Form of quotation marks. MY adept travel notes

This page contains quotes of all kinds, pulled from different sections of Unicode.

This punctuation mark is paired. It denotes direct speech, or a word that is used in a meaning that does not correspond to the usual one - for example, in the opposite. There are several types. The names came from the country where they were invented and from the similarity of the outline with certain objects.

Different scripts use different quotation marks according to... Probably tradition. Yes, there are rules for punctuation, but they do not specify the type. There are typographical typesetting standards that ordinary people can give a damn about. So, according to tradition, we (in Russia) use “Christmas tree” quotes. If you need to put them inside an already quoted part of the text, the external and internal characters must be different. The nested ones are the “legs” (““…”). In addition, when writing by hand and in print, the appearance may be different. In the good old days, when I still wrote by hand, the so-called Polish ones were always used (see below). However, fonts are not drawn entirely uniformly.

Konstantin the Philosopher was the first to try to introduce rules for placing quotation marks for Slavic scripts. In the 15th century, he wrote a treatise “On Writing”. There it was proposed to highlight quotations from church texts with special symbols. The images of these symbols were very similar to modern herringbone quotes.

“ ” English doubles.

‘ ’ English singles.

Christmas tree quotes. HTML code (mnemonic): " " ( " " )

„ “ German "paws".

„ ” Polish.

Swedish reverse.

Double universal. HTML code (mnemonic): " (")

The use of quotation marks in different languages.

The rules are not strict (if there are any), don't be surprised if they are loosely enforced.

Main and spare (placed inside the main ones, if necessary):

Albanian "..." ‹…›

English "…" '…'

Arabic "..." ‹…›

African „…” ‚…’

Belarusian “...” “...”

Bulgarian “…“ ‚…‘

Hungarian "..."

Greek "..." ‹…›

Danish »…« ›…‹

Hebrew "..." / "..." "..." /<<…>>

Irish “…” ‘…’

Icelandic “…“ ‚…‘

Spanish "..." "..."

Italian "..."

Chinese "…" '…'

Latvian „…“ „…“

Lithuanian “…“ ‚…‘

Dutch „…” ‚…’

German "…" ,…'

Norwegian "..."

Polish "..." "..."

Portuguese “…” ‘…’

Romanian "..." "..."

Russian "…" "…"

Serbian “…“ ‚…‘

Slovak „…“ ‚…‘

Slovenian “…“ ‚…‘

Turkish “…” ‘…’

Ukrainian "..." „…“

Finnish “…” ’…’

French " … " < … >

Croatian »…« ›…‹

Czech „…“ ‚…‘

Swedish “…” ’…’

Estonian „…” „…”

Japanese 「…」 『…』

Many of these icons are symmetrical in the horizontal plane. Even if all of them are, they will remain unchanged.

, - and, in particular, English spelling, - you just need to learn the rules for using quotation marks.

The main purpose of using quotation marks in English is to highlight and represent direct speech (both spoken and written) coming from a specific person. Very often, quotation marks can be found in fiction and poetry, where they are used to formalize the statements of the characters in the work.

It is equally important to use quotation marks when quoting. After all, in this case you will protect yourself from plagiarism and achieve scientific reliability.

So, let's look at the main cases when you should use quotation marks in English.

Direct speech

With direct speech, you can quote another person's exact statements in your narration. Remember the following rules:

Rule 1: Quotes always come in pairs: one opens the quote, the other closes it. If you opened quotation marks and wrote a statement, be sure to check whether you put a closing quotation mark at the end of direct speech.

Rule 2: The response that opens a sentence in direct speech always begins with a capital letter. Example:

• Mr. Smith, who was walking near that beautiful lake that morning, said, "A huge fish jumped out of the water and rushed away into the depth, before I understood anything." - Mr. Smith, who passed by this beautiful lake that morning, said: “A huge fish jumped out of the water and rushed off into the depths before I could understand anything.”

Rule 3: If you quote in a letter only a fragment or even part of a sentence of the original text, then the quotation should begin with a lowercase letter. Example:

• Although Mr. Smith has seen many odd happenings in his life, he stated that the huge fish "had unbelievably bright and goldish scale". - Although Mr. Smith has seen a lot of strange things in his time, he claimed that the fish “had incredibly bright and golden scales.”

Rule 4: In the event that a remark is interrupted by the words of the author, the subsequent part of the statement continues with a lowercase letter. Example:

• "I haven"t ever seen such a strange and wonderful fish," Mr. Smith said, "even though I"m keen on fishing for thirty years already." “I have never seen such a strange and wonderful fish,” said Mr. Smith, “although I am an avid fisherman with thirty years of experience.”

