Wild landowner images and symbols. Features of the plot and composition

"Fairy tales"

• "Fairy tales"- this is a kind of result of the writer’s artistic activity, since they were created at the final stage of his life and creative path. Of the 32 tales, 28 were created within four years, from 1882 to 1886.

"Fairy tales" are a ratio social And universal

• "Fairy tales" are a ratio social And universal in the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E.

• Class assignment:

• Explain this statement (what is social And universal)?

• What technique does the author use when determining the reader's purpose of fairy tales? "for children of a fair age"? Why?

Comparative analysis.

• Comparative analysis.

• - Common features?

• - Distinctive features?

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• Beginning Fairytale plot Folklore expressions Folk vocabulary Fairytale characters Ending

Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• Tales of Saltykov-Shchedrin

• Satire Sarcasm Confusion of the categories of good and evil There is no positive hero The likening of man to animal

Issues

• Issues

• Autocracy and the oppressed people (“Bear in the Voivodeship”, “Eagle Patron”)

• The relationship between a man and a master (“The Wild Landowner”, “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”)

• The situation of the people (“Horse”, “Kisel”)

• The meanness of the bourgeoisie (“Liberal”, “Crucian idealist”)

• The cowardice of the average man (“The Wise Minnow”)

• Truth-seeking (“Fool”, “Christ’s Night”)

irony

• irony- ridicule that has a double meaning, where the true statement is not the direct statement, but the opposite;

• sarcasm- caustic and poisonous irony, sharply exposing phenomena that are especially dangerous for humans and society;

• grotesque- extremely sharp exaggeration, a combination of the real and the fantastic, violation of the boundaries of plausibility;

• allegory, allegory- another meaning hidden behind the external form. Aesopian language is artistic speech based on forced allegory;

• hyperbola- excessive exaggeration.

The main theme of the tale (about what?).

• Since the genre of the work is an epic novel, the novel has a large number of characters, and in connection with this, a large number of plot lines. Conventionally, all storylines can be divided into two parts: firstly, the life story of Grigory Melekhov and those heroes with whom he is connected through the events of his personal life; secondly, the history of events on the Don during the Civil War. Some of the storylines develop in parallel, some of them do not intersect, so the composition of the work is sequential, with parallel elements. The author uses the technique of antithesis, contrasting the peaceful life of the Cossacks with the time when the war began. Sholokhov in the novel uses a lot of documentary material when describing military operations. Thus, he introduces extra-plot elements into the overall narrative.

  The novel has an open ending, i.e. the story is not finished. The reader can only guess what Gregory's future fate will be like. Sholokhov deliberately stops the story of his fate.

  Concept

  Sholokhov worked on the novel for several years. He collects extensive documentary material, so the work is based on reliable events in which both real and fictional characters participate.

  Interest in the era depicted in the novel is not accidental. The author has recreated almost ten years, which were full of many events, some of which he describes in detail, for example, the civil war in southern Russia. Sholokhov mentioned some events during the course of the story (revolution, Kornilov rebellion). All the events described were of interest to the author only to the extent of their influence on the fate of the heroes of the novel. Thus, when mentioning P.M.V., Sholokhov describes only those battles in which Grigory Melikhov was a participant. It was there that he killed a man for the first time, which he remembered and worried about for a long time, since the Austrian was unarmed. The writer emphasized with such episodes that Gregory had neither aggressiveness nor cruelty inherent in him by nature; time later made him that way. The usual life was seemingly destroyed after the 1917 revolution. During the narrative, the author reflected the idea that the Cossacks could not accept those changes, as a result of which they were deprived of their usual rights and privileges, deprived of the way of life in which the meaning of their existence was.

  In the novel, the author contrasts two concepts: War and Peace . Sholokhov does not openly declare his position, but the entire plot of the work is structured in such a way that it becomes obvious: war is a terrible evil, it cripples people not only physically, but also kills their soul, deprives them of many human qualities familiar in peacetime . As a unique feature, it can be noted that the writer does not depict the battlefields and battles in a broad and multifaceted manner. Most often, he confines himself to creating a general panorama, and then shifts the narrative to people to emphasize their condition during military events. He also does not describe any heroic deeds.

