What grows in the desert? List and description of plants. Hardy Plants and Interesting Desert Animals 1 Desert Plant

It seems that something like this can grow in the desert, in such and such conditions? It turns out that there are many such plants, they look inconspicuous and weak, but their root system is very powerful, which allows them to survive. You probably thought about a cactus, but besides it there is much, much more. Interesting? Go!

Desert Plants

Let's return to our cacti. Has everyone seen this plant? When I was given it, I unknowingly watered it every day and it died within two weeks. That's when I learned that it should be watered very rarely.

In deserts, these “thorns” spend moisture extremely wisely, because there is no rain here for a long time, sometimes for several years. Cacti also collect water from morning dew and night fog. Their roots are large, radish-shaped, and occupy an area of ​​up to several square meters. m. The roots also play a role in storing moisture; they absorb it from the soil, which becomes wet at night.

Probably everyone has thought about the shape of a cactus, why it is round. Thanks to this roundness, evaporation from the surface is minimal.

There are the following types of cacti:

• Coryphantians;
• carnegies;
• espol etc.

Desert tree - saxaul

This is the most typical desert tree. Nevertheless, a very useful plant. How is it useful? Here is a list of its functions:

• does not allow dust storms and sand to pass through;
• retains groundwater;
• is food for animals;
• delays the development of salt marshes.

As you can see, the tree benefits humans and animals. It is a low plant with a thick trunk; saxaul with a strongly curved trunk is often found. These trees live for about 60 years. Its leaves are small, in the form of “scales”, because of this the tree provides a little shade. Found in Kazakhstan and Mongolia.

By the way, the plant is valued as a good fuel. It is cheaper than coal, but it has to be uprooted along with the roots, because the long, developed root contains more wood than the trunk.

These are the most familiar names of desert plants, they both have their own benefits for people, they are also grown as indoor and ornamental plants.

Having heard about the desert, most people imagine endless sand dunes, above which there is a haze of hot air. A real wasteland, alien to all living things, a merciless abode of deceptive mirages and hot sand... At best, we imagine at this moment rare cacti that can endure this heat and the lack of sufficient water.

Common Misconception

Meanwhile, deserts and semi-deserts actually look completely different. At certain times of the year they become a real world of wonders and discoveries, covered with flowers and amazing plants. The flora and fauna of these territories is truly amazing in its diversity and uniqueness.

Of course, you won’t find birches or plantains among the sands and dry clay soils, but much more amazing plants can be found in this area if you know when and where to look.

The desert is not always sand

Before we talk about what plants grow in deserts, let us draw attention to the inaccuracy of the stereotype that has developed over centuries regarding these corners of the globe. Contrary to popular belief, quicksand and hot air are not typical of all deserts. Strange, isn't it? And yet, this is the absolute truth.

Thus, in addition to traditional sandy ones (as in Africa), there are clayey, rocky and saline semi-deserts and deserts. Naturally, depending on the type of soil, the fauna and especially the flora will vary significantly.

A world of boulders and cracked earth

Let's start, perhaps, with rocky deserts, which at first glance seem completely unadapted to life and even aggressive. In summer, winter and autumn it is difficult to find even a small patch of greenery here, but real miracles begin with the arrival of spring.

The harsh earth comes to life, filled with colors and life. Desert flowers literally dot every boulder, open up and turn this area into a marvelous garden.

Numerous rocky screes that previously seemed dead are overgrown with capers, the snow-white flowers of which resemble more familiar orchids. In the shade of numerous boulders, wild calendula blooms, filling the wasteland with color and a specific, incomparable aroma. Every crack of the earth's surface is filled with the greenery of juicy lettuce, among which numerous tiny yellow inflorescences open.

Everywhere you look, you can see other desert flowers - astragalus, whose grayish leaves are slightly lowered to the ground to reduce evaporation. These amazing plants bloom only in spring, and their bizarre inflorescences amaze with their variety of shapes.

Numerous tulips bloom in the beds of water streams, drying up as summer approaches, painting the grayish-brown wastelands in lilac, scarlet, yellow and pink tones. They are gradually being replaced by desert flowers such as wild poppies, during the flowering of which the rocky deserts turn into a real scarlet sea.