Rule 5: As you have already noticed, in all examples, punctuation marks such as a period or a comma related to the quotation are always placed before the closing quotation mark. It is noteworthy that this rule may change in the documentation of the MLA (Association for the Development of Language and Literature) and a number of other materials.

Imagine that you find a spelling or grammatical error in a quote. Now, in order to indicate it, the rule will help you: immediately after the error found, you should put the sign sic, be sure to put it in square quotation marks. The term sic comes from Latin and translates as “thus,” “thus,” or “as is.” This sign allows you to inform the reader that the error in the quotation corresponds to the original source and is not your error. Example:

• Mr. Smith says of the experience, "I"m not sure but possibly that fish was something extraterrestrial." - Mr. Smith talks about the incident: “I'm not sure, but perhaps this fish is of extraterrestrial origin."

Rule 6: It is most effective to use quotations in the text only where they are really needed, and to make them as concise as possible. For example, if you are writing an academic paper and have used too many quotations in the text, it may seem that you have not delved into the subject yourself by citing so many words from other authors.

Indirect speech

Indirect speech is not an exact statement of the author, but rather an excerpt or paraphrase of his words. In this case, you do not need to use quotation marks to highlight indirect speech. Example:

• Mr. Smith, a local farmer, reported that he saw a huge and goldish fish walking near the lake yesterday morning. — Mr. Smith, a local farmer, reported that while passing by the lake yesterday morning, he saw a huge golden fish.

Even writers have not come to a consensus about when it is better to use direct speech and when to use indirect speech. However, the most “popular” rules can still be identified:

Use direct speech when quoting a truly outstanding and famous saying. After all, by changing it, you can distort the meaning that the author intended in it. Example:

• Martin Luther King Jr. said of the Emancipation Proclamation, "This momentous decree came as a great beacon of light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of suffering injustice." — Martin Luther King said in the Emancipation Proclamation: “This momentous decree became a great beacon of hope for the millions of Negro slaves consumed by the flames of destructive injustice.”

Although the following statement in indirect speech reflects the general meaning of the first, it clearly does not reflect the thought of Martin Luther King so emotionally and clearly:

• Martin Luther King Jr. believed that the end of slavery was significant and of great hope to millions of black slaves done horribly wrong. — Martin Luther King believed in the abolition of slavery, which was the hope of millions of brutally treated black slaves.

Indirect speech is best used where you want to paraphrase or emphasize details of the source text.

The article we bring to your attention describes the basic ways of how to type quotes on the keyboard. Based on the strengths and weaknesses of each method, recommendations are given for their use in each specific case.

Types of quotation marks

First, let's look at what quotes are. Conventionally, they are divided into two types: “paws” (their second name is “German”) and “Christmas trees” (they are also called “French”). In the first case, these are two commas located along the upper border of the text. They are most often used when writing text by hand. The second option, called “herringbones,” are pairs of less than (open the text) and more than (close it) signs grouped in pairs. Use this option when you want to design text professionally in specialized applications (such as brochures, books, or

Methods

There are the following ways to put quotes on the keyboard:

• Using special keyboard shortcuts.
• Using a specialized symbol window in the Word word processor.
• Using a symbol table.
• Using the ASKI code table.

Each method has both strengths and weaknesses. It is based on their ratio that one can give correct recommendations regarding their use.

Keyboard and languages

There is no separate key on the keyboard for the quotes themselves. This is natural - such a symbol is not typed very often. For these purposes, a combination of them is used. Moreover, it changes depending on the currently active language. The dialing algorithm in this case is as follows:

• Move the cursor to the place where you need to enter such a character.
• Determine the current active language (this can be done using the help in the lower right corner of the screen).
• Hold down the Shift key and do not release it.
• If Russian is active, then press “2”. In the English version, the Russian “e” is used.
• After this, release both keys and this sign should appear in the work area.

This is the simplest and most universal way to put quotes on the keyboard. It works in all applications without exception. But it has one significant drawback. This way you can only type the classic “paws”, but you won’t be able to enter “Christmas trees”. If this option is suitable, then you can use this method.

and "Word"

Another option for entering such characters is to use the Word word processor. You can use the previously mentioned keyboard shortcuts. Only in the case of English the symbol “” will appear, and for Russian - “Christmas tree”. But there is an alternative input method. To do this, perform the following steps:

• In the open Word processor window, go to the “Insert” tab.
• In the “Symbol” field we find the drop-down menu of the same name.
• Next, select “Other symbols”.
• Using the navigation keys, we find the desired version of the quotes and highlight them with a marker.
• Press “Tab” until the marker moves to the “Run” button.
• Next, press “Enter”.
• Use “Tab” to move to the “Close” button and press “Enter” again.

