all there was tobacco. He was in different things: in caps and in a tobacco case, and, finally, he was poured simply in a heap on the table. On both windows were also placed mounds of ash knocked out of a pipe, arranged, not without diligence, in very beautiful rows. (Manilov)

12. “... led them to his office, in which, however, there were no noticeable traces of what happens in the offices, that is, books or paper; only sabers and two guns hung - one worth three hundred and the other eight hundred rubles ... Following that, a hurdy-gurdy appeared to the guests ” (Nozdrev)

13. “It would have been impossible to say that a living creature lived in this room, if the old, worn cap lying on the table did not announce its presence” (Plyushkin)

14. “Table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the most difficult and restless nature, - in a word, every object, every chair seemed to say: “And I, too, _________!” or “I also look a lot like _________!” (Sobakevich)

Characteristics of which character was not found in the quiz? (Boxes)

III. Monologue Boxes (performed by a student)

- I am an old columned noblewoman, a landowner. I have, father, a decent estate, a courtyard full of all sorts of domestic creatures: turkeys, and chickens, and roosters, and hogs. And what gardens I have, sir, God forgive the braggart: there are cabbages, and turnips, and onions, and beets ... And behind the garden, opposite the pig shed, are the huts of my peasants, I have eighty souls of them. I trade in hemp and bacon, and peasants, if God sends. That's true, Chichikov offered to sell the dead peasants. I will say frankly, I was confused and began to bargain, and suddenly I’ll sell cheap (I haven’t sold the dead yet).

IV. analytical question.

Why does Chichikov need dead souls?

V. Word of the teacher.

The names of Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdrev. Sobakevich, Plyushkin, perhaps, are among the most famous among all the names of the heroes of classical Russian literature. Some of them have long acquired a generalizing meaning and have become common nouns. But what do these names mean? What considerations guided the writer, reflecting on the "naming" of the heroes of the poem?

VI. Student's message "What do the names of the landowners mean in the poem" Dead Souls " (the students listen to the message against the background of the presentation "Gogol's Portrait Gallery")

- The literary names of the heroes of "Dead Souls" can be called hidden. They are ambiguous, because the naming of the hero can be realized by Gogol himself at different "sections" of the text. To comprehend the name, it is necessary to establish its internal connection with the image, and the image itself - with the context of the work. Surname Manilov formed from the dialect word manila (the same maniha, decoy, manilshchik), meaning: “one who promises, but deceives; the one who wonders; deceiver." A distinctive feature of Manilov is the uncertainty of his character. The first impression is deceptive, "manly". landowner box as a housewife personifies materialism, hoarding. Her surname, equivalent to a nickname, is associated with a box, which can be identified as a symbol of prosperity and wealth. Surname of the next character - Nozdreva- is associated with the word nostril, about which the adjective spongy is formed in the meaning "with small holes, porous." In dialects there is an adjective nostril - "full of wells, holes." All this is perceived by us as a hint at the moral inferiority of the landowner. Surname Sobakevich associated with the word dog, although Mikhail Semenovich himself seems to Chichikov "very similar to a medium-sized bear." The final, final stage of the necrosis of the soul, disintegration, decomposition of everything truly human is Plyushkin, crushed, flattened by life. Surname Plushkin, associated with the word bun in the meaning of "small rich bun", which is made by squeezing, making the dough flat, is indirectly associated with a change, crushing, flattening of the spiritual principle in a person. An indirect association of Plyushkin's surname with the verb plop (sya) "heavy, hard to sit down, fall" is not excluded, as a symbol of the hero's spiritual fall.

VII. Teacher's word. Problem statement.

What unites all the landowners depicted by Gogol? Here are the statements of modern critics.

