What is reform, definition in history. Reform: concept, essence, main types

REFORM REFORM (fr. reforme, from lat. reformo - transform) - transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); formally, any innovation, but usually R. is called a more or less progressive transformation.

Large legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

See what "REFORM" is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. reformo) transformation introduced by legislation. In particular, the process of transformation of the state, begun by the authorities out of necessity. The ultimate goal of any reform is to strengthen and update the state foundations, which, ... ... Wikipedia

reform- y, w. reform f. 1. military, obsolete Reduction in troop numbers, resignation. Here, from time to time, the reform of the troops continues, and this week the States took a resolution to reduce the cavalry in each regiment by two companies, and are no longer leaving ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (French reforme, from Latin reformo I transform), transformation, change, reorganization of k.l. sides of societies. life (orders, institutions, institutions), without destroying the foundations of the existing social structure. With a formal view. under… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (new lat., from lat. reformare to remake, transform). Transformation of the existing order, change of form. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. REFORM [fr. reforme Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

See change... Synonym dictionary

- (foreign) novelty (due to the transformation of orders). Wed. “Reform” (in our country) liberation of the peasants. Wed. Work on judicial reform had to stop. A new court where three quarters of the population were subject to manual punishment... would be... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

REFORM, reforms, women. (from the Latin reformo I convert). A change in the design of something made for the purpose of improvement; transformation. Reform of the credit system or in the credit system. || Changes in the legislative and government structure,... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

A range of measures aimed at bringing a company out of a critical, pre-bankruptcy state (more strict financial discipline, reduction or injection of new capital investment, etc.). Dictionary of financial terms... Financial Dictionary

- (French reforme, from Latin reformo I transform), transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (economy), order (institutions, institutions); formally an innovation of any content, but a reform... Modern encyclopedia

- (French reforme from Latin reformo transform), transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); Formally, innovation of any content, but reforms are usually called more... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Reform or revolution, R. Luxembourg. The title of this work may at first glance cause surprise. Social reform or revolution? Can social democracy be against social reform? Can she...

We often hear that reform is needed in one or another area of ​​society. This word has become familiar and, therefore, non-specific. When we hear about reform again, we don’t particularly delve into the meaning. Well, we decided to change something there, so what? Is it worth delving into such political statements? Let's figure it out.

Definition

In dictionaries the term is explained quite clearly.

Reform is changes, particularly political ones. That is, the state decides that in some area of ​​its work there is stagnation or even regression. It is necessary to make adjustments to political methods. This is done with the help of reform. The algorithm is known. It is necessary to study how existing methods, including legislative ones, influence the process. Next, you need to analyze their work and identify shortcomings. The next step is to study the experience of countries that have achieved great results in this area. At the same time, wise minds are trying to invent their own recipes. The last stage is implementation. Of course, in reality everything is much more complicated. However, the essence of the stages remains the same. Reform is gradual change achieved through non-revolutionary methods.

Distinctive features

Changes in society and politics are achieved in various ways. Everyone knows this. You can destroy everything and build a new one in this place. It's called a revolution. Of course, this is a progressive thing. However, it is very bloody and painful.

Such methods are not suitable for a democratic society due to the high risks for citizens. A softer way to make change is reform. This is the path of gradual transition from old to new. At the same time, both work (live) for some time. For example, housing and communal services reform. Everyone knows that this sector of the national economy has always been unprofitable. It is financially based on collecting funds from the population. They are clearly not enough for effective management of the housing stock. But more progressive methods have already been invented. However, it is difficult to introduce them into management at once. It takes time to raise enough funds for major repairs and other work. Therefore, housing and communal services reform is being carried out gradually and consistently. The old methods are working, and at the same time, new ones are being implemented.

Reforms of Russia

The modern history of the Russian Federation is a list of gradual and inevitable changes that are constantly being introduced into society. The fact is that after the collapse of the USSR, the political system became different. The state strives for efficiency, and therefore, to reduce its costs. In order to prevent a social explosion due to a decrease in the level of provision for those in need, it is necessary to find other, previously unknown sources of funding for programs.