This is a more complex way to type quotes on the keyboard. In addition, special software is required - the word processor Word. But at the same time, the user has the opportunity to choose the type of quotes.

symbol table

Another answer to the question “Where are the quotes on the keyboard hidden?” - this is the use of a symbol table. In this case, you must perform the following procedure:

• Let's launch this utility. The easiest way to find it is using the search bar. In it we type: “Symbol table”. Then press “Enter”.
• At the end of the search, we find this program in the list and launch it (for example, by clicking the mouse or pressing the “Enter” key).
• In the window that opens, use the navigation keys to find the desired version of quotation marks (German or French) and copy it to the clipboard using the “Ctrl” and “C” keys.
• At the next stage, we go to the application we need. If it has already been launched, then use the key combination “Alt” and “Tab”. Otherwise, open it through the Start\Programs menu.
• At the next stage, we perform the insertion procedure. To do this, press “Ctrl” and “V”.

The previously mentioned key combinations need to be pressed only on Otherwise, you won’t succeed.

ASKI codes

Another method is based on the use of ASKI codes. In this case, quotes on the keyboard are typed using special sets of numbers. The algorithm for entering such characters is as follows:

• Turn on the Num Look key if it is not active (its LED should light).
• Hold down the “Alt” key on the right side of the keyboard and do not release it.
• We enter the symbol code on the numeric keypad. Before entering the digital code, you must press “+” and “0”. The code for """ is "34". "171" is used to open "French" quotation marks and "187" is used to close "French" quotes.
• Release "Alt" - and you're done.

A universal method, but quite simple. And besides, there is the possibility of choosing the type to be dialed. There is only one drawback in this case - the need to remember special codes. And this is not always convenient.

Within the framework of this article, the main ways of how to put quotation marks on the keyboard were described in detail. When working in the Word word processor, it is most rational to use standard keyboard shortcuts. At the same time, do not forget that in the English version “paws” are introduced, and in Russian - “Christmas trees”. But in all other cases it is better to use a symbol table or ASKI codes. This way you can choose exactly the sign you need.

How to put double quotes correctly in Russian? >>

1. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF QUOTES VOICE "GET OUT OF THE ATELIER AND FIRST DISTRIBUTE A WEAPON"

   reference to the game "dead island"

2. Second option
3. (2) option thank you
4. Actually, it’s correct in Russian - the first ones are lower, the second ones are upper, but this is when writing, and on the computer’s keyboard there are no lower ones at all...
   So don't bother... Write correctly by hand, and on the keyboard as it turns out....
5. 1 is the book version. 2 is more written.
6. If at the beginning or end of the text (quote, direct speech) there are internal and external quotation marks, then they should differ from each other in design (the so-called Christmas trees and paws), for example: The correspondent reports: The ballad about a soldier was highly praised at the international film festival; I received a telegram: I’m coming tomorrow, I’ll stay at the Moscow hotel
   .
   (Rosenthal D. E., Dzhandzhakova E. V., Kabanova N. P.
   GUIDE TO SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION, LITERARY EDITING)

   In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:

   Christmas trees (used in printed texts);
   paws (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);
   Marrian quotation marks (used to describe the meaning of a word and when translating the meaning of a foreign word, for example: the word skimmer is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumowa#263; skim the foam from szum foam);
   “computer quotation marks” are special type of quotation marks in which the pattern of the opening and closing quotation marks is completely indistinguishable. Such quotation marks are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.

   In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange Christmas trees yourself. To do this, you need to remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt and get. Press Alt, type 0187, release Alt and get.

   If inside words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that this is technically possible) to use quotation marks of different designs: external Christmas trees, internal paws (or in texts typed on a computer, "computer quotes"). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. Quotes from the same picture are not repeated next to each other. For example:

   Preferably: work by V.I. Lenin On a caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House CJSC, Metallinvest Company LLC.

   Acceptable (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different designs): work by V. I. Lenin On a caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, CJSC Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, LLC Metallinvest Company.

   Incorrect: the work of V.I. Lenin On the caricature of Marxism and imperialist economism, ZAO Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House, LLC Metallinvest Company.

   What are quotation marks? What is the difference between quotation marks of different designs?

   Quotation marks are paired punctuation marks. They mark the left and right boundaries of a word or a segment of text; thus, quotation marks can be opening and closing quotation marks, with opening and closing quotation marks typically differing in design.

