List of leaders of the Chinese Communist Party. Chairman of the People's Republic of China Presidents of China since 1945

Below is a list of leaders of the Chinese Communist Party from the founding of the CPC in 1921 to the present.

Secretary General

From 1921 to 1943, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party was the General Secretary.

Name	Portrait	Time of office	Years of life
Chen Duxiu (陈独秀)		1921-1922 and 1925 - 1927	October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942
Qu Qiubo (瞿秋白)		1927 - 1928	January 29, 1899 – June 18, 1935
Xiang Zhongfa (向忠发)		1928 - 1931	- June 24, 1931
Wang Ming (王明)			May 23, 1904 – March 27, 1974
Bo Gu (博古)		1932 - 1935	May 14, 1907 – April 8, 1946
Luo Fu (张闻天)		1935 - 1943	June 30, 1900 – July 1, 1976

Chairman of the CPC Central Committee

Since 1943, instead of the post of General Secretary, the post of Chairman of the CPC Central Committee was created

Secretary General

Since 1982, the Chinese Communist Party has once again been led by a General Secretary.

Time of office	Years of life
Hu Yaobang (胡耀邦)		1982 - 1987	November 20, 1915 – April 15, 1989
Zhao Ziyang (赵紫阳)		1987 - 1989	October 17, 1919 - January 17, 2005
Jiang Zemin (江泽民)		1989 - 2002	genus. August 17, 1926
Hu Jintao (胡锦涛)		2002 - 2012	genus. December 21, 1942
Xi Jinping (習近平)		since 2012	genus. June 1, 1953
Leaders of the Chinese Communist Party
General Secretaries of the CPC Central Committee	Chen Duxiu · vacant (1922-1925) · Chen Duxiu · Qu Qiubo · Xiang Zhongfa · Li Lisan· Xiang Zhongfa · Wang Ming· Bo Gu · Luo Fu · Deng Xiaoping · Hu Yaobang · Zhao Ziyang · Jiang Zemin · Hu Jintao · Xi Jinping
Chairman of the CPC Central Committee (1943-1982)	Mao Zedong · Hua Guofeng · Hu Yaobang
Chairmen of the Military Council of the Central Committee	Mao Zedong · Hua Guofeng · Deng Xiaoping · Jiang Zemin · Hu Jintao · Xi Jinping

Generations of Chinese leaders- a symbol for the leaders in the leadership of the PRC who have succeeded each other since the proclamation of the PRC in 1949.

The first generation is associated with the name of Mao Zedong, the second with Deng Xiaoping, the third with Jiang Zemin, the fourth with Hu Jintao, and the fifth with Xi Jinping.

The transition of power to the fourth generation began in 2002, when Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as general secretary of the CPC Central Committee. In March 2003, Hu Jintao was elected Chairman of the People's Republic of China, and in September 2004 - Chairman of the Central Military Council (CMC) of the CPC Central Committee. Previously, all these posts were also held by Jiang Zemin. On March 8, 2005, a session of the Chinese Parliament (National People's Congress) approved Jiang Zemin's request to resign from the post of Chairman of the Central Military Council of the PRC. Later, this post was also occupied by Hu Jintao, which completed the process of change of power in the country's top leadership.

To replace Hu Jintao, whose name is associated with the so-called “fourth generation,” in 2012-2013. the “fifth generation” has arrived: in November 2012, at the XVIII Congress of the CPC, Hu Jintao was replaced as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPC Central Committee by Xi Jinping, who in March 2013 was elected Chairman of the PRC and the Central Military Commission of the PRC by the National People's Congress of China.

The rising sixth generation, due to come to power in 2022 - after the expiration of two five-year terms in senior government positions of Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang, Global Personalities magazine in 2009 included Hu Chunhua, Zhou Qiang, Nur Bekri, Sun Zhengcai, and Lu Hao. According to expert Willy Lamb, they have “enormous potential.”

It has become a tradition to associate each generation with corresponding theoretical achievements: the first generation - “Mao Zedong Thought,” primarily the theory of “new democracy” and the doctrine of building socialism; second generation - “Deng Xiaoping’s theory” about building socialism with Chinese characteristics; third generation - Jiang Zemin's "important ideas" on the CCP's "triple representation"; fourth generation - the “scientific concept of development” put forward by Hu Jintao

Chairman of the People's Republic of China(Chinese trad. 中華人民共和國主席, exercise 中华人民共和国主席, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhǔxí, pal.: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Zhuxi) - the head of state of the People's Republic of China, together with the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the highest state power in the country. The Chairman of the People's Republic of China, on the basis of decisions of the National People's Congress or its PC, publishes laws, makes appointments to the State Council, and issues decrees; on behalf of the People's Republic of China conducts state affairs, receives diplomatic representatives of foreign states, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary diplomatic representatives in foreign states, ratifies and denounces treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states. Currently, the President of the People's Republic of China is Xi Jinping.

