Presentation of Renaissance philosophy. Presentation on the topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times Philosophy of the Renaissance presentation

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Topic: Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times LKSAIOT Teacher Natalia Viktorovna Goryainova

2 slide

Slide description:

PLAN: Main features and directions of philosophy of the Renaissance Philosophy of Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464) Philosophy of Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) Philosophy of Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) Political philosophy of the Renaissance

3 slide

Slide description:

1. The main features and directions of philosophy of the Renaissance The Renaissance (Renaissance) begins in the 14th century. in Italy and in the 15th century. in other European countries and continues until the beginning of the 17th century.

4 slide

Slide description:

The main features of the philosophy of the Renaissance are the following: Humanism - the justification of the intrinsic value of man, his rights and freedoms. Humanism (from the Latin humanus - humane) emphasizes that the ultimate goal of philosophy should be man as the crown of creation. Aestheticism is the leading role of art. Denotes the high role of creativity in the Renaissance. sonnets by F. Petrarch, short stories by J. Boccaccio, the dramaturgy of W. Shakespeare, the novels of M. Cervantes, the sculptures of Michelangelo, the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci - all these are classic examples of the unprecedented rise of art. Freethinking is liberation from dogmatic medieval thinking. Freethinking implies freedom of human thought. God gave man free will so that he could solve practical and theoretical problems on his own, without relying on higher powers. Anthropocentrism - man is at the center of the worldview. Anthropocentrism (from the Greek anthropos - man) of the revival means that the place of God in the center of the universe is taken by man. he becomes an independent creative principle, almost equal to God;

5 slide

Slide description:

The main directions of Renaissance philosophy refer to Greek and Roman models Direction Ancient model Representatives of the Renaissance Natural philosophy Pre-Socratics Nicholas of Cusa, G. Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, J. Bruno Skepticism Pyrrho M. Montaigne, Erasmus of Rotterdam Political philosophy Plato, Aristotle T. More, N. Machiavelli The very name “Renaissance” emphasizes that the philosophers of this time tried to find justification for their search in the free and democratic spirit of antiquity, reviving classical antiquity. The main directions of Renaissance philosophy refer to Greek and Roman models

6 slide

Slide description:

Natural philosophy returns to the ideas of nature and the Cosmos. The predecessor of Italian natural philosophy, Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), puts forward the idea of ​​pantheism - he identifies nature and God. Since the Universe, like God, is infinite, it cannot be known using limited logic - absolute truth can be endlessly approached, but it cannot be mastered. In place of logic is “scientific ignorance” - symbolic thinking, where opposites merge.

7 slide

Slide description:

Example: A B a Line a is by definition infinite. Segment AB is finite. However, AB can be divided into a different number of parts (from two to infinity). Consequently, AB is also infinite within itself. Since oo = co, straight line a is equal to segment AB. If we symbolically imagine that the straight line is God, and the segment is man, then man becomes equal to God and the Cosmos.

8 slide

Slide description:

The human soul is inexhaustible and endless, therefore it can be represented as the whole Universe (microcosm), equal to the physical Universe (macrocosm). The pantheism of Nicholas of Cusa influenced the further development of science - the study of the Universe received its justification: one can study God not only through revelation, but also through the study of nature.

Slide 9

Slide description:

He put forward the idea of ​​“scientific ignorance” (“knowledge about ignorance”). With the help of senses, reason and intellect we can know things, but our knowledge of finite things always goes beyond its limits, encountering the unknown. The basis of knowledge is the opposition between finite knowledge and absolute, unconditional knowledge, i.e. ignorance of this unconditional (divine). A person can acquire unconditional knowledge only symbolically, including through mathematical symbols. A person is not a part of the whole, he is a new whole, an individuality.

10 slide

Slide description:

An important contribution to the study of nature was also the heliocentric model of the solar system (the Earth revolves around the Sun), which replaced the geocentric one (the Sun revolves around the Earth). The names of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who stand at the origins of European experimental science, are known here.

11 slide

Slide description:

Skepticism is a reaction to religious dogma and a form of creative free-thinking. The Dutch philosopher Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) in his famous book “In Praise of Stupidity” ridicules the false morality and learning of the scholastics, preferring the stupidity of “living life” to it: “In human society everything is full of stupidity, everything is done by fools and among fools. If anyone wants to rebel alone against the entire universe, I will advise him to flee to the desert and there, in solitude, enjoy his wisdom.”