   In Russian writing, the following types of quotation marks are most common:

   “Christmas trees” (used in printed texts);

   “paws” (used, as a rule, in handwritten texts);

   ‘Marr’s quotation marks’ (used to describe the meaning of a word and when translating the meaning of a foreign word, for example: the word “skimmer” is borrowed from the Polish language, in which it goes back to the verb szumować ‘to remove foam’ from szum ‘foam’);

   “computer quotes” are quotes of a special type, in which the design of the opening and closing quotes is completely indistinguishable. Such quotation marks are found in texts typed on a computer keyboard.

   Offtopic

   A little technical trick. In any text typed on a computer, you can arrange “Christmas trees” yourself. To do this, you need to remember the following key combinations: press Alt, type 0171, release Alt - we get “. Press Alt, type 0187, release Alt - we get ".

   About quotes inside quotes

   If inside words enclosed in quotation marks there are other words, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, it is recommended (provided that there are technical possibilities for this) to use quotation marks of different patterns: external ones - “herringbone”, internal ones - “paws” (or - in texts typed on a computer - “computer quotes”). If this is not possible, then closing quotes are placed only once. Quotes from the same picture are not repeated next to each other. For example:

   Preferably: the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.

   Acceptable (if it is not technically possible to use quotation marks of different designs): the work of V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest”.

   Wrong: work by V. I. Lenin “On the caricature of Marxism and on “imperialist economism””, CJSC Publishing House “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, LLC “Company “Metallinvest””.

   When are quotation marks used?

   In modern Russian, quotation marks perform the following functions:

   1. Highlighting paragraph-free direct speech and quotes.

   2. Identification of conventional (proper) names.

   3. Highlighting words that are used in an unusual, ironic, special meaning.

   Quotation marks for words not used in their usual meaning

   Quotation marks for words used in an unusual, special, conventional, ironic meaning not only help the author of the text to draw the reader’s attention to a particular word or expression, but also make it possible to use lexical units belonging to a different style, for example, to use a colloquial word in journalistic text (often in such cases quotation marks are used by the author for “reinsurance”).

   The first thing to note is that quotation marks for unusually used words are considered as an optional sign (in contrast to the mandatory use of quotation marks for proper names and direct speech).

   They are highlighted with quotation marks.:

   1) unusual, rarely used words that the author wants to draw attention to;

   2) words used in a special, unusual meaning;

   3) words that are little-known terms;

   4) words are outdated or, conversely, completely new, if this feature of them is emphasized;

   5) words used in an ironic meaning;

   6) words used in a conditional meaning (in relation to a situation or context).

   It is often very difficult to distinguish between the “usual” and “unusual” meanings of a word:

   Firstly, for this you need to have a highly developed linguistic sense,

   Secondly, cases often arise when what is “usual” for one native speaker is “unusual” for another.

   Finally, the “unusual” meaning of a word can become “habitual” over time. This is why placing quotation marks on unusually used words raises so many questions.

   What should you be guided by when answering the question about putting quotation marks? Here are two simple rules:

   Focus on dictionary entries in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language: if the word (phrase) is already fixed in them, therefore, the meaning is not unusual and quotation marks are not needed;

   Take into account the style of the text in which similar lexical units are found. Of course, they can most often be found in newspaper and magazine texts, but at the same time, in “serious” media that offer readers materials on socio-political and socially significant topics, placing quotation marks on unusually used words is more appropriate than, for example, in newspapers and magazines aimed at a youth audience and writing on “light” topics, since when a word is used in an “unusual” meaning, it often has a colloquial or vernacular connotation.

   Words and phrases that do not require quotation marks

   star ("famous person, artist")

   gold ("award of the highest standard")

   zest ("charm, sharpness")

   zipper ("quick pull fastener")

   tail ("exam debt")

   the Velvet season

   white salary

   White gold

   great dumb

   blue fuel

   luxury hotline

   round table

   bags under the eyes

   gray salary

   stronger sex

   weaker sex

   helpline

   black gold

   black box

   The words following the phrase so-called are not enclosed in quotation marks. The exception is when these words are used in an unusual or ironic meaning.

   Quotation marks for proper names

   To answer the question of when names are placed in quotation marks, it is necessary to find out what types of proper names exist. The names can be divided into two large groups:

   1. Compound names that are not conventional are real proper names. In such names, all words are used in their literal meaning. Such names are not highlighted with quotation marks; in them the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter.