Above all this variety of colors and shades, pistachio trees rise, gradually filling with life. The buds on them quickly swell in the spring, and in just a few weeks the bare trunks, intertwined with each other, turn into real trees with rich crowns, through which the sky is practically invisible.

Rocky deserts and semi-deserts are a real home for perennial ferules, real giants of this world, whose yellowish and greenish blooms set off the piercing blue of the sky and the variety of shades of the soil.

You can also find entire groves of wild pomegranates and twig-shaped almonds, the flowering of which resembles clouds of soft pink color. All this riot of colors develops rapidly and inexorably, only to disappear again in two or three weeks until next spring. By mid-April, the desert flowers are fading, and the rocky soils give life only to blackberries, blackberries and pomegranates.

Sand Dune World

A riot of colors and amazing flora can be seen in spring not only on rocky soils, but also among the endless expanses of sand. You will be surprised to know what plants grow in this type of desert. The whimsicality of shapes and colors here is truly amazing.

The Karakum, considered one of the largest Eurasian deserts, is often called “black sand” precisely because of its flora. This is the color of the camel thorn fields that grow in this area. These thickets are interspersed with bushes of wild wormwood, the leaves of which seem to be crushed by grayish ash.

Miniature sedge ilac is a typical plant of the desert zone. It is this that gives these cruel and unfavorable territories a green, lush cover in the spring. For many years, saxaul can withstand such conditions, its height can reach 6-7 meters.

Wild acacias, which have special silvery foliage and inflorescences of a rich purple hue, especially stand out against the backdrop of sand dunes.

On such lands, conditions are considered the most severe and unsuitable for vegetation. All deserts of Africa and even the Sahara are recognized as more suitable for life. The thing is that the soil here is oversaturated with salt, which makes the life of most plants impossible. Only halophytes were able to adapt to this aggressive environment.

On such soils grow special types of wormwood, saltmarsh asters, saltgrass, saussurea and many other types of plants.

Clay deserts

This type is more typical of Asian spaces. The flora and fauna of such deserts is also quite scarce due to the specific nature of the soil.

Takyrs - as this area is called - in the dry season is a cracked wasteland, where it is almost impossible to find at least one green patch of land. Plants that take root in such areas have a very developed root system, thanks to which they are able to extract moisture from the depths. A typical example of such desert endurance is the solyanka.

The period in which clay deserts come to life also occurs in spring, when the soil is saturated with moisture, eroded and becomes more pliable. Basically, ephemerals and ephemeroids take root in such areas. The former live only one year and bloom for only a few weeks while conditions permit. Ephemeroids, on the other hand, are perennial plants; their seeds and bulbs are more adapted to the specific soil and climate.

And in Russia there are deserts

As a rule, when deserts are mentioned, the Sahara, Kalahari and Gobi come to mind, and not everyone thinks about Russia at such moments. Basically, the native land is associated with taiga and endless snowy expanses.

Nevertheless, this phenomenon is not at all alien to our country. The desert in Russia is much richer in flora than one might imagine. Don't believe me? Read on!

Oddly enough, one of the Russian deserts is located just 800 km from the capital. Archedinsky-Don sands - this is the name of the local wasteland. Most of this territory is covered with sandy massifs left by the Don since the Ice Age.

The plants of the Russian deserts make this territory truly unique in its kind - birch bushes stretch among the sandy hillocks, black alder and aspens grow. Juniper, a special type of cinquefoil and buckthorn are found here. There are also saxauls, common in desert areas around the world.

In spring, numerous tulips bloom in particularly humid desert areas, turning the harsh nature into a veritable parade of colors and shades. They can be called the brightest accent among the desert spring.

There are practically no dangerous animals here. The most common representatives of Russian desert fauna are ground squirrels and jerboas. Of the larger animals, saigas are common in this area, and the number of bird species here is truly enormous.

Where sand gives way to ice

Let us note that the desert in Russia is not only the Tsimlyansk and Archedinsky-Don sands. These areas also include the Arctic wastelands, where heat gives way to frost. For most of the year, these expanses are covered with a thick layer of ice, and here you can only find moss that is very resistant to low temperatures. Only at the height of summer do the white wastelands transform beyond recognition - mosses and lichens acquire new colors, forming green-red carpets. Thistle and some types of cereals emerge from the frozen soil.

