In the heart of Antarctica. Great discoveries and travels: the story of the miraculous rescue of Ernest Shackleton's expedition from the Antarctic ice Other characters

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton(English Ernest Henry Shackleton, February 15, 1874, Kilkee House, Kildare, Ireland - January 5, 1922, Grytviken, South Georgia) - Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer, a figure in the heroic age of Antarctic exploration. Member of four Antarctic expeditions, three of which he commanded.

The first experience of polar research was gained in the Discovery expedition, a participant in the first trip to the South Pole (latitude 82° 11’ was reached), after which he was evacuated for health reasons. In 1907, Shackleton led his own Nimrod expedition, during which he reached 88° 23" S, 97 geographical miles (180 km) short of the South Pole. For his achievements, he was knighted by King Edward VII.

After Amundsen (December 14, 1911) and Scott (January 17, 1912) reached the South Pole, Shackleton declared that crossing the entire Antarctic continent remained "the only great goal of Antarctic travel." In 1914 he organized the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The voyage ended in disaster: before reaching the shores of Antarctica, the expedition ship Endurance was trapped by ice in the Weddell Sea and sank. Shackleton managed to save the entire crew without killing a single person, but his heroism and professional qualities were not appreciated in Britain against the backdrop of the First World War. In 1921, he led the Shackleton-Rowett expedition, but even before its work began in Antarctica, he died of a heart attack at the age of 47 and was buried on the island of South Georgia.

Shackleton was a versatile personality, tried to run for the British Parliament, organized commercial enterprises, but was not successful in any of them. After his death, he was forgotten for some time, but in the middle of the twentieth century there was a surge of interest in Shackleton’s legacy, first in the USA and then in Great Britain. In 2002, during a national poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Shackleton was ranked 11th, while Robert Scott was only 54th.

Family. Childhood and youth

Ernest Henry Shackleton was born in the barony of Kilkee House, about 48 km from Dublin, where his father was a landowner. Ernest was the second of ten children and the first son in the family. Father - Henry Shackleton (1847-1920), of Anglo-Irish origin (descendant of Quakers from Yorkshire), mother - Henrietta Letitia Sophia Gavan (1845-1929), came from County Kerry, her family is of Norman origin, they settled in Ireland from the XIII century. Since 1600, the Shackletons had their own coat of arms and the motto “By endurance we conquer.” One of Shackleton's distant ancestors was the famous navigator Martin Frobisher. E. Shackleton's younger brother, Frank (1876-1941), was arrested in 1907 on charges of stealing the Crown Insignia of the Order of St. Patrick, but acquitted.

In 1880, Henry Shackleton decided to change his life; Having left the bankrupt estate (Ireland was then experiencing a general decline in agriculture), he moved his family to Dublin, where he began to study medicine at Trinity College. In 1884, the Shackletons left Ireland and moved to the suburbs of London, where the head of the family hoped to find a rich practice (in total, G. Shackleton worked as a doctor for more than 30 years). Journalist and historian Roland Huntford has suggested that the Shackletons' Anglo-Irish origins may have played a role in the move, since in 1882 Irish nationalists assassinated Lord Cavendish, Secretary of State for Ireland, which led to worsening national tensions.

Ernest Shackleton developed an early love of reading, which stimulated his interest in adventure. He was raised and educated at home until the age of 11, and then was sent to a preparatory school in West Hill, Dulwich, southeast of London. At the age of 13, he entered Dulwich College, and never excelled in his studies. He had a calm disposition, but willingly got into fights if his classmates tried to say something about his origin or made fun of his Irish accent. He later recalled that he was bored with studying, and claimed that he learned almost nothing from the school geography course, and the study of literature was reduced to reading and analyzing passages from national poets and prose writers. However, Shackleton graduated fifth in his class of 31 students.

© Translation of the diaries of F. Hurley A. Gumerov

© 2014 by Paulsen. All Rights Reserved.

Dear friends!

Here is the best book by the famous polar explorer Ernest Shackleton, a man who had an amazing talent for leading people in the most desperate conditions. His team believed in him like a god, and he always lived up to those hopes.