   For example: State Russian Museum, Ostankino Museum of Serf Art, Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, St. Petersburg State University, Moscow Printing House No. 2, Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications, Russian Football Union, State Prize, Guinness Book of Records , Great Patriotic War, Peter's era.

   2. Conventional (symbolic) names enclosed in quotation marks.

   Real proper names and conventional names differ primarily in syntactic compatibility (roughly speaking, one word depends on another: noun and adjective, noun and noun in the genitive case).

   Compare: Bolshoi Theatre, Theater of Satire, Theater in the South-West- these are real proper names, they have syntactic compatibility, quotes are not needed.

   But: Sovremennik Theater, School of Modern Play Theater– conventional names that are not syntactically combined with the generic word. They are enclosed in quotation marks. Similarly: Friendship Park, but: Sokolniki Park, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, but: Yabloko Party, etc.

   Let us list the main groups of conventional names enclosed in quotation marks:

   Names of companies, institutions, organizations, societies: hotel "Russia", hotel "Metropol", confectionery factory "Red October", publishing house "Nauka".

   Names of political parties: parties “Yabloko”, “Civil Power”, “United Russia”, “A Just Russia”.

   Names of domestic news agencies: Interfax news agency, RIA Novosti. The names of foreign news agencies are traditionally not included in quotation marks: Agence France Presse, Agency United Press International.

   Names of entertainment enterprises and institutions (theaters, cinemas, exhibition centers, etc.): cinema chains “Formula Kino”, “Cinema Star”, cinema “Five Stars”, theaters “Sovremennik”, “School of Modern Play”, Central Exhibition Manege Hall, Children's Art Center "Theater on the Embankment", Theater Center "On Strastnom", Kinotavr festival.

   Names of musical groups: chamber orchestra “Moscow Virtuosi”, groups “The Beatles”, “Rolling Stones”, “Factory”, “Strelki”, “City 312”.

   Names of sports societies, teams, clubs: football clubs “Spartak”, “Zenith”, “Lokomotiv”, “Barcelona”, “Manchester United”, “Lazio”, “Beitar”, “Anderlecht”, hockey teams “Salavat Yulaev”, "Severstal", "Ak Bars". However, abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: CSKA, SKA.

   Names of orders, medals, awards, insignia: Order “Mother Heroine”, Medal “Veteran of Labor”, “Golden Mask” Award, “Oscar” Award.

   Names of periodicals (newspapers, magazines): newspapers “Arguments and Facts”, “Moskovsky Komsomolets”, magazines “Ogonyok”, “Russian Language Abroad”, including names that include generic names: “Newspaper”, “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” , "Russian Journal".

   Names of documents: Federal Law of December 23, 2003 N 177-FZ “On insurance of deposits of individuals in banks of the Russian Federation”, Federal Constitutional Law “On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation”.

   Titles of literary and scientific works, works of art: the novel “War and Peace”, the painting “Apotheosis of War”, the opera “The Queen of Spades”, the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears”, the television series “Lost”, including names that include generic titles: “A Novel Without Lies”, “A Tale of a Real Man”, “An Optimistic Tragedy”. Please note: if the name of a work of art consists of two titles connected by the union or, then a comma is placed before the union, and the first word of the second title is written with a capital letter: “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath.”

   Names of museums: Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Krasnaya Presnya Museum. Please note: the names of foreign museums and art galleries such as the Prado Museum, Orsay Museum, Uffizi Gallery, etc. are written without quotation marks.

   Names of natural disasters (hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes): Typhoon Judy, Hurricane Katrina, Storm Noel, Cyclone Cider.

   Names of production brands of technical products: Volga, Toyota cars, Indesit washing machine, Ardo gas stove.

   Names of aircraft and means of space exploration; military equipment: Ruslan aircraft, Boeing 747, Discovery shuttle, Atlantis shuttle, Noud-2 docking module; ballistic missile "Topol", strike complex "Iskander-M".

   Names related to the field of information technology (IT), including the names of Internet resources and web services: “Izvestia.Ru”, “Slovari.Ru”, “Strana.Ru”, “Yandex”, “Rambler”, “ Yandex.Photos", "Yandex.Dictionaries", reference information systems and computer programs: "ConsultantPlus", "1C: Enterprise" systems, names of tariff plans and services provided by companies - cellular operators and Internet providers: tariff plans " Unified", "Mobile", "Profi 1300 VIP", "Call Xtreme", "Stream 6", services "Who called?", "Account Analyzer", "Megafon.Bonus", "Service Guide".