1) some believe that “there is not a shadow of goodness, not a single bright thought, not a single human feeling in them” ();

2) others argue that Gogol's heroes are not virtuous and not vicious, they are "ordinary". "average" people, but recreated with Gogol's unique "brightness, strength and size"; they are vulgar, but, according to these critics, in the first half of the 19th century the word “vulgar” meant “ordinary” - Gogol showed the “ordinary nature of an ordinary person” ();

3) others believe that “gogol leads Chichikov through the ranks of truly Russian people, each of whom is an epic figure. And Manilov, and Sobakevich, and Korobochka, and Plyushkin - they all came from the world of a fairy tale. It is easy to recognize Koshchei the Immortal or Baba Yaga in them. Majestic in their passions and vices, these epic heroes represent Russia as a fabulous, wonderful, absurd country "()

Which of these opinions is closer to your perception of the poem and why? (The guys’ opinions are different. Some prove the traditional point of view. Others give such evidence: “I think that these are ordinary people who live now. Plyushkin and Korobochka are stingy to varying degrees; Manilov and Nozdrev are dreamers who cannot realize their dream in reality, so they lie in order to exalt themselves in society. And Sobakevich is a person who thinks only about himself and his own benefit. "" I agree with the opinions of Weil and Genis, because I also see fabulous images in Gogol's landowners: Plyushkin - Koschey the Immortal ; Korobochka - Baba Yaga; Sobakevich - the Bear, who came out of a Russian fairy tale; Manilov - Cat Bayun, luring others into a sleepy kingdom; Nozdryov is an epic Nightingale - a robber")

Indeed, the names of Gogol's heroes, like fairy-tale characters, have become household names. Just like the heroes of fairy tales, Gogol's landowners are simple and understandable to the reader, who seem to return to childhood when they read about the evil Koshchei or the clumsy Mikhail Potapych. As in fairy tales, the atmosphere in the dwellings of the characters also plays an important role. For example, Korobochka's house, which contains drugs and decoctions, in our imagination immediately becomes the hut of Baba Yaga, and Plyushkin's house with its mustiness, dampness, dust - the palace of Koshchei the Immortal, etc.

On the other hand, speaking of the typicality of Gogol's heroes, let's recall the characters of Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin".

VIII. Expressive reading by a trained student of an excerpt from the novel "Eugene Onegin" ( chapter five,XXV-XXVIII)

In the morning, the Larins' house was guests

All full; whole families

Neighbors gathered in wagons,

In wagons, in carts and in sledges

In the front crush, anxiety;

Meeting new faces in the living room

Lay mosek, smacking girls,

Noise, laughter, crowd at the threshold,

Bows, shuffling guests,

Nurses scream and cry of children.

With his stout wife

The fat Trifle has arrived;

Gvozdin, an excellent host,

Owner of poor men;

Skotinins, gray-haired couple,

With children of all ages, counting

Thirty to two years;

County dandy Petushkov,

My cousin, Buyanov,

In down, in a cap with a visor

(As you, of course, know him),

And the retired landowner Flyanov,

Heavy gossip, old rogue,

With the family of Panfil Kharlikov

Monsieur Triquet also arrived,

Wit, recently from Tambov,

With glasses and a red wig...

And here from a nearby settlement

Ripe young ladies idol,

County mothers joy,

The company commander arrived;

Entered ... Ah, the news, but what!

Music will be regimental!

The Colonel sent it himself.

What joy: there will be a ball!

The girls are jumping in advance;

But food was served. couple

They go to the table hand in hand.

IX. teacher's word

One of the features of Gogol's talent is that "passion to know everything", that "desire to know a person", which makes him look for people of all classes and notice something interesting in everyone. We learn about this from Gogol's letter to K. The ability to "catch a person's soul" was a genuine discovery of the writer. Researchers of Gogol's language note that the work on the word was carried out by the writer with the utmost effort of all mental strength, since in addition to the very subject of the image, the author always occupied the word denoting this subject. Gogol was distinguished by the ability to "turn" the word in such a way as to extract the maximum artistic effect from it. To show that even the most, at first glance, insignificant images of the work carry a huge semantic load, let us turn to the topic “Description of food and its role in the poem“ Dead Souls ”.