12 slide

Slide description:

He called a person to a way of spiritual life that would combine freedom, clarity, peacefulness, and the ability not to go to extremes. He considered gross fanaticism, ignorance, readiness for violence and hypocrisy to be unacceptable traits of a person’s spiritual appearance. He called for a return to the origins of Christianity, to revive early Christian ideals. All phenomena of social life, all things are characterized by duality, the presence of opposing properties. In the socio-political field, he was a supporter of a strong monarchy, as he hoped that monarchs would always show enlightenment and humanism

Slide 13

Slide description:

The motto of the French thinker Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) was the words “It is certain that nothing is certain.” Montaigne expressed his skepticism in his work “Experiments.” “I believe that the answer to almost every question is: I don’t know.” “At the beginning of all philosophy lies wonder, its development is inquiry, its end is ignorance.” “Let the conscience and virtues of the student be reflected in his speech and know no other guide than reason.”

Slide 14

Slide description:

When Montaigne calls for focusing all our thoughts and intentions on ourselves and our own good, he expresses one of the main ideas of the Renaissance, according to which man with his feelings and thoughts becomes the center of the universe. Montaigne needs an appeal to a person in order to express doubt about the symbol of religious faith.

15 slide

Slide description:

Political philosophy of the Renaissance Plato's dreams of an ideal state are continued in the tradition of utopianism. Its origins are Thomas More (1478-1535), author of the book “Utopia” (the word “utopia” means “non-existent place”). Here he describes a non-existent state where everything is based on the principles of equality and justice - property is common, everyone works the same and everyone owns an equal amount of goods.

By clicking on the "Download archive" button, you will download the file you need completely free of charge.
Before downloading this file, think about those good essays, tests, term papers, dissertations, articles and other documents that are lying unclaimed on your computer. This is your work, it should participate in the development of society and benefit people. Find these works and submit them to the knowledge base.
We and all students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

To download an archive with a document, enter a five-digit number in the field below and click the "Download archive" button

Similar documents

General characteristics of the Renaissance: the principles of anthropocentrism and humanism, human individuality, the problem of being. Political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli. Socio-political ideals of the Renaissance and the fundamental principles of humanism.

test, added 01/27/2012


General concept, subject and functions of philosophy. Characteristics and features of ancient philosophy, philosophical teachings that developed in ancient Greek and Roman society. Philosophical ideas and worldview of representatives of the Renaissance and Modern times.

abstract, added 11/09/2010


Prerequisites for the emergence of a new culture. General characteristics of the Renaissance. Humanistic thought and representatives of the Renaissance. Natural philosophy of the Renaissance and its prominent representatives. Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Giordano Bruno.

test, added 01/04/2007


Worldview of the Renaissance. Distinctive features of the worldview of the Renaissance. Renaissance humanism. The ideal of humanists is a comprehensively developed personality. Philosophy of nature in the Renaissance. The emergence of natural philosophy.

abstract, added 05/02/2007


Renaissance philosophy - a direction in European philosophy of the 15th-16th centuries. The principle of anthropocentrism. Natural philosophers of the Renaissance. Humanism. Ethics of the Renaissance. Determinism is interdependence. Pantheism. The concept of man in Renaissance philosophy.

abstract, added 11/16/2016


Characteristic features of Renaissance philosophy - from Petrarch to Galileo. Humanistic, neoplatonic, natural philosophical directions of philosophy. A new picture of the world, based on the idea that God is dissolved in nature, in philosophical thought.

abstract, added 02/13/2011


Key prerequisites for the emergence of Renaissance philosophy as a period of transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. The main stages and stages of the formation of the Renaissance, its distinctive and characteristic features. The main carriers of the ideology of the Renaissance.

course work, added 11/13/2014

Slide 2

Periodization and features of the philosophy of the Middle Ages

In the history of philosophy of the Middle Ages, there are two main periods: Patristicism (2nd-8th century) (Tertullian, Augustine) Scholasticism (9th-14th century) (Thomas Aquinas) Features of the philosophy of the Middle Ages are: Subordinate position of philosophy (“handmaiden of Theology”) Theocentrism (God is the highest reality and the cause of everything) Creationism (the creation of the world by God from nothing) The dogma of Divine revelation as the path of knowledge The principle of free will in the understanding of man