The Chinese word 主席 “zhuxi” is translated into Russian as “chairman”. Until 1982, it was also translated into English as “chairman”. chairman), but then its official translation in the title of the head of the PRC was changed to “President of the PRC” (English. president). However, in other contexts, “zhuxi” is still translated as “chairman”, and the titles of the positions of presidents of other countries are translated into Chinese as “zongtong” (Chinese tr. 總統, ex. 总统, pinyin: zǒngtǒng).

Leaders of the People's Republic of China

According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, the head of state is the Chairman of the People's Republic of China. During the years of the Cultural Revolution, this position was abolished until the adoption of the 1982 Constitution.

The re-establishment of the post of Chairman of the People's Republic of China was connected, on the one hand, with the need to strengthen the entire state system in the country, to improve the state structure, and on the other, with the need to ensure proper representation of China in international relations. In addition, it meets national customs and traditions in the field of public administration. Traditionally, the position of Chairman of the People's Republic of China is occupied by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Constitutional formula

Article 79. The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress. Any citizen of the People's Republic of China who has the right to vote and has reached the age of 45 can be elected as Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China. The term of office of the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China is equal to the term of office of the National People's Congress of China, and they cannot hold office for more than two consecutive terms.

In terms of his political and legal status, the Chairman of the PRC is one of the key figures in the state, given that this position is currently held by the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Jiang Zemin. At the same time, the abolition of a number of previous important powers of the Chairman of the People's Republic of China and the limitation of his terms in office indicate the desire of Chinese legislators not to allow excessive concentration of power in the hands of one person and thereby create real obstacles to the establishment of a regime of personal power.

The Constitution entrusts the Chairman of the People's Republic of China with the exercise of part of the powers of the collegial head of state, which are exercised by him in full together with the Standing Committee of the NPC. The powers of the Chairman of the People's Republic of China can be divided into two parts:

• – in the exercise of the sole presidency (reception of foreign diplomatic representatives, implementation of representative functions);
• – on the basis of decisions of the NPC and the Standing Committee of the NPC (publication of laws, appointment and removal of senior state officials: prime minister, deputy prime ministers and members of the State Council, ministers, etc.; awarding state awards, conferring honorary titles; sending and recalling diplomatic representatives PRC; ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the PRC, publication of a number of decrees of the Standing Committee of the NPC - on pardon, imposition of martial law, mobilization, as well as declaration of a state of war).

The main acts adopted by the Chairman of the People's Republic of China actually formalize the decisions of the NPC and its Standing Committee. The procedure for resolving a conflict situation when the Chairman of the People's Republic of China refuses to sign a particular act is not provided for by law.

Constitutional formula

Article 80. The Chairman of the People's Republic of China, carrying out the decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates legislation, appoints or removes the premier, vice premiers, members of the State Council, ministers at the head of ministries and committees, the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council. , awards state awards and honorary titles; issues pardon decrees; declares martial law and gives orders for mobilization.

Article 81. The President of the People's Republic of China, on behalf of the People's Republic of China, receives foreign diplomatic representatives and, executing the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiaries abroad, ratifies or terminates treaties or important agreements concluded with foreign countries.

Article 82. The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China assists the Chairman in his work. The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China may, on instructions from the Chairman of the People's Republic of China, exercise part of his functions and powers.

Article 83. The Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China shall exercise their functions and powers until the new Chairman and Vice-Chairman elected by the next convocation of the National People's Congress assume office.

Article 84. If the position of Chairman of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant, it shall be transferred to the Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China. In the event that the office of Vice-President of the People's Republic of China becomes vacant, the National People's Congress will elect a new Vice-President to fill the vacancy. In the event that the positions of Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China become vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Chairman and a new Vice-Chairman. Until elections are held, the position of Chairman of the People's Republic of China will be temporarily occupied by the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

The entire life of the Chinese president can be summed up in three words: patience, wisdom and self-control. The biography of today's leader of China does not contain steep career ups, downs and recoveries, family dramas and tragedies, the only exception being the years of his youth. Perhaps this is a wrong view...

Born into the family of a Party official on June 15, 1953, Xi Jinping was raised and received primary education according to his father's status until he was nine years old. The children of the Chinese leaders of the Communist Party were secretly assigned to the “party of princes”; this meant complete prosperity and good prospects.