In the journey on the Nimrod described in the pages of the book, Shackleton could have reached the geographic South Pole for the first time in the history of mankind, but he turned back without risking the lives of his comrades. “A living donkey is better than a dead lion,” he wrote to his wife, but Shackleton’s life shows that he cared least about personal safety. Something else was important to him: concern for the people who trusted him, the delight of meeting unknown places, the glory of a discoverer. Shackleton was not indifferent to financial success either - however, he literally devoted himself to polar expeditions that did not imply any profit...

By the way, apart from lectures on travel, the only financially successful project in Shacklenon’s life was this book, “In the Heart of Antarctica.” It was first published in London in 1909 and has gone through many editions in various languages. The full version of the book was published in Russian only once - in 1957.

Of course, this work is far from fiction. It is very detailed: the author describes in detail the equipment, organization and progress of the expedition. However, not only is all this interesting in itself: from these serious pages the author’s personality is clearly visible - his constant cheerfulness, love of life, sympathy for his comrades. And although more than a hundred years have passed since the completion of the Nimrod expedition, we still have a lot to learn from Shackleton. For all of us – not just travel lovers.

P.S. We took the liberty of supplementing the book “In the Heart of Antarctica” with another interesting text: the diaries of the Australian Frank Hurley, a photographer who participated in Shackleton’s expedition to the Endurance. The fate of these diaries is bizarre and is described in the introduction to them. For now, we will only note that these diaries, as far as we have been able to find out, have never been made public.

Frederik Paulsen, publisher

Dear readers!

Here is the second book in the series dedicated to the legendary British polar explorers, which is jointly presented by the Shell concern and the Paulsen publishing house.

“In the Heart of Antarctica” is a book by the famous British polar explorer Ernest Henry Shackleton, a participant in four Antarctic expeditions.

Shackleton's personality is well known in Great Britain. Thus, in the “100 Greatest Britons” poll conducted in 2002, Shackleton took 11th place. During his lifetime, the researcher was known in Russia. In 1909, at the invitation of the Russian Geographical Society, Shackleton visited St. Petersburg, where he was granted an audience by Nicholas II.

“In the Heart of Antarctica” was first translated into Russian back in 1935, and only republished once in 1957. More than 50 years later, the book is being published again and is timed to coincide with the Cross Year of Culture between Great Britain and Russia.

It is gratifying that the book is being published with the support of the Russian Geographical Society, which has a long tradition of international cooperation, including with British researchers. I am sure that Ernest Henry Shackleton’s book will take its rightful place on the bookshelf of everyone who is interested in the heroic pages in the history of mankind’s exploration of the polar regions of our planet.

I wish you a fascinating reading!

Olivier Lazare, Chairman of Shell in Russia

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton

The scientific results of the expedition cannot be covered in detail in this book. Articles by specialists who participated in the expedition, with general information about the work done in the field of geology, biology, magnetic observations, meteorology, physics, etc., are included in the appendix. In the same preface, I want to point out the most important aspects of the expedition’s work in the field of geography.

We spent the winter of 1908 in McMurdo Sound, twenty miles north of Discovery's wintering grounds. In the fall, one party climbed Erebus and explored its craters. During the spring and summer of 1908–1909. Three sleigh parties left the winter quarters. One headed south and reached the southernmost point reached by any of the people up to this time; another reached the South Magnetic Pole for the first time in the world, the third explored the mountain ranges west of McMurdo Sound.

The Southern Sleigh Party hoisted the British flag at 88°23'S. sh., at a distance of 100 geographical miles (185 km) from the South Pole. This party of four discovered that south of McMurdo Sound, between the 82nd and 86th parallels, there was a large mountain range that stretched in a southeasterly direction. It has also been established that large mountain ranges continue to the south and southwest, and that between them lies one of the largest glaciers in the world, leading inland to the plateau. The height of this plateau is 88° S. w. over 11,000 feet (3353 m) above sea level. In all likelihood, the plateau continues beyond the South Pole, extending from Cape Adare to the Pole. The notches and corners of the new mountains in the south and the large glacier are mapped approximately correctly, taking into account the somewhat crude methods of determination that are inevitable in those conditions.

We have not solved the mystery of the Great Ice Barrier. In my opinion, the question of its formation and extent cannot receive a definitive answer until a special expedition surveys the line of mountains around the southern extremity of the Barrier. We were able to shed only some light on the structure of the Barrier. Based on observations and measurements, a preliminary conclusion can be made that it mainly consists of snow. The disappearance of Balloon Bay as a result of the calving of part of the Great Ice Barrier suggests that the retreat of the Barrier, which has been observed since the voyage of Sir James Ross in 1842, continues to this day.