  Firstly, during the World War, the Cossacks behave as is customary among them: with dignity, courage, that is, they fulfill their duty. It is no coincidence that Gregory was awarded one of the highest soldier's awards - the Cross of St. George. At the same time, on the fronts of the civil war, from the writer’s point of view, there could be no talk of any heroism: there was a fratricidal war going on, and people were defending not the fatherland, but certain interests of the warring parties.

  Sholokhov emphasizes the senselessness of the civil war by the fact that his heroes for a long time cannot determine whose side is right. Who really represents their interests. It is no coincidence that Gregory changes his supporters several times, trying to understand the complex, often contradictory, actions of each side. The hero’s path to the truth is long and painful - it was important for the writer to show this. The author deliberately does not accept the points of view of either side, does not embellish reality, trying to maintain subjectivity and authenticity.

  What did not suit Gregory most of all, and with him the other Cossacks? It is likely that each side tried to resolve its issues while defending the interests of a certain group of people. Gregory is convinced that power must take care of the living conditions of everyone, and not of someone chosen: whites - about the return of their former life, about the return of their rights; the new government is about the poor and the poor, which would be good if not for one circumstance: feeding the hungry was considered by the rich.

  The Cossacks could not accept this, since everything they had was acquired by their own labor.

  The tragic fate of the Don Cossacks is presented on the pages of the novel fully and comprehensively. From the author’s point of view, this class always lived by its labor, had ideas about issues of morality and morality, and faithfully served its Fatherland. But as a result of revolutionary changes, their usual way of life was destroyed, they could not come to terms with this, and as a result of the civil war, many of them died.

  Historical events in one way or another influenced the fates of many, for example, from the large Melekhov family (there were at least 10 people, only three survived in the finale: Grigory, his son and sister). The fate of these people can also be called tragic because they could hardly imagine how they would live further, how their fate would turn out. It is no coincidence that Sholokhov interrupts the narrative of 1921, thereby “he seems to give his heroes the opportunity to hope for a better future, although the author himself knows that the tragedy is not yet over and in the 30s, during the period of mass repressions, many Cossacks were subject to?

  Along with events on a national scale, Sholokhov showed great interest in human life at his level life, family , relationships with other people. Describing the Melekhov family in detail, the writer reflected the typical relationships, traditional way of life, and the world of feelings of the heroes. That is why it tells the story of Gregory’s complex relationships with two women. Feeling love multifaceted, there can be no clear answers as to why people love each other. Therefore, it is difficult for Gregory to figure out where his true happiness is; he cannot make a final choice, because... every woman is dear to him in her own way. Fate made a decision for him - it deprived him of both and in the finale he remains alone. Maybe that’s why Gregory strives to return to his home, where he has his last hope for happiness – his son.

  Finale, composition, episode

  The ending of the novel is very important in many respects.

  Firstly, Gregory has lost almost everything that he had in life: he has no beloved and dear women to him, he has no friends, no parents, his sister married a man whom Gregory cannot understand, and he, in turn, he is convinced that Gregory is an enemy.

  Secondly, Gregory makes the final decision for himself not to fight anymore. It is symbolic that he threw all the weapons he had into the Don.

  Thirdly, the author emphasizes in the finale how cruel and merciless time and events turned out to be in relation to Gregory: in less than ten years that have passed since the beginning of the novel, he has aged and turned grey. This is an exhausted and endlessly tired man, although according to the chronology of the work he is only a little over thirty years old.