Slide 3

Medievalism

Augustine Aurelius is one of the most prominent thinkers of the patristic period, the author of many works, including the famous “Confessions”. In his work “On the City of God,” he viewed the course of history as a struggle between two kingdoms—Earthly and Heavenly. A person has a choice. He can either choose the Earthly City and “live according to the flesh,” forgetting about God, but then his destiny after death is to be punished along with the devil. Either a person chooses the Heavenly City, love for God, and then after death he will reign together with God. Augustine justified the existing order in society, where a husband rules his wife, parents control his children, and masters control his slaves, since it was established by God. Augustine substantiated the idea of ​​the dominance of the church over the state, the pope over the monarchs. Augustine Aurelius (354-430)

Slide 4

Thomas Aquinas - systematizer of scholasticism, author of "Thomism" - the official doctrine of the Catholic Church. Aquinas believed that both faith and reason participate in knowledge and can give true knowledge, but if reason contradicts faith, then it gives untrue knowledge. There are things in the world the knowledge of which is accessible to reason, but there are also things that are unknowable to reason (the creation of the world, original sin, the trinity of God, etc.). Philosophy can only explain what is knowable by reason; what is unknowable is the subject of theology. He gave five proofs for the existence of God. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Philosophy of the Middle Ages

Slide 5

Dispute about the nature of universals

Nominalism Nominalists - Roscelin, Pierre Abelard argued that only individual things really exist. General concepts arise in the process of cognition and do not exist outside the human mind. Realism The largest representatives: Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, Eriugena believed that universals (for example, “man,” “animal”) exist really, objectively, independently of human cognition, along with specific people and animals. According to realists, anyone who cannot understand how several individuals make up one person will not understand how one God can be one in three persons. Universals are extremely general generic concepts, the subject of dispute is the relationship between general generic and specific concepts and the ontological status of general concepts

Slide 6

Main directions in philosophy of the Renaissance (14th-16th centuries)

Slide 7

Renaissance philosophy

N. Kuzansky created a pantheistic doctrine, according to which there is no difference between the world and God, the world is one, and God and the Universe are one and the same. He derived the law of the coincidence of opposites - God and nature, reason and faith, essence and existence, maximum and minimum, etc. He illustrated his ideas with examples from mathematics: a circle with an infinite increase in radius turns into a straight line, etc. N. Kuzansky (1401-1464)

Slide 8

D. Bruno, a supporter of the teachings of Copernicus, argued that our Universe is infinite, has no center, and consists of many galaxies. According to Bruno, God does not exist separately from the Universe; the Universe and God are one whole (Pantheism). Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Monument to G. Bruno in Rome

View all slides

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Philosophy of the Renaissance Developed by: history teacher of KSU “Secondary School No. 21 of the city of Temirtau” Baltabaev Marat Bopyshevich

2 slide

Slide description:

The Renaissance Chronologically, the Renaissance occupies two centuries - the 15th and 16th centuries. In the 15th century interest in man prevails, and the thought of the 16th century. also applies to nature. This is a time of major economic change - laying the foundations for later world trade and the transition from the guild organization of craft to manufacture. On this basis, national monarchies are formed. The spiritual sphere of society's life is characterized by the unfolding of secularization processes (liberation from religion and church institutions) in economics, politics, philosophy, science, and art.

3 slide

Slide description:

RENAISSANCE SINCE 19th century In relation to this era, the French term “Renaissance” was established. The Renaissance is the revival of ancient culture, way of life, way of thinking and feeling, but not the identity of antiquity. Antiquity was treated as an ideal - admired aesthetically, but without losing the distance between it and reality.

4 slide

Slide description:

Renaissance philosophy This is a set of philosophical views that arose and developed in Europe in the 15th-17th centuries, which were united by an anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, pronounced anthropocentrism, ideas of humanism, life-affirming optimism, faith in man, his capabilities and creative potential. The philosophy of the Renaissance developed a dialectically integral idea of ​​the inextricable unity of man and nature, the Earth and the endless cosmos.

5 slide

Slide description:

The main features of anthropocentrism and humanism are the predominance of interest in man, faith in his limitless capabilities and dignity, individuality; Opposition to the Church and church ideology, denial not of religion itself, of God, but of an organization that has made itself a mediator between God and believers, as well as scholasticism; secularization.

6 slide

Slide description:

Main features A fundamentally new pantheistic worldview, an actively transformative attitude towards the world; Interest in social problems, society, state; Wide dissemination of the idea of ​​social equality; artistic and aesthetic orientation. .