   Names of drugs, medical preparations. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of medicines should be written with a capital letter in quotation marks: “Agri”, “Influvac”, “Aflubin”, “Fervex”, and in everyday use - with a lowercase letter without quotation marks, for example: drink Fervex, take Viagra. Some names of drugs that have come into wide use due to many years of use (validol, analgin, aspirin) are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks.

   Names of food products, including alcoholic beverages. Please note: when used as a trademark, the names of food products are capitalized in quotation marks: “Creamy” waffles, “Kartoshka” cake, “Chinese” salad, “Lyubitelsky” carbonade, “Mozzarella” cheese, “Tartar” sauce, liqueur Baileys, Beaujolais Nouveau wine, Cinzano Bianco vermouth, Black Card coffee. The names of products in everyday use are written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: amateur sausage, Borodino bread, Olivier salad, potato cake. Without quotation marks, the names of varieties of wines, mineral waters and other drinks are written with a lowercase letter: merlot, chardonnay, riesling, port, borjomi.

   The names of types and varieties of agricultural crops, vegetables, flowers, etc. are terms of agronomy and horticulture. Unlike the names listed above, these names are written in quotation marks with a lowercase letter: Victoria strawberry, Chardonnay grape, Black Prince tulip.

   Particularly difficult is writing car names..

   Directories recommend writing the names of car brands in quotation marks with a capital letter: cars “Volga”, “Volvo”, “Nissan”, “Skoda”, and the names of the cars themselves as technical products - with a lowercase letter in quotation marks (except for names that coincide with proper names – personal and geographical). For example: “Cadillac”, “Muscovite”, “Toyota”, “Nissan”, but: “Volga”, “Oka” (the same as proper names, so they are written with a capital letter).

   Exceptions: “Lada”, “Mercedes” (the same as proper names, but written in lowercase). However, in practice, it is often difficult to distinguish in which case the name is the name of the car brand, and in which the name of the technical product: He prefers “Toyota” / “Toyota” to all cars. In controversial cases, the decision to write with a capital or lowercase letter is made by the author of the text.

   Names written in Latin are not enclosed in quotation marks: cars Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

   Ambiguous names (make and model of the car), written in Cyrillic, are written with a hyphen, while all parts of the name are written with a capital letter: “Lada-Priora”, “Toyota-Corolla”, “Renault-Megan”, “Nissan-Teana”, "Hyundai Getz", "Nissan Almera Classic", "Suzuki Grand Vitara". But: “Volkswagen Beetle” (echoes a common noun).

   Abbreviated names are written without quotation marks: ZIL, VAZ, KamAZ.

   In everyday use, the names of vehicles are written without quotation marks, for example: I arrived in an old Muscovite (in a luxurious Cadillac). Colloquial names of cars with diminutive suffixes are also written without quotation marks, for example: Moskvich, Ford, UAZ.

   Numerous questions also arise when writing names and nicknames of people, animal names, as well as geographical names. We will try to answer the most frequently asked questions.

   Nicknames are written without quotation marks both in cases where the nickname comes after the name (Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart), and when the nickname is located between the first and last names: Garik Bulldog Kharlamov, Pavel Snezhok Volya, Dwayne the Rock Johnson;

   Animal names are not enclosed in quotation marks and are written with a capital letter: Barbos the dog, Matroskin the cat, Woof the kitten, Boniface the lion. However, if individual names are used as general names of animals, they are written with a lowercase letter: murka, zhuchka, watchdog, savraska, burenka. The names of animal breeds are also written with a lowercase letter without quotation marks: Kholmogorka cow, poodle dog.

   The names of railway stations and train stations are written without quotation marks, all words except generic designations are written in capital letters: stations Fili, Uzlovaya, Podsolnechnaya, 125 km, Stroitel, Dachnaya, Rabochiy Poselok.

   Reference manuals recommend writing the names of airports without quotation marks, but in recent years there has been a strong tendency to enclose these names in quotation marks. Perhaps such writing will soon be recognized as normative. However, now it is better to write without quotes: Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Pulkovo, Boryspil airports.

   The names of metro stations are enclosed in quotation marks (in texts, but not on maps and diagrams and not at the stations and stops themselves!), the first word of such names is written with a capital letter (it may be the only one), as well as all those words that are written with capital letter as part of the corresponding toponyms: metro stations “Fili”, “Pionerskaya”, “Sviblovo”; “Vyborgskaya”, “Avtovo”, “Elektrosila”; “Prospekt Mira”, “Kuznetsky Most”, “Okhotny Ryad”; “Gostiny Dvor”, “Old Village”; “Street 1905 Goda”, “Sparrow Hills”, “Sretensky Boulevard”, “Filyovsky Park”; "Ligovsky Prospekt", "Technological Institute".