Flowering plants of the Russian deserts are also found here - foxtail, buttercup, arctic pike, snow saxifrage and even polar poppy. Here and there you can see sky-blue forget-me-nots and fluffy white moss. During this period, the icy, harsh desert turns into a real wonderful world, where the beauty and riot of life compete with low temperatures and strong winds.

Much more striking is the diversity of the fauna of the Arctic wastelands - walruses, seals and polar bears coexist here with a huge number of bird species, deer, narwhals and beluga whales.

Distant tropics

It is with this territory that deserts as such are associated. The oldest sandy wasteland, the Namib, is also located here. This tropical desert is not at all rich in flora, but the small local flora is simply amazing in its endurance and ability to adapt to such unfavorable conditions. Velvichia, whose lifespan reaches 1000 years, during its entire existence is capable of growing only two leaves, the dimensions of which, however, are by no means small: length 2-4 m (sometimes up to 8 m) with a width of about a meter. The quiver tree reaches a height of 7 meters, and the bunk provides life to all representatives of the fauna in this area with its reserves of moisture and nutrients.

The same Sahara

Another tropical desert is the Sahara, where vegetation is more common than in the Namib. In addition to the already mentioned representatives of the flora, you can find wormwood and other types of unpretentious plants here. Oleanders and tamarisk grow on the territory of the oases. Date palms and acacia trees are common in some areas.

In relatively moisture-rich areas you can find entire fields of Anabasia, which looks like countless green tiny stars.

As for the fauna of the African desert, you can find the most amazing creatures here. Common in the Sahara, for example, are horned vipers and scarabs, which are considered sacred by some peoples. Long-eared fennec cats, addax antelopes, camels and yellow scorpions are just a small part of the desert fauna.

Owners of sands and dunes

Since we are talking about such a phenomenon as the desert, we cannot help but talk about its real owners - the hardiest plants in the world. Of course, we will talk about cacti. Their specific shape and root system allow them to retain moisture for as long as possible, which makes it possible to live normally in conditions of rare rains.

We are accustomed to thinking that the only property and feature of cacti are their spines, but in fact it is difficult to find a more amazing sight than the flowering of these plants. This happens in the spring, when rain falls on the hot sand and the soil becomes saturated with moisture.

During this period, low-growing prickly pears light up with crimson lights and green-yellow agave tassels bloom. Yellow, green, pink and white flowers adorn these prickly representatives of the desert flora everywhere.

Driest desert

Atacama is currently considered the driest region in the world. For several years there is no precipitation here, and therefore the flowering periods are especially unique. Usually grey-reddish soils are instantly transformed, only to return to their previous state within a week.

During periods of rainfall, entire fields are dotted with the bright purple flowers of desert verbena. Low-growing vernerias, Ramera's groundsel and bright yellow loma add color to this range.

More than 200 species of animals, birds and reptiles live here, despite the harsh environmental conditions. For example, vicunas (a special subspecies of llamas) and viscachas (small chinchillas with long tails) are common in the Atacama area.

California Death Valley

The Mojave is a desert whose plants and animals are quite diverse. Despite the intimidating name, this part of California is not so lifeless. For example, tree-like yucca and creosote bushes are quite common here, the flowers of which vary in color from white to bright yellow, depending on the species.

In some areas, Coleogyne is common, the flowering of which is very diverse in both tone and shape. Teresken, which is also called desert buckwheat, is also found quite often in more or less humid parts of the desert.

Ocotiyo lights up with bright red, almost orange candles in the spring, its inflorescences rising high above the surface of the Mojave shrubs. At the same time, numerous burro bushes bloom. Individually, the flowers of this plant are somewhat similar to mustard flowers, however, hundreds of such light yellow buds bloom on each branch, which makes the bush a little fluffy visually.

An amazing land - the desert. The plants and animals here are truly unique. It’s hard to even imagine how rich and diverse this paradise is, existing for a short moment.

Purple, red, orange, yellow, white and pistachio are all the colors that the Mojave turns into in the spring, only to return to arid and grayish-red within a few days until the next rainstorms.