7 slide

Slide description:

Basic concepts Anthropocentrism is a worldview that evaluates the world through man, considering him the main value of the universe. Heliocentrism is a belief system that considers the Sun to be the center of the universe. Epistemology is the science of knowledge. Humanism - (from the Latin Humanus) - a movement that arose towards the end of the Middle Ages, opposing scholasticism and the spiritual domination of the church, striving to substantiate the ideal of man on the basis of the newly discovered works of antiquity - the highest cultural and moral development of human abilities combined with gentleness and humanity, a system of views that express recognition of the value of man as an individual, his rights to freedom, happiness, and equality, respect for the principles of justice and mercy as norms of relations between people, the struggle to create conditions for the free development of human creative powers and abilities. Methodology is a way of understanding existing reality, based on a system of universal principles and laws. Natural philosophy is the philosophy of nature, the peculiarity of which is a predominantly speculative interpretation of nature, considered in its integrity; in the Middle Ages, the doctrine of nature, free from subordination to theological speculation. Pantheism is a philosophical doctrine that brings the concepts of “God” and “nature” as close as possible with a tendency to identify them. Naturalistic pantheism spiritualizes nature, endowing it with divine properties and, as it were, dissolving them in nature. Secularization is liberation from religion and church institutions.

8 slide

Slide description:

Main directions Natural philosophy Methodology Epistemology Politics Social problems

Slide 9

Slide description:

Natural philosophy (XVI – XVII centuries) Speculative interpretation of nature, considered in its integrity. An attempt, based on scientific discoveries, to debunk the teachings of the Church about God, the Universe, the cosmos and the foundations of the universe, about the foundations of the worldview. (N. Copernicus, D. Bruno, G. Galileo, L. da Vinci) Pantheism - identification of God and the world. The Christian God loses his transcendent, extra-natural character, he seems to merge with nature, and the latter is deified.

10 slide

Slide description:

Natural philosophy (XVI – XVII centuries) Main features: justification of a materialistic view of the world (usually in the form of pantheism); - the desire to separate philosophy from theology; putting forward a new picture of the world in which God, nature and the cosmos are One, and the Earth is not the center of the universe; the statement that the world is knowable and, first of all, thanks to sensory knowledge and reason, and not to Divine revelation.

11 slide

Slide description:

Natural philosophy (XVI – XVII centuries) Lenardo da Vinci - Italian artist and scientist, inventor, writer, musician, one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance, a vivid example of a “universal person”. Galileo Galilei - Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician, who had a significant influence on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish astronomer, mathematician, mechanic, economist, canon of the Renaissance. He is best known as the author of the heliocentric system of the world, which marked the beginning of the first scientific revolution. Giordano Bruno - Italian Dominican monk, philosopher and poet, representative of pantheism. As a Catholic monk, Giordano Bruno developed Neoplatonism in the spirit of Renaissance naturalism

12 slide

Slide description:

Socio-political philosophy Philosophy of the Reformation Philosophy of the utopian socialists Political philosophy PROBLEMS - the state, its structure, mechanism of government; principles of social structure; relationships between government institutions, churches, and believers.

Slide 13

Slide description:

Natural philosophy (XVI – XVII centuries) The problem of movement The problem of matter The driving force is an intelligent principle inseparable from matter (pantheism) Concepts Pantheistic Atomistic

Slide 14

Slide description:

Methodology Metaphysical trends (XVI century) Dialectical trends (XV-XVI centuries)

15 slide

Slide description:

Epistemology Cognizability of the world Recognition of the influence of the external world on the senses as a source of knowledge Approval of the role of reason and logic Denial of innate ideas

16 slide

Slide description:

Social problems Renewal of the social ideal based on divine natural law Denial of private property Equal distribution of material goods Social labor

Slide 17

Slide description:

Politics Tyranny-fighting direction (republican) Monarchist direction (absolutism)

18 slide

Slide description:

It became widespread in Europe in the 14th century. 15th century Center - Italy. In its genre, humanistic philosophy merged with literature and was presented in an allegorical form (Dante Alighieri, Francesca Petrarca, Lorenzo Valla, Erasmus of Rotterdam). - anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation; - the desire to reduce the omnipotence of God and prove the intrinsic worth of man; - anthropocentrism – special attention to man, glorification of his strengths, greatness, capabilities; - life-affirming optimism. Features of the philosophy of humanism

Slide 19

Slide description:

PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANISM Erasmus of Rotterdam - The largest scientist of the Northern Renaissance, nicknamed the “prince of humanists.” Contributed to the return of the literary heritage of antiquity to cultural use. He wrote mainly in Latin. Francesco Petrarca - Italian poet, head of the older generation of humanists, one of the greatest figures of the Italian Proto-Renaissance. Dante Alighieri - Great Italian poet, thinker, theologian, one of the founders of the literary Italian language, political figure.