  Fourthly, in the finale the author unobtrusively makes it clear: what is the true meaning of human life? At the beginning of the novel, everything was clear for Gregory: he has a house, land on which he will work, he will have a family, children that he will take care of, raise them according to the life values ​​on which he himself was raised. No matter what happened in his life later, his dreams always returned to that pre-war life, where everything was simple and clear. And at the end of the novel, he comes to the realization that if he doesn’t return home to his son to try to live the way he dreamed before, then it’s not worth living any further - it’s pointless. The author left him this hope for the future. Actor system

  Meaning of the name

  The author called the novel “Quiet Don” not by accident. This concept has many meanings. Firstly, the Don is the place of collective residence of the Cossacks, whose whole life was spent on the banks of this river. Don is present on the pages of the novel no less than other characters. The author describes it in a variety of periods: different seasons, time of day.

  Important events in the lives of the characters, especially in the first book, take place near the river. So, Grigory and Aksinya first drew attention to each other when they met on the shore. Later, their secret meetings were also invisibly guarded by Don. Landscape sketches of this river could be either very detailed or short, but very bright and memorable: “Along the Don... a wavy, untrodden lunar road. There is fog over the Don, and starry millet above.”

  Secondly, the author emphasized the role and significance of the Don in the epigraph - an excerpt from folk songs where the Don is called a father, which emphasized the importance of the river both as a breadwinner (he allowed the waterless steppes to be irrigated) and as a protector (more than once he saved the Cossacks from enemy persecution) .

  Thirdly, the Don is a kind of symbol of life. Like any river, it flows, and there is no end to it, just like time, which flows quickly and irrevocably.

  The definition of “quiet”, at first glance, may seem paradoxical. He was quiet and calm only outwardly on the surface; at the depths, where numerous springs flow, he is swift.

  Answer left by: Guest

  The problem of lack of mutual understanding between representatives of different generations is as old as the world. “Fathers” judge and do not understand their own “children.” And they are trying to defend their own positions at any cost, completely rejecting everything positive that was accumulated by the previous generation. In my essay we will talk about Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” as one of the most striking “echoes” of the problem of “fathers and sons” that is still relevant today. Already in the title itself, the writer defined the main task of his work. Evgeny Bazarov is trying to defend his position in life. The young man denies everything that does not seem personally necessary and interesting to him. This category includes poetry, music, art. The image of Bazarov is a typical image of a commoner democrat. And Evgeniy has all the qualities characteristic of this group. Of course, he is very hardworking. Moreover, his materialistic view of the surrounding reality, combined with hard work, seems to be a positive quality. So it cannot be denied that the generation of “children” can benefit society. Often the problem of “fathers and sons” is due to the fact that representatives of generations criticize and condemn each other’s actions and beliefs. The purpose of criticism is to prove the inconsistency and uselessness for society that are supposedly characteristic of another generation. Thus, the “fathers” condemn the “children,” and the “children,” in turn, condemn the “fathers,” and the main accusation is the accusation of insolvency. The main character of the novel, Evgeny Bazarov, has amazing willpower, solid character, deep intelligence, rare hard work. But at the same time, this image has many shortcomings. Moreover, Turgenev deliberately exaggerates, showing the negative sides of Bazarov, and in his person - the shortcomings of the generation of commoner democrats of the sixties. The shortcomings of the generation of “children” include demonstrative indifference to art, to aesthetics, to music and poetry. Also, indifference to the romance of human feelings and relationships, which includes love, does not decorate the younger generation. There is a lot of rudeness and vulgarity in the behavior of Bazarov’s imitators. In the novel, the image of the young nihilist Bazarov is contrasted with the image of a man of a completely different generation - Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Pavel Kirsanov is a true idealist; he is a typical representative of the liberal nobility. When Bazarov learns the story of Pavel Petrovich, he gives it his harsh description: “a man who put his whole life on the card of female love and, when this card was killed for him, became limp and sank to the point that he was not capable of anything, such a person - not a man, not a male. ..”Bazarov argues with Pavel Petrovich about science, feelings, about the life of the people, about the problems of the development of society in general and the country in particular, and about much more. Bazarov personifies the generation of democrats, and Pavel Petrovich represents the generation of liberal nobility. Each generation has its own ideals, which they defend. Bazarov says that “a decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet.” Naturally, such an opinion runs counter to Pavel Petrovich’s penchant for romance and sentimentality. Bazarov does not accept lies and pretense, he is sincere, and this is another difference between him and the generation of liberals, for whom pretense and posturing were something taken for granted. . Not wanting to understand that the replacement of one order by another is natural and inevitable, Pavel Petrovich readily defends the old order, which is what Bazarov objects to. The disputes between Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov clearly show that agreement and understanding between these representatives of different generations is simply impossible. The duel between Bazarov and Kirsanov is another proof of the impossibility of peaceful coexistence. The conflict between generations is acquiring global proportions. Time moves inexorably forward, and the last word remains with the “children.” The novel clearly shows the idea that in the dispute between Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov, the latter is the winner.