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Desert climateThe main feature of the desert climate is low rainfall and very intense summer heat. Evaporation here is many times higher than precipitation, and plants almost constantly lack moisture. In addition, the desert is characterized by strong fluctuations in temperature during the day and different seasons of the year: hot summers give way to rather harsh winters. Desert soils are highly saline, contain harmful, easily soluble salts and little organic matter. Features of desert plants The vegetation cover of deserts is not the same in different areas, however, almost everywhere it is very sparse.

Desert plants have adapted to cope with lack of moisture in different ways. Some have devices that reduce evaporation: small leaves or their complete absence, dense pubescence, a thick layer of cuticle or a waxy coating. Other plants shed their leaves and some young shoots with the onset of heat. Many desert plants store water in their stems or leaves, which from this become juicy and fleshy (succulents). Plants that cannot tolerate drought also grow in deserts; they develop in the spring, when it is still quite humid and not hot (ephemera and ephemeroids) .

The nature of vegetation is strongly influenced by soil conditions. This dependence is especially great in the desert zone, since water supply conditions depend on the composition of the soil. Finally, in deserts there are many plant species that have root systems that penetrate deeply into the soil and reach the groundwater level.

These plants are always provided with sufficient water. Plants of clay deserts The vegetation of clay deserts varies in different areas, which is due to the frequency of precipitation. There are northern clayey deserts, where precipitation falls throughout the year, and southern clayey deserts, where precipitation falls mainly in the spring. Northern clayey deserts In the northern clayey deserts, wormwood and solyanka dominate.

Their largest areas are located in Southern Kazakhstan. Typical plants of these deserts are subshrubs: gray wormwood (Artemisia terrae-albae), salt marsh anabasis, or biyurgun (Anabasis salsa), (Fig. 164): leafless anabasis (A. aphylla). The underground organs of these plants are much larger in development and weight than the aboveground ones. Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) grows from trees in the northern desert (Fig.

165): its trunk is low (3-5 m), winding, there are no leaves, their function is performed by thin long branches hanging from the branches. The flowers of saxaul are small and inconspicuous, and the fruits, equipped with filmy wings, look like flowers from a distance.

It is very hardy, its wood is very hard and heavy.Fig.

164. Solonchak anabasis or biyurgun (Anabasis salsa)Fig. 165. Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) Southern clayey deserts The vegetation of southern clayey deserts is completely different than in the north.

There are almost no shrubs here, and herbaceous plants predominate. Most of them are ephemera and ephemeroids. The appearance of the southern desert changes greatly throughout the growing season. In the spring, when it rains, the soil is covered with a continuous green carpet, and in the summer, with the onset of drought, the vegetation completely burns out, the soil surface becomes completely dry and hard as stone.

Typical plants of southern clay deserts are bluegrass (Poa bulboa), desert sedge (Carex pachystylus), spring grass (Erophila verna), desert alyssum (Alyssum desertorum), some milkweeds (Euphorbia), astragalus (Astragalus), etc. Plants of sandy desertsSandy deserts occupy large areas in Central Asia: Karakum, Kyzylkum, Muyunkum, etc.

Unlike other deserts, sandy deserts have a relatively favorable water regime: the weak capillarity of the sand makes evaporation difficult, and moisture is better retained. In addition, sand in desert conditions has the ability to condense water vapor that is in the atmosphere. Fig. 166. White or sandy saxaul (Haloxylon persicum)

Plants that have adapted to live in desert conditions with its high temperatures, constant winds and lack of moisture are called psammophytes.

Almost all of them have small, hard leaves. Long, often deep roots and thin stems allow them not only to extract moisture from the sand and retain it, but also retain them during sandstorms.

Among the desert plants you can find small trees and thin shrubs. Among them are sand acacia, ammodendron, juzgun, broom, caragana, sand saxaul, Persian saxaul (also known as white saxaul), calligonum, kandym, eremosparton, smirnovia and others.

Almost all of them have a developed root system and a number of accessory buds on the stem. The latter allow them to grow if the main body is covered with sand.

Among psammophytes there are also many herbs. All of them have either long underground shoots or developed rhizomes. These include selenium and sedge.

Among desert plants there are also many xerophytes and ephemerals. Xerophytes- These are plants that can withstand high temperatures and prolonged absence of water.