X. Speech by a student with the message “Description of food and its role in the poem“ Dead Souls ”

- From the first pages of the poem, he makes it clear that he assigns a considerable place to the images of food in the work. The writer is accustomed to treat food with respect, but still sharply separates satiety from gluttony. The protagonist, traveling from landowner to landowner, first of all finds himself at the table. The hosts consider it their duty to regale Chichikov with something amazing, whether it’s Manilov’s cabbage soup from the bottom of his heart, or Korobochka’s pancakes, Nozdrev’s “wonderful balyk,” Sobakevich’s “mutton’s side,” or Easter cake cracker » at Plyushkin. Business conversations are preceded by a feast. The author constructs the narrative in such a way that each “edible” detail he singles out reflects the character trait of the landowner with whom the Gogol hero is dining. So, according to the bread crumbs left from evening to morning on the tablecloth in Nozdryov's dining room, he concludes that the owner of the house is careless. And this, in turn, prompts Chichikov to think: should he behave like a familiar and tell the owner directly about the goal, or is it better not to insist stubbornly on his own. This philistine tactic of the hero - to judge by the treat - is easily transferred to the vision of the world and people. In the tavern, the old woman tries to use Chichikov’s method of “guessing” people: “Manilov will be more delicate than Sobakevich: he orders the chicken to be cooked immediately, and asks for veal; if there is lamb's liver, then he will ask for lamb's liver, and Sobakevich will ask one thing, but he will eat it all, even demand a surcharge for the same price. The landlords are depicted in the same way. For Plyushkin, food is a measure of human qualities: “You can find a good company of a person anywhere: he doesn’t eat, but is full.” And Sobakevich even divides people into provincial and metropolitan residents with the help of Chichikov's "philosophy". Some, in his opinion, "will eat half a lamb side with porridge, having a bite of a cheesecake on a plate," while others eat "some cutlets with truffles." In the provinces, Sobakevich suggests, the scale is different: what is small in the capital grows here to extraordinary sizes. And, indeed, the reader sees that the vulgarity of the characters doubles.

XI. teacher's word

So, it is no coincidence that Gogol's frequent appeal to images of food. Traditional for all world literature, they become a measure of human qualities for the heroes of Dead Souls, and for the author of the poem they become a means of depicting the spiritual emptiness of characters who are only busy satisfying animal needs and therefore worthy of being called “pig snouts” to a much greater extent than people.

What vices are represented by each of the landlords? (Manilov - an empty dream; Korobochka - clubhead; Nozdrev - unbridled character; Sobakevich - greed, a passion for money-grubbing (the desire for profit); Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity")

XII. Examining the travel map of Chichikov (creative work of students)

Why is the image of Russian landowners presented to us in such a sequence? At first glance, this is dictated by purely external circumstances. Chichikov meets Manilov and Sobakevich at the governor's party. Chichikov first went to Manilov, and from Manilov to Sobakevich, but got lost in a thunderstorm and ended up at Korobochka. Then, on the way, he stopped at a tavern to "have a bite" and unexpectedly met Nozdryov. From Nozdryov, finally, he got to Sobakevich. When he learned from Sobakevich that Plyushkin, the owner of eight hundred souls of serfs who were dying from him "like flies", lived five miles away, Chichikov went to this landowner.

XIII. Problem statement

But in the order in which Gogol introduces the readers to the landlords, there is another, deeper inner meaning. Which? Listen to several points of view on just such a sequence of landlords in the text of the poem "Dead Souls".

The traditional point of view of literary critics: the landowners are ranked according to their degree of degradation (Manilov still has everything - a family, children, furniture (although the features of desolation have already been outlined - “two armchairs were covered with just matting”, etc.); Plyushkin had all this, but lost over the years)

The modern point of view: landowners are conditionally divided into accumulators and spenders: Manilov is a spender; Box - drive; Nozdrev is a spendthrift; Sobakevich - storage; Plyushkin - "a hole in humanity" (a squanderer from hoarding, a hoarder from squandering)

Y. Mann's point of view: the landowners are located in the text of the poem according to the degree of rebirth of their soul (note the fact that, describing Manilov, Gogol draws our attention to the things around him. Manilov has no inner world, his soul has died. And more , only Plyushkin, as the author notes, has “live eyes”, and it is known that the eyes are the mirror of the soul, therefore, only Plyushkin is capable of reviving the soul)