  Answer left by: Guest

  Since he saved Anastasia

  Answer left by: Guest

  Every writer, when creating his work, be it a science fiction short story or a multi-volume novel, is responsible for the fate of the heroes. The author tries not only to talk about a person’s life, depicting its most striking moments, but also to show how the character of his hero was formed, under what conditions it developed, what features of the psychology and worldview of a particular character led to a happy or tragic ending. The ending of any work in which the author draws a peculiar line under a certain stage or the entire life of the hero in general is a direct reflection of the writer’s position in relation to the character, the result of reflections on the fate of his contemporaries.
  The main character of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - dies at the end of the work. Why does the author act this way with the central character? Why is the description of Bazarov's death so important for understanding the meaning of the novel as a whole? The answers to these and many other questions can be found by analyzing the episode of the work, which tells about the death of the main character.
  Bazarov is the son of a poor district doctor, continuing the work of his father. Following the author's description, we imagine him as an intelligent, reasonable, rather cynical, but somewhere deep down in his soul a sensitive, attentive and kind person. The specificity of Eugene’s life position lies in the fact that he denies everything: moral ideals and values, moral principles, as well as painting, literature and other forms of art. Bazarov also does not accept the love sung by poets, considering it only “physiology.” There are no authorities for her. He believes that every person should educate himself, without depending on anyone or anything.
  Bazarov is a nihilist. But not like Sitnikov and Kukshina, who consider themselves to be nihilists, for whom denial is just a mask that allows them to hide their inner vulgarity and inconsistency. Unlike them, Bazarov does not grimace; with all the ardor of a spiritually rich and passionate nature, he defends views close to him. His main goal is “work for the benefit of society,” his main task is “to live for the great goal of renewing the world.”
  It can be said that Bazarov treated those around him with a significant amount of condescension and even contempt, placing them below himself (let us recall his statements addressed to Arkady’s relatives and himself), he considers unacceptable the manifestation of such feelings as sympathy, mutual understanding, affection, tenderness, sympathy.
  But life makes its own adjustments to his worldview. Fate brings Evgeny together with a smart, beautiful, calm and surprisingly unhappy woman, Anna Sergeevna Odintsova. Bazarov falls in love, and, having fallen in love, he understands that his beliefs are at odds with the simple truths of life. Love appears before him no longer as “physiology,” but as a real, sincere feeling. This insight for Bazarov, who lives and “breathes” his nihilism, cannot pass without a trace. Along with the destruction of his beliefs, his whole life collapses, losing its meaning. Turgenev could have shown how Bazarov would gradually abandon his views; he did not do this, but simply “dead” his main character.
  Bazarov's death is an unfortunate and stupid accident. It was the result of a small cut he received while opening the body of a peasant who had died of typhus. The death of the hero was not sudden: on the contrary, it gave Bazarov time, the opportunity to evaluate what had been done and realize the extent of what had not been accomplished. In the face of death, Bazarov is stoic, strong, unusually calm and unperturbed. Thanks to the author’s description of the hero’s condition, we feel respect for Bazarov, not pity. And at the same time, we constantly remember that before us is an ordinary person with his inherent weaknesses.
  No one can calmly perceive the approach of the end, and Eugene, despite all his self-confidence, is not able to treat this with complete indifference. He regrets his unspent strength, his unfulfilled task. The “giant” that Bazarov always considered himself to be cannot oppose anything to death: “Yes, go ahead, try to deny death. She denies you, and that’s it!” Behind the irony of the hero, one can clearly see the bitter regret of the passing minutes.