Ross, James Clark (1800–1862) - English polar explorer. In 1818–1821, he participated in several Arctic expeditions of his compatriot William Edward Parry to find the Northwest Passage, a sea route along the northern shores of the American continent. In 1829–1833 he participated in the expedition of his uncle John Ross. Together with this expedition, he endured three difficult winters in the polar ice of the Lancaster Channel (Parry Archipelago); discovered the North Magnetic Pole in 1831. In 1839–1843 he sailed to Antarctica on the ships Erebus and Terror. During his first voyage, Ross discovered in the South Pacific a body of water extending far to the south (the Ross Sea), a section of the coast of Antarctica - Victoria Land, two volcanoes - Erebus (active) and Terror. Further to the south, the ships' path was blocked by a high - up to 100 m high - ice wall (Ross Barrier, Great Ice Barrier). On his subsequent voyage, Ross followed the direction of the Barrier to the east for 200 km and reached 78°10’ S. w. - a point that had not been visited by anyone before, he noted the destruction of the ice barrier. On his third voyage, Ross explored the coast of Louis Philippe Land and discovered Ross Island.

At the 163rd meridian there is definitely high, snow-covered land, as we saw slopes and peaks there that were completely covered with snow. However, we did not notice any exposed rocks and did not have the opportunity to measure the depth of the snow cover in that place, so we could not draw a final conclusion.

Shackleton Ernest Henry (1874-1922), English Antarctic explorer. In 1901-1903 he was a member of R. Scott's expedition, in 1907-1909 he was the leader of an expedition to the South Pole (reached 88 degrees 32 minutes 19 seconds S, discovered a mountain range on Victoria Land, the Polar Plateau and the Beardmore Glacier). In 1914-1917, he led an expedition to the shores of Antarctica.

Shackleton Ernest Henry - Antarctic explorer. In 1901-1903 he participated in the expedition of R. Scott, in 1907-1909 he led an expedition to the South Pole (reached 88 degrees 32 minutes S, discovered a mountain range on Victoria Land, the Polar Plateau and the Beardmore Glacier). In 1914-1917 he led an expedition to the shores of Antarctica.

Shackleton, a scion of an old Irish family, was born in Kilkee House into the family of a doctor. His youth was spent at sea. Having learned about his son’s desire to become a sailor, Shackleton Sr. did not resist. When Ernst graduated from school, his father used his contacts to get his son a job as a cabin boy on the 1,600-ton clipper Hoghton Tower, which was setting off on a long voyage. In the last days of April 1890, Houghton Tower left the shores of England and headed across the Atlantic around the southern tip of America, Cape Horn, to the Chilean port of Valparaiso.

Sailing at Hoghton Tower became a harsh but excellent school for Shackleton. He served on the clipper ship for four years, made two long voyages to Chile and one around the world.

Upon returning from his circumnavigation, Shackleton was able to easily pass the junior navigator exam and get a position as third mate on the Monmouthshire steamer of the Welsh Regular Line, which sailed to Japan, China and America.

In 1901, junior lieutenant Shackleton of the Royal Navy was already on duty on the bridge of the expedition ship Discovery of the British Antarctic Expedition, organized to explore the polar countries. The expedition was led by Captain R. Scott.

On November 2, 1902, Scott, Wilson and Shackleton set off on three dog sleds to the Pole. They were accompanied by an auxiliary party for two weeks, but on November 15 it returned, and the pole party continued its journey south. The last day of 1902 found Scott's group at 82°15" south latitude, eight miles from the Western Mountains, opposite a valley that cut through the ridge to the west. Scott called it Shackleton's Passage. The path to the mountain range was blocked by an ice cliff.

Scott's group was forced to return. All three showed signs of scurvy. Shackleton coughed up blood. Shackleton's health forced Scott to send him to England. What Shackleton considered a failure brought him fame that the recent navigator of the Carisbrook Castle had never dreamed of: he was the first to tell the world about the discoveries of Scott's expedition; he received the first laurels. Shackleton received the rank of naval lieutenant and a new assignment - to lead the preparation of an auxiliary expedition to free the Discovery, which was firmly frozen in the ice. Shackleton did an excellent job: the expedition was equipped and sent on time. Later, she rescued Discovery from its icy shackles, and Scott's expedition returned to its homeland.