In principle, the reform process has been going on for more than twenty years. It was necessary to rebuild the economic model, social and humanitarian spheres, and much more. Those who remember the USSR understand what a huge amount of work was done. Even what is visible to everyone makes an impression. This refers to the political system. We moved from an almost totalitarian one-party system to a democratic society. Citizens received such effective rights that they had never dreamed of before. Anyone freely expresses their point of view and can find something to their liking.

Social sphere

Most often it is this area of ​​public life that is reformed. This is quite reasonable, because a democratic state aims to take care of its citizens. For example, let's take elderly people. To ensure that they do not feel abandoned, and more importantly, beggars, pension reform is being carried out. The essence of the problem is the same for many countries. Life expectancy is increasing, but the birth rate, on the contrary, is falling. It turns out that the pension burden on workers is increasing. Through reform they are trying to find a path to stability in this area. That is, to practically find methods that will make it possible to provide for pensioners, while at the same time not driving employers into gray schemes. It is no secret that entrepreneurs are trying to reduce the tax burden. And in an aging society, pension contributions have to be constantly increased. Most often, reforms are aimed at gaining the loyalty of citizens. They are called socially oriented. On the other hand, transformations do not always have all the signs of reform. As a rule, they are carried out in the form of transformations. And this is a slightly different method of change. This is not a rejection of the old, but just a modification of it. Reforms imply extensive changes, the complete replacement of old policies with new ones.

Y, f. reform f. 1. military, obsolete Reduction in troop numbers, resignation. Here, from time to time, the reform of the troops continues, and this week the States took a resolution to reduce the cavalry in each regiment by two companies, and are no longer leaving ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

REFORM- (French reforme, from Latin reformo I transform), transformation, change, reorganization of k.l. sides of societies. life (orders, institutions, institutions), without destroying the foundations of the existing social structure. With a formal view. under… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

REFORM- (new lat., from lat. reformare to remake, transform). Transformation of the existing order, change of form. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. REFORM [fr. reforme Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

reform- See change... Synonym dictionary

Reform- (foreign) novelty (due to the transformation of orders). Wed. “Reform” (in our country) liberation of the peasants. Wed. Work on judicial reform had to stop. A new court where three quarters of the population were subject to manual punishment... would be... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

REFORM- REFORM, reforms, women. (from the Latin reformo I convert). A change in the design of something made for the purpose of improvement; transformation. Reform of the credit system or in the credit system. || Changes in the legislative and government structure,... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

REFORM- a range of measures aimed at bringing a company out of a critical, pre-bankruptcy state (more strict financial discipline, reduction or injection of new capital investment, etc.). Dictionary of financial terms... Financial Dictionary

REFORM- (French reforme, from Latin reformo I transform) transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); formally any innovation, but usually R. is called more or less... ... Legal Dictionary

REFORM- (French reforme, from Latin reformo I transform), transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (economy), order (institutions, institutions); formally an innovation of any content, but a reform... Modern encyclopedia

REFORM- (French reforme from Latin reformo transform), transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); Formally, innovation of any content, but reforms are usually called more... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Reform or revolution, R. Luxembourg. The title of this work may at first glance cause surprise. Social reform or revolution? Can social democracy be against social reform? Can she... Buy for 1723 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Reform or revolution, R. Luxembourg. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. The title of this work may at first glance cause surprise. Social reform or...

Reform is change controlled and planned by the ruling elite. They usually cover the most important social parameters. Reform is a process affecting the political, cultural, social, and economic spheres of the country's activities. Changes are usually aimed at increasing social energy through modernization, reducing disorganization, and overcoming a state of discomfort. Reform is an event that results in the establishment of a deeper (new) consensus. As a result, as a rule, a catastrophe is avoided. It is very important! Reform is an attempt to eliminate sociocultural contradictions, the effectiveness of which is achieved through the introduction of new ideas and appropriate relationships.