In 1962, Xi Jinping's father, who served as Premier of the Supreme Council of the People's Republic of China, was accused of anti-government conspiracy. This was followed by his exile to Henan and imprisonment until 1976. The official’s family was also subjected to repression; in 1969, the authorities sent sixteen-year-old Xi to a labor camp, as stated in the resolution: “for re-education in the spirit of communism.”

The labor camp was located in the most backward region of China, Shaanxi. The young man had the strength not only to work hard for seven years, but also to engage in self-education, in particular, traditional Chinese martial arts and contemplative breathing techniques in the style of Buddhist masters.

In the labor camp, Xi joined the Komsomol (1971) and the Communist Party (1974), high analytical skills helped him become party secretary of the local organization of the Communist Party.

After leaving the camp in 1975, Xi entered Tsinghua University in Beijing, graduating with honors in 1979. In the same year, his father was released from arrest, who, using the patronage of Deng Xiaoping, resumed his political activities and took the post of governor of Guangdong Province.

Chinese Chairman (President) Xi Jinping - Xi-Jinping

Xi Jinping - Xi-Jinping– Chairman of China (President), took office as Chairman of the People's Republic of China on November 15, 2013.

Xi was born on June 15, 1953 in Wuping County, Shaanxi Province. The future leader of the state spent his childhood in deprivation. In 1969, he was exiled for “re-education through labor” to one of the villages in Yangchuan County, which belongs to one of the poorest provinces of the PRC, Shenxi. There he spent 7 years.

In 1971, Xi Jinping joined the Komsomol. In 1975, he entered one of the most prestigious universities in China - Tsinghua University, where he received a diploma in chemical engineering. In the period from 1998 to 2002 he received postgraduate education in the specialty “Marxist theory”. Xi Jinpiu's education culminated in him receiving the degree of Doctor of Jurisprudence.

As for his ascension to the chairmanship, Xi Jinping's great career began in 1982 when he was appointed secretary to the then defense minister, Geng Biao. In the same year, he asks for a transfer to the province, where he becomes deputy. Chairman of the Party Committee of Zhengding County (Hebei Province). In 1983 he becomes secretary. In 1985, Xi Jinping was transferred to the coastal province of Fujian, where he held the post of vice mayor of Xiamen. In 1988, he was appointed to the position of secretary of the Ningde County Party Committee in the same province. In 1990, Xi Jinping found himself in Fuzhou, where he held the position of secretary of the city party committee.

From 1995 to 2002, he served as the first military commissioner of the province. In 1998, Xi Jinping was elected to the IX People's Congress. In 1998, he was appointed deputy governor of Zhejiang Province, which the future chairman headed in 2002. In the period from 2003 to 2007 he became the head of the Assembly of People's Representatives. In March 2007, Xi served as head of the Shanghai City Party Committee for several months. In 2008, Xi Jinping became deputy. chairman of the people's government of the country. At this moment, experts realized that it was he who would most likely occupy the highest post in the country. Indeed, in 2010 he became deputy. Chairman of the Central Military Council.

Previous Presidents of the People's Republic of China

When he took office, many Western experts believed that Hu would continue his predecessor's reforms. Some media even called him a “great reformer.” His 2003 campaign to combat SARS was well received by the West. In particular, the problem was widely covered in the Chinese press, which had never happened before. In addition, the Minister of Health, as well as the head of the Beijing City Committee, were dismissed from their posts.

This chairman was well aware of the problems of rural people. Hu Jintao personally visited poor areas and met with miners, shepherds and farmers. Sometimes he even rode his bike to work. At the same time, he canceled the planned ceremonies that his predecessors had introduced. Western governments waited in vain for reforms from him. He made it clear that he would continue the course of his predecessors. In particular, Hu began a campaign to study Jiang's "Three Represents" doctrine. The CCP gave the right to join the party to entrepreneurs.

Party members now had to study theoretical works, as well as give written guarantees of loyalty to the country's leadership. Hu Jintao found ways to gain popularity with both the “right” and the “left.”

As for internal affairs, this chairman, on the one hand, continued economic reforms, on the other, sought to preserve the established party policy in the public sphere. The reforms were accompanied by strict censorship and social control. He instructed to strictly monitor social networks and blogs. Foreign policy was characterized by a moderate course. China avoided “trade wars” and participated in the Six Party Talks regarding the DPRK. Unlike the previous chairman, Hu focused not only on the United States. Under him, China became closer to the EU countries and some others. The Europeans did not pay too much attention to China, which cannot be said about Australia, Venezuela and Iran.