Shackleton's friend Beardmore (later Lord Invernairn) offered Shackleton a decently paid position as secretary of the technical committee in Glasgow. It was something like an experimental design bureau that was engaged in the creation of new types of economical gas engines.

Calm, measured service in the technical committee did not satisfy Shackleton, so the thought of a new trip to the South Pole increasingly fueled his ambition.

Shackleton presented a project for a new expedition in newspapers and then in the Geographical Journal. The challenge was issued.

On March 10, 1908, David, Mawson and four other companions of Shackleton first climbed to the top of Erebus (3794 meters) and reached the edge of an active volcano. In the spring (late October) Shackleton began a trip to the South Pole. However, being less than 180 kilometers from the Pole, on January 9, 1909, the detachment was forced to turn back due to a lack of supplies and strong winds. According to Shackleton's calculations, they traveled 2,750 kilometers round trip. The geographical results of the trip turned out to be very significant: several mountain ranges were discovered (including Queen Alexandra) with a total length of more than 900 kilometers, framing the Ross Ice Shelf from the south and west.

On June 14, 1909, England greeted Shackleton and his comrades as national heroes. However, no matter how significant the achievements of Shackleton and Scott were, the victory of the Norwegians, who were the first to reach the South Pole, hit the national pride of the British. To return the “offended” English flag to its former glory, a feat was required that would surprise the world and allow England to stake out new spaces on the ice continent in the name of the king. Shackleton took charge of this.

He intercepted the idea of ​​Bruce and Filchner and came up with a project for a trans-Antarctic expedition. Enormous popularity and support from the ruling and financial circles of England helped Shackleton relatively easily obtain the necessary funds, and at the end of 1913 he began equipping a new expedition.

The expedition was divided into two independent detachments. Shackleton's main detachment departed on the sailing-steam ship "Endurance" into the Weddell Sea. The ship was supposed to land Shackleton's land party with dog sleds and a supply of food on the Prince Luitpold Coast. From here the party had to make the transition across the mainland: to the Pole - through absolutely virgin places , further, already to the north, along the familiar road - along the plateau of King Edward VII, the Beardmore Glacier, the Ross Ice Sheet to McMurdo Sound. By that time, the auxiliary detachment, setting off for the Ross Sea on the ship Aurora, was supposed to set up a base on the cape Huts or Cape Evans and place food warehouses from the base to the Beardmore Glacier.

But Shackleton's luck ran out. First, the Endurance's sailing from England was almost disrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. Then, on the way to the south, it turned out that the ship was not as strong as it seemed when purchased, and part of the crew, recruited from white-flyers in connection with the war, turned out to be of little use for polar navigation. But Shackleton's main trials lay ahead.

In October 1915, the Endurance was crushed by ice and sank. People landed on the ice and set up camp. The ice floe continued to drift north. As long as there was enough food saved from the crushed ship, as long as it was possible to hunt seals, life on the ice floe was quite bearable. As winter approached, the expedition's situation worsened.

Only on April 15 did they reach the island of Mordvinov (Elephant). But was this salvation? There was no hope for outside help; we had to rely only on ourselves. Shackleton was faced with a dilemma: either send a boat with experienced people to South Georgia, where the whalers’ village was located, so that they would ensure that a rescue expedition was sent to the island, or everyone should stay here, trusting in the will of God. Shackleton chose the first, most difficult option, and undertook to implement it himself.

His brilliant project for a trans-Antarctic expedition clearly failed. Only at the beginning of 1917 did Shackleton manage to find and pick up the last seven members of the auxiliary detachment of the expedition at Cape Evans.

Despite all the failures that befell Shackleton, his expedition as a whole did a lot of useful things for science, expanding knowledge about the meteorological and ice regime, and the depths of the Weddell and Ross seas.

Shackleton turned his attention to the American North and began negotiations with the Canadian government about organizing an expedition that would explore the Beaufort Sea.