Features of the reform process in Russia

Certain changes in the country are carried out, as noted, by the ruling elite. Transformations may affect private areas. For example, the government can carry out reforms in healthcare, the courts, the army, education and other areas. As a rule, changes are perceived by the government as a need for modernization and economic development. The forces of traditionalism consider transformations as a shift of the center of power downwards, a kind of equalization, a source of increasing benefits of various kinds. As historical practice shows, people expect miracles from changes. So, for example, the land reform and other transformations of 1861 ultimately led to the restoration of serfdom in full and large-scale terror. Liberality in changes provoked a certain discomfort, which, in turn, gave impetus to the establishment of a statehood capable of equalizing everything.

Factors provoking reform in Russia

One of the main prerequisites for the beginning of transformations is the uniqueness of the country and the specifics of its historical development. These factors, at one time or another during the existence of the state, provoked a split in the system of power. This inevitably entailed destruction within the culture and disruptions in social relations. The split begins to take on endless cultural and social forms. Destruction is present in the very activities of people. This is reflected in the confusion between the desire to keep and culture unchanged and to change them at the same time. In this regard, there is a need to evaluate the reform using a dual position: to reduce the split by increasing it. The driving force behind the transformation is an increase in the mass state of discomfort. In other words, there is an increase in the idea that previously comfortable, acceptable, familiar “native” social relations and the socio-cultural environment are becoming dangerous, hostile, and alien. This poses the task of reform to reduce and weaken this process, which may threaten to increase discontent, developing into mass disorganization and, probably, into a social catastrophe. In this case, the assessment of transformations is carried out through a dual opposition: through an increase in the state of comfort.

reform

Economic dictionary of terms

Dictionary of financial terms

REFORM

a range of measures aimed at bringing a company out of a critical, pre-bankruptcy state (more strict financial discipline, reduction or injection of new capital investment, etc.).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

reform

reforms, g. (from Latin reformo - I transform). A change in the design of something made for the purpose of improvement; transformation. Reform of the credit system or in the credit system.

Changes in the legislative and government structure made by government authorities without violating the foundations of the existing government system. As a result of pressure from below, the pressure of the masses, the bourgeoisie can sometimes undertake certain partial reforms, remaining on the basis of the existing socio-economic system. Stalin....If earlier, under the bourgeois government, reforms were a by-product of the revolution, now, under the dictatorship of the proletariat, the source of reforms are the revolutionary gains of the proletariat... Stalin. The relationship of reforms to revolution is defined precisely and correctly only by Marxism... Lenin.

Specialist. on the abolition of serfdom in 1861 (historical). The serf owner, finding the reform illegal, openly scolded it. Nekrasov. The situation of the peasants after the reform remained hopeless.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

reform

Transformation, change, reorganization of something. R. school education. R. spelling.

Conversion to some. areas of state, economic and political life that do not concern the foundations of the existing social system. Political reforms.

adj. reform, -aya, -oe (to 2 meanings; obsolete).

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

reform

Transformations carried out for the purpose of improvement.

Changes in the legislative and state structure made by the supreme power without violating the foundations of the existing state system.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

reform

REFORM (French reforme, from Latin reformo - transform) transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); Formally, innovation of any content, but reforms are usually called more or less progressive transformations.

Large legal dictionary

reform

(French reforme, from Latin reformo - transform) - transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions); formally, any innovation, but usually R. is called a more or less progressive transformation.

Reform

(French réforme, from Latin reformo ≈ transform), transformation, change, reorganization of any aspect of social life (orders, institutions, institutions), without destroying the foundations of the existing social structure. From a formal point of view, innovation means innovation of any content. However, in political practice and political theory, R. is usually called a more or less progressive transformation, a certain step for the better (see V.I. Lenin, Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 15, p. 107).