XIV. The study of the characteristics of characters - landlords (student post)

- In Gogol, the contrast between the living and the dead, the necrosis of the living is often indicated precisely by the description of the eyes. In "Dead Souls" in the portrait of the characters, the eyes are either not indicated in any way (since they are simply superfluous), or their lack of spirituality is emphasized. So, Manilov “had eyes as sweet as sugar”, in relation to Sobakevich’s eyes, the tool that nature used in this case was noted: “he poked out his eyes with a large drill” (like in a wooden doll!) and ran from under high-growing eyebrows, like mice, when, sticking out their pointed muzzles from dark holes, pricking up their ears and blinking their mustaches, they look out for a cat or a naughty boy hiding somewhere, and suspiciously smell the very air.

XV. An impromptu dialogue with Plushkin (student-prepared scene)

- How do you live Mr. Plyushkin?

- Poor, gentlemen. Robbers enter into ruin. At least Proshka, a kind of thief. Costs all around.

- But once you were an excellent owner, the neighbors went to you to learn wise stinginess, reasonable thrift. Factories worked, machine tools, spinning mills, plows, braids. The hostess was friendly, famous for hospitality.

- Yes, it was all. Not now the mistress has died, the eldest daughter has jumped out in marriage. The son left. The youngest daughter died. I was left alone.

XVI. problem question

Which of the characters in the poem has a biography? (Plyushkin and Chichikov)

Whoever has a past will have a future. Who is capable of rebirth? If we recall that "Dead Souls" was conceived by analogy with Dante's "Divine Comedy" - in three parts: the first part - "Hell", the second part - "Purgatory", the third part - "Paradise", then the idea, therefore, is not limited to the image of "hell", "vulgarity of a vulgar person", its limit is in the salvation of this very "vulgar person". The biography of Chichikov (as well as Plyushkin) is the story of the "fall of the soul"; but if the soul "fell", it means that it was once pure, then its rebirth is possible - through repentance. What is necessary for repentance, purification of the soul? Inner self, inner voice. Only Plyushkin (to a lesser extent) and Chichikov (to a greater extent) also have the right to spiritual life, to “feelings” and “thoughts”. “With some kind of vague feeling, he looked at the houses ...”; “It was unpleasant, vague in his heart…”; “Some terrible feeling, incomprehensible to himself, took possession of him,” Gogol captures the moments of “introspection” (inner voice) in his hero. Not only that: there are frequent cases when Chichikov's inner voice passes into the author's voice or merges with it in famous poetic digressions. But this is the topic of our next conversation ...

XVII. Homework: write out excerpts from lyrical digressions from the text of the poem. What are they about?

LITERATURE

Native speech. 1991 Voropaev souls: who are they? On the title of the poem / Russian speech, 2002, No. 3 Gukovsky Gogol. - M., 1959 Kozhinov Gogol. - M., 1995 Gogol's poetics. - M., 1978

I really liked this piece. One of the few that I have read avidly. Classical, in some places satirical, but at the same time such a deep work will not leave anyone indifferent.

Nikolai Vasilyevich wrote this poem in order to show Russia "from one side." As Gogol himself wrote: “I wanted to expose in my essay mainly those higher properties of Russian nature that are not yet fairly valued by everyone, and mainly those low ones that are not yet sufficiently ridiculed and amazed by everyone.”

I believe that every landowner whom Chichikov visited was deader in soul than the previous one.

First, Chichikov comes to Manilov. Manilov is a cloyingly sweet person. He loves to dream, but his dreams are dead, like his soul.

All his desires never come true, because he himself does not put any effort into this. For me, this is an empty person who has no determination and willpower.

Then Chichikov visits Korobochka, an elderly landowner. This is a very thrifty woman, always afraid to sell too cheap. As Chichikov himself calls her:

"cudgel-headed", "thick-browed old woman".

This is also a dead soul, because Nastasya Petrovna has only one thing on her mind: money.