His proposal to send an oceanographic expedition to survey the coast of Antarctica in the African square - from Coats Land to Enderby Land - found support among the Lords of the Admiralty. And on September 24, 1921, the expeditionary schooner Quest already sailed from Plymouth to the south. His old friends Wild, Worsley, McLean and McIlroy, the meteorologist Hussey, went on a long journey with Shackleton.

On January 4, 1922, the Quest dropped anchor in Grytviken Bay near a familiar whaling village. Shackleton went ashore to see his old friends who had taken such an active part in the rescue of the Endurance expedition. In the evening he returned to the ship, cheerful, happy that all preparations had been completed and that in the morning he could go south. Before going to bed, Shackleton, as usual, sat down to write his diary. “As dusk fell, I saw a lonely star rising above the bay, sparkling like a precious stone,” he wrote down the last phrase and went to bed... And at 3:30 a.m. on January 5, he died from an attack of angina pectoris.

With the consent of the widow of the deceased, Shackleton's body was buried in Grytviken, at the tip of a cape jutting into the sea. And when the Quest, on its way back from Antarctica, again visited South Georgia, Shackleton’s friends erected a monument on his grave - a cross crowning the top of a hill made of granite fragments.

Reprinted from the site

Ernest Henry Shackleton

In the heart of Antarctica

© Translation of the diaries of F. Hurley A. Gumerov

© 2014 by Paulsen. All Rights Reserved.

Dear friends!

Here is the best book by the famous polar explorer Ernest Shackleton, a man who had an amazing talent for leading people in the most desperate conditions. His team believed in him like a god, and he always lived up to those hopes.

In the journey on the Nimrod described in the pages of the book, Shackleton could have reached the geographic South Pole for the first time in the history of mankind, but he turned back without risking the lives of his comrades. “A living donkey is better than a dead lion,” he wrote to his wife, but Shackleton’s life shows that he cared least about personal safety. Something else was important to him: concern for the people who trusted him, the delight of meeting unknown places, the glory of a discoverer. Shackleton was not indifferent to financial success either - however, he literally devoted himself to polar expeditions that did not imply any profit...

By the way, apart from lectures on travel, the only financially successful project in Shacklenon’s life was this book, “In the Heart of Antarctica.” It was first published in London in 1909 and has gone through many editions in various languages. The full version of the book was published in Russian only once - in 1957.

Of course, this work is far from fiction. It is very detailed: the author describes in detail the equipment, organization and progress of the expedition. However, not only is all this interesting in itself: from these serious pages the author’s personality is clearly visible - his constant cheerfulness, love of life, sympathy for his comrades. And although more than a hundred years have passed since the completion of the Nimrod expedition, we still have a lot to learn from Shackleton. For all of us – not just travel lovers.

P.S. We took the liberty of supplementing the book “In the Heart of Antarctica” with another interesting text: the diaries of the Australian Frank Hurley, a photographer who participated in Shackleton’s expedition to the Endurance. The fate of these diaries is bizarre and is described in the introduction to them. For now, we will only note that these diaries, as far as we have been able to find out, have never been made public.

Frederik Paulsen, publisher

Dear readers!

Here is the second book in the series dedicated to the legendary British polar explorers, which is jointly presented by the Shell concern and the Paulsen publishing house.

“In the Heart of Antarctica” is a book by the famous British polar explorer Ernest Henry Shackleton, a participant in four Antarctic expeditions.

Shackleton's personality is well known in Great Britain. Thus, in the “100 Greatest Britons” poll conducted in 2002, Shackleton took 11th place. During his lifetime, the researcher was known in Russia. In 1909, at the invitation of the Russian Geographical Society, Shackleton visited St. Petersburg, where he was granted an audience by Nicholas II.

“In the Heart of Antarctica” was first translated into Russian back in 1935, and only republished once in 1957. More than 50 years later, the book is being published again and is timed to coincide with the Cross Year of Culture between Great Britain and Russia.

It is gratifying that the book is being published with the support of the Russian Geographical Society, which has a long tradition of international cooperation, including with British researchers. I am sure that Ernest Henry Shackleton’s book will take its rightful place on the bookshelf of everyone who is interested in the heroic pages in the history of mankind’s exploration of the polar regions of our planet.

I wish you a fascinating reading!