20 slide

Slide description:

FAMOUS HISTORIANS, HUMANISTS Lorenzo Valla - Italian humanist, founder of historical and philological criticism, representative of the historical school of scholars. He substantiated and defended ideas in the spirit of Epicureanism. Leonardo Bruni - Italian humanist, writer and historian, one of the most famous scientists who graced the century of the Italian Renaissance.

21 slides

Slide description:

The idealistic direction, which aimed to strictly systematize Plato's teachings, eliminate contradictions from it and its further development (Nicholas Cusansky, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Giambattista Vico). - proposed a new picture of the world, in which the role of God decreased and the role of initial (in relation to the world and things) ideas increased; did not deny the Divine nature of man, but at the same time considered him as an independent microcosm; - called for a rethinking of a number of postulates of previous philosophy and the creation of an integral world philosophical system that would embrace and harmonize all existing philosophical directions. NEOPLATONISM

22 slide

Slide description:

CHRISTIAN NEOPLATONISM Giovanni Pico della Mirandola - Italian thinker of the Renaissance, representative of early humanism. Nicholas of Cusa - cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, the greatest German thinker of the 15th century, philosopher, theologian, encyclopedist, mathematician, church and political figure. Giambattista Vico - Italian philosopher, founder of the philosophy of history and ethnic psychology. Author of the famous "New Science".

Slide 23

Slide description:

Criticism of the ideology of medieval Catholicism, contrasting the authority of the Bible with the authority of the Church as a mediator between man and God. (Martin Luther, Thomas Munzer, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin) Reformation XVI-XVII centuries.

24 slide

Slide 1

Topic 5. Philosophy of the Renaissance and Modern Times. Humanism and natural philosophy of the Renaissance. Socio-political views of the Renaissance. Empiricism and rationalism in the philosophy of modern times. Socio-political concepts of the New Age.

Slide 2

Literature: Bruno J. About the reason, the beginning and the one. Bruno J. About infinity, the universe and worlds. More T. Utopia. Bacon F. Idols of the human mind. Descartes R. Rules for guiding the mind. Descartes R. Philosophical understanding of nature. Spinoza B. The Doctrine of Substance. Leibniz. Monadology. Hobbes T. Leviathan. Locke J. Theory of knowledge. Hume D. On human nature. Berkeley J. On the principles of human knowledge. Huizinga J. Autumn of the Middle Ages. M., 1988. Film: On the way to the golden ratio: “Philosophy and Art.”

Slide 3

The term "Renaissance" was first used by the Italian artist and architect Giorgio Vasari in the book "Biographies of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects" in 1550. Periodization of the Renaissance: Proto-Renaissance: XIII century – ducento - “two hundredths”, 1200s. Early Renaissance: XIV century – trecento – “three hundredths”, 1300s. High Renaissance: XV century – quatrocento – “four hundredths”, 1400s. Late Renaissance: 16th century – cinquicento – “five hundredths”, 1500s.

Slide 4

The Renaissance is a set of philosophical trends that revolutionized the system of values, the assessment of all things and attitudes towards them. ANTHROPOCENTRISM, which considers man the center and meaning of the universe, becomes the main cultural paradigm. Characteristic features: individualism and subjectivism became the foundations of the Renaissance culture; humanism as a new worldview, ethics, social ideal and scientific method; anti-church and anti-scholastic orientation, secularization of public life; life-affirming character and optimism; history loses its sacred meaning and becomes a practical matter for real people; revival of ancient cultural heritage; creation of a new pantheistic picture of the world; Titanism creates not only great heroes, but also anti-heroes.

Slide 5

The main directions of Renaissance philosophy: humanistic; neoplatonic; natural philosophy; reformation; political; socialist-utopian.