In 2005, a law was introduced aimed at those who seek to split the state. Most likely, this concerned, first of all, Taiwan, against which Hu Jintao promised to introduce a tougher course. In 2011, China overtook Japan in terms of GDP and took second place in the world, after the United States. GDP reached 5.8 trillion. dollars. In addition, the country took first place in terms of the length of railways.

He continued Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Under him, the country's economy reached 7th place in the world. His reign also saw the country's entry into the WTO, as well as the strengthening of the army and economy.

China is becoming the main candidate for leadership in the Asia-Pacific region. The ASEAN summit is being held in Shanghai. By the way, the 2008 Beijing Olympics also became possible because China won the bid under this chairman. Jiang is also known for his "Three Representations Theory". According to it, the intelligentsia should have equal rights with peasants and workers. Accordingly, private entrepreneurs received the right to join the party.

It is noteworthy that even after resigning as chairman, he had enormous influence over Hu Jintao. Moreover, Jiang had enormous support within the party. This allowed him to significantly influence Chinese policy. It is said that during the major corruption scandal of 2006, when Chen Liangyu, the head of the Shanghai City Committee, was deposed, Jiang Zemin was not brought in as a suspect only because his arrest would have cast a shadow over the entire party.

Under him, China significantly improved relations with Western countries. He often traveled abroad and met with state leaders. In addition, he managed to improve relations with Japan, which he called an example of economic reform.

Another important achievement was the signing of a joint declaration between the UK and the PRC. As a result, Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule in 1997. Deng promised that for 50 years the city's political and economic system would not be subject to change. The same agreement was concluded with Portugal, which returned the city of Macau to the PRC.

Deng Xiaoping introduced the principle of “One country, two systems,” which was often used in negotiations with Taiwan. As for relations with the USSR, Chairman Mao's policies towards this state were continued. Improved relations with other countries were accompanied by domestic economic reforms. Deng subjected the economic, social and political system to major changes.

He based the reforms on the “Principle of Four Modernizations.” Now the economy was divided into 4 sectors: industry, defense, science, agriculture. The socialist market economy was recognized as a priority. Now ideology had almost no influence on the economy, which made it even more effective.

In the field of agriculture, a transition was made to family contracting instead of people's communes. Between 1984 and 1992. There is a complete transition to market rails, for which it was necessary to dismantle the planned system. In addition, under Deng, economic zones appeared in the country, which played an important role in attracting investment.

However, Deng Xiaoping's reign was marked by an unfortunate incident. The military dispersed a student demonstration in Tiananmen Square in 1989. Sources say that as a result of the army's actions, 400-2600 people were killed and 7000-10000 people were injured. After this, Deng was immediately criticized not only from China, but also from other countries. However, such radical measures were aimed at preserving both the PRC and the party.

He became beloved by the Chinese people because he was the first to criticize the Gang of Four. His ascension to the chairmanship marked the end of the Cultural Revolution.

The model of party control and industrial planning is beginning to be used again in politics and economics. Of course, the future chairman, Deng Xiaoping, rejected this model in favor of market reforms.

In October 1979, the chairman's European tour began. He visited countries such as Great Britain, Germany and France. In particular, he discussed the fate of Hong Kong with Margaret Thatcher.

As for foreign policy, he continued Mao’s line and treated the USSR rather coldly.

Mao Zedong (03/20/1943 – 09/09/1976).

In the first years of his chairmanship, he deals with social and economic problems. Many reforms were carried out, for which the USSR became a model. This applies to civil rights, the economy and the military. Lands were confiscated from large landowners. In addition, a number of large projects were completed by specialists from the USSR.

The country also took part in the conflict on the Korean Peninsula, during which at least 1 million volunteers died.

After Stalin's death, issues related to the people's right to discuss party decisions begin to be discussed in the country. In 1956, Mao Zedong gave the right to criticize both the party and its individual decisions. Discussions and debates were allowed. This policy was called the “Policy of a Hundred Flowers.”

Mao meant that a hundred flowers should bloom and hundreds of schools should begin to compete with each other. However, he did not believe that there would be so many claims. As a result, the campaign ends after just a year. Instead, a fight begins against right-wing deviationists, as a result of which about 520 thousand people were repressed. Most of them were those who made claims to the party. All these measures did not lead to economic growth.

By the end of the 1950s, the country lagged far behind most developed countries. In 1958, Mao launched the “Three Banners Policy,” which demanded a “Great Leap Forward” in all areas of the economy. In order to catch up with Great Britain after three five-year plans, the entire rural population united into “communes”. Each commune had to provide itself with food. Private property was completely eradicated, and collective canteens were introduced.