   The names of districts, microdistricts (urban microtoponymic names) are written without quotation marks: districts Marfino, Kurkino, Lyublino, Moskvorechye-Saburovo, Biryulyovo Western. However, the conventional names of residential areas, areas and individual houses are placed in quotation marks, accompanied by the words residential area, HOA (homeowners' association), SZhD (social residential building), etc., for example: residential area "Parus", residential area "Pobeda", residential complex "Breeze", HOA "Novobrodovsky", SZD "Mitino", farm "Stolyarovo", substation "Dachnaya".

   The names of directions, routes, and trains are subject to the following rule: when indicating spatial limits, a dash is placed between geographical names. Names are written in capital letters without quotation marks. For example: the Kyiv-Simferopol route, the Moscow-Kyiv train, the Moscow-Uglich-Moscow route, the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. However, the conventional names of roads and routes are placed in quotation marks; oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.: the Kholmogory, Caspian, Don, Ural, Crimea, Ussuri highways, the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the Druzhba oil pipeline.

   Quotation marks in abbreviated names of institutions, organizations, companies

   Complex abbreviated names

   The use of quotation marks for complex abbreviated words depends primarily on the semantics of the name. The names of government agencies are not enclosed in quotation marks, including:

   Unofficial names of legislative and executive authorities (ministries, federal agencies, federal services, committees, etc.), for example: State Duma, Moscow City Duma, Rosobrnadzor, Central Election Commission, Ministry of Economic Development, Moscow Heritage Committee;

   Names of government agencies without a generic word, for example: Mosgortrans, Mosvodokanal. However, when used with a generic word, quotation marks are placed: State Unitary Enterprise “Mosgortrans”, Moscow State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodokanal”.

   Unlike the names of government institutions, the complex abbreviated names of commercial organizations are written in quotation marks (both in the presence of a generic word and in its absence): “Rosgosstrakh” and the company “Rosgosstrakh”, “Technopromexport” and OJSC “Technopromexport”, “Stroymontazh” and CJSC “ Stroymontazh", "Metrogiprotrans" and OJSC "Metrogiprotrans", "Gazprom Neft" and OJSC "Gazprom Neft", "Surgutneftegaz" and OJSC "Surgutneftegaz", "LUKoil" and OJSC "LUKoil" (also OJSC "Oil Company LUKoil" .

   It should be noted that some names of the largest companies, for example Gazprom, AvtoVAZ, etc., experience fluctuations in spelling when used without a generic word; in the presence of a generic word, placing quotation marks is beyond doubt: Gazprom OJSC, AvtoVAZ OJSC.

   A note about money. The name Sberbank of Russia is written without quotation marks. This example can be considered unique: the absence of quotation marks with this name is explained both by the history of its use and by extralinguistic reasons. Despite the fact that Sberbank of Russia is currently a commercial organization, many native speakers still associate it with a government institution (at Sberbank you can receive a pension, pay utility bills, etc.).

   Names – initial abbreviations

   Names that are abbreviations of the initial type are also formatted differently. Abbreviations derived from real proper names are not enclosed in quotation marks. Among them:

   Initial abbreviations are the names of government agencies, including ministries, law enforcement agencies (modern and historical), etc., for example: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministry of Internal Affairs), State Traffic Safety Inspectorate (State Inspectorate for Road Safety), OMON ( Special Police Detachment), FSB (Federal Security Service), SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service), PFR (Russian Pension Fund);

   Names of political parties: Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Communist Party of the Russian Federation), LDPR (Liberal Democratic Party of Russia), SPS (Union of Right Forces), BYuT (Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc);

   Names of educational, scientific, entertainment institutions: IRYa RAS (Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), MGIMO (Moscow State Institute of International Relations), RUDN University (Russian Peoples' Friendship University), MARKHI (Moscow Architectural Institute), MHT (Moscow Art Theater), State Tretyakov Gallery (State Tretyakov Gallery);

   Names of international organizations: WTO (World Trade Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), IOC (International Olympic Committee), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency).

   At the same time, abbreviations of the initial type are written in quotation marks, which are an abbreviation of the conventional name. Among them:

   Names of periodicals: "RG" ("Rossiyskaya Gazeta"), "AiF" ("Arguments and Facts"), "MK" ("Moskovsky Komsomolets"), "NG" ("Nezavisimaya Gazeta"), "SE" (" Sport Express"), etc.;

   Names of political parties: “PR” (“Patriots of Russia”), “SR” (“A Just Russia”); The abbreviation “ER” (“United Russia”) is placed in quotation marks inconsistently.