As a separate group of plants, xerophytes are divided into:

• succulents (desert plants with a shallow root system that can store water in the stem or leaves); these include agaves, aloe, cacti
• hemixerophytes (desert plants with a deep root system reaching groundwater); these include sage, camel thorn
• euxerophytes (desert plants with a shallow but branched root system, leaves covered with protective down); these include all desert species of wormwood
• poikiloxerophytes (desert plants, with a lack of moisture, falling into suspended animation); these include selenium

Ephemera- These are desert plants that live only one cycle, which for different plants lasts from 1.5 to 8 months.

The rest of the time they will remain in the form of a seed. The viability of most seeds reaches 3-7 years. The majority of desert flowers are considered ephemerals: peacock poppy, quinoa scapulata, dimorphic quinoa, desert curl, desert alyssum, sickle-shaped hornwort and others.

According to the method of reproduction, almost all psammophytes are anemophilous, that is, they reproduce with the help of wind. For this purpose, many desert plants have “wings” (saxaul), “propellers” (sand acacia) or “parachutes” (selenium) on their seeds.

When placed in a new place, the seeds can grow up to 50 centimeters deep in a few days.

Camel-thorn

What plants “live” in the desert?

A lot of different plants grow in the desert. Looking at some, you simply wonder how they can live in such conditions.
The best indicator of what kind of plants grow in the desert is the Sahara.

I will talk about her.

What abilities do desert plants have?

• Plants are generally located at a great distance from each other.
• Only plants that are resistant to lack of moisture can grow in the desert.
• They often have long rhizomes in order to reach moisture.

What plants are there in the desert?

• Shrubs and trees. They are usually not tall. Tree trunks can be strongly curved (like saxaul) and straight and flexible (like sand acacia).

  Tree roots are usually very long and can extend up to 15 meters deep.

• Lichens.
• Saxaul. Saxaul bushes are located at a fairly large distance from each other, so that their crowns never touch.

Camel-thorn. It is able to obtain moisture from a depth of 30 meters, thanks to which it can withstand drought better than most plants and always remains green.

Herbs. They don't have any special meaning. Basically, the desert is dominated by ephemeral plants.

It grows during periods when there is enough moisture. This is especially noticeable in the spring, when they bloom and form a colorful carpet. The vast majority are large in size with a stem of only 8 to 10 centimeters.

Sandy sedge (or otherwise Ilaka). It has long intertwined roots that go to a depth of 50 to 70 meters.

Thus, they make the sand almost motionless.

Echinocactus Gruzoni. Its uniqueness is that it is the only cactus with which you can get drunk, thereby quenching your thirst, because it contains approximately a liter of juice. The plant can reach a height of up to one and a half meters.

Stapelia.

This plant has a very very peculiar outlandish appearance. Its leaves are shaped like thorns, and its star-shaped flowers are covered with dense hairs.

The smell emitted by the plant is reminiscent of rotting meat.

Rose of Jerecho. This is a plant with short branches that, like fingers, pinch their seeds. When it rains, these finger-branches unclench and its seeds end up in moist soil where they germinate quite quickly.

• Lithops fenestraria.

  The plant grows in the desert located in southern Africa. Only a few leaves emerge to the surface, but the root system is full of complex photosynthetic processes. Thanks to them, it can bloom even underground.

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Unbearable daytime heat, cold nights, sand, dried out earth, cracked stones and no green trees nearby. Instead, there are dry trunks and wandering bushes. How did plants adapt to life in the desert? More precisely, how they learned to survive in these harsh conditions, you will learn from this article.

How do plants survive in the desert?

A prerequisite for the formation of deserts is the uneven distribution of moisture and heat. They form in places where there is little rainfall and dry winds blow. Deserts are in most cases surrounded by mountains or located next to them. Mountains are a barrier to precipitation and wet winds.

Adaptation of plants to life in desert conditions

Due to climatic conditions, few plants can grow in deserts. Features of desert plants:

• Long roots. Why do desert plants have long roots? They allow you to extract moisture from deep soil layers. The roots of the plant are also anchored in the soil. Since trees and shrubs grow singly, then
• Hard small leaves, which in most plants were transformed into needles. Thanks to this, moisture evaporates from the plant more slowly.

And as soon as it starts to rain in the desert, the plants begin to germinate very quickly, grow, throw out flowers and even bear fruit. Thus, plants try to complete their life cycle in a short period of time.