  Answer left by: Guest

  After meeting Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, Bazarov was captured by the romantic love he had previously denied. Everything that Bazarov, a nihilist, had previously denied enters his life, forcing the hero to change his beliefs. In chapter 18, the characters are explained. To be more precise, Anna Sergeevna provokes Bazarov to explain. And the hero, with all directness and harshness, tells her about his love. Turgenev writes about Bazarov’s feelings as a passion “strong and heavy”, “similar to malice.” Anna Sergeevna is not ready for such a turn in the relationship. She was interested in Bazarov, who was different from all her previous acquaintances in his intelligence, developed thinking, independence, independence. Bazarov's sincere impulse frightens the pampered aristocrat. Odintsova got used to living by “reason” and not by feelings, she became scared. Bazarov was not afraid of his own feelings, he managed to admit that he loved. If Anna Sergeevna accepted Bazarov’s offer, then she would have to change the order of life to which she was already accustomed. In addition, it should be noted that such a strong feeling that arose in Bazarov’s soul requires an equally strong feeling in response. Anna Sergeevna is not ready for this. Over the past few years, she has become accustomed to doing everything only for herself and she loves only herself. She reflects: “No, God knows where this would lead, this cannot be joked about, peace is still better than anything in the world.” The reason for the separation of the heroes lies in Bazarov’s uncompromising nature and in the fact that Anna Sergeevna could not or did not want to overcome her rationality.

  “Hero of a fairy tale” - It is no coincidence that in many fairy tales there is a stone by the road. The hen reassures the old people: “I will lay you another egg - not a golden one, but a simple one. The month gradually turns into a full moon. The egg gives life on Earth. Fairy tale heroes are space conquerors. Heroes of the fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse”. Each animal took a bite from the kolobok.

  “Fairy Tale Lesson” - Parade of fairy tale men. Spiders, fools, come on, catch up! Today, fairy-tale people from fairy tales that we read in literary reading lessons came to our unusual lesson. Name who... 1. Was deceived in the land of fools. 2. Ruled the country in which Cipollino lived. 3. Made Pinocchio. 4. Had the most unusual friend. 5. Owned a magic ring.

  “Tales of Writers” - The guys actively participated in the game. Love and remember fairy tales! Activities carried out by the head. library in the 2006-2007 academic year. Purpose of the event: acquaintance with the work of K.I. Chukovsky, developing expressive reading skills. Gianni Rodari The Tale of the Onion Boy. Literary festival dedicated to the work of K.I. Chukovsky took place on March 15 in the first grades.

  "Fairy Tales" - Geese-swans. In a willing herd, the wolf is not scary. Folk. And like a little bunny coward, And like a gray little wolf. Author's fairy tales: “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “Cinderella”, “The Cluttering Fly”. Snow Maiden. If you want a lot, you will lose the last one. Let's go softly, like little foxes, And like a clumsy bear. Household. Tales about animals: “Three Bears”, “Fox and Crane”, “Winter Hut of Animals”.

  “The Tale of A.S. Pushkin” - Sokolko. How does Pushkin begin “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”? What words most often end with A.S. Pushkin’s fairy tales? What did Balda say reproachfully? From whom did Prince Guidon save the Swan Princess? Who did Prince Guidon turn into when he flew to the kingdom of Saltan? Who was the faithful guard of King Dadon? A lesson to good fellows."

  “Tales of A.S. Pushkin” - The teacher evaluates the children’s work. Guys, today we have an unusual lesson. Do you remember well “The Tale of Tsar Saltan...”. The poet was born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow. What is the main meaning of the fairy tale? Woodcut. Who can tell the full name of the fairy tale? Children's answers. Explain what you read. Quiz on Pushkin's fairy tales.