Slide 6

Humanism (from the Latin humanitas - humanity) is understood as the upbringing and education of a person, contributing to his elevation. The main role was given to a complex of disciplines, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and ethics. The founder of humanism is considered to be Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) “On the ignorance of one’s own and many others”, “Book of Songs”, “On Contempt for the World”; rejects scholastic scholarship; proposes a new approach to assessing the ancient heritage: strive not only to rise to the heights of ancient culture, but also to surpass it; true philosophy must become a science about man; laid the foundations for the personal identity of the Renaissance.

Slide 7

The most famous philosophers are the humanists Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) “The Divine Comedy”, “New Life”; Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) “Speech on the Dignity of Man”; Lorenzo Valla (1507-1557) “On pleasure as a true good”; Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) “Praise of Folly”; Michel Montaigne (1533-1592) "Experiments".

Slide 8

The main features of natural philosophy: justification of the materialistic view of the world; the desire to separate philosophy from theology; formation of a scientific worldview; putting forward a new picture of the world; the assertion that the world is knowable; Practical science, which is an attempt to change the world, becomes important.

Slide 9

Bertrand Russell, philosopher, mathematician, Nobel Prize winner in literature, in his work “The History of Western Philosophy,” distinguished the authority of science from the authority of church dogma: the authority of science is intellectual in nature, not governmental; no punishment falls on the heads of those who reject the authority of science; no considerations of benefit influence those who accept it; Science gains authority solely by appealing to reason; the authority of science is, as it were, woven from particles and pieces, and not a whole system - like church dogma; If church authority proclaims its judgments to be absolutely true and unchangeable forever and ever, then the judgments of science are experimental, made on the basis of a probabilistic approach and are recognized as relative.

Slide 10

Representatives of natural philosophy of the Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) “Book on Painting”, “On True and False Science”; Nicholas of Kuzan (1401-1464) “On learned ignorance”, “On assumptions”, etc.; Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) “On the revolution of the celestial spheres”; Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) “On nature, beginning and unity”, “On the infinity of the Universe and worlds”, etc.; Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) “The Starry Messenger”, “Dialogue on the Two Main Systems of the World”, etc.

Slide 11

Nicolaus Copernicus revolutionized natural science by developing the heliocentric system of the world. His work is Pythagorean in spirit; the sun is the center of the universe, which refuted the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy; the earth has a double movement: daily rotation and annual circular rotation around the Sun; space is infinite and all cosmic bodies move along their own trajectory; processes in space are explainable from the point of view of nature and are devoid of “sacred” meaning.

Slide 12

Giordano Bruno is an Italian philosopher and poet, materialist-pantheist. In 1592 he was arrested by the Inquisition and accused of heresy and freethinking, and on February 17, 1600 he was burned at the stake. The Sun is the center of the Universe in relation to the Earth, but not the center of the Universe; The universe has no center and is infinite; stars are like the Sun and have their own planetary systems; all celestial bodies have the property of movement; put forward the hypothesis that we are not alone in the Universe and there may be intelligent beings; There is no God separate from the Universe; the Universe and God are one whole.

Slide 13

Galileo Galilei is one of the founders of modern experimental science. For the first time he showed how important tools are for the development of science. introduced a method of observation, putting forward hypotheses and testing them experimentally in practice; discovered the meaning of acceleration in dynamics; established the law of falling bodies; while studying the flight of projectiles, he established the parallelogram principle; defended the heliocentric system of the world; invented a telescope and discovered a number of important phenomena: spots on the Sun, mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way consists of many individual stars, observed the phases of Venus, discovered the satellites of Jupiter.

Slide 14

The socio-political concepts of the Renaissance include the reformation, the political philosophy of N. Machiavelli, and the socialist-utopian direction. The Reformation served as the ideological justification for the political and armed struggle for the reform of the Church and Catholicism. The political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli explored the problems of managing a real-life state, methods of influencing people, and methods of political struggle. The socialist-utopian direction focused its main attention on the development of projects for an ideal state, where social justice based on public property would triumph.

Slide 15

The founder of the Reformation was Martin Luther, who on October 31, 1517 nailed down 95 theses against indulgences; communication between God and believers should take place directly, without the participation of the Catholic Church; the church must become democratic and rituals understandable to people; demanded a reduction in the influence of the Pope on the policies of other states; the authority of state institutions and secular power must be restored; free culture and education from the dominance of Catholic dogmas; indulgences must be abolished.