In an antagonistic society, repression, since it is forced in nature (a concession on the part of the ruling class to its class enemy), is dual both in content and in the influence it has on the course of social processes. On the one hand, R. is a real step forward, improving in one way or another the situation of the working people, a prerequisite for their further struggle, on the other hand, R. is “... a protective reaction, that is, a measure that protects the ruling classes from falling. ..” (Lenin V.I., ibid., vol. 7, p. 209); The ruling classes agree to revolution in order to weaken the pressure of the revolutionary forces, direct it into the mainstream of ordinary reformism and maintain their dominance. The contradictory nature of R. is confirmed, for example, by the entire history of social legislation of capitalism. In developed bourgeois countries, the organized struggle of the working class led to a series of revolutions that improved the situation of the working people and created new opportunities for the struggle against monopolies and imperialism. At the same time, the successes of the labor movement were accompanied by the growth of reformist illusions and the spread of the influence of the Social Democrats (see Reformism). Communist parties, supporting the immediate, immediate demands of the working people, advocate bringing their struggle to a revolutionary reorganization of society.

The relationship between revolution and revolution is one of the most important theoretical and practical problems of the international labor movement and the world revolutionary process as a whole. The fundamental difference between the reformist path and the revolutionary one is that with the first, power remains in the hands of the former ruling class, while with the second, power passes into the hands of a new class. With this difference in mind, Lenin wrote: “The concept of reform is undoubtedly the opposite of the concept of revolution; forgetting this opposition, forgetting the facet that separates both concepts, constantly leads to the most serious mistakes... But this opposition is not absolute, this facet is not dead, but a living, moving facet, which one must be able to determine in each individual case” ( ibid., vol. 20, p. 167).

Lenin fought both against reformists and revisionists who “forget” this line, and against dogmatists and sectarians who metaphysically oppose revolution to revolution and downplay the role of the struggle for revolution. The meaning of revolution in the revolutionary process is determined by the complex interweaving of objective and subjective factors, among which the first place is occupied by the relationship of class forces both on an international scale and within each country. Depending on it, two main paths of revolutionary change are possible: peaceful and non-peaceful. In turn, depending on which path the revolution takes, R. play a significantly different role.

In the conditions of the non-peaceful development of the revolution, the role and significance of reform are accurately described by Lenin’s formula: “... reforms as a by-product of the revolutionary class struggle of the proletariat” (ibid., vol. 15, p. 108). In practice, this means that the working class and its party are focused on the direct implementation of radical political and socio-economic changes. The struggle for certain revolutions primarily acts as a means of preparing a political revolutionary army, creating and strengthening class organizations, and nurturing proletarian consciousness. If the revolution wins, revolutions are carried out as its “by-product,” but if the revolution is defeated, then the nature and significance of the concessions wrested from the ruling class are determined by the scope and depth of the revolutionary struggle.

This approach to the relationship between revolution and revolution, developed in the works of Lenin and the documents of the Comintern, and in modern conditions, has practical significance for those countries where the most likely prospect is a non-peaceful development of the revolution. However, in the light of the strategy of peaceful transition to socialism, set out in the documents of the international communist movement, fraternal parties, and in the CPSU Program, the formula about revolution as a “by-product” no longer reflects all the features of the modern revolutionary process. “In the new historical situation,” says the CPSU Program, “the working class of many countries, even before the overthrow of capitalism, can impose on the bourgeoisie the implementation of such measures that, going beyond ordinary reforms, are of vital importance both for the working class and the development of its further struggle for victory revolution, for socialism, and for the majority of the nation” (1975, p. 37).

The peaceful path to socialism presupposes a number of transitional stages, intermediate measures, “combined types” (V.I. Lenin) of economic and political organization, through which the power of monopolies will be limited, the anti-monopoly coalition will be strengthened, and changes will occur in the very structure of society. The struggle for such deep reforms, which received the name “structural reforms” in the documents of a number of communist parties (for example, Italy, Austria, Brazil, etc.), acts as an important means of activating the masses, gradually undermining the positions of the ruling class, as a special form of the revolutionary process. Such reforms, going beyond the usual ones, are considered as a set of gradual radical transformations, which, although they do not “introduce” socialism, directly affect the foundations of the capitalist system and open up a socialist perspective.

The fundamental difference between this position and the reformist one is that communists do not separate the struggle for revolution from the struggle for political power and for fundamental revolutionary changes with the help of this power. The point of communist policy is not to passively wait for a revolutionary situation, but to constantly fight for democratic goals, the achievement of which leads to the strengthening of socialist forces and creates the basis for a relatively peaceful takeover of power by the working class. With this development of events, revolution is an essential element of the revolutionary process itself, a practical expression of the combination of the struggle for democracy with the struggle for socialism.