  (For what?).

  3. Features of the plot. How is the main idea of ​​the fairy tale revealed in the system of characters?

  4. Features of fairy tale images:

  A) images-symbols;

  B) the uniqueness of animals;

  C) closeness to folk tales.

  6. Features of the composition: inserted episodes, landscape, portrait, interior.

  7. A combination of folklore, fantasy and reality.

  The concept, history of creation, genre and composition of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s novel “The History of a City.” Images of mayors

  In the first part of the lesson, the teacher reports on the concept, history of creation, and features of the composition of the novel. Then work begins on the chapter “Inventory for mayors.”

  Perception Questions

  1. What does the word “inventory” mean?

  3. Is this a writer’s slip or not?

  No, not a reservation. The author uses a bright satirical device and names the chapter in such a way as to show readers that in front of them are not people, but “mechanisms,” things, puppets, acting according to a given program. The problematic issue of the lesson may be the question of the genre of the novel.

  What is “The History of a City” in terms of genre?

  A satire on autocracy, the greatest dystopia on the themes of Russian reality, or a philosophical one about the paradoxes of human existence?

  The question remains open, since each version has convincing arguments in its favor. Perhaps during the lesson another point of view on the problem of the novel genre will be born, which students will express during the discussion.

  The lessons focus on reflections on the images of the most distinguished mayors. It is most appropriate to organize this work in groups and invite students to fill out a table describing the city rulers according to the following plan:

  1. Last name, first name, patronymic of the mayor. Pay attention to telling surnames, nicknames.

  2. Appearance and character traits.

  3. Management methods.

  4. The life of the people during the reign of each mayor.

  5. Historical analogies.

  1st group Selects material about Dementy Varlamovich Brudast.

  2nd group- about Semyon Konstantinovich Dvoekurov.

  3rd group- about Petr Petrovich Ferdyshchenko.

  4th group- about Vasily Semenovich Wartkin.

  5th group- about Ivan Panteleich Pryshche.

  6th group- about Erast Andreevich Grustilov.

  7th group- about Gloomy-Burcheev.

  During student research, schoolchildren will notice the techniques of satirical depiction of characters used by Saltykov-Shchedrin in the novel:

  1. Techniques for typifying a satirical image-character.

  2. Grotesque in the depiction of comic situations where the heroes of the work act.

  3. Parody of legislative documents.

  4. Stylization of the narrative in the style of chroniclers-archivists.

  5. Aesopian language.

  Thus, a whole gallery of wild, crazy, arrogant and cruel rulers of the city (and therefore the country) passed before the eyes of the readers, as the borders of the city of Foolov expand to the borders of all of Russia. It combines villages, villages, district and provincial towns and even capitals. This is a grotesque city in which the negative aspects of many life phenomena are embodied: legalized robbery, war, outright terror, hunger, devastation and the slave psychology of the Foolovites (chapter “Hungry City”, “Straw City”).

  The final part of the lesson can be devoted to teaching a comparative analysis of episodes from the novel and identifying their role in the narrative. When working with the class, you should also pay attention to the problems of speech development and the ability to “read the text”, finding details in it that help to better understand it.

  For comparison, let’s take fragments devoted to the description of two catastrophes depicted in the chapters “Organchik” and “Confirmation of Repentance.” This is the breaking of Brudasty's head and the taming of the river Ugryum-Burcheev. In the image of Brudasty, it is necessary to identify the general meaning of Shchedrin’s grotesque - an organ on the shoulders of the mayor, performing only two “melodies”, which are quite enough for the victorious control of Foolov’s people.

  When getting acquainted with the image of Gloomy-Burcheev, students also already determined the meaning of his idea of ​​\u200b\u200b“equalizing” all Foolovites. Therefore, during the lesson, the teacher will first focus the students’ attention on the very fact of the organ’s breakdown.