Olivier Lazare, Chairman of Shell in Russia

Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton

Preface

The scientific results of the expedition cannot be covered in detail in this book. Articles by specialists who participated in the expedition, summarizing the work done in the field of geology, biology, magnetic observations, meteorology, physics, etc., are included in the appendix. In the same preface, I want to point out the most important aspects of the expedition’s work in the field of geography.

We spent the winter of 1908 in McMurdo Sound, twenty miles north of Discovery's wintering grounds. In the fall, one party climbed Erebus and explored its craters. During the spring and summer of 1908–1909. Three sleigh parties left the winter quarters. One headed south and reached the southernmost point reached by any of the people up to this time; another reached the South Magnetic Pole for the first time in the world, the third explored the mountain ranges west of McMurdo Sound.

The Southern Sleigh Party hoisted the British flag at 88°23'S. sh., at a distance of 100 geographical miles (185 km) from the South Pole. This party of four discovered that south of McMurdo Sound, between the 82nd and 86th parallels, there was a large mountain range that stretched in a southeasterly direction. It has also been established that large mountain ranges continue to the south and southwest, and that between them lies one of the largest glaciers in the world, leading inland to the plateau. The height of this plateau is 88° S. w. over 11,000 feet (3353 m) above sea level. In all likelihood, the plateau continues beyond the South Pole, extending from Cape Adare to the Pole. The notches and corners of the new mountains in the south and the large glacier are mapped approximately correctly, taking into account the somewhat crude methods of determination that are inevitable in those conditions.

We have not solved the mystery of the Great Ice Barrier. In my opinion, the question of its formation and extent cannot receive a definitive answer until a special expedition surveys the line of mountains around the southern extremity of the Barrier. We were able to shed only some light on the structure of the Barrier. Based on observations and measurements, a preliminary conclusion can be made that it mainly consists of snow. The disappearance of Balloon Bay as a result of the calving of part of the Great Ice Barrier suggests that the retreat of the Barrier, which has been observed since the voyage of Sir James Ross in 1842, continues to this day.

Ross, James Clark (1800–1862) - English polar explorer. In 1818–1821, he participated in several Arctic expeditions of his compatriot William Edward Parry to find the Northwest Passage, a sea route along the northern shores of the American continent. In 1829–1833 he participated in the expedition of his uncle John Ross. Together with this expedition, he endured three difficult winters in the polar ice of the Lancaster Channel (Parry Archipelago); discovered the North Magnetic Pole in 1831. In 1839–1843 he sailed to Antarctica on the ships Erebus and Terror. During his first voyage, Ross discovered in the South Pacific a body of water extending far to the south (the Ross Sea), a section of the coast of Antarctica - Victoria Land, two volcanoes - Erebus (active) and Terror. Further to the south, the ships' path was blocked by a high - up to 100 m high - ice wall (Ross Barrier, Great Ice Barrier). On his subsequent voyage, Ross followed the direction of the Barrier to the east for 200 km and reached 78°10’ S. w. - a point that had not been visited by anyone before, he noted the destruction of the ice barrier. On his third voyage, Ross explored the coast of Louis Philippe Land and discovered Ross Island.

At the 163rd meridian there is definitely high, snow-covered land, as we saw slopes and peaks there that were completely covered with snow. However, we did not notice any exposed rocks and did not have the opportunity to measure the depth of the snow cover in that place, so we could not draw a final conclusion.

The result of the journey undertaken by the Northern Party is the achievement of the South Magnetic Pole. According to observations at the very point of the pole and in the immediate vicinity, it is located at 72°25’ S. latitude, 155°15’ e. The first part of this journey was made along the coastline of Victoria Land, and new peaks, glaciers and glacial tongues, as well as two small islands were discovered. A thorough triangulation was carried out along the entire route along the coast and a number of corrections were made to the existing map.

The Western Party's exploration of the Western Mountains added to the knowledge of the topography, and to some extent the geology, of this part of Victoria Land.

Another important result of the expedition in the field of geography was the discovery of a new section of coastline 45 miles (72.4 km) long, running from Cape North, first in the southwest and then in the west.

During the return voyage of the Nimrod we made a thorough search which confirmed the prevailing opinion that the Emerald Isle, Nimrod Island and Dougherty Island did not exist. Still, I am against removing them from the map without additional research. It is possible that they are located somewhere nearby. Therefore, it is better to leave them on the map until it is absolutely proven that this is an error.