Plants growing in the desert

The diversity of inhabitants depends on the location of the desert. Thus, in the deserts of the temperate zone, saxaul, solyanka, wormwood, dzhuzgun, and grate grow. In the tropical and subtropical deserts of Arabia and Africa, the above list is diluted with cacti. By the way, cacti have adapted better than other plants to harsh conditions: the spines do not evaporate excess moisture, and a well-developed root system allows the plant to collect moisture from the night soil and morning dew. In the deserts of Australia and North America, the species diversity of the flora is much richer - eucalyptus, quinoa, low-growing acacia, and twig grow here. In the river valleys and desert oases of Asia you can see such trees as willow, elm, jida, and turango poplar. Oleander and evergreen palm grow in tropical and subtropical oases.

Deserts may seem empty and lifeless only at first glance, but in fact this natural area can be very different. In addition to sandy deserts, in nature there are clayey, gravelly, saline and even ice deserts of the Arctic and Antarctica. They occupy vast territories and significantly influence the Earth's climate.

Climate Features

The desert and semi-desert zone is located south of the steppe. Summer here lasts five months, and during this time the weather is very hot. In a cloudless sky, the sun burns simply mercilessly, and there are often cases when not a drop of precipitation falls during the entire summer.

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In summer, the merciless rays of the sun can heat the surface so much that its temperature rises to 80 degrees Celsius. This is enough to easily bake a raw egg in hot sand.

Rice. 1. Hot desert sands.

Despite the fact that at midday the air temperature fluctuates between 30-50 degrees, with the onset of night it noticeably decreases, and temperature changes can be 15-20 degrees.

Winter in the desert lasts 2-3 months and, compared to summer, it is quite severe. The average temperature is -10-15 degrees below zero, but can be much lower. The snow cover in winter is not too heavy, and its height rarely exceeds 10 cm.

Because deserts are located far from the oceans and very close to the equator, they receive very little rainfall. Distinctive features of desert climates include:

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• abundance of light;
• dryness;
• heat.

In the desert, dry winds are not uncommon - hot winds, which are harbingers of prolonged drought and drying out of small bodies of water.

Desert types

The surface of deserts can be very different, and depending on its type, the following types of deserts are distinguished:

• Sand and sand-crushed stone . The appearance of such deserts can be very different, from endless sand dunes without the slightest vegetation, to large areas completely covered with grass and small shrubs. It is very difficult to move on such a surface, despite the fact that sands occupy a smaller part of the deserts.
• Rubble, gypsum, rocky .

  These types of deserts have one common feature - a hard and very rough surface. These deserts are more common than others on our planet.

• Salt marshes . These are the saltiest deserts in the world. They are covered with a dry salt crust or a dangerous quagmire that can completely engulf even a large animal.



Rice. 2. Salt marsh deserts.

• Clayey . Impressive areas of such deserts are covered with a smooth clay layer.

Desert Plants

The flora of deserts is not diverse, because not every plant is able to survive in such an arid region.

Desert plants were able to adapt to the hot and dry climate using the following "tricks":

• the leaves are very small, narrow and hard, often spines grow instead of leaves;
• roots penetrate deep into the ground;
• plants grow singly, occasionally forming small groups.

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The most common desert plant is camel thorn. In order to extract valuable moisture from the depths of the earth, its root penetrates to a depth of 20 m. Thanks to this, the leaves remain fresh for a long time and fall off only after the fruits ripen. Camel thorn is an important part of the desert food chain.



Rice. 3. Camel thorn.

Also in the deserts you can find such unpretentious plants as juzgun, grate, saxaul, and tumbleweed.

Desert Animals

Representatives of the desert fauna also have features that allow them to live in the harsh conditions of the desert zone:

• small sizes;
• body coloring the color of sand;
• nocturnal lifestyle;
• unpretentiousness in food;
• high speed of movement or the ability to hibernate in order to feed less often.

The desert is home to several species of lizards, scorpions, scarabs, long-eared hedgehogs, Corsac foxes, gerbils, jerboas, saigas, and camels. It is difficult to find birds in the desert because they do not tolerate heat very well.

What have we learned?

While studying the report on the topic “Deserts” according to the 4th grade program of the surrounding world, we learned what the desert zone is. We found out whether there is life in these desert areas, learned how animals and plants were able to adapt to the difficult conditions of a hot and dry climate.

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