Slide 16

The main ideas of the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): man initially has an evil nature; the driving motives of actions are selfishness and the desire for personal gain; to curb the base nature of man, a special organization is created - the state; based on the experience of history and contemporary events, it reveals how power is gained, how it is retained and lost; the ruler must be “cunning like a fox, fierce like a lion”; in no case should the ruler encroach on the property and personal lives of people; The idea of ​​“fortuna” (fate), which favors the young and rich, also occupies a central place in his teaching; in the struggle for political power, and especially for the liberation of the homeland from the encroachments of foreign rule, all means are permissible, including insidious and immoral.

Slide 17

The socialist-utopian direction is represented by the works of Thomas More and Tomaso Campanella: T. More “Utopia”: There is no private property; General 6-hour labor mobilization; The principle applies: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work”; The primary unit of society is the “working family.” Men and women have equal rights; T. Campanella “City of the Sun”: There is no private property; everyone participates in the labor process; work is combined with simultaneous training; the life of solariums is regulated to the smallest detail; children live separately from their parents and are raised in special schools; At the head of the City of the Sun is a lifelong ruler - the Metaphysician.

Slide 18

Modern times - the 17th century - became a turning point in European history. The most important factor is the development of SCIENCE. General characteristics of the modern era: this is the century of development of experimental mathematical science; the creation of classical mechanics was completed, which was based on the results achieved by I. Newton, E. Torricelli, I. Kepler, N. Copernicus and others. Two directions took shape in philosophy - empiricism and rationalism; states are increasingly replacing the Church as the governing body that controls culture; the era of early bourgeois-democratic revolutions; philosophy stands for the practical significance of its concepts, for their life application, for a real influence on human destinies.

Slide 19

The main problems of modern philosophy: the development of a new method of cognition (F. Bacon and R. Descartes); justification of the ontological status of being (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, G. Leibniz); attempts to solve problems of social life (T. Hobbes, J. Locke).

Slide 20

Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a member of the British Parliament, later Lord Chancellor, the founder of English materialism, proposed a method of experimental study of nature. Main works: “New Organon”, “On the dignity and increase of sciences”, “New Atlantis”, etc. Well-known sayings: “Knowledge is power”, “nature is not a temple, but a workshop”, “we can do as much as we know”. Main ideas: to give man, through scientific discoveries and inventions, mastery of the forces of nature; was the first to classify sciences; developed the induction method; indicated specific ways of knowledge; designated the delusions “idols” of the mind. Slide 22 Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza (1632-1677) is a prominent representative of rationalism. Main works: “Theological-Political Treatise”, “Political Treatise”, “Ethics”. Based on the theory of substance, Descartes developed his own system of a single substance; developed a doctrine of three types of knowledge; gave an explanation of the problems of determinism, the relationship between freedom and necessity, creativity as an active principle.

Slide 23

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) – German mathematician, lawyer, predecessor of German classical philosophy. Leibniz's doctrine of monads: The whole world consists of a huge number of substances that have a single nature; In principle, one should distinguish between the intelligible world (the world of truly existing things) and the phenomenal world (sensually perceived physical world); the world is based on indivisible primary elements - monads (from the Greek “one”) - “spiritual atoms”; they are all united by the principle of pre-established harmony; the monad has four qualities: aspiration, attraction, perception, representation; monads are closed and independent of each other; There are four classes of monads: “bare monads”, “animal monads”, “human monads”, “God”.

Slide 24

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - English philosopher and political thinker. Main works: “About the Citizen”, “Leviathan”, “About the Body”, “About Man”. He continued the philosophical traditions of F. Bacon; was a convinced materialist; cognition occurs through sensory perception; signals from the surrounding world are original signs; classified the signals; considered the most important problem to be issues of society and the state; was the first to put forward the idea that the emergence of the state was based on a social contract;

Slide 25

John Locke (1632-1704) formulated the foundations of empiricism in sensualist theory and became one of the founders of the doctrine of liberalism. Main works: “An Essay on Human Understanding”, “Two Treatises on Government”, etc. Knowledge can only be based on experience: “there is nothing in the mind that is not in the feelings.” Consciousness is an empty room, a tabula rasa, which is filled with experience throughout life; identifies two main sources of ideas: sensations and reflection; as well as three types of knowledge: intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; in socio-political teaching, it proceeds from the natural state of society; highlighted the basic inalienable natural human rights: life, freedom, property; to substantiate his assertion that the power of the ruler cannot be absolute, he first put forward the idea of ​​separation of powers: legislative, executive and federal.