Not a single person in the city of NN trusts Nozdryov. Therefore, when he told people that Chichikov bought dead souls from him, no one believed him.

The next landowner who sheltered Chichikov was Sobakevich. The landowner's village speaks for itself. In Sobakevich's household, all the houses and huts were strong, but clumsy.

Even in his house, all the furniture looks like him, it seems to be screaming: “Both I, and I look like Sobakevich!”. Money, calculation made him a rough and tough person. Chichikov gives him the definition of "fist".

And this is also a dead soul in a living body.

Plyushkin was the last landowner. He turned his entire household into trash. He is a collector, but in essence he just put all the garbage in the house and turned everything into chaos. This is a very stingy person, but fate made him so, because his wife died and he had to live alone.

It seems to me that Plyushkin does not have a dead soul, he simply could not pull himself together when he lost all the joy in life.

The poem "Dead Souls" presents a whole gallery of human types. Gogol took a certain character trait and created a hero. He did not want to show anyone specific, on the contrary: Nikolai Vasilyevich wanted us to see Russia from “one side”, change our attitude to what is happening in the world and so that we understand who really has “dead souls”.

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33. “The Case of Dead Souls” is a Russian television series based on the works of N.V. Gogol: “Dead Souls”, “Inspector General”, “Notes of a Madman” and others, released in 2005. Director: Pavel Lungin Genre: comedy, domestic, adventure, drama Cast: Alexander Abdulov, Ivan Agapov, Pavel Derevyanko, Elena Galubina, Sergey Garmash, Alexander Ilyin, Konstantin Khabensky, Andrey Kochetkov, Sergey Kolesnikov, Pavel Lyubimtsev Description: […] ...
34. The theme of living and dead souls is the main one in Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". We can judge this already by the title of the poem, which not only contains a hint at the essence of Chichikov's scam, but also contains a deeper meaning, reflecting the author's intention of the first volume of the poem "Dead Souls". There is an opinion that Gogol conceived to create the poem "Dead Souls" by analogy [...] ...
35. Living and dead souls in N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" N. V. Gogol's poem is one of his best works. The author worked on its creation for more than 10 years, without completing his plan. Despite this, the work turned out to be original and interesting. All the characters in the poem, their way of life and way of life, are thought out to the smallest detail. AT […]...
36. Instead of a real feeling, Manilov has a “pleasant smile”, sugary courtesy and a sensitive phrase; instead of thought - some kind of incoherent, stupid reasoning, instead of activity, or such results of his "labor", as "hills of ash knocked out of a pipe, placed not without diligence in very beautiful rows." Not a living person, but a parody of him, a different embodiment of the same - spiritual emptiness [...] ...
37. Images of landlords In his work "Dead Souls" Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol described the most diverse types of landowners who lived in contemporary Russia. At the same time, he tried to clearly show their way of life, customs and vices. All landowners are depicted satirically, forming a kind of art gallery. Arriving in the city of NN, the main character met many new people. All of them were mostly […]
38. In Gogol's work, one can discern both good and bad sides in Russia. As dead souls, the author positions neither the dead, but officials and townsfolk, whose soul has hardened from callousness and indifference to others. One of the main characters of the poem was Chichikov, who visited five landowners' estates. And in this series of trips, Chichikov concludes for himself that [...] ...
39. Gogol tried to draw a complete picture of the collapse of the economy, which was going through in those days the subsistence serf economy. Through the images of the landlords, the author also shows the moral degeneration of the masters, the ruling class. But in the image of Chichikov, the features of a classic predator, a tenacious, unscrupulous person of a bourgeois warehouse, who was brought up by a new trend of capitalism, can be traced. Gogol tells about the life of the protagonist already in the first […]...
40. What does Chichikov have in common with other heroes? “Dead Souls” is one of the brightest works of Russian literature, the pinnacle of artistic skill of N.V. Gogol. One of the main themes revealed by the author is the theme of the Russian landlord class as the ruling class. Gogol chose satire as the main image of the landowners and was not mistaken, since humor helped him to […]