   Names of commercial organizations appearing in combination with the generic word: MTT OJSC (Interregional TransitTelecom OJSC), Russian Railways OJSC (Russian Railways OJSC), MTS OJSC (Mobile TeleSystems OJSC).

   As for the abbreviated names of commercial organizations used without a generic word (MTT, MTS, Russian Railways), in modern written speech they behave extremely inconsistently: in some cases they are enclosed in quotation marks, in some cases they are written without quotation marks. However, it should be recognized that it is preferable to enclose such names in quotation marks, since this makes the text easier for the reader to understand.

   Note. Abbreviated names of sports teams are not enclosed in quotation marks (both in the presence and absence of a generic word): SKA, CSKA, PFC CSKA. The tradition of not putting abbreviated names of sports teams in quotation marks dates back to the first third of the 20th century, when the number of such names was much larger.

   For clarity, all the recommendations formulated above are shown in the following table.

   

   

   Quotation marks in names written in Latin letters

   Introductory Notes. None of the modern spelling reference books recommend using quotation marks in names written in Latin characters. The recommendations below are formulated based on observations of modern written language.

   In modern Russian texts, names are very often written in letters of the Latin alphabet or using two alphabets (Cyrillic and Latin). This mainly concerns the names of foreign brands of equipment and electronics products, which often combine Latin writing with official serial designations, which are complex complexes of numbers, uppercase and lowercase letters ( Voxtel RX11 phones, Sony Ericsson K610i red, Nokia 6131, Samsung D520, Canon A410 camera, BBK DV311SL DVD player, Honda Civic, Mazda 323, Mitsubishi Colt cars). In addition, the names of some media outlets are written in Latin letters in modern texts ( magazines Automobil Review, Total DVD, Russian Mobile, newspapers Moscow Times, PC Week), commercial firms and banks ( British Airways, Bank of America), as well as various city facilities - shops, restaurants, cafes, clubs, hairdressers, etc. At the same time, writing the name in Latin does not always indicate that we are talking about a foreign brand (such as, McDonald's or Ikea), often the names of domestic organizations, enterprises, and trademarks are written in letters of the Latin alphabet ( N-Joy cafe, XL shopping center, Bolero store, Click-Net computer club, Glamor beauty salon), whose owners strive in this way - by writing in Latin - to attract the attention of potential customers.

   Examples from modern journalistic texts (published in both print and electronic media) indicate that in Russian writing there has been a strong tradition of not putting proper names written in Latin in quotation marks. In this case, the absence of quotation marks is determined precisely by the Latin alphabet; as a rule, it does not depend either on the number of words in the name, or on the presence or absence of a generic word in the name.

   The absence of quotation marks in names written in Latin can be recommended in relation to all groups of names used in Russian texts. Among them:

   Names of organizations, institutions, banks, firms, for example: Intel, Fashion LLC, Air France, British Airways, California Cleaners, Carven beauty salon, American Express Bank, Netland Internet center, La Fontana restaurant, Tabula Rasa club, design bureau Phoenix Design, an LG Electronics company.

   Names of sports societies, musical groups, for example: groups Lordi, Rammstein, Bee Gees, Rolling Stones, football club PSV Eindhoven.

   Names of electronic resources, for example: KM-News news agency, Delfi portal, Yahoo search engine.

   Trademark names, conventional names of grocery, perfume and other products, medicines, alcoholic beverages, for example: Christian Lacroix Rouge eau de parfum, Palmolive shower gel, Triple Blade shaving system, Armani jeans, Dolce & Gabbana jacket, Global Village juice, Tuborg Green beer, Oro Verde olives.

   Names of manufacturing brands of technical products and the products themselves, for example: Kraftway Idea personal computers, Apple iMac, Mitsubishi Colt, Chevrolet Lacetti, Daewoo Matiz, Mazda 323, Peugeot 207, Volvo S80, Canon A410 camera, Multiquick System mixer system, Campaver heated towel rail Bains.

   However, when there is a combination of two (or more) names written in Latin in the text, it is preferable to use quotation marks to prevent the reader from misunderstanding the text. For example: a new series of microwave ovens from Samsung “Aqua”.

   The question of the advisability of using quotation marks in the names of literary and scientific works, works of art, documents, periodicals, etc. is controversial: newspapers Financial Times, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Moscow News, magazines Bravo, Classic Rock, People, song Believe me, movie Tomorrow Never Dies. Due to the semantics of these names, enclosing them in quotation marks may be preferable. The final decision on placing quotation marks in such cases is made by the author of the text.