In addition to rural work, each commune had to smelt steel. Thus, the lack of experience had to be compensated by mass participation and revolutionary enthusiasm. However, the Great Leap Forward ended in failure. The fact is that the steel produced was of very low quality, and the workers involved in its smelting completely neglected the fields. Despite the huge shortage of food, provincial leaders reported bumper harvests.

As a result, in the period from 1959 to 1961, a great famine began in the country, from which 10-30 million people died. Despite the fact that Mao called for tough measures against right-wing deviationists, local officials were often too lenient towards them. Therefore, he decides to return the spirit of revolution to society, using the help of young people.

In 1966, after his swim in the Yangtze River, Mao approved the “Sixteen Points,” which, in essence, are the program of the Cultural Revolution. It all started with criticism from Nie Yuanzi, who was a lecturer at Peking University. After this, the youth rose up in open struggle with teachers and professors, accusing them of liberalism and corruption. Detachments of Red Guards (red guards) begin to appear. Many representatives of the intelligentsia, unable to withstand the persecution, committed suicide.

The Red Guards carried out mass trials and reprisals against professors and senior staff. All areas of life were filled with terror. Later, working youth, or “zaofani,” appeared.

Both movements began to fragment into small groups, between which conflicts often arose, leading to bloodshed. At the end of the Cultural Revolution, Mao decides to move closer to the United States.

In the last years of his life, the chairman was engaged in maintaining a balance within the party between the “pragmatists” and the “radical left.”

Trying to count all the presidents of the Republic of China (ROC) can be a difficult task even for historians. When they say that President Chen Shui-bian is exercising the “11th term of presidential rule in the Republic of China,” few people think that these “terms” are counted only from the adoption of the Constitution of 1947. Meanwhile, the rule of the Republican Presidential rule in China began much earlier, when Sun Yat-sen was elected in 1912. the first interim president of the Kyrgyz Republic.

In the spring of 1912, in the hope of the peaceful liquidation of the monarchy. Sun promised to give up his post to the Qing dignitary Yuan Shi-kai if he achieved the abdication of the last emperor Pu Yi. Yuan became president, but tried to revive the monarchy and declared himself emperor in 1915. However, his plans were hindered by objective conditions and the death of Yuan Shi-kai in 1916. His successor, Li Yuan-hung, had no real power, and the situation in China was sliding towards increasing anarchy. In 1917, the militarist Duan Chi-rui replaced parliament with an assembly assembled from his supporters. As a result, after the succession of three more presidents (Feng Kuo-chang, Hsu Shi-chang, Li Yuan-hung), this post was simply bought in 1923 by the militarist Cao Kun. Meanwhile, from 1921 to 1925, the president of the national government in southern China was Sun Yat-sen. In 1926 and 1928, the post of President of the Kyrgyz Republic was held by the northern militarist Zhang Tso-lin. Chiang Kai-shek held this post in 1928,1932 and 1943. In 1932 and 1943 The famous politician Lin Sen also temporarily occupied the presidential post.

After the Kuomintang government fled to Taiwan in 1949, Chiang Kai-shek, fearing that the island might share the same fate as mainland China, suspended the Constitution and introduced rule based on the "Temporary Provisions for the Period of Mobilization to Eradicate Communist Insurgency."

Presidents of the Republic of China

Table of government of the presidents of the Republic of China

These “provisions” concentrated power in the hands of the president and abolished real elections. Eventually; Chiang Kai-shek remained President of the Kyrgyz Republic for 5 terms until his death in 1975 at the age of 87. Then, Vice President Yang Chia-kang, who was only a nominal leader, became president, while Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek's eldest son, became premier and de facto head of state and the Kuomintang. In 1978, after the death of Yan Chia-gang, Chiang Ching-kuo became the new president of the Kyrgyz Republic, returning the main importance to this post. After Jiang Ching-kuo's death on January 13, 1988, he was succeeded by Vice President Lee Teng-hui. In 1996, Mr. Li was re-elected president through the first direct vote of all citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic in Chinese history. In 2000, former dissident Chen Shui-bian became the first opposition candidate to become president of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2004 Chen was re-elected to a second term. Thus, in the 94-year history of the Kyrgyz Republic, there have been only 14 presidents in total. Some of them ruled in parallel with each other, in certain parts of the country, and some reigned supreme throughout China for many decades.

Valentin Liu "Taiwanese radio asked..."