  1. Indeed, is there a reason for the accident of this state machine? (To answer this question, you can read the following fragment: “It was a beautiful spring day. Nature rejoiced; sparrows chirped; dogs squealed joyfully and wagged their tails. The townsfolk, holding bags under their arms, crowded into the courtyard of the mayor’s apartment and tremblingly awaited a terrible fate. Finally the expected moment came. He went out, and on his face for the first time the Foolovites saw that friendly smile that they had been yearning for. It seemed that the beneficial rays of the sun had an effect on him too (at least, many ordinary people later assured that they saw with their own eyes how his coattails were shaking). He walked around all the townsfolk in turn and, although silently, but graciously accepted from them everything that was due. Having finished with this matter, he retreated a little to the porch and opened his mouth... And suddenly something inside him hissed and buzzed, and the longer this mysterious hissing lasted, the stronger and stronger his eyes spun and sparkled. “P... p... spit! " - finally escaped from his lips; with this sound he flashed his eyes for the last time and rushed headlong into the open door of his apartment.") Let's draw students' attention to unusual details: “beautiful spring day”, “friendly”; after all, in the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, even the landscape is satirical. What's the matter here? But the boss just “smiled”! The machine of statehood suddenly began to work in a mode that was not typical for it - the mode of naturalness, humanity. And it broke.

  It is this incompatibility between the idea of ​​statehood and the idea of ​​humanity, unnaturalness and “naturalness” that Ugryum-Burcheev takes to the extreme. The result is a catastrophe, the beginning of which is the riot of the river. He succeeded in destroying the city, but not in eliminating the river. “Having barely had time to open his eyes, Gloomy-Burcheev immediately hurried to admire the work of his genius, but, approaching the river, he stood rooted to the spot. A new madness has occurred. The meadows were exposed; the remains of the monumental dam floated down in disarray

  Along the flow, and the river gurgled and moved in its banks, exactly as it had the day before.”

  2. Why did Ugryum-Burcheeva lose his temper? What did he want to conquer? (Nature -

  "nature". But nature did not submit, refused to obey the deadening will

  "gloomy idiot" “As before, it flowed, breathed, gurgled and wriggled,

  Previously, one bank of it was steep, and the other was a meadow lowland, in the distance

  The space is filled with water in spring.” The main thing in the description of the river

  Not a detailed image of specific signs of nature. The river is here as a symbol.

  Symbol of life. “Water” in the writer’s understanding is an eternal, life-giving principle,

  Generous to man. “But the blind elements jokingly tore and scattered the damage caused at

  With superhuman efforts the rubbish was dug deeper and deeper each time

  To yourself Bed".)

  The finale of the gloomy-burcheevsky catastrophe is the manifestation of “It” and the “cessation of history.” The rebellious “nature” sweeps away Burcheev’s gloomy utopia from the face of the earth. The spontaneous revolt of nature was eventually supported by people. They saw that the goals pursued by the idiot were to extinguish the sun, to make a hole in the ground through which they could observe what was happening in hell. Their conscience woke up late. And the Foolovites suffered severe punishment: “The North darkened... History stopped flowing.”

  3. What story are we talking about? Gloomy-burcheevsky? Or more broadly - Foolovsky? Or

  History of humanity? Isn't this a warning to those who want to forget the past?

  And doesn't think about the future?

  Thus, the ending of the work remains “dark,” as evidenced by its various interpretations in literary criticism:

  A) the appearance of “It” means a prediction of a popular revolution.

  B) “It” marks the beginning of an even more violent reaction.

  Or maybe this is the salvation of the soul? After all, Saltykov-Shchedrin throughout the novel talks about the residents of the city of Foolov, that is, about the people of Russia. In the traditions of Gogol, he discovers in him a living soul, reason and feelings, the ability to suffer, compassion and laugh cheerfully. The people highlight from their midst such people as the walker Yevseich, who devotes himself to the search for the truth and believes that the truth will be obtained and the people will certainly survive: “I survived for many years!.. I saw many bosses! I am alive!”