With the victory of socialism, the opposition between revolution and revolution is completely removed. The absence of class antagonisms leads to the fact that shifts in social relations are carried out through more or less constant change and reform of existing orders.

Lit.: Lenin V.I., Letter to the “Northern Union of the RSDLP”, Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 6; him. More about the Duma Ministry, ibid., vol. 13; his, Election Results, ibid., vol. 22; his, Growing Discrepancy, ibid.; his, Marxism and Reformism, ibid., vol. 24; him, On the significance of gold now and after the complete victory of socialism, in the same place, vol. 44; Program documents of the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism, M., 1964; International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. Documents and materials, M., 1969; Krasin Yu. A., Lenin, revolution, modernity. Problems of Lenin's theory of socialist revolution, M., 1967; International communist movement. Essay on strategy and tactics, 2nd ed., M., 1972; Lenin's theory of socialist revolution and modernity, M., 1972.

A. E. Bovin.

Wikipedia

Reform

Reform- a change in any area of ​​life that does not affect the functional foundations, or a transformation introduced by legislation. In particular, the process of transforming the state, initiated by the authorities out of necessity. The ultimate goal of any reform is to strengthen and update state foundations, which, however, does not always lead to an improvement in the standard of living, a reduction in government spending and, conversely, an increase in income. Reform can be interpreted as “re-” and “form”, that is, a change in form, a change in the content or essence of something. The reform involves significant changes in the functioning mechanism of the object; it is possible to change the fundamental principles leading to a fundamentally new result and obtaining a fundamentally new object. The concepts of “reform” and “improvement” or “modernization” should not be confused. Reform in this case, in fact, is a radical change in established processes, traditions, etc. It is this, more rigid interpretation of the concept of “reform” that is used in the historical aspect: Abolition of serfdom, Stolypin agrarian reform, Russian spelling reform of 1918, reform RAS, etc.

Up to Peter's reforms the extreme inconvenience of connecting the letters of the alphabet with arbitrarily chosen figures and numbers remained.

It included the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, the Minister of Economy and Planning, one of the authors of the Cuban reforms José Luis Rodríguez, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs Isabel Allende and members of the Council of State Felipe Perez Roque and José R.

This anti-people act was called monetary reform, which was officially completed by issuing state treasury notes in denominations of one, three and five rubles in gold, and Narkomfin began minting and issuing small change silver and copper coins.

At the beginning of this chapter it was described how reform Ephialte took away control power from the Areopagus, and citizens of the lower classes gained the right to be elected to leading government positions.

In the first of these novels, through the mouth of his hero - the aristocrat Coningsby - he sharply condemns English legislation, parliamentary reform 1832

There is no doubt that in the summer of 1933 Heidegger was actively involved in the development of the Baden reforms higher school.

Tax on the poor, national debt, one's own debt, reform, an impoverished fleet, Bankrupt lists, the howl of magazine whistles And without freedom there are many freedoms.

The press responded to every government initiative and discussed everything reforms, assessed their consequences, welcomed the new social system created by the reforms, based on a democratic, classless principle.

Today I could no longer refer to Clemenceau precisely because Stalin’s Bonapartism cut off the path to legal reforms.

The implementation of the Bonapartist course, the conductor of which was the Stolypin cabinet, met the broadly understood interests of the nobility, and the reforms were called upon to strengthen and adapt it to the new situation.

Although my secretary was not averse to living his whole life at the expense of the Valencian governor, he did not condemn my delicacy on this occasion and, in accordance with my desires, approved my plan. reform.

By entering the voucher into the language reforms, Gaidar, as usual, did not explain either the meaning or origin of the word.

The role of Queen Nefertiti, his wife, as an inspirer and participant in religious reforms can hardly be exaggerated by anyone.

Carrying out tariff reforms caused a number of conflicts, which was completely inevitable, since tariff reform was not discussed at work meetings, but was carried out at the top.